Rhizophora apiculata ye una especie de planta fanerógama perteneciente a la familia Rhizophoraceae. Alcuéntrase n'Australia (Queensland y el Northern Territory), Guam, India, Indonesia, Malasia, Micronesia, Nueva Caledonia, Papua Nueva Guinea, les islles Filipines, Singapur, les Islles Solomon, Sri Lanka, Taiwán, les Maldives, Tailandia, Vanuatu, y Vietnam.
Polo xeneral, un árbol pequeñu o parrotal grande con copa estendida con sofitu de raigaños aéreos que baxen de les cañes. Fueyes con 1.5 a 2.5 (-3) cm de llargu, peciolos de color acoloratáu tiñíes; llámina elípticu-oblongues a ± llanceolaes-ovaes, de 7-15 (-18) cm de llargu, 3-6 (-8) cm d'anchu, cuneaes na base, enteres,-apiculada aguda y pocu mucronada nes puntes, glabra, escuru -verde percima, verde pálidu y de color marrón-negru de puntos na parte inferior; estípules oblongo-llanceolaes, de 4-8 cm de llargu. Pedúnculos más curtios que los peciolus, nes axiles de los repulgos de les fueyes cayíes. Flores sésiles, de dos en dos, de color mariellu; bráctees en forma de copa, crenulaes, carnoses, hipanto curtiu. Mota con lóbulos ovaos a ováu-oblongues, de 10-14 mm de llargu, de color mariellu-marrón a acoloratáu, aguda, quilla. Pétalos blancos, lliniales a oblongo-llanceolaes, de 8-11 mm de llargu, delgaos, glabros. Estambres casi sésiles, anteres de 6-8 mm de llargu, apiculateacute. Frutu ovoide de 2-2.5 cm de llargu, y 1,5 cm de diámetru, rugosa.[2]
Cuando se crucia con 'bakauan bato' ( Rhizophora stylosa), el productu ye una rara especie híbrida de manglar, llamada "Rhizophora x lamarckii", que foi afayáu n'abril de 2008, polos científicos filipinos en Masinloc, Zambales. Namái un árbol alcuéntrase na isla de Panay en Visayas Occidental, ente que 12 fueron afayaes en Masinloc , y tienen un promediu de diámetru de 5,5 centímetros y altor de 6 metros.[3]
Na planta atopa'l principiu activu Fisetinidin.[4]
Rhizophora apiculata describióse por Carl Ludwig Blume y espublizóse en Enumeratio Plantarum Javae 1: 91. 1827.[2]
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Esta páxina forma parte del wikiproyeutu Botánica, un esfuerciu collaborativu col fin d'ameyorar y organizar tolos conteníos rellacionaos con esti tema. Visita la páxina d'alderique del proyeutu pa collaborar y facer entrugues o suxerencies. Rhizophora apiculata ye una especie de planta fanerógama perteneciente a la familia Rhizophoraceae. Alcuéntrase n'Australia (Queensland y el Northern Territory), Guam, India, Indonesia, Malasia, Micronesia, Nueva Caledonia, Papua Nueva Guinea, les islles Filipines, Singapur, les Islles Solomon, Sri Lanka, Taiwán, les Maldives, Tailandia, Vanuatu, y Vietnam.
The tall-stilt mangrove (Rhizophora apiculata) belongs to the Plantae kingdom under the Rhizophoraceae family. R. apiculata is distributed throughout Australia (Queensland and Northern Territory), Guam, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Micronesia, New Caledonia, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, Singapore, the Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, the Maldives, Thailand, Vanuatu, and Vietnam. Rhizophora apiculata is called ‘bakhaw lalaki,’ in the Philippines, "Thakafathi ތަކަފަތި" in the Maldives, 'Đước' in Vietnam, Garjan in India, as well as other vernacular names.
R. apiculata has a C4 plant morphology that best adapts the plant for high temperature and low water climates, enabling the plant to thrive in tropical environments due to the diffuse CO2 whilst limiting the amount of water transpired out of the leaves.[2]
It is located exclusively in the mangrove ecosystem due to an affinity to wet, muddy and silty sediments. Due to the high salt concentrations of the soils in these environments, it has mechanisms (ultrafiltration) in place to reduce the likely impacts associated with increased salt in plant physiology (drying plant material down causing increased evapotranspiration). Rhizophora apiculata and R. mucronata are used to make charcoal in the charcoal kilns of Kuala Sepetang in Perak, Malaysia. Rhizophora apiculata is used within mangrove plantation specifically for wood, and charcoal production in many parts of Thailand; Yeesarn village of Smaut Songkram Province for instance.[3]
There are a variety of alternative uses for R. apiculata including medically (to inhibit fungal infections), and commercially to reinforce nets, ropes and fishing lines, transform into charcoal or trade for income.
Rhizophora apiculata belongs to the Plantae kingdom under the Rhizophoraceae family. The shrub size depends on geographical factors (climate and soil specifically). On average a mature R. apiculata shrub reaches between 5 – 8 metres in height although it has the potential to reach up to 30 – 40 metres.[4]
The dimensions of the trunk depend on the age of the plant. When mature the diameter reach 50 cm, and is typically dark grey.[5] The trunk size is highly dependent on the nutrients within the soil as they will be the underlying factor for growth since water is not usually a limiting factor in its habitats.
The openings established by the cork warts enable a pathway for air to be trapped within the aerenchyma that is then stored. The air after being stored is heated by the sun causing the air to expand and enlarge the leaf. Aerenchyma in plants are integral for growth and functionality alongside enabling roots to function in ‘oxygen deprived’ (anoxic) substrates.[6]
Due to the differences in morphology between R. apiculata with vs. without cork warts an added effect can be seen contributing to a reduced amount of light intake as the cross section for chlorophyll will be limited as a result. This will overall limit the growth potential between R. apiculata with vs. without cork warts as if environmental were controlled a reduction in growth potential will occur.[7]
These were originally thought to be exclusive to R. apiculata however R. racemosa have also shown this same trait develop.[4] The distribution of R. apiculata plays a role in whether this adaptation will be present or not with regions north and west of the New Guinea coast having this trait present whereby south and east of the New Guinea coast don't have this trait.[4] The presence of this adaptation is directly related to the environment in which its located as anoxic substrates will likely have this characteristic due to it being favourable to survivability.
R. apiculata also has two types of adventitious roots; aerial prop roots and stilt roots. Both types of roots are an adaptation undertaken due to environmental factors, designed to withstand/resist; large waves, rough tides, strong winds and tropical storms.[8] Roots also have two main forces that govern the amount of water uptake potential. These include hydrostatic (which distributes the water taken up by the root to each of its organs) and osmotic force (uses negative water pressure in the roots to suck up water from the soil).[9]
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Due to the habitat in which R. apiculata occurs, the roots possess a special trait designed to anchor the plant to the soil.[5][10] It still acts as a normal root through in-taking both water and nutrients with the only difference being it descends from the branches. Aerial roots anchor the plant to the soil in this case due to the soil being heavily saturated with water, movement of the plant without aerial prop roots will lead to the plant being uprooted (separation from the soil leading to plant death).[10]
Stilt roots are lateral roots that originate from the base of the stem downwards into the substrate. Another very common type of root possessed by R. apiculata is stilt roots that act as an additional support and anchor.[11] The location of the R. apiculata will determine the type of effect placed onto the stilt root for instance; if the stilt root grows downward and finds water then it will continuously grow downwards until soil from the ocean floor or it meets a substrate it can grow around. If the stilt root reaches soil first it will grow underground expanding the root system then grows additional stilt roots from the original that grew unilaterally upwards.[12] This process is necessary for the plant to increase carbon sequestration alongside providing additional stability from being uprooted. Including R. apiculata there are a variety of mangrove plants that possess stilt roots for instance R. mucronata, and R. stylosa.[12]
The process of roots absorbing both water and nutrients is a fundamental process responsible for growth, however due to the environment in which R. apiculata grows being notably high in salt levels.[4] The roots undergo a process called ultra-filtration to eliminate any salt from entering the plant however any salt taken up will be stored in old leaves that will eventually fall and die eliminating the salt capacity within the plant.
R. apiculata is found within the mangrove ecosystem; a unique and complex location known for its humid climate, saline environment, waterlogged soils and capable of tolerating salinity ranging from 2-90%.[13]
The habitat of R. apiculata is the mangroves for which there are common similarities among all mangroves around the world. These include; saline, anoxic, acidic and frequently waterlogged conditions for which the majority of nutrients are brought in via tidal inundation (the use of waves and water movement to move sediments thus supplying nutrients).[14] As R. apiculata occurs over a variety of locations a detailed summary of the soil composition is unobtainable as they are ever changing and vary based on location.
There is currently a positive correlation between R. apiculata and improving water quality through “filtration, adsorption, co-sedimentation, absorption, and microbial decomposition”.[15] As a result of water quality improvement the likelihood of diseases caused by bacteria, parasites, fungi, and environmental pressure impacting both flora and fauna will be reduced. This reduction is especially essential as a recent study by Dai et al. (2020) found data supporting microbiota being able to reduce the numbers of mud crab exponentially which are a key driver within the mangrove ecosystem.[15]
This impacts the aquatic animals positively as Dai et al. (2020) deduced that R. apiculata is able to change the composition of mud crab gut microbiota.[15] This change will lead to the mud crab living longer and healthier with an added effect being on the crustacean's weight. This idea revolves around microbiota in which due to R. apiculata positively influencing this it will in turn positively influences the marine life in which it resides.[15][16]
The distribution of mangroves are directly linked with the distribution of R. apiculata, whereby it is primarily located on the equator in tropical landscapes including tropical Asia, Pakistan, Vietnam, Hainan, Malaysia and Northern Australia.[4] As noted within the physiology associated with R. apiculata the distribution will be closely linked to the favoured characteristics of this plant to its environment.
R. apiculata undertakes reproduction through two methods; viviparity and wind dispersal. Viviparity occurs when the embryo grows through the seed coat whilst still attached to the plant prior to dropping into the water.[17][18] Once dropped into water it will travel and if a suitable site for germination occurs it will establish itself. The other method for reproduction occurs as flowers are self-compatible and usually wind pollinated.[18]
R. apiculata has a wide range of commercial uses that makes the plant quite integral to the region.
It was and still is an integral aspect plant that has been exploited due to its availability and quality of timber. Currently there are plantations preexisting that allow for R. apiculata to be farmed and transformed into charcoal; resulting in renewable energy alongside potential income sources.[19] Amongst the physical uses associated with the wood of R. apiculata the bark itself is also rich in a chemical Tannin commonly used to strengthen fishing lines, ropes and nets. Amongst this the bark also acts as a leather tanning and antidote to dysentery (intestinal inflammation).
Due to R. apiculata being rich in tannin, the chemical extracts from bark, roots and leaves naturally inhibits a variety of fungal infections; for instance ethanol extracts from R. apiculata inhibit Candida albicans, a common type of yeast infection.[20] As seen within Baishya et al. (2020) extraction procedures include drying, shortly followed by grinding the bark, leaves and roots, the organic solvents will be used in crude extraction followed by a rotor evaporator.
Due to these factors it's been hypothesised that the spread of the species east was assisted by indigenous people. Aboriginal used R. apiculata for food; harvesting mangrove worms, medically; to treat sores and for ceremonial armbands however due to the chemical composition of the bark it was also used as firewood.[21]
When bred with 'bakauan bato' (Rhizophora stylosa), the product is a rare hybrid species of mangrove, called "Rhizophora x lamarckii", which was discovered on April, 2008, by Filipino scientists in Masinloc, Zambales. Only one tree was found on Panay Island in Western Visayas, while 12 were discovered in Masinloc, and they have an average diameter of 5.5 centimeters and height of 6 meters.[22]
In Maldives Rhizophora apiculata is commonly mistaken by locals with Rhizophora mangle. This species of plant is only found in Huraa island of Kaafu Atoll.
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{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) The tall-stilt mangrove (Rhizophora apiculata) belongs to the Plantae kingdom under the Rhizophoraceae family. R. apiculata is distributed throughout Australia (Queensland and Northern Territory), Guam, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Micronesia, New Caledonia, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, Singapore, the Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, the Maldives, Thailand, Vanuatu, and Vietnam. Rhizophora apiculata is called ‘bakhaw lalaki,’ in the Philippines, "Thakafathi ތަކަފަތި" in the Maldives, 'Đước' in Vietnam, Garjan in India, as well as other vernacular names.
R. apiculata has a C4 plant morphology that best adapts the plant for high temperature and low water climates, enabling the plant to thrive in tropical environments due to the diffuse CO2 whilst limiting the amount of water transpired out of the leaves.
It is located exclusively in the mangrove ecosystem due to an affinity to wet, muddy and silty sediments. Due to the high salt concentrations of the soils in these environments, it has mechanisms (ultrafiltration) in place to reduce the likely impacts associated with increased salt in plant physiology (drying plant material down causing increased evapotranspiration). Rhizophora apiculata and R. mucronata are used to make charcoal in the charcoal kilns of Kuala Sepetang in Perak, Malaysia. Rhizophora apiculata is used within mangrove plantation specifically for wood, and charcoal production in many parts of Thailand; Yeesarn village of Smaut Songkram Province for instance.
There are a variety of alternative uses for R. apiculata including medically (to inhibit fungal infections), and commercially to reinforce nets, ropes and fishing lines, transform into charcoal or trade for income.
La stretfolia rizoforo (Rhizophora apiculata) estas aŭstralazia, orientalisa kaj pacifika specio el la familio de la rizoforacoj. Ĝi troviĝas en Aŭstralio (Kvinslando kaj Norda Teritorio), Gvamo, Barato, Indonezio, Malajzio, Mikronezio, Novkaledonio, Papuo-Novgvineo, Filipinoj, Singapuro, Salomonoj, Srilanko, Tajvano, Maldivoj, Tajujo, Vanuatuo, kaj Vjetnamujo.
La stretfolia rizoforo estasta nomata "bakhaŭ lalaki" en Filipinoj, "thakafathi" "ތަކަފަތި" en Maldivoj, kaj havas diversajn aliajn lokajn nomojn.
Kiam ĝi estas hibridigata kun "bakauan bato" (Rhizophora stylosa), la rezulto estas malofta hibrido, nomata Rhizophora x lamarckii, kiu estis malkovrata en aprilo 2008, de filipinaj sciencistoj en Masinloko (Zambaloj). Nur unu arbo estis trovata je Panajo en Okcidentaj Bisajoj, dum 12 estis malkovrataj en Masinloko, kaj ili havas averaĝan diametron de 5,5 centimetroj kaj altecon de 6 metroj [1].
La stretfolia rizoforo (Rhizophora apiculata) estas aŭstralazia, orientalisa kaj pacifika specio el la familio de la rizoforacoj. Ĝi troviĝas en Aŭstralio (Kvinslando kaj Norda Teritorio), Gvamo, Barato, Indonezio, Malajzio, Mikronezio, Novkaledonio, Papuo-Novgvineo, Filipinoj, Singapuro, Salomonoj, Srilanko, Tajvano, Maldivoj, Tajujo, Vanuatuo, kaj Vjetnamujo.
La stretfolia rizoforo estasta nomata "bakhaŭ lalaki" en Filipinoj, "thakafathi" "ތަކަފަތި" en Maldivoj, kaj havas diversajn aliajn lokajn nomojn.
Rhizophora apiculata es una especie de planta fanerógama perteneciente a la familia Rhizophoraceae. Se encuentra en Australia (Queensland y el Northern Territory), Guam, India, Indonesia, Malasia, Micronesia, Nueva Caledonia, Papua Nueva Guinea, las Filipinas, Singapur, las Islas Solomon, Sri Lanka, Taiwán, las Maldivas, Tailandia, Vanuatu, y Vietnam.
Por lo general, un árbol pequeño o arbusto grande con copa extendida con apoyo de raíces aéreas que descienden de las ramas. Hojas con 1.5 a 2.5 (-3) cm de largo, peciolos de color rojizo teñidas; lámina elíptico-oblongas a ± lanceoladas-ovadas, de 7-15 (-18) cm de largo, 3-6 (-8) cm de ancho, cuneadas en la base, enteras,-apiculada aguda y poco mucronada en las puntas, glabra, oscuro -verde por encima, verde pálido y de color marrón-negro de puntos en la parte inferior; estípulas oblongo-lanceoladas, de 4-8 cm de largo. Pedúnculos más cortos que los pecíolos, en las axilas de las cicatrices de las hojas caídas. Flores sésiles, de dos en dos, de color amarillo; brácteas en forma de copa, crenuladas, carnosas, hipanto corto. Cáliz con lóbulos ovados a ovado-oblongas, de 10-14 mm de largo, de color amarillo-marrón a rojizo, aguda, quilla. Pétalos blancos, lineares a oblongo-lanceoladas, de 8-11 mm de largo, delgados, glabros. Estambres casi sésiles, anteras de 6-8 mm de largo, apiculateacute. Fruto ovoide de 2-2.5 cm de largo, y 1,5 cm de diámetro, rugosa.[2]
Cuando se cruza con 'bakauan bato' ( Rhizophora stylosa), el producto es una rara especie híbrida de manglar, llamada "Rhizophora x lamarckii", que fue descubierto en abril de 2008, por los científicos filipinos en Masinloc, Zambales. Sólo un árbol se encuentra en la isla de Panay en Visayas Occidental, mientras que 12 fueron descubiertas en Masinloc , y tienen un promedio de diámetro de 5,5 centímetros y altura de 6 metros.[3]
En la planta se encuentra el principio activo Fisetinidin.[4]
Rhizophora apiculata fue descrita por Carl Ludwig Blume y publicado en Enumeratio Plantarum Javae 1: 91. 1827.[2]
Datos: Q920906
Multimedia:
Especies: Rhizophora apiculata
Rhizophora apiculata es una especie de planta fanerógama perteneciente a la familia Rhizophoraceae. Se encuentra en Australia (Queensland y el Northern Territory), Guam, India, Indonesia, Malasia, Micronesia, Nueva Caledonia, Papua Nueva Guinea, las Filipinas, Singapur, las Islas Solomon, Sri Lanka, Taiwán, las Maldivas, Tailandia, Vanuatu, y Vietnam.
Rhizophora apiculata Blume è una pianta della famiglia Rhizophoraceae, diffusa nelle mangrovie dell'Asia e dell'Oceania.[2]
La specie è presente nelle mangrovie dell'Asia meridionale (India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh e isole Maldive), del sud-est asiatico (Birmania, Thailandia, Cambogia, Vietnam, Cina (Hainan) Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei, Singapore e Filippine) e dell'Oceania (Australia settentrionale, Micronesia, Guam, Nuova Caledonia, Palau, Papua Nuova Guinea, isole Salomone e Vanuatu).[1]
Rhizophora apiculata Blume è una pianta della famiglia Rhizophoraceae, diffusa nelle mangrovie dell'Asia e dell'Oceania.
Pokok Bakau Minyak ialah sejenis tumbuhan yang terdapat di hutan Malaysia. Nama saintifiknya ialah Rhizophora apiculata Bl.[1]
Pokok Bakau Minyak adalah spesies tumbuhan bakau tropika dalam keluarga Rhizophoraceae. Ia terdapar dari Australia (Queensland dan Wilayah Utara), Guam, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Micronesia, New Caledonia, Papua New Guinea, Filipina, Singapura, Kepulauan Solomon, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Maldives Thailand, Vanuatu, dan Vietnam.
Apabila dikacukkan dengan ‘bakauan bato’ (Rhizophora stylosa), hasilnya adalah bakau kacukan yang dikenali sebagai "Rhizophora x lamarckii," yang dijumpai pada April, 2008, oleh pakar sains Filipina di Masinloc, Zambales. Hanya satu pokok dijumpai di Pulau Panay di Barat Visayas, sementara 12 batang lagi dijumpai di Masinloc, dan mereka memiliki purata keratan rentas 5.5 sentimeter dan ketinggian 6 meter.[2]
A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - L - M - N - O - P - Q - R - S - T - U - V - W - X - Y - Z
Pokok Bakau Minyak ialah sejenis tumbuhan yang terdapat di hutan Malaysia. Nama saintifiknya ialah Rhizophora apiculata Bl.
Pokok Bakau Minyak adalah spesies tumbuhan bakau tropika dalam keluarga Rhizophoraceae. Ia terdapar dari Australia (Queensland dan Wilayah Utara), Guam, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Micronesia, New Caledonia, Papua New Guinea, Filipina, Singapura, Kepulauan Solomon, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Maldives Thailand, Vanuatu, dan Vietnam.
Đước hay còn gọi đước đôi (danh pháp hai phần: Rhizophora apiculata) là loài thực vật thuộc họ Đước. Loài này phân bố ở Australia (Queensland và Northern Territory), Guam, Ấn Độ, Indonesia, Malaysia, Micronesia, Nouvelle-Calédonie, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Singapore, quần đảo Solomon, Sri Lanka, Đài Loan, Maldives, Thái Lan, Vanuatu và Việt Nam.
Cây đước có thể lai với cây đâng (Rhizophora stylosa), tạo thành cây lai Rhizophora x lamarckii,, được các nhà khoa học Philippines phát hiện vào tháng 4 năm 2008 tại Masinloc, Zambales. Tại đảo Panay thuộc Tây Visayas phát hiện được một cây duy nhất, còn tại Masinloc phát hiện thấy 12 cây, chúng có đường kính thân trung bình là 5,5 centimet và cao 6 mét[1].
Đước hay còn gọi đước đôi (danh pháp hai phần: Rhizophora apiculata) là loài thực vật thuộc họ Đước. Loài này phân bố ở Australia (Queensland và Northern Territory), Guam, Ấn Độ, Indonesia, Malaysia, Micronesia, Nouvelle-Calédonie, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Singapore, quần đảo Solomon, Sri Lanka, Đài Loan, Maldives, Thái Lan, Vanuatu và Việt Nam.
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