白色四鰭旗魚

L'agulla blanca (Tetrapturus albidus) és una espècie de peix pertanyent a la família dels istiofòrids.

Descripció

• És molt semblant a l'agulla de paladar (Tetrapterus belone), però amb les aletes més grans i amb una sola espina a la vora de les escates.
• Pot assolir 3 m de llargària total (tot i que la longitud més comuna és de 210 cm) i 82,5 kg de pes.
• Cos moderadament prim i densament cobert d'escates.
• Agulla llarga i rodona.
• Aletes pectorals llargues.
• Té el dors de color blau verdós o blau grisenc, amb línies verticals més o menys clares als costats. La part inferior és de color blanc platejat. La primera aleta dorsal és de color blau fosc amb taques negres, mentre que la segona és blau fosc. Les pectorals són marró negrós, amb reflexos de color blanc platejat en alguns exemplars. Les pèlviques són blau negrós i la caudal marró negrós.
• Les femelles creixen més que els mascles.^{[4][5][6][7][8][9]}

Reproducció

Té lloc només una vegada a l'any, a principi de l'estiu.^[10]

Alimentació

Menja durant el dia peixos pelàgics (incloent-hi verats, arengs, peixos voladors i bonítols), crustacis i cefalòpodes.^{[11][12][13][9][14]}

Depredadors

És depredat per taurons (incloent-hi el tauró blanc -Carcharodon carcharias-, el tauró cigar -Isistius brasiliensis- i el solraig -Isurus oxyrinchus-).^[10]

Paràsits

És parasitat per Tristomella laevis i el copèpode Pennella filosa.^[10]

Hàbitat

És un peix marí, pelàgic, de clima subtropical, oceanòdrom,^[15] que viu fins a 150 m de fondària (normalment, fins a 100) i amb temperatures superficials de l'aigua de més de 22°C.^[16][11]

Distribució geogràfica

Es troba a l'Oceà Atlàntic (entre 45°N i 45°S a la part occidental i 35°S a l'oriental) i la Mar Mediterrània.^[17][18] La seua distribució varia estacionalment i és possible de trobar-lo a latituds més altes, tant a l'hemisferi nord com al sud, durant llurs estacions càlides respectives.^{[11][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][9]}

Costums

És una espècie migratòria.^[49]

Ús comercial

La carn és de qualitat excel·lent i es comercialitza fresc i congelat (s'exporta així, sobretot, al Japó).^[10]

Observacions

• És molt valorat com a trofeu dins del món de la pesca esportiva.^[10][11][50]
• És inofensiu per als humans, encara que s'ha de manejar amb compte per la seua capacitat d'infligir ferides greus amb la seua agulla.^[10]

Referències

Bibliografia

• Anònim, 2001. Base de dades de la col·lecció de peixos del National Museum of Natural History (Smithsonian Institution). Smithsonian Institution - Division of Fishes.
• Anònim, 2002. Base de dades de la col·lecció de peixos del American Museum of Natural History. American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West, NY 10024-5192, Estats Units.
• Bianchi, G., 1986. Fichas FAO de identifacao de espécies para propósitos comerciais. Guia de campo para as espécies comerciais marinhas e de águas salobras de Angola. Preparado com o apoio da NORAD e da FAO (FIRM) Programa Regular, FAO, Roma. 184 p.
• Bianchi, G., K.E. Carpenter, J.-P. Roux, F.J. Molloy, D. Boyer i H.J. Boyer, 1993. FAO species identification field guide for fishery purposes. The living marine resources of Namibia. FAO, Roma, Itàlia. 250 p.
• Bianchi, G., K.E. Carpenter, J.-P. Roux, F.J. Molloy, D. Boyer i H.J. Boyer, 1999. Field guide to the living marine resources of Namibia. FAO species identification guide for fishery purposes. Roma, FAO. 265 p.
• Brandão, J.M., 1964. Glossário de nomes dos peixes: sistemático, português, inglês. Boletim de Estudos de Pesca 4(6):1-59.
• Carvalho, V.A. i R.L. Branco, 1977. Relação de espécies marinhas e estuarinas do nordeste brasileiro. P.D.P. Documentos Técnicos(25):60p.
• Cervigón, F., 1994. Los peces marinos de Venezuela. Volum 3. Fundación Científica Los Roques, Caracas, Veneçuela. 295 p.
• Claro, R. i J.P. García-Arteaga, 1994. Crecimiento. p.321-402. A: R. Claro (ed.) Ecología de los peces marinos de Cuba. Instituto de Oceanología Academia de Ciencias de Cuba i Centro de Investigaciones de Quintana Roo (CIQRO), Mèxic.
• Claro, R., 1994. Características generales de la ictiofauna. p. 55-70. A R. Claro (ed.) Ecología de los peces marinos de Cuba. Instituto de Oceanología Academia de Ciencias de Cuba i Centro de Investigaciones de Quintana Roo.
• Claro, R. i L.R. Parenti, 2001. The marine ichthyofauna of Cuba. p. 21-57. A: Claro, R., K.C. Lindeman i L.R. Parenti (eds) Ecology of the marine fishes of Cuba. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington i Londres. 253p.
• Coad, B.W., 1995. Encyclopedia of Canadian fishes. Canadian Museum of Nature and Canadian Sportfishing Productions Inc. Singapur.
• Costa, F., 1991. Atlante dei pesci dei mari italiani. Gruppo Ugo Mursia Editore S.p.A. Milà, Itàlia. 438 p.
• Crespo, J., J. Gajate i R. Ponce, 2001. Clasificación científica e identificación de nombres vernáculos existentes en la base de datos de seguimiento informático de recursos naturales oceánicos. Instituto Español de Oceanografía (Madrid).
• FAO, 1992. FAO Yearbook. Fishery statistics: catches and landings, vol. 74. FAO Fish. Series 43. 677 p.
• Gibbons, S., 1999. Collect fish on stamps. Stanley Gibbons Ltd., Londres i Ringwood. 418 p.
• Harpin, S., 1995. Dictionnaire encyclopédique des technologies créoles (créole-français). La pêche à la Martinique. AMEP Ed. Fort de France. 173 p.
• McEachran, J. D., 2009. Fishes (Vertebrata: Pisces) of the Gulf of Mexico, Pp. 1223–1316. A: Felder, D.L. i D.K. Camp (eds.), Gulf of Mexico–Origins, Waters, and Biota. Biodiversity. Texas A&M Press, College Station, Texas.
• Nelson, J.S., E.J. Crossman, H. Espinosa-Pérez, L.T. Findley, C.R. Gilbert, R.N. Lea i J.D. Williams, 2004. Common and scientific names of fishes from the United States, Canada, and Mexico. American Fisheries Society, Special Publication 29, Bethesda, Maryland, Estats Units.
• Pauly, D., 1978. A preliminary compilation of fish length growth parameters. Ber. Inst. Meereskd. Christian-Albrechts-Univ. Kiel (55):1-200.
• Randolph, S. i M. Snyder, 1993. The seafood list: FDA's guide to acceptable market names for seafood sold in interstate commerce. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington DC. pag. var.
• Ricker, W.E., 1973. Russian-English dictionary for students of fisheries and aquatic biology. Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Ottawa.
• Robins, C.R., R.M. Bailey, C.E. Bond, J.R. Brooker, E.A. Lachner, R.N. Lea i W.B. Scott, 1980. A list of common and scientific names of fishes from the United States and Canada. Am. Fish. Soc. Spec. Publ. (12)1-174.
• Sanches, J.G., 1989. Nomenclatura Portuguesa de organismos aquáticos (proposta para normalizaçao estatística). Publicaçoes avulsas do I.N.I.P. Núm. 14. 322 p.
• Van der Land, J.; Costello, M.J.; Zavodnik, D.; Santos, R.S.; Porteiro, F.M.; Bailly, N.; Eschmeyer, W.N.; Froese, R., (2001). Pisces. A: Costello, M.J. et al. (Ed.) (2001). European register of marine species: a check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. Collection Patrimoines Naturels, 50: pp. 357-374.
• Wheeler, A., 1977. Das grosse Buch der Fische. Eugen Ulmer GmbH & Co. Stuttgart. 356 p.
• Wheeler, A., (1992). A list of the common and scientific names of fishes of the British Isles. J. Fish Biol. 41(Suppl. A): 1-37.
• Wu, H.L., K.-T. Shao i C.F. Lai (eds.), 1999. Latin-Chinese dictionary of fishes names. The Sueichan Press, Taiwan.

Enllaços externs

• BioLib (anglès)
• ITIS (anglès)
• UNEP-WCMC Species Database (anglès)
• Encyclopedia of Life (anglès)
• Animal Diversity Web (anglès)
• ZipCodeZoo (anglès)
• GBIF (anglès)
• NCBI (anglès)
• NLBIF (anglès)
• Discover Life (anglès)
• AQUATAB
• NatureServe (anglès)
• Habitat utilization and vertical movements of white marlin (Tetrapturus albidus) released from commercial and recreational fishing gears in the western North Atlantic Ocean: inferences from short duration pop-up archival satellite tags (anglès)

Der Weiße Marlin (Kajikia albida) ist ein großer ozeanischer Raubfisch, der im Atlantik vorkommt, während seine Schwesterart, der Gestreifte Marlin (Kajikia audax), den Indopazifik besiedelt.

Merkmale

Der Weiße Marlin wird ca. 3 m lang und über 80 kg schwer. Die Haut ist mit sehr kleinen, spitzen Schuppen bedeckt (auch auf dem Rostrum oder „Schnabel“), ähnelt also etwas der der Haie. Die Färbung des Rückens ist ein sattes Dunkelblau, meist mit 16 bis 22 schmalen, hellen Sattelbinden; die Seiten sind silberweiß, oft aber bräunlich gewölkt. Die langgestreckte Rückenflosse ist im vorderen Abschnitt am höchsten, fällt dann langsam ab und bildet auf dem Schwanz einen breit flösselartigen Abschnitt aus; beide Abschnitte sind dunkelblau, der vordere Bereich ist vorne schwarz punktiert. Brust- und Afterflosse sind dunkelblau (fast schwarz), letztere ist zweigeteilt. Die Brustflosse, die eine abgerundete Spitze hat, zeigt oft helle Flecken. Die Bauchflossen sind steife Gerten von Brustflossen-Länge. Die Schwanzflosse ist eher dunkelbraun und erstaunlich schmal (wenn man bedenkt, dass sie den Haupt-Vortriebsmechanismus darstellt). Sie ist steif und hoch, fast sichelförmig. Bei Jungfischen von etwa 12 cm Länge ist die Rückenflosse noch segelförmig und trägt einige Augenflecken.

Flossenformel: D 43–52 (Hartstrahlen), A 17–23, P 18–21, V I/2, C 18–19. Der Fisch hat (2n=) 48 Chromosomen, 24 Wirbel und keine Kiemenreuse.

Verbreitung

Die nördliche Verbreitungsgrenze verläuft etwa zwischen Cape Hatteras und der Biskaya, die südliche zwischen dem Mar del Plata (der Fisch meidet aber Aussüßungszonen) und der Kapregion Südafrikas. Schon im Ärmelkanal ist dieser Speerfisch sehr selten, besonders im Winter und Frühling, zumal er seichtere Gewässer (

Der Weiße Marlin lebt in den subtropischen bis tropischen Teilen des Atlantiks, selten auch in der westlichen Hälfte des Mittelmeeres (s. dazu auch den Mittelmeer-Marlin). Obwohl die Tetrapturus-Arten weniger an den Kontinentalschelf gebunden sind als die Istiophorus-Arten und sogar noch sesshafter sind, kommen sie in der küstenfernen Hochsee selten vor. Es ist daher unklar, ob es gemäß den oberflächlichen Meeresströmungs-Systemen zwei distinkte Populationen (eine nord- und eine südatlantische) gibt.
Stärkere Meeresströmungen machen ihm nichts aus. Besonders gern findet er sich an Wassermassen-Grenzen, Auftriebszonen, Abbruchskanten und über unterseeischen Schluchten ein.

Ernährung

Schwarmfische (wie z. B. Heringe, Fliegende Fische, Makrelen, Mondfische, Barsche), Kalmare und sogar kleinere Haie stellen die Hauptnahrung des Marlins dar. Er jagt diese einzeln oder in lockeren Verbänden. Durch Schlagen mit dem Rostrum macht er seine Beute fluchtunfähig.^[1]

Vermehrung

Ab einer Größe von ca. 1,3 m erreicht der Weiße Marlin die Geschlechtsreife, wobei die weiblichen Tiere stets größer sind als die Männchen. Der Weiße Marlin laicht fern von der Küste, bei 24–29 °C, im freien Wasser (Nakamura 1985).

Bedrohung

Der Weiße Marlin ist sowohl ein gesuchter Speise- wie auch ein berühmter Sportfisch, der durch seine gewaltigen Luftsprünge beim Hochsee-Angeln auffällt. Trotz der Schutz-Politik, die zur Arterhaltung beitragen sollte, befindet sich der Weiße Marlin am Rand der Ausrottung.^[2]
Während die größte Gefahr von industrieller Langleinenfischerei ausgeht, nimmt die Gefahr durch Schleppfischen nur eine unwesentliche Rolle ein. Es zeigte sich aber, dass Weiße Marline mit der Langleine nur in ihrem natürlichen Lebensraum, zwischen 25 m und 175 m Tiefe, gefangen werden. Ein gezielter Schutz ist also möglich, denn andere begehrte Fische gehen tiefer.^[3]

Zu den Bedrohungen für den Marlin gehören auch schnelle Haie wie der Weiße Hai (Carcharodon carcharias), Makohaie (Isurus) sowie die kleinen Zigarrenhaie (Isistius), die ihm manchmal Löcher in die Haut schneiden. Daneben gibt es auch die üblichen Ekto- und Endoparasiten, gegen die weder Schnellschwimmen noch Luftsprünge helfen.

Literatur

• I. Nakamura (1985): FAO species catalogue. Vol. 5. Billfishes of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of marlins, sailfishes, spearfishes and swordfishes known to date. FAO Fish. Synopsis 125(5). 65 p.

Belege

1. ↑ Zur Biologie siehe besonders http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/gallery/descript/whitemarlin/whitemarlin.html
2. ↑ http://www.bigmarinefish.com/white_marlin_ESA_listing_petition_pg1.html
3. ↑ Report of the 2006 ICCAT Billfish Stock Assessment (Memento vom 3. Juli 2007 im Internet Archive)

The white marlin (Kajikia albida), also known as Atlantic white marlin, marlin, skilligalee,^[3] is a species of billfish that lives in the epipelagic zone of the tropical and subtropical Atlantic Ocean. They are found between the latitudes of 45° N and 45° S in waters deeper than 100 m. Even though white marlin are found in bodies of water that are deeper than 100 m they tend to stay near the surface. White marlin have been found near banks, shoals, and canyons, but they are not limited to those locations.^[4] They prefer warm surface temperatures greater than 22 °C.^[5]

Identification

White marlin are commonly misidentified as roundscale spearfish (Tetrapturus georgii). This likely caused a miscount of the population size of white marlin and roundscale spearfish before they were determined genetically different in 2001.^[6] Differentiation between the two species can be done with close external examination. As described in the name, roundscale spearfish have a broadband, round anterior end of their scales. White marlin scales are more rigid and rounded on the posterior region of the scale.^[5] Another way to identify between the two species without doing a genetic test is by looking at the distance between the anal opening and the anal fin. In roundscale spearfish, the anal opening is further way from the anal fin (greater than half the length of the anal fin) than it is in the white marlin.^[7]

Taxonomy and evolution

In 1860, Felipe Poey gave the white marlin the name Tetrapturus albidus. This classification places the species in the same genus as shortbill spearfish, Mediterranean spearfish, roundscale spearfish, and longbill spearfish. Researchers have identified fossils from the genus Tetrapturus dating back to the Langhian Age 15 million years ago (Mya). Extinct ancestors, such as species from the genus Palaeorhynchus date to as early as 56 Mya.^[7]

Tetrapturus albidus was the accepted name for white marlin until 2006. At this time, Collette and his colleagues' genetic testing suggested that white marlin and Indo-Pacific striped marlin should be classified in the genus Kajikia.^[8] Today, Kajikia albida and its close relative Kajikia audax (striped marlin) have been scientifically determined to be genetically distinct from the species in the genus Tetrapturus.^[9]

Appearance and anatomy

White marlin are mid-sized billfish with a bill that is round in cross section, and distinctly forked caudal fin.^[5] Their body structure is designed for fast swimming with a long, streamlined appearance. The length of K. albida is measured from the lower jaw to the fork of the tail (lower-jaw fork length; LJFL). The largest white marlin reported was 2.8 m (9.2 ft) LJFL and weighed over 82 kg (181 lb).^[5] The coloring of white marlin is used as countershading, with a dark blue dorsal side and a dirty white ventral side.^[10] Though all white marlin have the same coloring pattern, they are sexually dimorphic, with the females usually larger.^[5] One of the most noticeable features of white marlin is the dorsal fin, which extends along the majority of the dorsal portion of its body. The dorsal fin consists of typically 28 to 46 rays. These rays make up a fin tall and rounded in the anterior, but quickly levels off and then decreases as it extends to the posterior. Behind the large primary dorsal fin is the secondary dorsal fin, which is made up of five to six rays.^[10] White marlin have a set of similar pectoral fins and pelvic fins. These two sets of fin are rounded and wide at the tip. They also have two anal fins which can be used for identification between species. The lateral line on this species is prominent, with a hump above the pectoral fin and extends the length of the fish toward the caudal fin.

Illustration of white marlin

Internally, white marlin do not have a swim bladder, but instead have small, bubble-shaped chambers that act as a swim bladder. Similarly to most vertebrates, they have symmetrical gonads.^[5] Unlike other marine fish, white marlin do not have gill rakers which are involved in suspension feeding.^[10] White marlin do have small but sharp teeth that are used when eating fish and cephalopods.^[10]

Distribution

White marlin are found throughout warmer waters of the Atlantic between 45°N to 45°S, it is found in the Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean Sea, and Mediterranean Sea, although records from the Mediterranean Sea and from as far north as Brittany, France, appear to refer to vagrants.^[1]

Feeding and diet

White marlin are near the top of the food chain and will consume any prey they can find that is manageable for their size. Schooling flyingfish, small tuna, mahi-mahi (dolphinfish, dorado), and squid are the preferred prey of white marlin.^[5] They sometime forage for food with help of other predators. White marlin usually keep to themselves, but associate with other apex predators to increase the efficiency of foraging.^[5] They also obtain food is by diving down in a V- or U- shaped parabola to about 200 m in search of food that is not at the surface.^[5] To survive in these lower temperatures and darker environments, white marlin have larger eyes and a way to selectively warm their eye and brain tissue.^[4]

Lifecycle and migration

The lifecycle of K. albida begins with a large spawning in warm tropical waters near the equator. Each female can lay 190,000 to 586,000 eggs.^[5] The Gulf of Mexico, Mona Passage, Southwest Bermuda, and northwest Grand Bahama Island are a few locations that have been located as prime spawning ground for white marlin.^[4] They return to the warm, shallow, equatorial waters each year to spawn.^[10] Growth of white marlin is very rapid, with males reaching sexual maturity at only 153.2 cm LJFL and females becoming sexually mature at 189.9 cm LJFL. The lifespan of white marlin has been identified as 15 or more years.^[5]

White marlin are ram ventilators, which means they have to be constantly moving to breathe.^[4] Many have made long transatlantic journeys. One white marlin resurfaced 6,517 km (4,083 miles) from where it was tagged 474 days later.^[11]

Fishing and conservation

Prior to 2001, roundscale spearfish and white marlin were identified as the same species. Researchers from Nova Southeastern University's Guy Harvey Research Institute, Dania Beach, Florida, first discovered that these two species were significantly different in 2001 through genetic tests. Before this discovery. the two species made up a population that was of least concern to the IUCN. Placement into the endangered species list was not established until 2007, when the population numbers had already dropped below easily recoverable levels.^[6]

White marlin fishing is a multimillion-dollar organization in well-developed countries. Restrictions are in place to limit the size of fish that can be taken, but the angling process can be devastating to fish. The time spent on the hook, outside handling, dehooking, and releasing a white marlin exhaust enough energy that up to 32% of the time, the marlin cannot maintain buoyancy in the water. When fishing for any billfish, use of a circle hook, which can be dehooked more quickly than other hooks, is recommended.^[12] In the U.S. Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico, and Caribbean waters, the fish is required by federal regulations to be kept in the water, boatside, to maximize its chances of surviving after release.^[13] Research indicates that removing a billfish from the water may increase their risk of death after release by ~30 percent (research ongoing).

About 90% of the annual catch is caught accidentally in bycatch from fishing around the world.^[5] Many billfish are caught in gillnets or on longline hooks that were meant to catch other fish species. Since these hooks and nets are set for long periods of time, white marlin become food to sharks, pilot whales, and killer whales. In response to the decrease in white marlin, marine life agencies have developed acts and plans such as the Atlantic Tunas Conservation Act and the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act to protect vulnerable species. The U.S. Fishery Management plan for the Atlantic billfish has, as an objective, to educate and increase knowledge about billfish and their roles in the ecosystem. In the United States, billfishing is reserved for recreational fishing only.^[8]

Additional information

Ocean City, Maryland, is known as the White Marlin Capital of the World. The city hosts the annual White Marlin Open, a big-game tournament which attracts anglers from all over the world, and which frequently pays out over a million dollars to the winning team. The tournament encourages tag-and-release (nonlethal) handling of the fish, although winning marlin are often brought back to the marina for verification of the size and weight. The 2010 White Marlin Open was held at Harbour Island Marina on 14th Street and the Bay.

The 2016 White Marlin Open created controversy when the only fish that met the minimum weight requirement of 70 lb, was disqualified when the crew of the winning boat, Kallianassa, was deemed to have failed a polygraph which implied that tournament rules were broken during the clash. The boat's owner, Phillip G. Heasley, was denied the $2.8 million of prize money.

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tetrapturus albidus.

ICCAT 2006. Report of the 2006 ICCAT Billfish stock assessment. SCI-012 2006. http://www.iccat.int/Documents/SCRS/DetRep/DET_whm.pdf

Marlin arrunta (Kajikia albida) Kajikia generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Istiophoridae familian sailkatzen da. Bataz beste, 20 eta 29 kg artean ditu.

Banaketa

Erreferentziak

• FishBase.org

Ikus, gainera

• Kajikia
• Istiophoridae

Valkomarliini (Kajikia albida) on purjekalojen heimoon ja Kajikia-sukuun kuuluva marliini.

Koko ja ulkonäkö

Valkomarliini voi kasvaa jopa 3 m pitkäksi ja noin 80 kg:n painoiseksi. Naaras kasvaa koirasta suuremmaksi. Se on hyvin nopea kala. Valkomarliini vartalo on keskiviivan yläpuolelta tummansininen ja sen alta valkoinen. Sinisessä osassa on vaaleita viivoja. Kalan selkäevä on tummansininen, ja sen kärki on lievästi pyöristynyt. Se on edestä korkea, mutta selkälinja madaltuu voimakkaasti ja on lopun mittansa matala. Vatsaevät ovat viiksimäiset. Rintaevät ovat pitkät, siipimäiset, pituudeltaan noin puolet pään pituudesta.

Levinneisyys

Valkomarliinia tavtaan Atlantin subtrooppisilla ja trooppisilla vesillä. Levinneisyysalue ulottuu lännessä Newfoundlandista Buenos Airesiin ja idässä Biskajanlahdelta Hyväntoivonniemelle. Lajia tavataan myös Välimeren länsiosissa. Valkomarliini liikkuu pienissä parvissa.

Kalastus

Valkomarliini on urheilukalastajien ihailema – ja pelkäämä – kala. Se voi syöttiin iskiessään tempaista vavan mennessään varomattoman kalastajan käsistä. Muuten valkomarliinia saadaan pääasiassa sivusaaliina pitkälläsiimalla kalastuksessa.

Valkomarliinin liha on hyvälaatuista, joustavaa ja helposti muotoutuvaa, ja sitä verrataan usein vasikanlihaan. Kalan arvokkain osa on selkärankaa myötäilevät pitkittäislihakset. Ne leikataan myyntiä varten suuriksi kolmiomaisiksi viipaleiksi tai lohkoiksi. Valkomarliinin lihaa myydään enimmäkseen joko tuoreena tai pakastettuna.

Lähteet

• Antal Vida, Tamás Kótai, 365 kalaa: H. F. Ullmann, 2006. ISBN: 978-3-8331-2547-8.
• FishBase.org (englanniksi)

Aiheesta muualla

• ITIS: Kajikia albida (englanniksi)

Il marlin bianco (Kajikia albida (Poey, 1860)), nome commerciale marlin^[2], è un grosso pesce di mare della famiglia Istiophoridae, raro nei mari italiani.

Distribuzione e habitat

È diffuso in tutto l'Oceano Atlantico tropicale e subtropicale da cui sconfina nel mar Mediterraneo occidentale dove è apparentemente raro.

È un pesce pelagico la cui biologia è molto simile a quella dell'aguglia imperiale.

Descrizione

Molto simile all'aguglia imperiale da cui si distingue principalmente per:

• rostro più lungo
• lobo della pinna dorsale arrotondato
• pinne pettorali molto più lunghe
• dorso blu- verdastro con ventre bianco e fianchi argentei brillanti, la demarcazione fra le due colorazioni è sfumata e sui fianchi sono presenti numerose striature verticali di colore da lilla ad azzurro
• la pinna dorsale è azzurro vivo con macchie scure.

Raggiunge 3 metri di lunghezza.

Biologia

Alimentazione

Basata su pesci e cefalopodi pelagici.

Parassiti

Può presentare un copepode parassita, Gloiopotes ornatus.

Pesca

Simile a quella dell'aguglia imperiale.

Note

Bibliografia

• Egidio Trainito, Atlante di flora e fauna del Mediterraneo, 2004ª ed., Milano, Il Castello, 2004, ISBN 88-8039-395-2.
• Patrick Louisy, Guida all'identificazione dei pesci marini d'Europa e del Mediterraneo, a cura di Trainito, Egidio, Milano, Il Castello, 2006, ISBN 88-8039-472-X.

De witte marlijn (Kajikia albida) is een straalvinnige vis uit de familie van zeilvissen (Istiophoridae) en behoort derhalve tot de orde van baarsachtigen (Perciformes).^[2] De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1860 door Poey. De vis kan een lengte bereiken van 300 cm.

Leefomgeving

De witte marlijn is een zoutwatervis. De vis prefereert een subtropisch klimaat en leeft hoofdzakelijk in de Atlantische Oceaan. Bovendien komt de witte marlijn voor in de Middellandse Zee. De diepteverspreiding is 0 tot 150 m onder het wateroppervlak.

Relatie tot de mens

De witte marlijn is voor de visserij van beperkt commercieel belang. In de hengelsport wordt er weinig op de vis gejaagd.

Voor de mens is de witte marlijn ongevaarlijk.

Externe link

• Foto's van de witte marlijn op FishBase

O Marlim-branco (Tetrapturus albidus) é um peixe teleósteo, pelágico, da família Istiophoridae, encontrado no Atlântico.^[1] A espécie mede cerca de 2,8 metros de comprimento, possuindo coloração azulada, enegrecida no dorso, branco prateado no ventre e com nadadeira dorsal arredondada na região anterior, sendo ainda uma espécie de grande importância comercial. Também é conhecida pelos nomes de agulhão, agulhão-branco, agulhão-de-prata, bicuda e espadarte-meca. Espécie pelágica, exclusivamente oceânica, podendo ser encontrada nas regiões do talude continental. É um peixe solitário e forma pares na época reprodutiva. A alimentação consiste basicamente de peixes, como atum, bonito, dourado, peixe voador, e lulas, sépias e outros moluscos.

Referências

Cá maclin trắng, tên khoa học Kajikia albidus, là một loài cá thuộc họ Istiophoridae. Loài cá này có màu xanh biển đậm đến nâu sô cô la. Chúng xuất hiện thành từng nhóm nhỏ trong biển. Trọng lượng trung bình 45–65 kg gần bằng cá buồm Ấn Độ Dương-Thái Bình Dương. Chúng thích khu vực nước trong xanh sâu hơn 100 mét.

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

Tham khảo

• ICCAT 2006. Report of the 2006 ICCAT Billfish stock assessment. SCI-012 2006.

http://web.archive.org/20060819002124/www.iccat.int/Documents/SCRS/DetRep/DET_whm.pdf

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白色四鰭旗魚（學名Kajikia albidus）為輻鰭魚綱鱸形目鯖亞目旗魚科的其中一種，被IUCN列為次級保育類動物，是一種上顎像矛的大型魚類。它們呈深藍色至巧克力褐色。它們雖然較其他相似的魚類孤獨，但有時也會以小群聚居。

生態

白色四鰭旗魚重20-30公斤，雌魚較重。它們喜歡棲息在100米水深以下的深海區。於溫暖季節，它們會遷徙到高緯度的海域。它們會於初夏在深水的地方繁殖。獵物包括多種魚類、甲殼類及頭足綱。

保育

於2010年，綠色和平將白色四鰭旗魚列在海鮮紅色名錄中。^[1]

參考

백새치(영어: white marlin)는 대서양 열대-아열대 해역의 표해수대에 서식하는 새치의 일종이다. 북위 45도에서 남위 45도 사이, 수심 100 미터 아래에서 주로 발견되지만, 수면 가까이 올라오기도 한다. 섭씨 22도 이하의 수온을 선호한다.^[2]

각주