Biology
(
英語
)
由Arkive提供
This often solitary fish has a remarkable manner of feeding. To obtain its diet of shrimps, worms, small crabs, periwinkles and other molluscs, the white steenbras blows a strong jet of water into the burrow in which the animal lives. This jet stream, created by the pumping action of the powerful gill covers forcing water through the narrow mouth, effectively blows the prey from its shelter (3). In extremely shallow water, the tail of the white steenbras is often seen poking through the water's surface, as it works, snout down, to blast prey out of the sandy or muddy substrate (3).
Following a summer spent near the Western Cape, the white steenbras migrates to the eastern coasts of South Africa where it is known to spawn from June to August (2) (3). After the fertilisation and hatching of the eggs, the resulting juveniles enter estuaries. Here they will remain, certainly for the first year of their life, sometimes staying for over two years (2). The white steenbras is sexually mature at about six years of age, and around 65 centimetres in length, at which time it moves from the surf zone areas of beaches into deeper coastal waters (2).
Conservation
(
英語
)
由Arkive提供
Measures are now in place to help ensure the future survival of this valuable South African species (4). The white steenbras is a protected species in South Africa (3), and severe fishing restrictions have been implemented (4), including a minimum catch size of 40 centimetres (3).
Description
(
英語
)
由Arkive提供
Often shimmering with a mother-of-pearl sheen, the white steenbras is a silvery-grey fish, with a whiter underside (3). Seven dark vertical bars pattern each side of the rather elongated body (3), which are often darker in younger, smaller white steenbras (2). It has a long snout and a narrow mouth surrounded by thick lips, and the jaws bear tiny teeth (3).
Habitat
(
英語
)
由Arkive提供
Small, juvenile white steenbras can be found in shallow water in estuaries, while larger juveniles typically occur in the surf zone areas of sandy beaches. Adult white steenbras are found in coastal waters down to a depth of 25 metres (2).
Range
(
英語
)
由Arkive提供
The white steenbras occurs only in South Africa, where it is found from the Orange River to southern KwaZulu-Natal (2).
Status
(
英語
)
由Arkive提供
Classified as Lower Risk / Conservation Dependent (LR/cd) on the IUCN Red List (1).
Threats
(
英語
)
由Arkive提供
This popular food fish, and favourite of anglers, was once abundant around the coasts of South Africa, but numbers have now been severely reduced (4) (5). Both over-fishing and habitat degradation are held responsible for the decrease in both commercial and recreational catches of this species off the Eastern Cape coast (4) (5). The dependence of juvenile white steenbras on estuarine habitats makes them highly vulnerable to habitat degradation, as estuaries are typically greatly affected by the activities of humans, while the tendency of this species to aggregate when spawning makes it vulnerable to heavy fishing pressure (4).
Trophic Strategy
(
英語
)
由Fishbase提供
Feeds on benthic organisms and plants (Ref. 12563).
Morphology
(
英語
)
由Fishbase提供
Dorsal spines (total): 11; Dorsal soft rays (total): 10; Analspines: 3; Analsoft rays: 8
- Recorder
- Cristina V. Garilao
Migration
(
英語
)
由Fishbase提供
Amphidromous. Refers to fishes that regularly migrate between freshwater and the sea (in both directions), but not for the purpose of breeding, as in anadromous and catadromous species. Sub-division of diadromous. Migrations should be cyclical and predictable and cover more than 100 km.Characteristic elements in amphidromy are: reproduction in fresh water, passage to sea by newly hatched larvae, a period of feeding and growing at sea usually a few months long, return to fresh water of well-grown juveniles, a further period of feeding and growing in fresh water, followed by reproduction there (Ref. 82692).
Diagnostic Description
(
英語
)
由Fishbase提供
Silvery in color, crossbars fade with age.
- Recorder
- Cristina V. Garilao
Biology
(
英語
)
由Fishbase提供
Found over sandy substrate, in estuaries and oceanic waters. Enters lagoons (Ref. 3198). Feeds bottom invertebrates, including worms, crabs and shrimp (Ref. 27121). Spawns in the sea but uses estuaries as nursery grounds. Prime angling fish. Important food fish. Sold fresh and whole in markets.
Importance
(
英語
)
由Fishbase提供
fisheries: minor commercial; gamefish: yes; price category: low; price reliability: questionable: based on ex-vessel price for species in this genus
Witsteenbras
(
南非語
)
由wikipedia AF提供
Die Witsteenbras (Lithognathus lithognathus) is 'n vis wat endemies is aan Suider-Afrika en van Angola tot by die Tugelarivier voorkom. In Engels staan die vis bekend as die White steenbras.
Voorkoms
Die vis se kop en lyf is silwer met sewe vertikale donker strepe oor die lyf. Die vis word ongeveer 1,5 m lank en 30 kg swaar.
Habitat
Die vis verkies vlak water oor sand en naby riwwe in water wat 1 – 25 m diep is. Die volwasse visse van die Wes-Kaap migreer na die Oos-Kaap gedurende Junie tot Augustus om daar kuit te skiet en in die somer keer hulle terug. Dit is 'n gesogte eet- en hengelvis, maar die populasie is egter onder bedreiging.
Sien ook
Bronne
Eksterne skakel
Witsteenbras: Brief Summary
(
南非語
)
由wikipedia AF提供
Die Witsteenbras (Lithognathus lithognathus) is 'n vis wat endemies is aan Suider-Afrika en van Angola tot by die Tugelarivier voorkom. In Engels staan die vis bekend as die White steenbras.
Lithognathus lithognathus
(
加泰隆語
)
由wikipedia CA提供
Lithognathus lithognathus és un peix teleosti de la família dels espàrids i de l'ordre dels perciformes.[2][3]
Morfologia
Pot arribar als 200 cm de llargària total.[4]
Distribució geogràfica
Es troba a les costes de Sud-àfrica.[4]
Referències
Bibliografia
- Moyle, P. i J. Cech.: Fishes: An Introduction to Ichthyology, 4a edició, Upper Saddle River (Nova Jersey, Estats Units): Prentice-Hall. Any 2000.
- Nelson, J.: Fishes of the World, 3a edició. Nova York, Estats Units: John Wiley and Sons. Any 1994.
- Wheeler, A.: The World Encyclopedia of Fishes, 2a edició, Londres: Macdonald. Any 1985.
Enllaços externs
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Lithognathus lithognathus 
Lithognathus lithognathus: Brief Summary
(
加泰隆語
)
由wikipedia CA提供
Lithognathus lithognathus és un peix teleosti de la família dels espàrids i de l'ordre dels perciformes.
Μουρμούρα της Αφρικής
(
現代希臘語（1453 年以後）
)
由wikipedia emerging languages提供
Η Μουρμούρα της Αφρικής (Lithognathus lithognathus) (λιθόγναθος ο λιθόγναθος) είναι ένα είδος ψαριού του θαλασσινού και του υφάλμυρου νερού.Ανήκει στο γένος Λιθόγναθος, στην οικογένεια των Σπαριδών και την συναντάμε στις ακτές της Νότιας Αφρικής.
Χαρακτηριστικά
Το ψάρι, είναι περίπου 1 μ. και μπορεί να φτάσει σε μήκος τα 200 εκ.[1][2]
Παραπομπές
Μουρμούρα της Αφρικής: Brief Summary
(
現代希臘語（1453 年以後）
)
由wikipedia emerging languages提供
Η Μουρμούρα της Αφρικής (Lithognathus lithognathus) (λιθόγναθος ο λιθόγναθος) είναι ένα είδος ψαριού του θαλασσινού και του υφάλμυρου νερού.Ανήκει στο γένος Λιθόγναθος, στην οικογένεια των Σπαριδών και την συναντάμε στις ακτές της Νότιας Αφρικής.
White steenbras
(
英語
)
由wikipedia EN提供
The white steenbras (Lithognathus lithognathus) is a species of fish in the family Sparidae[2] endemic to South Africa.[1] Due to overfishing, primarily by seine netting operations in False Bay, the white steenbras is now endangered and is about to become a 'no keep' species in South Africa. Massive breeding shoals are illegally wiped out by beach seine netters each year,[3] with the authorities doing little to prevent this.[4] The species was identified as a priority for research, management and conservation in a National Linefish Status Report.[5]
References
-
^ a b Mann, B.Q.; Buxton, C.D.; Pollard, D.; Carpenter, K.E. & Iwatsuki, Y. (2014). "Lithognathus lithognathus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014: e.T12137A505458. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T12137A505458.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
-
^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2006). "Lithognathus lithognathus" in FishBase. April 2006 version.
-
^ [1] Link to illegal hauls of white steenbras
-
^ [2] Public vow to stop illegal white steenbras hauls being made by beach seine netters
-
^ Bennett, Rhett Hamilton (2012). Movement patterns, stock delineation and conservation of an overexploited fishery species, Lithognathus lithognathus (Pisces: Sparidae) (PhD). Grahamstown: Rhodes University.
White steenbras: Brief Summary
(
英語
)
由wikipedia EN提供
The white steenbras (Lithognathus lithognathus) is a species of fish in the family Sparidae endemic to South Africa. Due to overfishing, primarily by seine netting operations in False Bay, the white steenbras is now endangered and is about to become a 'no keep' species in South Africa. Massive breeding shoals are illegally wiped out by beach seine netters each year, with the authorities doing little to prevent this. The species was identified as a priority for research, management and conservation in a National Linefish Status Report.
Lithognathus lithognathus
(
西班牙、卡斯蒂利亞西班牙語
)
由wikipedia ES提供
La herrera del Cabo (Lithognathus lithognathus) es una especie de peces de la familia Sparidae en el orden de los Perciformes.
Morfología
Los machos pueden llegar alcanzar los 200 cm de longitud total.[2]
Distribución geográfica
Se encuentra en las costas de Sudáfrica.
Referencias
Bibliografía
- Eschmeyer, William N., ed. 1998. Catalog of Fishes. Special Publication of the Center for Biodiversity Research and Information, núm. 1, vol. 1-3. California Academy of Sciences. San Francisco, California, Estados Unidos. 2905. ISBN 0-940228-47-5.
- Fenner, Robert M.: The Conscientious Marine Aquarist. Neptune City, Nueva Jersey, Estados Unidos : T.F.H. Publications, 2001.
- Helfman, G., B. Collette y D. Facey: The diversity of fishes. Blackwell Science, Malden, Massachusetts, Estados Unidos , 1997.
- Hoese, D.F. 1986: . A M.M. Smith y P.C. Heemstra (eds.) Smiths' sea fishes. Springer-Verlag, Berlín, Alemania.
- Maugé, L.A. 1986. A J. Daget, J.-P. Gosse y D.F.E. Thys van den Audenaerde (eds.) Check-list of the freshwater fishes of Africa (CLOFFA). ISNB, Bruselas; MRAC, Tervuren, Flandes; y ORSTOM, París, Francia. Vol. 2.
- Moyle, P. y J. Cech.: Fishes: An Introduction to Ichthyology, 4a. edición, Upper Saddle River, Nueva Jersey, Estados Unidos: Prentice-Hall. Año 2000.
- Nelson, J.: Fishes of the World, 3a. edición. Nueva York, Estados Unidos: John Wiley and Sons. Año 1994.
Lithognathus lithognathus: Brief Summary
(
西班牙、卡斯蒂利亞西班牙語
)
由wikipedia ES提供
La herrera del Cabo (Lithognathus lithognathus) es una especie de peces de la familia Sparidae en el orden de los Perciformes.
Lithognathus lithognathus
(
巴斯克語
)
由wikipedia EU提供
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Lithognathus lithognathus: Brief Summary
(
巴斯克語
)
由wikipedia EU提供
Lithognathus lithognathus Lithognathus generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Sparidae familian sailkatzen da.
Lithognathus lithognathus
(
法語
)
由wikipedia FR提供
Witte steenbaars
(
荷蘭、佛萊明語
)
由wikipedia NL提供
Vissen De witte steenbaars (Lithognathus lithognathus) is een straalvinnige vis uit de familie van zeebrasems (Sparidae) en behoort derhalve tot de orde van baarsachtigen (Perciformes). De vis kan een lengte bereiken van 200 cm.
Leefomgeving
Lithognathus lithognathus komt in zeewater en brak water voor. De vis prefereert een subtropisch klimaat en leeft hoofdzakelijk in de Atlantische Oceaan. De diepteverspreiding is 0 tot 150 m onder het wateroppervlak.
Relatie tot de mens
Lithognathus lithognathus is voor de visserij van beperkt commercieel belang. In de hengelsport wordt er weinig op de vis gejaagd.
Externe link
Bronnen, noten en/of referenties - Froese, R., D. Pauly. en redactie. 2005. FishBase. Elektronische publicatie. www.fishbase.org, versie 06/2005.
Witte steenbaars: Brief Summary
(
荷蘭、佛萊明語
)
由wikipedia NL提供
De witte steenbaars (Lithognathus lithognathus) is een straalvinnige vis uit de familie van zeebrasems (Sparidae) en behoort derhalve tot de orde van baarsachtigen (Perciformes). De vis kan een lengte bereiken van 200 cm.
Lithognathus lithognathus
(
葡萄牙語
)
由wikipedia PT提供
Lithognathus lithognathus: Brief Summary
(
葡萄牙語
)
由wikipedia PT提供
Lithognathus lithognathus é uma espécie de peixe da família Sparidae.
É endémica da África do Sul.
Bela ovčica
(
西班牙、卡斯蒂利亞西班牙語
)
由wikipedia SL提供
Bela ovčica: Brief Summary
(
西班牙、卡斯蒂利亞西班牙語
)
由wikipedia SL提供
Bela ovčica (znanstveno ime Lithognathus lithognathus) je vrsta rib iz družine šparov, ki je endemična v Južni Afriki in zraste do 1 m v dolžino.
長頭石頜鯛
(
漢語
)
由wikipedia 中文维基百科提供
長頭石頜鯛: Brief Summary
(
漢語
)
由wikipedia 中文维基百科提供
長頭石頜鯛為輻鰭魚綱鱸形目鱸亞目鯛科的其中一種，分布於東南大西洋區，從安哥拉至南非海域，棲息深度可達150公尺，體長可達200公分，棲息在沙底質海域、河口區，屬肉食性，以甲殼類、貝類等為食，可做為食用魚及遊釣魚。
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