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澳大利亞虎鯊的圖片
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澳大利亞虎鯊

Heterodontus portusjacksoni (Meyer 1793)

Associations ( 英語 )

由Animal Diversity Web提供

The adults seem to be well protected by their sedentary habits, cryptic coloration, nocturnal behavior, fin spines, and disruptive color patterns. Some predators are large sharks such as great white sharks (Carcharodon carcharias) as well as sea lions (Otariidae). Juveniles in nursery grounds are more vulnerable to predation by other sharks. Eggs may be eaten by male Port Jackson sharks.

Known Predators:

  • Great White Sharks Carcharodon carcharias
  • sea lions (Otariidae)

Anti-predator Adaptations: cryptic

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書目引用
Hopper, J. 2006. "Heterodontus portusjacksoni" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Heterodontus_portusjacksoni.html
作者
Jace Hopper, University of Notre Dame
編輯者
Karen Francl, Radford University
編輯者
Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
原始內容
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Morphology ( 英語 )

由Animal Diversity Web提供

Port Jackson sharks are the largest in the genus Heterodontus. At birth, they are 23 to 24 cm. Females are usually larger as these sharks mature. At adolescence, males are between 50 and 80 cm, whereas females range between 64 and 83 cm. The difference between females and males is seen when fully mature, when females can measure more than 123 cm and males more than 105 cm.

Their color is gray to light brown. They have a dark spot on their nose with a black bar running the length of their face as wide as the eye. There are black stripes that flow along the body, giving them the appearance of wearing a harness.

Port Jackson sharks have two dorsal fins with a spine at the tip. These are not venomous and can be very sharp when young, but usually dull with age. The spines can be found washed up on shores and are believed to be the origin for the name of the “horn sharks”.

Port Jackson sharks have two types of teeth: incisors for cutting and molars for crushing. They are ideal for holding, crushing, and breaking the shells of their crustacean and mollusk prey.

Range length: 25 to 170 cm.

Average length: 85 cm.

Other Physical Features: ectothermic ; heterothermic ; bilateral symmetry

Sexual Dimorphism: female larger

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書目引用
Hopper, J. 2006. "Heterodontus portusjacksoni" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Heterodontus_portusjacksoni.html
作者
Jace Hopper, University of Notre Dame
編輯者
Karen Francl, Radford University
編輯者
Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
原始內容
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Life Expectancy ( 英語 )

由Animal Diversity Web提供

No information on lifespan was found for Port Jackson sharks.

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書目引用
Hopper, J. 2006. "Heterodontus portusjacksoni" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Heterodontus_portusjacksoni.html
作者
Jace Hopper, University of Notre Dame
編輯者
Karen Francl, Radford University
編輯者
Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
原始內容
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Habitat ( 英語 )

由Animal Diversity Web提供

Port Jackson sharks live in tropical marine waters usually near the bottom of rocky environments. They tend to be found in caves with sandy bottoms. They are nocturnal, bottom-dwelling sharks and are commonly found in depths of 100 meters, but have been found up to 275 meters. Some have been found in muddy areas with sea grass.

Range depth: 100 to 275 m.

Average depth: 100 m.

Habitat Regions: temperate ; tropical ; saltwater or marine

Aquatic Biomes: coastal

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書目引用
Hopper, J. 2006. "Heterodontus portusjacksoni" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Heterodontus_portusjacksoni.html
作者
Jace Hopper, University of Notre Dame
編輯者
Karen Francl, Radford University
編輯者
Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Distribution ( 英語 )

由Animal Diversity Web提供

Heterodontus portusjacksoni is one of the better known species of horn sharks (Heterodontus). It was named after Port Jackson in Sydney Harbour. They are found from southern coastal Australia to the central coast of Western Australia. Some have been found as far north as York Sound in Western Australia. According to studies of the genetics of the Port Jackson sharks, there are two different populations found in different regions that extend the length of the southern part of Australia.

Biogeographic Regions: australian (Native ); pacific ocean (Native )

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書目引用
Hopper, J. 2006. "Heterodontus portusjacksoni" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Heterodontus_portusjacksoni.html
作者
Jace Hopper, University of Notre Dame
編輯者
Karen Francl, Radford University
編輯者
Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
原始內容
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Trophic Strategy ( 英語 )

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Port Jackson sharks feed primarily on invertebrates, mainly echinoderms. They eat sea urchins, starfish, polychaetes, large gastropods, prawns, crabs, barnacles, and small fishes. Juveniles, with their smaller, more pointed teeth, apparently take more soft-bodied prey than adults. Food items in stomachs are usually broken into small pieces, which show how the powerful molar-like teeth grind the food. Food is apparently taken at night on the ocean bottom. Juveniles dig food out of the sand by sucking in water and sand and blowing it out of the gill covers.

Respiration can occur by pumping water into the first of the enlarged gill slits and out the last four, which is thought to allow the shark to crush and grind its prey at leisure without having to take in water through its mouth and risk food leaving the gill slits.

Animal Foods: fish; mollusks; aquatic crustaceans; echinoderms; other marine invertebrates

Primary Diet: carnivore (Eats non-insect arthropods, Molluscivore )

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書目引用
Hopper, J. 2006. "Heterodontus portusjacksoni" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Heterodontus_portusjacksoni.html
作者
Jace Hopper, University of Notre Dame
編輯者
Karen Francl, Radford University
編輯者
Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
原始內容
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Associations ( 英語 )

由Animal Diversity Web提供

There are several known parasites of Port Jackson sharks, including parasitic isopods. Port Jackson sharks are important predators of echinoderms and crustaceans. Through predation on echinoderms it is likely that they positively influence populations of mollusks and algae.

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書目引用
Hopper, J. 2006. "Heterodontus portusjacksoni" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Heterodontus_portusjacksoni.html
作者
Jace Hopper, University of Notre Dame
編輯者
Karen Francl, Radford University
編輯者
Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
原始內容
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Benefits ( 英語 )

由Animal Diversity Web提供

Port Jackson sharks are important members of healthy marine ecosystems.

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書目引用
Hopper, J. 2006. "Heterodontus portusjacksoni" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Heterodontus_portusjacksoni.html
作者
Jace Hopper, University of Notre Dame
編輯者
Karen Francl, Radford University
編輯者
Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
原始內容
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Benefits ( 英語 )

由Animal Diversity Web提供

Port Jackson sharks are considered harmless to people.

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書目引用
Hopper, J. 2006. "Heterodontus portusjacksoni" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Heterodontus_portusjacksoni.html
作者
Jace Hopper, University of Notre Dame
編輯者
Karen Francl, Radford University
編輯者
Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
原始內容
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Life Cycle ( 英語 )

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Port Jackson sharks deposit their egg cases and then wedge them into rock crevices. The eggs develop into juvenile sharks in the egg case and then emerge after 10 to 12 months. After the young sharks are born, they move into nursery areas in bays and estuaries where they remain until maturity. Juvenile Port Jackson sharks remain in mixed sex groups for several years. After a few years, the young move into deeper waters and separate into female and male groups.

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書目引用
Hopper, J. 2006. "Heterodontus portusjacksoni" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Heterodontus_portusjacksoni.html
作者
Jace Hopper, University of Notre Dame
編輯者
Karen Francl, Radford University
編輯者
Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
原始內容
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Conservation Status ( 英語 )

由Animal Diversity Web提供

Port Jackson sharks are not considered threatened currently.

US Federal List: no special status

CITES: no special status

State of Michigan List: no special status

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern

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書目引用
Hopper, J. 2006. "Heterodontus portusjacksoni" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Heterodontus_portusjacksoni.html
作者
Jace Hopper, University of Notre Dame
編輯者
Karen Francl, Radford University
編輯者
Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
原始內容
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Behavior ( 英語 )

由Animal Diversity Web提供

Port Jackson sharks, like other sharks, probably have keen chemosensation and can detect small movements in the water with tactile organs. Nothing is known about communication in these sharks.

Perception Channels: tactile ; chemical

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書目引用
Hopper, J. 2006. "Heterodontus portusjacksoni" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Heterodontus_portusjacksoni.html
作者
Jace Hopper, University of Notre Dame
編輯者
Karen Francl, Radford University
編輯者
Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
原始內容
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Reproduction ( 英語 )

由Animal Diversity Web提供

Mature female Port Jackson sharks move to inshore reefs accompanied by some males beginning in July and August. They mate on coastal reefs and of the coast of New South Wales. Many males do not participate in breeding and remain in deeper water offshore. Breeding sharks congregate in caves but little is known about courtship and pair formation.

Port Jackson sharks are oviparous. During August and September, females lay 10 to 16 eggs in shallow reefs at depths of 5 to 30 meters. The egg cases are brown, spiraled structures that the females wedge into rock crevices. Females will hold an egg case in their mouth and insert it into a safe crevice. Females usually use the same breeding sites each year. Port Jackson sharks have been seen eating their own egg cases, but they have never been seen breeding. The young hatch out of the egg case after 10 to 12 months.

Breeding interval: Port Jackson sharks breed once yearly.

Breeding season: Port Jackson sharks breed seasonally, in July and August.

Range number of offspring: 10 to 16.

Average number of offspring: 12.

Range gestation period: 9 to 12 months.

Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; fertilization (Internal ); oviparous

Once the female has layed her eggs, along with a supply of nutrients in the yolk sac, and placed them in safe rock crevices to develop, there is no further parental involvement.

Parental Investment: no parental involvement; pre-fertilization (Provisioning, Protecting: Female); pre-hatching/birth (Protecting: Female)

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書目引用
Hopper, J. 2006. "Heterodontus portusjacksoni" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Heterodontus_portusjacksoni.html
作者
Jace Hopper, University of Notre Dame
編輯者
Karen Francl, Radford University
編輯者
Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
原始內容
參訪來源
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Size ( 英語 )

由FAO species catalogs提供
Maximum total length reported as 165 cm, but apparently rare above 137 cm. Egg cases are 13 to 17 cm long and 5 to 7 cm wide at the broad end. Size at hatching 23 to 24 cm. Males are adolescent between 50 and 80 cm, mature between 70 and 80 cm, and reach at least 105 cm; females are adolescent between 65 and about 84 cm, mature between 80 and 95 cm, and reach at least 123 cm; adult females average about 25 cm longer than adult males.
書目引用
Sharks of the world An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Volume 2 Bullhead, mackerel and carpet sharks (Heterodontiformes, Lamniformes and Orectolobiformes). Leonard J.V. Compagno 2001.  FAO Species Catalogue for Fishery Purposes. No. 1, Vol. 2. Rome, FAO. 2001. p.269.
作者
Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN
原始內容
參訪來源
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FAO species catalogs

Distribution ( 英語 )

由FAO species catalogs提供
Western South Pacific: Temperate and subtropical southern Australia, from off New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania, South and Western Australia (west coast), with questionable records from southern Queensland and the tropical north coast of Western Australia; also New Zealand (a single record, possibly as a straggler or waif from Australia).
書目引用
Sharks of the world An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Volume 2 Bullhead, mackerel and carpet sharks (Heterodontiformes, Lamniformes and Orectolobiformes). Leonard J.V. Compagno 2001.  FAO Species Catalogue for Fishery Purposes. No. 1, Vol. 2. Rome, FAO. 2001. p.269.
作者
Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN
原始內容
參訪來源
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FAO species catalogs

Diagnostic Description ( 英語 )

由FAO species catalogs提供
fieldmarks: Dorsal fins with spines, anal fin present, colour pattern with a conspicuous set of harness-like narrow dark stripes on the back, unique to the species. Supraorbital ridges moderately low, gradually ending posteriorly; interorbital space moderately concave, depth between ridges less than half eye length. Anterior holding teeth with a cusp and no cusplets in adults, posterior molariform teeth not carinate and greatly expanded and rounded. Pre-first dorsal-fin length 21 to 24% and anal-caudal space 10 to 13% of total length. Lateral trunk denticles fairly large and rough. Propterygium fused to mesopterygium. First dorsal-fin spine directed obliquely posterodorsally in juveniles and adults; first dorsal-fin origin well anterior to pectoral-fin insertions, about over or slightly behind pectoral-fin midbases, and somewhat posterior to fifth gill openings; first dorsal-fin insertion well anterior to pelvic-fin origins and well behind pectoral-fin insertions; first dorsal-fin free rear tip about opposite to pelvic-fin origins; first dorsal fin moderately high and rounded angular or falcate, height 12 to 16% of total length, first dorsal fin larger than pelvic fins; second dorsal-fin origin over or slightly behind pelvic-fin rear tips, second dorsal fin rounded to angular or falcate and nearly as large as first dorsal fin. Anal fin subangular and rounded or weakly falcate, apex well anterior to lower caudal-fin origin when laid back; anal-caudal space about three times anal-fin base. Total vertebral count 114, precaudal count 76 to 81, monospondylous precaudal count 37 to 39, diplospondylous precaudal count 37 to 43, pre-first dorsal-fin spine count 15 to 17, and count from diplospondylous transition to second dorsal-fin spine 9 to 14. Egg cases with flat thin spiral flanges diagonal to case axis and a pair of very short, slender tendrils on case apex; flanges with four or five turns. A large species, mature between 70 and 165 cm. Background colour of dorsal surface grey to light brown or whitish with distinctive black striped harness marking; body and fins without light or dark spots; head with a narrow dark bar on interorbital surface and a single narrow dark to blackish band under eye; fins without abrupt dark tips and white dorsal-fin apices; hatchlings without whorls on fins and body, colour pattern as in adults.

參考資料

  • McLaughlin & O'Gower, 1970, 1971
  • O'Gower, 1995
  • O'Gower & Nash, 1978
  • Ogilby, 1908
  • Reif, 1973
  • Whitley , 1940

書目引用
Sharks of the world An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Volume 2 Bullhead, mackerel and carpet sharks (Heterodontiformes, Lamniformes and Orectolobiformes). Leonard J.V. Compagno 2001.  FAO Species Catalogue for Fishery Purposes. No. 1, Vol. 2. Rome, FAO. 2001. p.269.
作者
Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN
原始內容
參訪來源
合作夥伴網站
FAO species catalogs

Benefits ( 英語 )

由FAO species catalogs提供
Apparently of minimal interest to fisheries. Taken in commercial fisheries as bycatch in bottom trawls, shrimp nets, beach seines, anti-shark nets, bottom longlines and in shark gill nets on the south coast of Australia; also caught by sports anglers on rod-and-reel. Apparently not utilized as food. Conservation Status : Conservation status uncertain.
書目引用
Sharks of the world An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Volume 2 Bullhead, mackerel and carpet sharks (Heterodontiformes, Lamniformes and Orectolobiformes). Leonard J.V. Compagno 2001.  FAO Species Catalogue for Fishery Purposes. No. 1, Vol. 2. Rome, FAO. 2001. p.269.
作者
Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN
原始內容
參訪來源
合作夥伴網站
FAO species catalogs

Brief Summary ( 英語 )

由FAO species catalogs提供
A common littoral, nocturnal bottom shark of the temperate Australian continental shelves and uppermost slopes,ranging from close inshore in the intertidal to at least 275 m. Underwater observation and tagging of this nocturnal species has elucidated its life-history to a degree attained with few other species of sharks. While inshore, the Port Jackson shark favours caves with sandy floors and open trenches of shallow rocky reefs as daytime resting places, and almost all individuals in a given area will be found resting in relatively few of such sites. Strong selection is shown for favoured sites, and superficially identical sites nearby may have few or no sharks. Port Jackson sharks can be solitary but often occur in small to large groups. Althose these sharks are evidently social and apparently are amenable to study underwater, relatively little is known of their sociobiology and behaviour patterns. This could be elucidated in the future by electronic tagging and night-observation with low-light video devices, as well as observations of captive colonies in semi-naturalistic habitats. Pronounced fluctuations in abundance have been noted on shallow reefs off New South Wales, directly correlated with seasonal influxes of adults for breeding and inversely correlated by seasonal variations in temperature.These sharks are apparently social while resting, and favoured resting sites may have up to 16 sharks occupying them.Data from tagging suggests that seasonal reef populations are in a state of continuous flux, with individuals moving in and out of their favoured reefs throughout the breeding season. Apparently individuals are capable of homing to favoured resting sites after ranging considerable distances away from them during the breeding season. When sharks were experimentally removed from resting sites in Sydney Harbour to different localities up to 3 km away, they returned to their original resting sites. It has been suggested that these sharks have a highly-developed spatial memory, and apparently the means to locate favoured resting and breeding sites long distances apart along migration routes. Port Jackson sharks are seasonal oviparous breeders, with juveniles segregating by size after hatching and adults segregating by sex. Mature females accompanied by some males move onto inshore reefs in late July and August in the Sydney area (New South Wales), and probably mating occurs at this time. Most mature males remain in deeper water offshore. During August and September (rarely in July and October) females lay 10 to 16 (commonly 10 to 12) eggs in rock crevices on shallow, sheltered reefs at depths from 1 to 5 m but occasionally down to 20 to 30 m. In captivity females lay a pair of cased eggs a day every 8 to 17 days. The broad spiral flanges of the egg cases serve as anchors to keep them wedged in the rocks. Females apparently favour traditional 'nest' sites, which several apparently use collectively for many years. Apart from rock crevices, females may occasionally lay egg cases on open sand, and egg cases have been found wedged under an underwater oil pipeline and in tin cans. Egg cases are oriented with their pointed ends into crevices, and females have been seen carrying egg cases, suggesting that females lay their eggs, pick them up at the broad end, and insert them into appropriate crevices. According to Michael (1993), adults have been observed eating their own egg-cases (as in H. francisci). Young hatch after about 9 to 12 months and move into nursery areas in bays and estuaries. Some may retreat into deeper water during summer, but most juveniles remain in mixed groups with a 1:1 sex ratio on the nursery grounds for several years. At the beginning of sexual maturity adolescents move into deeper water and segregate into male and female groups. After several years of adolescence, apparently spent at the outer edges of the continental shelves, these groups join the adult populations. Adult males apparently move into deeper water near the end of the breeding season, followed by the adult females in late September or October. Some adults move offshore into deeper water, but others migrate. Small numbers of adults may return to the inshore breeding reefs as early as March or April of the next year, but most do not stay inshore and few sharks are present until the onset of the next breeding season. Observed ratios of adult males and females are not significantly at variance with a 1:1 ratio. On the east coast of Australia the Port Jackson shark shows a pattern of migration southwards after breeding, with females migrating at least for 5 to 6 months and moving up to 850 km south of breeding reefs before returning to the same sites the next year. Some may range as far south as Tasmania from the Sydney area in New South Wales in the annual migration cycle. It is thought that migrating adult sharks move southwards along inshore coastal waters but return to their breeding reefs along deeper offshore waters. Studies on blood proteins between Port Jackson sharks of different regions suggest that they form at least two populations, a southwestern one from Western Australia to northeastern Victoria and a northeastern one from New South Wales and possibly southern Queensland. There is blood protein evidence to suggest that sharks using favoured breeding sites in three localities in New SouthWales represent genetically distinct subpopulations, and indicates that the high site specificity shown by tagging and recapturing of sharks in this area is probably of relatively long duration. Data from captive sharks suggests that juveniles grow at about 5 to 6 cm per year and adults between 2 and 4 cm per year. Approximate estimates of age at maturity from captive growth data are 8 to 10 years for males and 11 to 14 years for females. So far, data is unavailable on growth rates in the wild from tagging and remeasuring of tagged individuals or from calibration and examination of fin spine or vertebral rings. The Port Jackson shark feeds primarily on benthic invertebrates, mainly echinoderms. Prey items include sea urchins, starfish, polychaetes, large gastropods, prawns, crabs, barnacles, and small fishes. Occasionally garbage such as bits of mammalian fur, potato and orange peels are taken in by these sharks. Juveniles with their smaller, more pointed teeth apparently take more soft-bodied prey than adults. Food items in stomachs are usually broken into small pieces, indicating that the sharks actively grind their food with their powerful jaws and heavy molariform teeth. Food is apparently taken at night on the bottom, and by searching close to the substrate. Olfactory cues are thought to be important, but electrosense and lateral line sense may play a role in this also. Food is eaten after final contact with the mouth region. Juveniles at least are capable of digging food out of the sand by sucking in water and sand and blowing it out of the gill covers. Respiration can occur by pumping water into the first, enlarged gill slits and out the last four, which is thought to allow the shark to crush and grind its prey at leisure without having to take in water through its mouth and risk passage of food out the gill slits. Predators of this shark are poorly known, but it is suspected that adults are highly protected by their sedentary habits, cryptic, nocturnal behaviour, fin spines, and disruptive colour patterns. Possible predators are large macropredatory sharks such as bluntnose sevengill and white sharks as well as large otariid seals. Juveniles in nursery grounds are thought to be more vulnerable to predation by other sharks and larger benthic teleosts. Adults are sometimes attacked by small predatory isopods, and eggs may be attacked by male Port Jackson sharks and possibly a gastropod drilling predator. As with other sharks, this has a sizeable parasite fauna, including cestodes (tapeworms), trematodes (flatworms), nematodes (roundworms), isopod larvae, copepods, fish lice, and leeches.
書目引用
Sharks of the world An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Volume 2 Bullhead, mackerel and carpet sharks (Heterodontiformes, Lamniformes and Orectolobiformes). Leonard J.V. Compagno 2001.  FAO Species Catalogue for Fishery Purposes. No. 1, Vol. 2. Rome, FAO. 2001. p.269.
作者
Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN
原始內容
參訪來源
合作夥伴網站
FAO species catalogs

Diagnostic Description ( 英語 )

由Fishbase提供
Harness-like narrow dark stripes on back (Ref. 9838).
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Recorder
Cristina V. Garilao
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Life Cycle ( 英語 )

由Fishbase提供
Oviparous. Distinct pairing with embrace (Ref. 205). Undergoes yearly migrations to breeding sites. Females lay about 10 to 16 (commonly 10-12) eggs in rock crevices on shallow sheltered reefs at depths of 1-5 m (rarely 20-30 m) during August and September (rarely in July and October). In captivity, females lay 2 eggs a day every 8-17 days. Eggs are hatched after 9-12 months and young then move into nursery areas in bays and estuaries. After the breeding season, males move into deeper waters followed by the females in late September or October.
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Recorder
Susan M. Luna
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Trophic Strategy ( 英語 )

由Fishbase提供
Occurs on the continental shelf (Ref. 75154).
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Morphology ( 英語 )

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Dorsal spines (total): 2; Dorsal soft rays (total): 0; Analspines: 0; Analsoft rays: 0
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Migration ( 英語 )

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Oceanodromous. Migrating within oceans typically between spawning and different feeding areas, as tunas do. Migrations should be cyclical and predictable and cover more than 100 km.
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Biology ( 英語 )

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A common shark of the continental shelves (Ref. 9838), from close inshore at the intertidal zone to 275 m (Ref. 6871). Segregates by sex and maturity stage (Ref. 6871). Nocturnal, hides in caves and rocky gullies during the day (Ref. 6871). Feeds on benthic invertebrates, primarily echinoderms (Ref. 247). Oviparous (Ref. 50449). Eggs with spiral flanges but lack tendrils (Ref. 6871). Undergoes yearly migrations to spawning sites during breeding season (Ref. 247). Considered harmless to people, but can deliver a painful nip when provoked (Ref. 247).
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Importance ( 英語 )

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fisheries: minor commercial; aquarium: public aquariums; price category: unknown; price reliability:
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Port-Jackson-Stierkopfhai ( 德語 )

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Der Port-Jackson-Stierkopfhai (Heterodontus portusjacksoni) ist ein 1 bis 1,2 m (max. 1,65 m) langer, grauer bis hellbrauner Hai mit einigen auffallenden dunklen Streifen. Er kommt nur vor Australien und Neuseeland vor und ist für Bissunfälle mit Badegästen bekannt, weil er sich bei Störungen oft wehrt. Häufig ruht er am Grund, auch in seichten Gewässerabschnitten. Ansonsten ist er für Menschen völlig harmlos.

Aussehen und Merkmale

Der Port-Jackson-Stierkopfhai hat eine Körperlänge von durchschnittlich 100 bis 120 cm und kann Maximalgrößen von 160 cm erreichen. Er hat eine hellbraune bis graue, in seltenen Fällen auch fast weiße Körperfärbung mit einer auffälligen Zeichnung aus dunklen Vertikalstreifen auf dem Kopf und den Wangen. Hinter den Kiemen bilden die Streifen ein Dreieck, dessen Ecken von der ersten Rückenflosse, den Bauchflossen und den Brustflossen ausgehen. Über die Flanken und den Schwanz zieht sich zudem ein schwarzer Streifen.

 src=
Kopf des Port-Jackson-Stierkopfhais

Der Hai besitzt einen zylindrischen Körper mit einem konisch geformten Kopf. Die Schnauze ist sehr klein und breit gerundet, die Augenwülste sind niedrig ausgeprägt. Er besitzt eine Afterflosse und zwei Rückenflossen, die beide bedornt sind. Die erste Rückenflosse beginnt über der Basis der Brustflossen, die zweite Rückenflosse über den Enden der Bauchflossen. Der Hai besitzt fünf vergleichsweise lange Kiemenspalten und ein sehr kleines Spritzloch (Spiraculum) unterhalb des Auges.

Lebensweise

 src=
Kiefer von Heterodontus portusjacksoni, der in Anpassung vor allem an das Aufbrechen von Stachelhäutern Pflasterzähne aufweist.
 src=
Ei

Der Port-Jackson-Stierkopfhai ist eine nachtaktive Art und lebt in Küstennähe (Gezeitenzone) im Bereich des Kontinentalschelfs sowie an Inselsockeln bis in Tiefen von etwa 170 m. Er lebt in Höhlen und auf sandigen Böden sowie in flachen Riffen, wo er sich zu Gruppen bis zu 16 Tieren aggregiert. Eine australische Studie zeigte, dass sich die Haie in diesen Ansammlungen nicht nur kennen, sondern auch gezielt die Gesellschaft von bestimmten Individuen suchen und das über viele Jahre hinweg. National Geographic titelte daraufhin: "Sharks have best friends, like us." (Haie haben beste Freunde, genauso wie wir.)[1]

Er ernährt sich vor allem von Stachelhäutern wie Seesternen und Seeigeln, jagt jedoch auch andere wirbellose Tiere (Garnelen, Hummer, Krabben, Langusten, Muscheln, Schnecken, Tintenfische) sowie kleine Fische.

Er ist wie alle Stierkopfhaie eierlegend (ovipar) und legt relativ einfach gebaute Eier ab. Diese besitzen zwei flache Kämme, die schraubig um die Schalenachse verlaufen und kurze Hornfäden an den Enden der Eischale. Die Weibchen legen saisonal 10 bis 16 Eier unter steinigen Unterschlüpfen in Flachriffen ab. Die Junghaie schlüpfen nach 9 bis 12 Monaten mit einer Größe von etwa 23 cm, danach wandern sie zum Schutz vor größeren Räubern in Ästuare und flache Buchten ab. Die Geschlechtsreife erreichen die Tiere bei einer Länge von ungefähr 50 bis 80 cm.

Verbreitung

 src=
Verbreitungsgebiete des Port-Jackson-Stierkopfhais

Der Port-Jackson-Stierkopfhai ist im westlichen Südpazifik nahezu im gesamten Küstengebiet Australiens vom südlichen Queensland über New South Wales, Viktoria, Tasmanien sowie Süd- und Westaustralien sowie um Neuseeland verbreitet.

Literatur

Einzelnachweise

  1. Sharks Have Best friends, Like Us. (com.au [abgerufen am 16. Oktober 2018]).
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Port-Jackson-Stierkopfhai: Brief Summary ( 德語 )

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Der Port-Jackson-Stierkopfhai (Heterodontus portusjacksoni) ist ein 1 bis 1,2 m (max. 1,65 m) langer, grauer bis hellbrauner Hai mit einigen auffallenden dunklen Streifen. Er kommt nur vor Australien und Neuseeland vor und ist für Bissunfälle mit Badegästen bekannt, weil er sich bei Störungen oft wehrt. Häufig ruht er am Grund, auch in seichten Gewässerabschnitten. Ansonsten ist er für Menschen völlig harmlos.

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Порт Џексон (ајкула) ( 馬其頓語 )

由wikipedia emerging languages提供

Ајкулата Порт Џексон (Heterodontus portusjacksoni) припаѓа на групата од околу 9 тромави ајкули што живеат при дно, наречени големоглави или рогати ајкули. Има две грбни перки, секоја со кратка боцка, и големи, парни перки слични на весла. Не плива добро, а со перките се служи за ползење по морското дно. Ноќе бара морски ежови, ги сграпчува со своите шилести предни заби, а потоа ги дроби со широките задни заби. Женките полагаат необични, спирални јајчни кожурци што ги ставаат во шуплини.[1]

Наводи

  1. Kindersley, Dorling (2001,2005). Animal. New York City: DK Publishing. ISBN 0-7894-7764-5.

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Порт Џексон (ајкула): Brief Summary ( 馬其頓語 )

由wikipedia emerging languages提供

Ајкулата Порт Џексон (Heterodontus portusjacksoni) припаѓа на групата од околу 9 тромави ајкули што живеат при дно, наречени големоглави или рогати ајкули. Има две грбни перки, секоја со кратка боцка, и големи, парни перки слични на весла. Не плива добро, а со перките се служи за ползење по морското дно. Ноќе бара морски ежови, ги сграпчува со своите шилести предни заби, а потоа ги дроби со широките задни заби. Женките полагаат необични, спирални јајчни кожурци што ги ставаат во шуплини.

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Port Jackson shark ( 英語 )

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The Port Jackson shark (Heterodontus portusjacksoni) is a nocturnal,[2] oviparous (egg laying) type of bullhead shark of the family Heterodontidae, found in the coastal region of southern Australia, including the waters off Port Jackson. It has a large, blunt head with prominent forehead ridges and dark brown harness-like markings on a lighter grey-brown body,[3] and can grow up to 1.65 metres (5.5 ft) long.[4] They are the largest in the genus Heterodontus.[5]

The Port Jackson shark is a migratory species, traveling south in the summer and returning north to breed in the winter. It feeds on hard-shelled mollusks, crustaceans, sea urchins, and fish. Identification of this species is very easy due to the pattern of harness-like markings that cross the eyes, run along the back to the first dorsal fin, then cross the side of the body, in addition to the spine in front of both dorsal fins.

Distribution and habitat

The Port Jackson shark is endemic to the temperate waters around southern Australia and can be found in an area stretching from southern Queensland, south to Tasmania, and west to the central coast of Western Australia. Dubious reports exist of catchings as far north as Western Australia's York Sound. A single specimen of this species was collected in a set net at Mākara, Wellington in 1954.[6] Two more specimens reported as being from New Zealand were presented to the British Museum however although these two specimens have been located they have no information on their collection location to confirm this assertion.[6] and on one occasion, it has occurred off the coast of New Zealand. Genetic studies suggest two Australian groups, one found from Northeastern Victoria to Western Australia and the second found from Southern Queensland to New South Wales. The species is believed to have originated somewhere off the coast of South Africa.[7] It usually lives at depths of less than 100 metres (330 ft), but has been known to go as deep as 275 metres (902 ft).[8]

The shark's territory is habitually on or near the sea bottom, which is also its feeding area.[9] Rocky environments are the most common habitat, though sandy and muddy ones, as well as seagrass beds, are sometimes used.[8] During the day, when it is usually not active, it can be found in flat areas which offer some shelter from currents (including caves)[10] or near other sheltering positions such as rocky outcrops.

Movement and migration

The Port Jackson shark is a nocturnal species which peaks in activity during the late evening hours before midnight and decreases in activity before sunrise.[2] A study showed that captive and wild individuals displayed similar movement patterns and the sharks' movements were affected by time of day, sex, and sex-specific migrational behaviour.[2]

This species completes an annual migration to breed in coastal embayments with males arriving first in harbours and bays along Australia's coastline.[11] The females arrive later and stay later perhaps as a means to reduce egg predation upon their newly laid eggs. Both sexes show philopatry and high site fidelity.[11]

Port Jackson Shark movements have been quantified using tri-axial accelerometers.[12] These sensors function like Fitbits, but for sharks, and are commonly used in fish and shark species to identify important behaviours like resting, swimming and feeding.

Appearance

Mouth of a Port Jackson shark showing teeth and crushing plate
Two Port Jackson sharks, demonstrating "harness" feature

Port Jackson sharks can grow up to 1.65 metres (5.5 ft) long[4] and are similar to others of their genus, bearing a broad, blunt, flat head, an anal fin, and crests above its eyes. However, the species possesses characteristics that make them easily identifiable, such as their teeth and the harness-like markings which run for a majority of their body length. These markings run from their eyes to their first dorsal fin and then across the rest of their bodies. Both dorsal fins are close to equal size, each with a spine at the foremost edge. These spines are rumored to be poisonous.[8] Other features that help distinguish them are their small mouths as well as their nostrils, which are connected to their mouths.[10]

The sharks have grey-brown bodies covered by black banding, which covers a large portion of their sides and backs. One of these bands winds over the face and progresses to the shark's eyes. Another harness-shaped band goes around the back, continuing to the pectoral fins and sides. Thin, dark stripes are also present on the backs of Port Jackson sharks. These progress from the caudal fin to the first dorsal fin.[10]

Teeth

The teeth of the Port Jackson shark are one of its most distinguishable features. Unlike other sharks, its teeth are different in the front and back. The front teeth are small, sharp and pointed, while the back teeth are flat and blunt. These teeth function to hold, break then crush and grind the shells of the mollusks and echinoderms upon which this species feeds. Juveniles of the species have sharper teeth and their diet has a higher proportion of soft-bodied prey than adults.[8]

Respiratory system

The Port Jackson shark has five gills, the first supports only a single row of gill filaments, while the remaining four support double rows of filaments. Each of the second to the fifth gill arches supports a sheet of muscular and connective tissue called a septum. The shark possesses behind each eye an accessory respiratory organ called a spiracle. Along the top and bottom of each gill filament are delicate, closely packed, transverse flaps of gill tissue known as secondary lamellae. It is these lamellae that are the actual sites of gas exchange. Each lamella is equipped with tiny arteries that carry blood in a direction opposite to that of the water flowing over them. To compensate for the relatively low concentration of dissolved oxygen in seawater, water passes over the secondary lamellae of sharks some 5% as fast as air that remains in contact with the equivalent gas exchange sites, such as the alveoli of the lungs found in humans. This delay allows sufficient time for dissolved oxygen to diffuse into a shark's blood.

Port Jackson sharks have the ability to eat and breathe at the same time. This ability is unusual for sharks which mostly need to swim with their mouths open to force water over the gills. The Port Jackson shark can pump water into the first enlarged gill slit and out through the other four gill slits. By pumping water across the gills, the shark does not need to move to breathe. It can lie on the bottom for long periods of time.

Reproduction

Male Port Jackson sharks become sexually mature between ages 8 and 10, and females at 11 to 14. They are oviparous, meaning that they lay eggs rather than give live birth to their young. The species has an annual breeding cycle which begins in late August and continues until the middle of November. During this time, the female lays pairs of eggs every 8–17 days.[13] As many as eight pairs can be laid during this period. The eggs mature for 10–11 months before the hatchlings, known as neonates, can break out of the egg capsule. The eggs have been assessed in recent studies as having an 89.1% mortality rate, mostly from predation.[10]

Digestive system

Digestion of food can take a long time in the Port Jackson shark. Food moves from the mouth to the J-shaped stomach, where it is stored and initial digestion occurs. Unwanted items may never get any further than the stomach, and are coughed up again. They have the ability to turn their stomachs inside out and spit it out of their mouths to get rid of any unwanted contents. One of the biggest differences in digestion in the shark when compared to mammals is the extremely short intestine. This short length is achieved by the spiral valve with multiple turns within a single short section instead of a very long tube-like intestine. The valve provides a very long surface area for the digestion of food, requiring it to pass around inside the apparently short gut until fully digested, when remaining waste products pass by. The most obvious internal organ in sharks is the huge liver, which often fills most of the body cavity. Dietary items include sea urchins, molluscs, crustaceans, and fishes. Black sea urchins (Centrostephanus rodgersii) are often eaten. Port Jackson Sharks forage for food at night when their prey are most active. They often use caves and rocky outcrops as protection during the day.

The teeth of the Port Jackson shark are very different from other shark species. They are not serrated, and the front teeth have a very different shape from those found at the back of the jaws, hence the genus name Heterodontus (from the Greek heteros, meaning different, and dont, meaning tooth). The anterior teeth are small and pointed, whereas the posterior teeth are broad and flat. The teeth function to hold and break, then crush and grind the shells of molluscs and echinoderms. Juvenile Port Jackson sharks have more pointed teeth and feed on a higher proportion of soft-bodied prey than adults. They can feed by sucking in water and sand from the bottom, blowing the sand out of the gill slits, and retaining the food, which is swallowed.

Behaviour and learning

Port Jackson shark adults are often seen resting in caves in groups, and prefer to associate with specific sharks based on sex and size.[14] Juvenile Port Jackson sharks, on the other hand, do not appear to be social. A captive study showed that these juveniles did not prefer to spend time next to other sharks, even when they were familiar with each other (i.e. tank mates).[15] Juvenile Port Jackson sharks have unique personality traits, just like humans.[16] Some were bolder than others when exploring a novel environment and they also reacted differently to a stressful situation (in choosing a freeze or flight response).

Juvenile Port Jackson sharks are also capable of learning to associate bubbles, LED lights, or sounds with receiving a food reward,[17][18] can distinguish different quantities (i.e. count),[19] and can learn by watching what other sharks are doing.

At least in some of these lab experiments males are shyer than females and boldness increases with consecutive trials of the same experiment. In experiments with different music genres, none of the sharks tested learned to discriminate between a jazz and a classical music stimulus.[18]

Relationship with humans

The shark has no major importance to humans. It is not an endangered species and is not used as a common food supply. It is, however, useful when scientists are hoping to study bottom-dwelling sharks and can be vulnerable to being caught as bycatch. It also does not pose any danger to humans.[10] In October 2011 a man was bitten by a Port Jackson shark at Elwood Beach near Melbourne. The bite did not pierce the skin and the man was able to swim away while the shark was latched on to his calf.[20]

Conservation

Although listed as "Least Concern" on the World Conservation Union (IUCN) Red List, the shark's egg capsules experience very high mortality rates (estimated at 89.1%). Its status is otherwise largely unknown. Predators of the species are also unknown. Though crested bullhead shark (Heterodontus galeatus) are known to prey upon Port Jackson shark embryos, the biggest threat is probably from other sharks such as white sharks and the broadnose sevengill shark (Notorynchus cepedianus).[10]

In June 2018 the New Zealand Department of Conservation classified the Port Jackson shark as "Vagrant" with the qualifier "Secure Overseas" under the New Zealand Threat Classification System.[21]

References

  1. ^ Huveneers, C. & Simpfendorfer, C. (2015). "Heterodontus portusjacksoni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T39334A68625721. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T39334A68625721.en.
  2. ^ a b c Kadar, Julianna; Ladds, Monique; Mourier, Johann; Day, Joanna; Brown, Culum (2019). "Acoustic accelerometry reveals diel activity patterns in premigratory Port Jackson sharks". Ecology and Evolution. 9 (16): 8933–8944. doi:10.1002/ece3.5323. ISSN 2045-7758. PMC 6706188. PMID 31462992.
  3. ^ Kindersley, Dorling (2001). Animal. New York City: DK Publishing. ISBN 0-7894-7764-5.
  4. ^ a b Carpenter, Kent E.; Luna, Susan M. (2019). Froese, R; Pauly, D. (eds.). "Heterodontus portusjacksoni (Meyer, 1793)". Fishbase. Retrieved 31 January 2019.
  5. ^ "Heterodontus portusjacksoni (Bullhead)".
  6. ^ a b Roberts, Clive; Stewart, A. L.; Struthers, Carl D.; Barker, Jeremy; Kortet, Salme; Freeborn, Michelle (2015). The fishes of New Zealand. Vol. 2. Wellington, New Zealand: Te Papa Press. p. 56. ISBN 9780994104168. OCLC 908128805.
  7. ^ Burton, Maurice; Burton, Robert (2002). International wildlife encyclopedia. New York: Marshall Cavendish. p. 2027.
  8. ^ a b c d M. McGrouther (October 2006). "Port Jackson Shark". Australian Museum. Archived from the original on 13 March 2009. Retrieved March 26, 2009.
  9. ^ Dianne J. Bray, 2011, Port Jackson Shark, Heterodontus portusjacksoni, in Fishes of Australia, accessed 26 Aug 2014, http://www.fishesofaustralia.net.au/home/species/1982
  10. ^ a b c d e f Rebecca Sarah Thaler. "Port Jackson Shark". Florida Museum of Natural History. Retrieved March 27, 2009.
  11. ^ a b Bass, Nathan; Mourier, Johann; Knott, Nathan; Day, Joanna; Guttridge, Tristan; Brown, Culum (2017). "Long-term migration patterns and bisexual philopatry in a benthic shark species". Marine and Freshwater Research. 68 (8): 1414–1421. doi:10.1071/MF16122. ISSN 1448-6059.
  12. ^ Kadar, Julianna P.; Ladds, Monique A.; Day, Joanna; Lyall, Brianne; Brown, Culum (January 2020). "Assessment of Machine Learning Models to Identify Port Jackson Shark Behaviours Using Tri-Axial Accelerometers". Sensors. 20 (24): 7096. Bibcode:2020Senso..20.7096K. doi:10.3390/s20247096. PMC 7763149. PMID 33322308.
  13. ^ "HETERODONTIFORMES", Sharks of the World, Princeton University Press, pp. 247–257, 2021-07-20, doi:10.2307/j.ctv1574pqp.16, ISBN 9780691205991, S2CID 240759913, retrieved 2021-09-11
  14. ^ Mourier, Johann; Bass, Nathan Charles; Guttridge, Tristan L.; Day, Joanna; Brown, Culum (2017). "Does detection range matter for inferring social networks in a benthic shark using acoustic telemetry?". Royal Society Open Science. 4 (9): 170485. Bibcode:2017RSOS....470485M. doi:10.1098/rsos.170485. PMC 5627096. PMID 28989756.
  15. ^ Pouca, Catarina Vila; Brown, Culum (2019). "Lack of social preference between unfamiliar and familiar juvenile Port Jackson sharks Heterodontus portusjacksoni". Journal of Fish Biology. 95 (2): 520–526. doi:10.1111/jfb.13982. ISSN 1095-8649. PMID 30993695. S2CID 119522453.
  16. ^ Byrnes, E. E.; Brown, C. (2016). "Individual personality differences in Port Jackson sharks Heterodontus portusjacksoni". Journal of Fish Biology. 89 (2): 1142–1157. doi:10.1111/jfb.12993. ISSN 1095-8649. PMID 27228221.
  17. ^ Guttridge, Tristan L.; Brown, Culum (2014). "Learning and memory in the Port Jackson shark, Heterodontus portusjacksoni". Animal Cognition. 17 (2): 415–425. doi:10.1007/s10071-013-0673-4. ISSN 1435-9456. PMID 23955028. S2CID 14511996.
  18. ^ a b Vila Pouca, Catarina; Brown, Culum (2018). "Food approach conditioning and discrimination learning using sound cues in benthic sharks". Animal Cognition. 21 (4): 481–492. doi:10.1007/s10071-018-1183-1. ISSN 1435-9456. PMID 29691698. S2CID 19488641.
  19. ^ Vila Pouca, Catarina; Gervais, Connor; Reed, Joshua; Michard, Jade; Brown, Culum (2019-06-14). "Quantity discrimination in Port Jackson sharks incubated under elevated temperatures". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 73 (7): 93. doi:10.1007/s00265-019-2706-8. ISSN 1432-0762. S2CID 189819362.
  20. ^ Buttler, Mark (19 October 2011). "Man bitten by shark at Elwood beach". Herald Sun. Retrieved 31 January 2019.
  21. ^ Duffy, Clinton A. J.; Francis, Malcolm; Dunn, M. R.; Finucci, Brit; Ford, Richard; Hitchmough, Rod; Rolfe, Jeremy (2018). Conservation status of New Zealand chondrichthyans (chimaeras, sharks and rays), 2016 (PDF). Wellington, New Zealand: Department of Conservation. p. 10. ISBN 9781988514628. OCLC 1042901090.

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Port Jackson shark: Brief Summary ( 英語 )

由wikipedia EN提供

The Port Jackson shark (Heterodontus portusjacksoni) is a nocturnal, oviparous (egg laying) type of bullhead shark of the family Heterodontidae, found in the coastal region of southern Australia, including the waters off Port Jackson. It has a large, blunt head with prominent forehead ridges and dark brown harness-like markings on a lighter grey-brown body, and can grow up to 1.65 metres (5.5 ft) long. They are the largest in the genus Heterodontus.

The Port Jackson shark is a migratory species, traveling south in the summer and returning north to breed in the winter. It feeds on hard-shelled mollusks, crustaceans, sea urchins, and fish. Identification of this species is very easy due to the pattern of harness-like markings that cross the eyes, run along the back to the first dorsal fin, then cross the side of the body, in addition to the spine in front of both dorsal fins.

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Heterodontus portusjacksoni ( 西班牙、卡斯蒂利亞西班牙語 )

由wikipedia ES提供

El tiburón de Port Jackson (Heterodontus portusjacksoni) es un tiburón cornudo de tipo nocturno y ovíparo de la familia Heterodontidae, que habita en la región costera del sur de Australia, incluyendo las aguas cercanas a Port Jackson. Tiene una cabeza grande con prominentes crestas por encima de los ojos y marcas marrón oscuro similares a arneses sobre un fondo gris-marrón más claro. Estos tiburones pueden alcanzar un tamaño de 1,67 m.

Galería

 src=
Boca de un tiburón de port jackson.
 src=
Dos tiburones de port jackson.

Véase también

Referencias

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Heterodontus portusjacksoni: Brief Summary ( 西班牙、卡斯蒂利亞西班牙語 )

由wikipedia ES提供

El tiburón de Port Jackson (Heterodontus portusjacksoni) es un tiburón cornudo de tipo nocturno y ovíparo de la familia Heterodontidae, que habita en la región costera del sur de Australia, incluyendo las aguas cercanas a Port Jackson. Tiene una cabeza grande con prominentes crestas por encima de los ojos y marcas marrón oscuro similares a arneses sobre un fondo gris-marrón más claro. Estos tiburones pueden alcanzar un tamaño de 1,67 m.

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Heterodontus portusjacksoni ( 巴斯克語 )

由wikipedia EU提供

Heterodontus portusjacksoni Heterodontus generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Heterodontidae familian sailkatzen da.

Erreferentziak

  1. Froese, Rainer & Pauly, Daniel ed. (2006), Heterodontus portusjacksoni FishBase webgunean. 2006ko apirilaren bertsioa.

Ikus, gainera

(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Heterodontus portusjacksoni: Brief Summary ( 巴斯克語 )

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Heterodontus portusjacksoni Heterodontus generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Heterodontidae familian sailkatzen da.

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Australiansarvihai ( 芬蘭語 )

由wikipedia FI提供

Australiansarvihai (Heterodontus portusjacksoni) on alkeellinen hailaji jota tavataan yksinomaan Australian ja Uuden-Seelannin rannikkovesissä aina 275:n metrin syvyyteen asti. Se suosii erityisesti kivikkoisia pohjia sillä se lepäilee mielellään suojaisassa kallionkolossa päivisin, yleensä lajitoveriensa seurassa.

Koko ja ulkonäkö

Australiansarvihai, joka kasvaa n. 170 cm: pituiseksi on suuripäinen ja tylppäkuonoinen. Sieraimet ovat suuret sillä ruokailun aikana vedenotto tapahtuu niiden kautta. Rintaevät ovat isot ja leveät ja selkäevät, joiden edessä on myrkkypiikit (heimon nimi juontuu rantaan ajautuneista piikeistä joita on luultu sarviksi) ovat lähes samankokoiset. Lajikohtaisia piirteitä ovat harmaanruskeaa ruumista koristavat ruskeat juovat.

Ravinto

Ruokavalioon kuuluu kaloja, äyriäisiä, piikkinahkaisia ja muita kovakuorisia pohjaeläimiä joita australiansarvihai etsii öisin pohjasta, tarttuu niihin pienillä etuhampaillaan ja murskaa litteillä takahampaillaan.

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Australiansarvihain leuat

Lisääntyminen

Australiansarvihait lisääntyvät talvella tai varhain keväällä. Ne vaeltavat tätä varten pohjoisemmille vesille. Munat ovat noin 7 senttiä leveitä ja noin 15 senttiä pitkiä korkkiruuvin muotoisia koteloita. Tämän oletetaan helpottavan niiden ankkuroimista kivien rakoihin.[2] Munat ovat aluksi pehmeitä mutta kovettuvat pian. Poikasten kehittymiseen kuluu 10–12 vuotta. Kuoriutuessaan ne ovat noin 24 senttiä pitkiä ja täysin itsenäisiä. Kasvaminen sukukypsäksäksi vie koirailta 8–10 vuotta ja naarailta 11–14 vuotta.

Lähteet

  1. Simpfendorfer, C.: Heterodontus portusjacksoni IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.1. 2005. International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN, Iucnredlist.org. Viitattu 01.08.2013. (englanniksi)
  2. Tieteen kuvalehti 5/2018: Hain muna kiertyy kiinni kallioon. 5/2018 sivu 31, .

Aiheesta muualla

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Australiansarvihai: Brief Summary ( 芬蘭語 )

由wikipedia FI提供

Australiansarvihai (Heterodontus portusjacksoni) on alkeellinen hailaji jota tavataan yksinomaan Australian ja Uuden-Seelannin rannikkovesissä aina 275:n metrin syvyyteen asti. Se suosii erityisesti kivikkoisia pohjia sillä se lepäilee mielellään suojaisassa kallionkolossa päivisin, yleensä lajitoveriensa seurassa.

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Heterodontus portusjacksoni ( 法語 )

由wikipedia FR提供

Requin dormeur de Port-Jackson, Requin dormeur taureau

Heterodontus portusjacksoni, commuément appelé le Requin de Port-Jackson ou le Requin dormeur taureau, est une espèce de requins de la famille des Heterodontidae.

C'est l'un des requins dormeurs les mieux connus. Il vit dans le Pacifique sud-ouest : c'est une espèce endémique aux eaux continentales tempérées et subtropicales de l'Australie. De plus l'espèce est migratoire, dite océanodrome. Retrouvé entre la surface et 275 m de profondeur, ce requin est un chasseur nocturne, principalement d'invertébrés et de petits poissons osseux. Il peut atteindre 1,65 mètre de long[1] et est facilement reconnaissable par ses bandes noires en forme de harnais. On le retrouve souvent en groupe, surtout pendant la saison de reproduction, durant l'hiver austral. Très populaire dans les aquariums à travers le monde, c'est un requin calme et docile qui n'aura de comportement agressif que très rarement, s'il n'est pas dérangé.

Description

Le Requin dormeur de Port-Jackson est la plus grande espèce du genre Heterodontus[2]. La taille des mâles adultes est d'au moins 105 cm tandis que les femelles mesurent au moins 123 cm, elles font en moyenne 25 cm de plus que ces derniers. Les plus grands individus peuvent atteindre 165 cm mais ils sont rares au-delà de 137 cm[3].

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Heterodontus portusjacksoni de face. Ses narines sont reliées à sa petite bouche.

Sa silhouette est caractéristique, à l'instar des autres Hétérodontidés. Sur sa large tête, il possède des crêtes supraorbitales plutôt basses, qui se terminent graduellement postérieurement. L'espace inter-orbital est peu profond ; la distance entre les crêtes est d'un peu moins que la moitié de la longueur oculaire. Un spiracle se trouve juste derrière chaque œil. Ses narines sont entourées de longs morceaux de peau formant un canal antéro-postérieur. Elles sont reliées à la petite bouche, presque terminale. Chez l'adulte, les petites dents antérieures, de maintien, contiennent une cuspide mais pas de petites protubérances « cuspidiennes » comme chez d'autres requins dormeurs. Les dents postérieures, quant à elles, sont molariformes : non carénées, larges et arrondies[3]. La mâchoire est bien plus allongée et large que chez les jeunes. Il y aurait plus de dents antérieures chez le mâle, probablement dans un but reproductif[4]. Les denticules latéraux sont gros et durs[3].

Chacune de ses deux nageoires dorsales est associée à une épine antérieure, non venimeuse. La première épine est dirigée de manière oblique et postéro-dorsale chez l'adulte comme chez le juvénile. En général, les épines sont très pointues chez les jeunes mais s'adoucissent avec l'age[2]. L'origine de la première nageoire dorsale est située un peu après la moitié de l'insertion des nageoires pectorales et est légèrement éloignée de la cinquième fente branchiale. La fin de cette nageoire arrive presque à la hauteur des nageoires pelviennes. Modérément haute, sa hauteur atteint 12 % à 16 % de la longueur totale et la longueur entre celle-ci et le rostre est estimée comme étant 21 % à 24 % de la longueur totale. Sa forme est angulaire et arrondie voire légèrement falciforme. Presque aussi grande et d'une forme semblable, la deuxième nageoire dorsale débute juste derrière les nageoires pelviennes. La nageoire anale est subangulaire, arrondie ou faiblement falciforme, son apex est très loin de la nageoire caudale. La distance entre ces deux dernières nageoires correspond à 13 % de la longueur totale[3].

La robe dorsale varie entre le gris et le beige, tirant sur le blanc. Ce requin se distingue des autres requins dormeurs par ses lignes noires en forme de harnais. Une tâche noire aux bords effacés est présente sur son museau[2]. Sa tête possède une fine ligne noire inter-orbitaire et une bande sombre s’élargissant ventralement en dessous des yeux avant de s’effacer, ce qui donne un ruban noir s’étalant de flanc à flanc sur l’axe des yeux. Les jeunes possèdent le même motif que les adultes[3].

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Les bandes noires formant le "harnais" sont bien distinctes sur ces deux requins dormeurs de Port-Jackson

Biologie

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Les mâchoires puissantes et les dents d'Heterodontus portusjacksoni brisent aisément les coquilles et les carapaces de ses proies.

Alimentation

Heterodontus portusjacksoni a un régime varié :

Parfois, d’autres restes organiques provenant de l'activité humaine costale sont retrouvés dans leur estomac (pommes de terre, pelures d’orange, épluchures…). Les jeunes ont des dents plus petites et plus pointues, et mangent des proies plus molles que les adultes[3]. Les juvéniles se nourriraient plutôt d'épifaune et d'endofaune benthique, principalement des crustacés de la famille des Diogenidae, tandis que les individus matures auraient un régime constitué majoritairement de céphalopodes et d'autres mollusques, ainsi que de petits poissons osseux[4]. Les proies sont broyées par les mâchoires puissantes et les dents molariformes avant d’arriver dans l’estomac. Les parties dures (morceaux de coquille, de carapace, d'os…) sont régurgitées[3].

Chassant la nuit, le museau proche du fond, ils repèrent leurs proies grâce à leur sens olfactif, leur ligne latérale et leurs ampoules de Lorenzini (électro-sens). Dès le stade juvénile, ils sont capables de déterrer leurs proies du sol en pompant l'eau et le sable qui seront rejetés à travers les branchies[3].

Respiration

Heterodontus portusjacksoni possède cinq paire de branchies, la première paire contient une seule rangée de filaments branchiaux tandis que les quatre restantes en contiennent deux. Il respire en pompant l’eau dans sa première fente branchiale, élargie, et en la rejetant par les quatre autres. Cette morphologie, associée à sa physiologie, l'autorise à ne pas devoir nager en permanence, comme d'autres espèces de requins[5]. En outre, cela lui permettrait de ne pas devoir ouvrir la bouche pour laisser l'eau y pénétrer. Cela empêche la nourriture de passer par les fentes branchiales pendant la mastication[3].

Cycle de vie

Le Requin dormeur de Port-Jackson est un ovipare saisonnier. Entre aout et octobre, parfois juillet et novembre[6], les femelles pondent une paire d'œufs tous les 10 à 14 jours pour donner 10 à 12 œufs au total (jusqu'à 16)[5]. Elles les déposent dans des crevasses de récifs protégées et peu profondes, en général entre 1 et 5 m mais parfois jusque 20 ou 30 m de profondeur. La partie pointue de l’œuf est dirigée vers l’intérieur de la crevasse, suggérant que les femelles saisissent leurs œufs par la partie plus large[3]. Les Heterodontidae seraient la seule famille de requins à apporter des soins parentaux à leur progéniture[7]. D'après Powter et Gladstone, 2008, l’œuf ne serait pas déposé directement à l’intérieur de la crevasse par la femelle mais plutôt déposé au sommet de la crevasse, le mouvement de l’eau le pousserait dedans[6]. Occasionnellement, les femelles déposent leurs œufs sur le sable, en dessous de pipelines sous-marins ou sous une pile de déchets non organiques (canettes, boites de conserves, etc.). Durant plusieurs années, les femelles retournent collectivement sur le même site, ce qui pourrait s'apparenter à leur "nid". En captivité, les femelles pondent une paire d’œufs tous les 8 à 17 jours. L'œuf est en forme de cône avec, extérieurement, un rebord d'environ 5 à 6 spirales par rapport à l'axe de l'œuf. Ce rebord, parcourant l’œuf, a comme utilité de coincer efficacement ce dernier entre les rochers ou crevasses. Les œufs mesurent 13 à 17 cm de long pour 5 à 7 cm de large pour la partie la plus large. Ils éclosent après 9 à 12 mois[3]. Des adultes auraient été observés en train de manger leurs propres œufs[8].

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L'œuf à la forme bien particulière d'Heterodontus portusjacksoni

À la sortie de l'œuf, les nouveau-nés mesurent entre 23 et 24 cm. Ils se dirigent ensuite vers des zones de nurserie dans les baies et les estuaires, et y restent jusque l'âge de deux ans[9]. Ces nurseries se situent, en général, dans les herbiers marins[10]. Dès l'été, certains juvéniles pourraient déjà se diriger vers des eaux plus profondes. Ils restent en groupes mixtes équilibrés, séparés par un ordre de taille. Au début de la maturité sexuelle, les jeunes adultes se dirigent vers les eaux plus profondes et se séparent en fonction de leur sexe. Au bout de quelques années passées aux frontières du plateau continental, ces groupes rejoignent les populations adultes. En moyenne, l’âge de maturité est atteint entre 8 et 10 ans pour les mâles et 11 à 14 ans pour les femelles. Les mâles sont pubères entre 50 et 80 cm, matures entre 70 et 80 cm. Les femelles sont pubères entre 65 et 84 cm, matures entre 65 et 84 cm. Les jeunes grandissent de 5 à 6 cm par an et les adultes de 2 à 4 cm. Toutefois, toutes ces dernières données proviennent d’individus captifs[3].

À l'instar du site de ponte, le site de reproduction est choisi méticuleusement par les adultes et conservé pendant plusieurs années, au moins 4 ans[9]. La saison de reproduction commence véritablement en juillet[6] avec le retour des requins, sans différence sexuelle marquée, sur leur site favori. Certains adultes reviennent déjà en mars et avril[3]. Dans la région de Sydney, fin juillet et en août, les femelles matures sont accompagnées par quelques mâles jusqu’aux récifs costaux. Il n’y aurait pas de parade nuptiale mais seulement des phéromones impliquées dans la reproduction. Les mâles mordraient les nageoires pectorales des femelles avec leur bouche afin d'enrouler leur corps autour de cette dernière et y insérer leur ptérygopode[6]. La reproduction se déroulant dans des cavernes, il est compliqué d'obtenir beaucoup plus d'informations sur ce comportement in natura[2].

C'est une espèce océanodrome. Les adultes mâles retournent dans les eaux profondes à la fin de la saison de reproduction, en octobre[2], suivis par les femelles entre la fin du mois de septembre et novembre. Certains restent dans les environs mais d’autres migreraient jusqu’à 850 km de leur zone d'accouplement[3].

Comportement social

Heterodontus portusjacksoni est parfois solitaire, mais plus souvent en petits à larges groupes. Ce requin est social mais son comportement sociobiologique est peu connu. Les abondances relatives sur les sites de repos de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud seraient proportionnelles à l'afflux d’adultes pour la reproduction et inversement proportionnelles aux variations saisonnières de températures. Les interactions sociales sur ces sites de repos y seraient importantes et les requins seraient capables de parcourir de longues distances pour revenir sur leur site favori de repos et/ou de reproduction[3]. Cela suggère que ces requins ont une mémoire spatiale très développée[11]. En dehors de la saison de reproduction, les femelles se regroupent dans des gouttières pour éviter la rencontre avec les mâles. Les adultes peuvent rester inactifs pendant 27 h[9]. Dans les nurseries, les jeunes se placent sur les pentes légères pour éviter les courants trop puissants[10].

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Groupe de requins dormeurs de Port-Jackson se reposant sur le fond marin.

Prédateurs

En plus d'être parfois dévorés par des requins dormeurs de Port-Jackson mâles[3], les œufs d’Heterodontus portusjacksoni sont consommés par de nombreux animaux marins. Parmi ceux-ci, le Requin dormeur à crête (Heterodontus galeatus), le labre Achoerodus viridis et la raie Dasyatis thetidis en dégustent régulièrement, bien que l'enveloppe soit coriace. Le gastéropode perceur Astralium tentoriformis est parfois trouvé sur les œufs. Aussi, la mortalité des œufs est située entre 78 % et 90 %, et celle-ci est constituée de 99,2 % de prédation[12].

Les jeunes dans les nurseries sont chassés par des gros téléostéens et des requins benthiques. Les adultes ont peu de prédateurs grâce à leurs habitudes sédentaires, leur habitat cryptique, leur activité nocturne, leur camouflage et leurs épines. Au repos, ils sont parfois attaqués par des petits isopodes. Toutefois, les super-prédateurs tels que le Grand requin blanc Carcharodon carcharias, le Requin Plat-Nez Notorynchus cepedianus et les gros lions de mers (Otariinae) en font sûrement une proie de temps à autre[3]. On estime la mortalité des adultes de 6 à 7 % et la mortalité juvénile à 22,5 % par an[6].

Parasites

Comme les autres espèces marines, ce requin est notamment parasité par des cestodes, des trématodes, des nématodes, des larves d’isopodes, des copépodes, des puces de poissons et des sangsues[3]. Une maladie répandue chez les poissons, la scuticociliatosis, ne l'épargne pas. Elle est causée par un protozoaire cilié histophage de la sous-classe des Scuticociliatida. Le parasite attaque notamment le foie, le système nerveux, la peau et les branchies[13].

Distribution et habitat

Heterodontus portusjacksoni, espèce endémique, est retrouvé dans le Pacifique sud-ouest, dans les eaux continentales tempérées et subtropicales de l'Australie ; autour de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, de l'État de Victoria, de la Tasmanie, sur la côte sud et la côte ouest de l'Australie (27°S - 44°S, 112°E - 154°E[14]). Il y aurait des occurrences sur la côte tropicale nord de l'ouest australien, le sud du Queensland et en Nouvelle-Zélande. Cette dernière observation est peu probable, il s'agit sans doute d'une erreur d'identification[3].

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Heterodontus portusjacksoni est endémique à l'Australie.

C'est un requin commun du littoral. Il vit sur le fond des plateaux continentaux australien des côtes, dans la zone intertidale à moins de 275 m de profondeur. On le trouve majoritairement à environ 100 m de profondeur. Le jour, à l'abri du courant, il reste dans des ravins de zones rocheuses pauvres ou de zones boueuses remplies de kelp, ou dans des caves au sol sableux[2]. Les requins choisissent avec beaucoup d’attention leur zone de repos : plusieurs individus (jusque 16) vont se reposer sur le même site et en bouder d’autres[3].

Taxonomie

Le nom de l'espèce vient du Port Jackson, grand port naturel de Sydney[2].

Bien que son nom Heterodontus portusjacksoni (Meyer, 1793) soit actuellement accepté par la communauté scientifique, le Requin dormeur de Port-Jackson a possédé d'autres noms binomiaux.

Parmi ces autres noms :

  • Squalus portus jacksoni par Meyer en 1793 en Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, Australie.
  • Squalus jacksoni par Suckow en 1799 au Port Jackson, Australie.
  • Squalus philippi par Bloch et Schneider en 1801 au Port Jackson, Australie.
  • Squalus philippinus par Shaw en 1804 au Port Jackson, Australie.
  • Squalus jacksonii par Turton en 1806. Possiblement juste une orthographe différente de celle de Suckow.
  • Cestracion philippi par Lesson en 1830 au Port Jackson, Australie. Proposé comme nouveau nom.
  • Cestracion heterodontus par Sherrard en 1896 à Hobson's Bay, Victoria, Australie. Cette variante pourrait être une erreur de retranscription.
  • Heterodontus bonae-spei par Ogilby en 1908 à Table Bay, Afrique du Sud. C'était sans doute un Heterodontus portusjacksoni dont la localisation était erronée.

En Australie, ce requin est parfois nommé Oyster Crusher ou Tabbigaw[3].

Phylogénie et évolution

L'ancêtre de l'espèce aurait émigré des côtes sud-africaines pour atteindre l'Australie[15].

Il y aurait au moins deux populations de requins dormeurs de Port-Jackson, révélées grâce à des analyses sanguines. Une population serait située de l’Ouest australien jusqu’au nord-est de l’État de Victoria tandis que l’autre viendrait du côté de la Nouvelle-Galles du Sud. Hypothétiquement, cette dernière pourrait être divisée en une troisième population du Sud du Queensland. Cela serait notamment prouvé par le choix distinct de zones de reproduction[3]. De plus, il y aurait une différence du point de vue de la taille : ceux de l’Ouest seraient plus petits et plus massifs pour une même taille, et leur maturité serait atteinte à une taille relativement moindre[16].

Relations avec l'Homme

Attaques sur l'Homme

Ce n'est pas un requin dangereux. Souvent au repos, il est régulièrement observé par les plongeurs[3]. Il peut malgré tout mordre douloureusement s'il est provoqué[2].

Pêche

Intérêt minime de l'espèce pour la pêche : leur chair et leurs nageoires sont considérées comme étant de mauvaise qualité[17]. Le plus souvent, c'est une prise accessoire ou une prise de sport. Elle se retrouve parfois coincée dans des filets anti-requins[3].

Sauvegarde

L'espèce n'est pas considérée comme étant en danger pour le moment. La population aurait chuté fin du XXe siècle jusqu'en 2001 mais, depuis, les tendances ne descendent plus et elle semble stable. Néanmoins, il est difficile d'avoir une estimation précise car ce requin n'est pas le plus aisé à pêcher pour un échantillonnage permettant d'estimer sa densité et son abondance[17]. En outre, il a une fécondité faible et une maturité tardive[12]. La protection croissante de son habitat pourrait expliquer cette stabilité même si les potentielles destructions d’habitat ou de réserve de poissons ne sont pas estimées comme étant significatives sur la population[17]. De plus, elle est particulièrement résistante au stress après une remise à l'eau ; aucune mortalité n'a été constatée[18]. Facilement observable, elle n'est pourtant pas une espèce liée à l'éco-tourisme. C'est un gros poisson apprécié des aquariums publics à travers le monde pour ses belles couleurs et sa résilience. Heureusement, on est actuellement capable de mener une reproduction à terme en captivité pour ne pas pêcher de nouveaux individus[17]. C'est d'autant plus important qu'on estime à 22,5 ans une génération de requins dormeurs de Port-Jackson et à seulement 6,9 % par an l'augmentation de la population[6].

Notes et références

  1. Helmut Debelius et Rudie H. Kuiter, Atlas mondial des poissons marins, 2007 [détail des éditions], p. 18
  2. a b c d e f g et h (en) « Bullhead Shark - Heterodontus portusjacksoni - Details - Encyclopedia of Life », sur Encyclopedia of Life (consulté le 22 mai 2018)
  3. a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w et x (en) « FAO Fisheries & Aquaculture - Aquatic species », sur www.fao.org (consulté le 22 mai 2018)
  4. a et b (en) David Mark Powter, William Gladstone et Margaret Platell, « The influence of sex and maturity on the diet, mouth morphology and dentition of the Port Jackson shark, Heterodontus portusjacksoni », Marine and Freshwater Research, vol. 61, no 1,‎ 17 février 2010, p. 74–85 (ISSN , DOI , lire en ligne, consulté le 25 mai 2018)
  5. a et b (en) « Heterodontus portusjacksoni :: Florida Museum of Natural History », sur www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu (consulté le 25 mai 2018)
  6. a b c d e et f (en) D. M. Powter et W. Gladstone, « The reproductive biology and ecology of the Port Jackson sharkHeterodontus portusjacksoniin the coastal waters of eastern Australia », Journal of Fish Biology, vol. 72, no 10,‎ juin 2008, p. 2615–2633 (ISSN et , DOI , lire en ligne, consulté le 25 mai 2018)
  7. Ebert, David A.,, Compagno, Leonard J. V., et Dando, Marc,, Sharks of the world : a fully illustrated guide (ISBN 978-0-9573946-0-5 et 0957394608, OCLC , lire en ligne)
  8. Michael, Scott W., Reef Sharks & Rays of the World., Prostar Pubns, 2005, 107 p. (ISBN 978-1-57785-538-5 et 1577855388, OCLC , lire en ligne)
  9. a b et c David Mark Powter et William Gladstone, « Habitat-Mediated Use of Space by Juvenile and Mating Adult Port Jackson Sharks, Heterodontus portusjacksoni, in Eastern Australia », Pacific Science, vol. 63, no 1,‎ 1er janvier 2009, p. 1–14 (ISSN , DOI , lire en ligne, consulté le 25 mai 2018)
  10. a et b Powter, D. M. et Gladstone, W., « Habitat preferences of Port Jackson sharks, Heterodontus portusjacksoni, in the coastal waters of eastern Australia. », Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 129, 151–165.,‎ 2008
  11. (en) A. K. O'Gower, « Speculations on a spatial memory for the Port Jackson shark (Heterodontus portusjacksoni) (Meyer) (Heterodontidae) », Marine and Freshwater Research, vol. 46, no 5,‎ 1995, p. 861–871 (ISSN , DOI , lire en ligne, consulté le 25 mai 2018)
  12. a et b (en) D. M. Powter et W. Gladstone, « Embryonic mortality and predation on egg capsules of the Port Jackson shark Heterodontus portusjacksoni (Meyer) », Journal of Fish Biology, vol. 72, no 3,‎ février 2008, p. 573–584 (ISSN et , DOI , lire en ligne, consulté le 24 mai 2018)
  13. Harikrishnan, R., Balasundaram, C et Heo, M. S., « Scuticociliatosis and its recent prophylactic measures in aquaculture with special reference to South Korea Taxonomy, diversity and diagnosis of scuticociliatosis: Part I Control strategies of scuticociliatosis: Part II. », Fish and Shellfish Immunology 29, 15–31,‎ 2010
  14. (en) « Heterodontus portusjacksoni summary page », sur FishBase (consulté le 25 mai 2018)
  15. Robert Burton, International Wildlife Encyclopedia, Marshall Cavendish, 2002
  16. (en) Javier Tovar-Ávila, Terence I. Walker et Robert W. Day, « Reproduction of Heterodontus portusjacksoni in Victoria, Australia: evidence of two populations and reproductive parameters for the eastern population », Marine and Freshwater Research, vol. 58, no 10,‎ 20 novembre 2007, p. 956–965 (ISSN , DOI , lire en ligne, consulté le 24 mai 2018)
  17. a b c et d « Heterodontus portusjacksoni (Port Jackson Shark) », sur www.iucnredlist.org (consulté le 24 mai 2018)
  18. Lorenz H. Frick, Richard David Reina et Terence Ivan Walker, « Stress related physiological changes and post-release survival of Port Jackson sharks (Heterodontus portusjacksoni) and gummy sharks (Mustelus antarcticus) following gill-net and longline capture in captivity », Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, vol. 385, nos 1-2,‎ avril 2010, p. 29–37 (ISSN , DOI , lire en ligne, consulté le 25 mai 2018)

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Heterodontus portusjacksoni: Brief Summary ( 法語 )

由wikipedia FR提供

Requin dormeur de Port-Jackson, Requin dormeur taureau

Heterodontus portusjacksoni, commuément appelé le Requin de Port-Jackson ou le Requin dormeur taureau, est une espèce de requins de la famille des Heterodontidae.

C'est l'un des requins dormeurs les mieux connus. Il vit dans le Pacifique sud-ouest : c'est une espèce endémique aux eaux continentales tempérées et subtropicales de l'Australie. De plus l'espèce est migratoire, dite océanodrome. Retrouvé entre la surface et 275 m de profondeur, ce requin est un chasseur nocturne, principalement d'invertébrés et de petits poissons osseux. Il peut atteindre 1,65 mètre de long et est facilement reconnaissable par ses bandes noires en forme de harnais. On le retrouve souvent en groupe, surtout pendant la saison de reproduction, durant l'hiver austral. Très populaire dans les aquariums à travers le monde, c'est un requin calme et docile qui n'aura de comportement agressif que très rarement, s'il n'est pas dérangé.

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Heterodontus portusjacksoni ( 義大利語 )

由wikipedia IT提供
 src=
Un uovo di squalo di Port Jackson

Lo squalo di Port Jackson (Heterodontus portusjacksoni Meyer, 1793), è un tipo di Heterodontiformes della famiglia degli Heterodontidae, che si trova presso le regioni costiere dell'Australia meridionale, compresa la zona di Port Jackson. Presenta una grossa testa con spigoli prominenti sulla fronte e dei segni di colore marrone scuro a forma di briglie sul corpo di colore grigio-marrone più chiaro. In questa specie si è riscontrata una lunghezza massima di 1.67 m.[1]

Lo squalo di Port Jackson è una specie migratrice, che si sposta verso Sud durante l'estate e ritorna a Nord per l'accoppiamento durante l'inverno. Si nutre soprattutto di molluschi a guscio duro, crostacei, ricci di mare, e di pesci.

Respirazione

Lo squalo di Port Jackson ha 5 fessure branchiali: la prima contiene una sola fila di filamenti branchiali, le altre ne contengono una coppia. Queste ultime fessure sono inoltre dotate di uno strato di tessuti muscolari e connettivi chiamato septum. La specie possiede inoltre dietro ad ogni occhio un organo respiratorio accessorio chiamato spiracle, o sfiatatoio. In corrispondenza della cima e del fondo di ogni fessura, si trovano dei risvolti delicati e molto vicini uno all'altro che si chiamano lamellae secondarie. Proprio in corrispondenza di queste lamellae avviene il vero e proprio scambio gassoso. Ogni lamella è dotata di minuscole arterie, che trasportano il sangue in direzione opposta rispetto all'acqua che scorre al di sopra delle arterie stesse. Per compensare la bassa concentrazione di ossigeno presente nell'acqua marina, essa passa sulle lamellae secondarie venti volte più lentamente rispetto a quanto l'aria resta a contatto con gli alveoli polmonari umani. Questo ritardo permette all'ossigeno sciolto in acqua di diffondersi nel sangue dell'animale.

Gli Squali di Port Jackson riescono a nutrirsi ed a respirare contemporaneamente. Questa caratteristica è inusuale per uno squalo; la maggior parte delle altre specie infatti deve nuotare con la bocca spalancata per forzare l'acqua a venire in contatto con le branchie. Lo Squalo di Port Jackson invece, pompa l'acqua all'interno della prima fessura branchiale, facendola uscire dalle altre quattro. In questo modo, la respirazione può avvenire anche in condizioni di immobilità del corpo. La specie riesce quindi a giacere sul ventre per lunghi periodi.

Riproduzione

L'accoppiamento avviene generalmente in tardo inverno ed all'inizio della primavera. Durante questo periodo si possono osservare grandi quantità di Squali di Port Jackson appoggiati sul fondo dell'oceano all'interno di grotte o in altri luoghi riparati. Si recano di solito nelle stesse zone dell'anno precedente per l'accoppiamento, spesso addirittura nella stessa grotta o nella stessa gola. Questa specie compie migrazioni, lunghe fino ad 800 km, verso Sud d'estate e verso Nord d'inverno. Le femmine depongono circa 15 uova a forma di cavatappi, dentro crepe nella roccia o in mezzo alle Laminariae. Le uova sono a spirale, ruvide, di colore scuro, larghe circa 7–8 cm e lunghe circa 15 cm. Appena deposte sono più morbide e si induriscono col tempo. Prima che si schiudano trascorrono dai 10 ai 12 mesi. In seguito il cucciolo è abbandonato a sé stesso fin dalla nascita. La maturità sessuale viene raggiunta tra gli 8 ed i 10 anni d'età nei maschi, tra gli 11 ed i 14 nelle femmine.

Digestione

 src=
Una coppia di Heterodontus portusjacksoni ad Oceanapolis, presso Brest, in Francia

La digestione può richiedere un lungo lasso di tempo. Il cibo si muove dalla bocca verso lo stomaco a forma di J, dove viene immagazzinato e la digestione inizia il suo corso. Gli scarti vengono espulsi direttamente dalla bocca e non procedono nella digestione. Questi squali riescono a ribaltare lo stomaco verso l'esterno per compiere questa operazione. Una delle più grandi differenze nell'apparato digerente di uno squalo rispetto a quello di un mammifero è un intestino molto più corto. La dimensione ridotta viene compensata dalla presenza di una valvola a spirale con molte curvature all'interno di un'unica breve sezione che sostituisce il lungo intestino a forma di tubo dei mammiferi. La valvola fornisce una grande superficie per la digestione, che trattiene il cibo finché non è completamente digerito, per poi far passare solo i prodotti di rifiuto. Un importante organo di conseguenza è l'enorme fegato, che spesso riempie quasi completamente la zona cava del corpo.

Note

  1. ^ Dorling Kindersley, Animal, New York City, DK Publishing, 2001,2005, ISBN 0-7894-7764-5.

Bibliografia

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Heterodontus portusjacksoni: Brief Summary ( 義大利語 )

由wikipedia IT提供
 src= Un uovo di squalo di Port Jackson

Lo squalo di Port Jackson (Heterodontus portusjacksoni Meyer, 1793), è un tipo di Heterodontiformes della famiglia degli Heterodontidae, che si trova presso le regioni costiere dell'Australia meridionale, compresa la zona di Port Jackson. Presenta una grossa testa con spigoli prominenti sulla fronte e dei segni di colore marrone scuro a forma di briglie sul corpo di colore grigio-marrone più chiaro. In questa specie si è riscontrata una lunghezza massima di 1.67 m.

Lo squalo di Port Jackson è una specie migratrice, che si sposta verso Sud durante l'estate e ritorna a Nord per l'accoppiamento durante l'inverno. Si nutre soprattutto di molluschi a guscio duro, crostacei, ricci di mare, e di pesci.

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Port jackson stierkophaai ( 荷蘭、佛萊明語 )

由wikipedia NL提供

De port jackson stierkophaai (Heterodontus portusjacksoni) is een vis uit de familie van stierkophaaien (Heterodontidae) en behoort derhalve tot de orde van varkenshaaien (Heterodontiformes).

Kenmerken

Deze soort heeft een dikke kop, krachtige kaken met maalkiezen en een onderstandige bek. De romp is naar achteren geleidelijk versmald. Beide rugvinnen zijn voorzien van een stekel. Hij heeft donkere strepen op de rug en flanken, waardoor het net lijkt of hij geharnast is. De vis kan een lengte bereiken van 165 centimeter.

Leefwijze

Zijn voedsel bestaat uit zeesterren en zeekomkommers, die hij met zijn onderstandige bek van de zeebodem ophapt. Hij legt grote eieren met een spiraalvormig kapsel.

Verspreiding en leefgebied

De port jackson stierkophaai is een zoutwatervis. De vis prefereert een subtropisch klimaat en leeft hoofdzakelijk in de Grote Oceaan langs kusten op dieptes tussen 0 en 275 meter.

Relatie tot de mens

De port jackson stierkophaai is voor de visserij van beperkt commercieel belang. In de hengelsport wordt er weinig op de vis gejaagd. De soort kan worden bezichtigd in sommige openbare aquaria.

Hij is voor de mens niet ongevaarlijk, omdat hij mensen kan verwonden.

Externe link

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
  • Froese, R., D. Pauly. en redactie. 2005. FishBase. Elektronische publicatie. www.fishbase.org, versie 06/2005.
  • David Burnie (2001). Animals, Dorling Kindersley Limited, London. ISBN 90-18-01564-4 (naar het Nederlands vertaald door Jaap Bouwman en Henk J. Nieuwenkamp).
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Port jackson stierkophaai: Brief Summary ( 荷蘭、佛萊明語 )

由wikipedia NL提供

De port jackson stierkophaai (Heterodontus portusjacksoni) is een vis uit de familie van stierkophaaien (Heterodontidae) en behoort derhalve tot de orde van varkenshaaien (Heterodontiformes).

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Heterodontus portusjacksoni ( 葡萄牙語 )

由wikipedia PT提供

O tubarão-de-port-jackson (Heterodontus portujacksoni) é um peixe cartilagíneo do gênero Heterodontus. Esta espécie possui barbatanas dorsais com espinhos, cabeça grande, com sulcos proeminentes na testa e marcas num tom castanho escuro, que se assemelham a marcas de chicote, num corpo castanho cinza, mais claro. Tubarão de Port Jackson é endêmico na Austrália, sendo um habitante comum da costa a 30°S da Byron Bay (Nova Gales do Sul) até Abrolhos Houtman (a leste), incluindo a Tasmania. Relatos de sua presença na York Sound ( Nordeste da Austrália) e Baía Moreton (Queensland) são questionáveis. A única aparição na Nova-Zelândia vem de uma única pessoa (Last and Stevens 2009). Tem tamanho médio (165 cm de comprimento em média).

Referências

Bibliografia

  • Robert Burton (2002). International Wildlife Encyclopedia. [S.l.]: Marshall Cavendish

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Heterodontus portusjacksoni: Brief Summary ( 葡萄牙語 )

由wikipedia PT提供

O tubarão-de-port-jackson (Heterodontus portujacksoni) é um peixe cartilagíneo do gênero Heterodontus. Esta espécie possui barbatanas dorsais com espinhos, cabeça grande, com sulcos proeminentes na testa e marcas num tom castanho escuro, que se assemelham a marcas de chicote, num corpo castanho cinza, mais claro. Tubarão de Port Jackson é endêmico na Austrália, sendo um habitante comum da costa a 30°S da Byron Bay (Nova Gales do Sul) até Abrolhos Houtman (a leste), incluindo a Tasmania. Relatos de sua presença na York Sound ( Nordeste da Austrália) e Baía Moreton (Queensland) são questionáveis. A única aparição na Nova-Zelândia vem de uma única pessoa (Last and Stevens 2009). Tem tamanho médio (165 cm de comprimento em média).

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Port Jacksonhaj ( 瑞典語 )

由wikipedia SV提供

Port Jacksonhaj (Heterodontus portusjacksoni) är en haj som finns kring södra Australien. Familjen är mycket gammal, och går nästan tillbaka till början av mesozoikum.[3]

Utseende

En kraftigt byggd haj med stort huvud och en liten mun med en tandbeväpning som är typisk för tjurhuvudhajarna: Framtänderna är små och spetsiga för att hålla fast bytet, de bakre utgörs av stora plattor avsedda att krossa det. Färgteckningen är typisk: På ljusbrun till grå (ibland vitaktig) botten har den en teckning i form av svarta band som bildar en koppelliknande figur.[3] Huden har kraftiga hudtänder, som ger den en påtagligt sträv känsla.[4] Framtill på båda ryggfenorna har den en tagg. Som mest kan den bli 1,65 m lång; hanarna blir dock sällan längre än 75 cm, honorna 80 till 95 cm.[5]

Vanor

Port Jacksonhajen är en bottenlevande, nattaktiv haj, som lever vid kustnära rev ner till 245 m djup. [1] Under dagen vilar flera individer tillsammans på sandbotten i grottor och skrevor.[3] Till skillnad från många andra hajar, kan denna art aktivt pumpa vatten över gälarna, och kan därför äta och andas samtidigt. Den behöver inte heller simma för att andas. Det är en mycket användbar egenskap, speciellt när hajen vilar på bottnen.[5] Arten vandrar långa sträckor, särskilt i samband med parningen, då den kan förflytta sig upp till 850 km.[3] Arten är inte farlig för människor, men kan nypas om den blir provocerad.[6] Hajen kan bli över 30 år gammal.[4]

Föda

Födan består framför allt av tagghudingar som sjögurkor (speciellt arten Centrostephanus rodgersi[5]). Dessutom tar den blötdjur, kräftdjur och småfisk, som tuggas mycket noga. Ungfiskarna, som inte ännu har utvecklat de platta krosständerna fullt ut, tar framför allt mjuk föda.[4]

Fortplantning

Honan blir könsmogen vid en längd av 70 till 90 cm, vilket motsvarar 11 till 14 år. Motsvarande värden för hanen är 55 till 70 cm och 8 till 10 år. Port Jacksonhajen är äggläggande, men har inre befruktning.[4] I samband med leken samlas deltagarna i grottor och andra utrymmen. Den leker under vinter till vår (augusti till november) på grunt vatten, under vilken tid deltagarna samlas i grottor och andra utrymmen[5][4]. Honan lägger en olivgrön äggkapsel (som ändrar färg till brun efter några veckor) var 10:e till 14:e dag. Upp till 8 kapslar kan läggas under parningsperioden.[4] Honan gömmer äggkapseln i en klippskreva.[5] Kapseln, som innehåller två ägg, kläcks efter 10 till 11 månader. Ungen är 18 till 22 cm vid kläckningen.[4]

Utbredning

Arten finns på kontinentalsockeln runt Australien, söder om 20°S.[1] Ett fynd från Nya Zeeland har också gjorts.[6]

Betydelse för människan

Arten är klassificerad som livskraftig ("LC") av IUCN, och inga större hot har konstaterats. Ett smärre fiske förekommer, men i regel tas arten enbart som bifångst, och som sådan återbördas den ofta levande till havet. Ett visst sportfiske förekommer även, trots att köttet inte anses särskilt smakligt. Arten fångas också för att användas som akvariefisk. Den förekommer i offentliga akvarier, och har fortplantat sig där.[1]

Referenser

  1. ^ [a b c d] Simpfendorfer, C. 2005. Heterodontus portusjacksoni IUCN Läst 2012-09-30
  2. ^ Heterodontus portusjacksoni (Meyer, 1793)” (på engelska). ITIS. http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=159798. Läst 30 september 2012.
  3. ^ [a b c d] Compagno, Leonard; Dando, Marc; Fowler, Sarah (2005) (på engelska). Sharks of the World. Princeton, USA: Princeton University Press. sid. 152-153. ISBN 978-0-691-12071-3
  4. ^ [a b c d e f g] Rebecca Sarah Thaler. ”PORT JACKSON SHARK” (på engelska). Florida Museum of Natural History. http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/gallery/Descript/PortJacksonShark/PortJacksonShark.html. Läst 30 september 2012.
  5. ^ [a b c d e] Mark McGrouther (16 augusti 2012). ”Port Jackson Shark, Heterodontus portusjacksoni (Meyer, 1793)” (på engelska). Australian Museum. http://australianmuseum.net.au/Port-Jackson-Shark-Heterodontus-portusjacksoni-Meyer-1793. Läst 30 september 2012.
  6. ^ [a b] Carpenter, Kent E.; Luna, Susan M. (3 juli 2012). Heterodontus portusjacksoni Meyer, 1793 Port Jackson shark” (på engelska). Fishbase. http://www.fishbase.org/summary/Heterodontus-portusjacksoni.html. Läst 30 september 2012.
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Port Jacksonhaj: Brief Summary ( 瑞典語 )

由wikipedia SV提供

Port Jacksonhaj (Heterodontus portusjacksoni) är en haj som finns kring södra Australien. Familjen är mycket gammal, och går nästan tillbaka till början av mesozoikum.

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Рогата акула австралійська ( 烏克蘭語 )

由wikipedia UK提供

Опис

Загальна довжина досягає 1,67 м, зазвичай 1,2 м. Голова велика. Морда затуплена. Очі великі, овальні, без мигальної перетинки. Має маленькі бризкальця. Надбровні дуги («роги») над очима сильно виражені. Ніздрі маленькі. В кутах рота є губні борозни, що тягнуться від ніздрів. Рот відносно невеликий, знаходиться в кінці морди. Зуби в центрі щелеп маленькі, з декількома верхівками, з яких центральна є високою та гострою, бокові — маленькі. З боків щелеп зуби витягнуті, пласкі, із закругленими верхніми гранями. У молодих особин передні зуби гостріші. У неї 5 пар доволі довгих зябрових щілин. Будова зябрового апарату дозволяє створювати циркуляцію води безпосередньо через зяброві щілини: вода всмоктується через передню пару, більш довгу, після чого видавлюється через 4 інші. Тулуб циліндричний. Грудні плавці великі. Має 2 високих спинних плавця, з яких передній більше за задній. Передні ромені спинних плавців перетворилися на шипи. Передній спинний плавець розташовано позаду грудних плавців, задній — між черевними та анальним плавцями. Черевні плавці доволі великі, втім значно поступаються грудним плавцям. Хвостовий плавець має витягнуту широку верхню лопать та коротку нижню лопать.

Забарвлення спини і боків сіро-коричневе, іноді жовто-коричневе. По тілу розкидані численні чорні смуги та плями, що утворюють характерний візерунок на кшталт кінської упряжі. Широка чорна смуга охоплює голову, проходячи через очі. На хвості є вузькі темні смуги. Черево жовтувато-білуватого або попелястого кольору.

Спосіб життя

Тримається на глибинах від 100 до 275 м. Воліє до скелястого та кам'янистого дна з піщаним та мулисто-піщаним ґрунтами з рясною рослинністю. Доволі млява й повільна акула. Є одинаком. В сезон розмноження мігрує до місця парування. Здатна дихати у нерухомому стані та під час споживання їжі. Вдень відпочиває у природних укриттях (серед скель, каміння, в печерах, ущелинах, серед водоростей). Завдяки особливості зябрового апарату може спокійно відпочивати на дні. Активна вночі. Полює біля дна, є бентофагом. Живиться голкошкірими (морськими їжаками, морськими зірками), двостулковими, черевоногими та головоногими молюсками, ракоподібними (крабами, лангустами, креветками), а також дрібною рибою.

Статева зрілість у самців настає у віці 8—10 років, самиць — 11—14. Це яйцекладна акула. Самиця відкладає яйця декількома етапами з перервою в 10—14 днів. З серпня по листопад відкладається 16 яєць завдовжки 15 см, обвиті спіральною стрічкою, без висуків на відміну від інших представників свого роду. Під час кладки вона світла і м'яка, з часом темнішає та твердішає. Інкубаційний період триває 10—11 місяців. Народжені акула становлять 24 см завдовжки. Смертність серед народжених становить 89 %.

Не є об'єктом промислового вилову. Іноді на неї полюють рибалки-спортсмени. Часто ловиться для тримання в акваріумах та океанаріумах, оскільки добре пристосовується до неволі.

Розповсюдження

Мешкає біля південного, південно-східного, рідше південно-західного узбережжя Австралії. Інколи зустрічається біля Північного острова Нової Зеландії.

Джерела

  • Dianne J. Bray, 2011, Port Jackson Shark, Heterodontus portusjacksoni, in Fishes of Australia, accessed 26 Aug 2014
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Австралийская бычья акула ( 俄語 )

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 src=
Морда австралийской бычьей акулы

Стройное тело имеет форму цилиндра. Грудные плавники крупные и закруглённые. Спинные плавники небольшие. Первый спинной плавник немного крупнее второго. Его основание начинается над серединой основания грудных плавников. У основания обоих спинных плавников имеется вертикальный шип. Основание второго спинного плавника находится между основаниями брюшных и анального плавников. Основание анального плавника расположено позади основания второго спинного плавника. У края верхней лопасти хвостового плавника имеется вентральная выемка. Основная окраска серо-коричневого цвета. Характерные отметины напоминают упряжь: от головы, начиная с межглазничного пространства, вдоль туловища до первого спинного плавника, по грудным плавникам и вдоль всего тела тянутся тёмные полосы. Максимальная зафиксированная длина 165 см[7].

 src=
Характерная окраска австралийской бычьей акулы

Биология

Австралийские бычьи акулы размножаются, откладывая яйца. Размножение имеет сезонный характер. Взрослые самки в сопровождении взрослых самцов в июле и августе приплывают на прибрежные рифы в районе Сиднея. Вероятно, тогда же происходит спаривание. Самки откладывают от 10 до 16 яиц в расщелины на рифах, как правило, на глубине от 1 до 5 метров, хотя бывает и глубже (20—30 м). Длина яйцевых капсул 13—17 см, а ширина широкого конца 5—7 см. Снаружи капсулу обвивает спиральный гребень, который служит как якорь. Самки предпочитают откладывать яйца в определённых местах, годами нерестясь в одних и тех же «гнёздах». Новорождённые вылупляются из яиц через 9—12 месяцев. Первые несколько лет они проводят в природных питомниках — эстуариях и бухтах, собираясь в разнополые группы, в которых количество самцов и самок приблизительно одинаковое. Подростки перебираются на глубину и образуют сегрегированные по полу группы. Спустя несколько лет, проведённых на внешнем крае континентального шельфа, молодые акулы присоединяются к взрослым[8].

К концу сезона размножения взрослые самцы уходят на глубину, за ними в конце сентября и начале октября следуют самки. Некоторые акулы остаются в открытом море на глубине, другие совершают миграции. Небольшое количество акул в следующем году возвращается в марте — апреле на мелководье, где проходил предыдущий брачный сезон, однако большая часть возвращается на рифы к концу лета. На восточном побережье Австралии после окончания сезона размножения самки мигрируют на 5—6 месяцев на юг, проплывая до 850 км. Некоторые акулы проходят путь от Сиднея до Тасмании[8][9].

 src=
Шлемовидная бычья акула поедает яйцевую капсулу австралийской бычьей акулы

Самцы достигают половой зрелости при длине от 70 до 80 см, что соответствует возрасту 8—10 лет, а самки при длине 80—95 см в 11—14 лет. Средняя длина самцов 105 см, самок 123 см. Самки в среднем на 25 см длиннее самцов. Длина новорождённых составляет приблизительно 24 см. Наблюдения за акулами в неволе показали, что молодые акулы прибавляют в среднем по 5—6 см в год, а взрослые по 2—4 см[8].

В отличие от большинства акул, которым для дыхания необходимо двигаться с приоткрытой пастью, австралийские бычьи акулы способны одновременно дышать и есть. Они закачивают воду через первую увеличенную жаберную щель и выпускают её через остальные 4 пары жаберных щелей, Прокачивая воду через жабры, они обеспечивают себя кислородом. Поэтому акулы этого вида могут длительное время оставаться неподвижными на дне[10].

Эти акулы ведут ночной образ жизни. Днём они забираются в укромные пещеры с песчаным дном. В наиболее привлекательных убежищах может собраться до 16 особей. Рацион этих акул в основном состоит из донных беспозвоночных, в первую очередь иглокожих. Они охотятся на морских ежей, морских звёзд, полихет, крупных брюхоногих, креветок, крабов, двустворчатых моллюсков и небольших костистых рыб[11]. Иногда в их желудках находят мусор, например, клочки меха млекопитающих, апельсиновую кожуру. Молодые акулы, у которых зубы острее, чем у взрослых, предпочитают более мягкую добычу. Австралийские бычьи акулы перемалывают боковыми молярами пищу, измельчая её на кусочки. Они охотятся в основном по запаху, хотя электрорецепция тоже помогает им ориентироваться. Молодые акулы способны засасывать жертву, закопавшуюся в песок, при этом песок высыпается обратно через жаберные щели[10].

По некоторым данным на австралийских бычьих акул охотятся крупные хищники, такие как большая белая и плоскоголовая семижаберная акула. Известно, что шлемовидные бычьи акулы поедают яйцевые капсулы австралийских бычьих акул[12].

На австралийских бычьих акулах паразитируют цестоды Acanthobothrium heterodonti[13], Phyllobothrium thridax и Phyllobothrium vagans[14], нематоды Echinocephalus overstreeti[15] и веслоногие рачки Dissonus nudiventris[16].

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Австралийские бычьи акулы в аквариуме

Взаимодействие с человеком

Эти акулы не представляют опасности для человека, хотя они могут укусить надоедливых дайверов. В октябре 2011 года на Элвуд Бич, Мельбурн, австралийская бычья акула укусила одного человека, однако она даже не смогла повредить ему кожу[17]. Они не являются объектом промышленной добычи. Регулярно в качестве прилова попадают в жаберные сети. Их мясо считается низкокачественным, и в пищу его не употребляют. Эти акулы выносливы и часто выживают, будучи отпущенными на волю. Молодых австралийских бычьих акул содержат в аквариумах, они ценятся среди аквариумистов. В качестве аквариумных рыб их экспортируют, в США цена за такую акулу доходит до $180. В крупных коммерческих аквариумах их успешно разводят. Международный союз охраны природы присвоил этому виду охранный статус «Вызывающий наименьшие опасения»[4].

Примечания

  1. 1 2 Линдберг Г. У., Герд А. С., Расс Т. С. Словарь названий морских промысловых рыб мировой фауны. — Ленинград: Наука, 1980. — С. 30. — 562 с.
  2. 1 2 Решетников Ю. С., Котляр А. Н., Расс Т. С., Шатуновский М. И. Пятиязычный словарь названий животных. Рыбы. Латинский, русский, английский, немецкий, французский. / под общей редакцией акад. В. Е. Соколова. — М.: Рус. яз., 1989. — С. 17. — 12 500 экз.ISBN 5-200-00237-0.
  3. Австралийская бычья акула (англ.) в базе данных FishBase.
  4. 1 2 3 Heterodontus portusjacksoni (англ.). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  5. Meyer F. A. A. Systematisch-summarische Uebersicht der neuesten zoologischen Entdeckungen in Neuholland und Afrika. — Leipzig: Dykischen, 1793. — С. 1—178 + 6 unnum.
  6. 1 2 Last P. R.; Stevens J. D. Sharks and Rays of Australia. — (second ed.). — Harvard University Press, 2009. — ISBN 0674034112.
  7. 1 2 M. McGrouther. «Port Jackson Shark». Australian Museum. Retrieved March 26, 2009. (неопр.) ((October 2006)). Проверено 27 декабря 2012.
  8. 1 2 3 McLaughin R. H. and O’Gower A. K. Life history and underwater studies of a heterodont shark // Ecological Monographs. — 1971. — Vol. 41, № (4). — P. 271—28.
  9. O’Gower A. K. and A. R. Nash. Dispersion of the Port Jackson shark in Australian waters = In Sensory biology of sharks, skates and rays, edited by E.S. Hodgson and R.F. Mathewson. — Arlington: U.S. Department of Navy, Office of Naval Research, 1978. — P. 529—44.
  10. 1 2 Compagno, Leonard J. V. 1. Hexanchiformes to Lamniformes // FAO species catalogue. — Rome: Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, 1984. — Vol. 4. Sharks of the World: An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Shark Species Known to Date. — P. 160—162. — ISBN 92-5-101384-5.
  11. Smith B. G. The Heterodontid sharks: their natural history and the external development of Heterodontus japonicus based on notes and drawings by Bashford Dean = In Bashford Dean memorial volume, archaic fishes. — New York: American Museum of Natural History, 1942. — P. 649—770.
  12. Rebecca Sarah Thaler. Biological profile: Port Jackson Shark (неопр.). FLMNH Ichthyology Department. Проверено 6 января 2016.
  13. R. A. Campbell, I. Beveridge. The genus Acanthobothrium (Cestoda: Tetraphyllidea: Onchobothriidae) parasitic in Australian elasmobranch fishes // Invertebrate Systematics. — 2002-01-01. — Т. 16. — Vol. 2. — P. 237—344. — DOI:10.1071/it01004.
  14. H. H. Williams. The taxonomy, ecology and host-specificity of some Phyllobothriidae (Cestoda: Tetraphyllidea). A critical revision of Phyllobothrium Beneden, 1849 and comments on some allied genera (англ.) // Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences. — 1968-03-21. — Vol. 253, iss. 786. — P. 231—307. — ISSN 0962-8436. — DOI:10.1098/rstb.1968.0002.
  15. Beveridge, I. The distribution of Echinocephalus overstreeti Deardorff and KO (Nematoda), a parasite of Elasmobranch fishes in Australian waters // Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia. — 1991. — Vol. 115, № (1—2). — P. 107.
  16. Geoff A. Boxshall, Ching-Long Lin, Ju-Shey Ho, Susumu Ohtsuka, B. A. Venmathi Maran. A revision of the family Dissonidae Kurtz, 1924 (Copepoda: Siphonostomatoida) (англ.) // Systematic Parasitology. — 2008-04-23. — Vol. 70. — Vol. 2. — P. 81—106. — ISSN 0165-5752. — DOI:10.1007/s11230-008-9132-z.
  17. Man bitten by shark at Elwood beach (неопр.). Проверено 28 декабря 2012. Архивировано 30 января 2013 года.
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Австралийская бычья акула: Brief Summary ( 俄語 )

由wikipedia русскую Википедию提供
 src= Морда австралийской бычьей акулы

Стройное тело имеет форму цилиндра. Грудные плавники крупные и закруглённые. Спинные плавники небольшие. Первый спинной плавник немного крупнее второго. Его основание начинается над серединой основания грудных плавников. У основания обоих спинных плавников имеется вертикальный шип. Основание второго спинного плавника находится между основаниями брюшных и анального плавников. Основание анального плавника расположено позади основания второго спинного плавника. У края верхней лопасти хвостового плавника имеется вентральная выемка. Основная окраска серо-коричневого цвета. Характерные отметины напоминают упряжь: от головы, начиная с межглазничного пространства, вдоль туловища до первого спинного плавника, по грудным плавникам и вдоль всего тела тянутся тёмные полосы. Максимальная зафиксированная длина 165 см.

 src= Характерная окраска австралийской бычьей акулы
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澳大利亞虎鯊 ( 漢語 )

由wikipedia 中文维基百科提供
二名法 Heterodontus portusjacksoni
Meyer, 1793 Heterodontus portusjacksoni distmap.png

澳大利亞虎鯊學名Heterodontus portusjacksoni),又名傑克遜異齒鯊傑克遜異齒鮫傑克遜港鯊魚,是軟骨魚綱板鰓亞綱虎鯊目虎鯊科虎鯊屬下的一個物種

分布

本魚出沒於澳大利亞南部的海岸區域,包括傑克遜港以外的海水水域。

深度

水深0至275公尺。

特徵及生態

本魚有很大的頭部及突起的前額,灰褐色的身體上有像馬具的深褐色斑紋。是種會遷徙的魚類夏天遷往南部,冬天則回歸北面產卵。牠們吃硬殼的軟體動物甲殼亞門鮑魚及魚類。

呼吸系統

 src=
澳大利亞虎鯊的描繪圖。

澳大利亞虎鯊有五個,首個只支撐單排的鰓絲,而其餘的則支撐雙行的鰓絲。第二至第五個鰓弓支撐一片稱為隔膜肌肉及連接組織。牠每一隻眼睛的後面都有一個呼吸器官,稱為呼吸孔。每個鰓絲由頂至底部都是纖幼、緊密及橫向的鰓組織,稱為次級鰓薄板。這些薄板正是進行氣體交換的地方。每一塊薄板都有微細的動脈,內裡血液的流向是與水流相反的。為了補償海水中較低的氧氣含量,海水經過次級鰓薄板的速度較空氣經過如人類肺泡的速度慢20倍。這種延遲的方法容許海水中的氧有足夠時間滲入澳大利亞虎鯊的體內。

澳大利亞虎鯊可以在同一時間攝食及呼吸。由於一般鯊魚在游泳時要張開口來將水壓入鰓中,故澳大利亞虎鯊的這種能力是很罕見的。牠們可以將海水泵入第一組鰓裂中,並經過其餘的四個鰓裂排出。透過將海水泵入其餘的鰓中,澳大利亞虎鯊可以不用在移動時呼吸。牠們可以伏在海底中一段長時間。

生殖系統

澳大利亞虎鯊一般在深冬至初春產卵。這段時期牠們會在暗礁及洞穴底產下大量的卵。牠們一般會在每年的冬天在同一地方,甚至會在同一個深坑或洞穴中產卵。澳大利亞虎鯊一般會在夏天向南遷往800公里,並在冬天返回。牠們每胎會產下15顆卵,並擠在岩石裂縫中及海帶內。牠們的卵堅硬的、呈深色及螺旋型、約7至8厘米闊及15厘米長。在產下時的卵多是柔軟的,並其後才變得堅硬。卵要約10至12個月才能孵化。幼鯊在孵化後會獨自成長,雄性要約8至10年才能達至性成熟,雌性則要11至14年。

消化系統

澳大利亞虎鯊需要長時間來消化食物。食物會由口部移往J型的胃部作儲存及初步的消化。不需要的物質會在此時被吐出。牠們可以將胃部反轉,並吐離口部以排出不需要的物質。

哺乳動物不同的是,澳大利亞虎鯊的小腸極度的短。這麼短的小腸內有很多螺旋瓣及轉,可以提高表面面積來消化食物。

澳大利亞虎鯊體內最明顯的器官是很大的肝臟,差不多佔了整個體腔的位置。

經濟利用

大型魚種,易經由食物鍊累積大量重金屬,會導致神經系統病變,不宜食用。 常飼養魚水族館供人觀賞。

參考

外部連結

扩展阅读

 src= 維基物種中有關澳大利亞虎鯊的數據

 title=
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wikipedia 中文维基百科

澳大利亞虎鯊: Brief Summary ( 漢語 )

由wikipedia 中文维基百科提供

澳大利亞虎鯊(學名Heterodontus portusjacksoni),又名傑克遜異齒鯊、傑克遜異齒鮫、傑克遜港鯊魚,是軟骨魚綱板鰓亞綱虎鯊目虎鯊科虎鯊屬下的一個物種

許可
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版權
维基百科作者和编辑
原始內容
參訪來源
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wikipedia 中文维基百科

ポートジャクソンネコザメ ( 日語 )

由wikipedia 日本語提供
ポートジャクソンネコザメ 2009 shark in Shanghai.JPG
ポートジャクソンネコザメ
Heterodontus portusjacksoni
保全状況評価[1] LEAST CONCERN (IUCN Red List Ver. 3.1 (2001))
Status iucn3.1 LC.svg
分類 : 動物界 Animalia : 脊索動物門 Chordata : 軟骨魚綱 Condrichthyes 亜綱 : 板鰓亜綱 Elasmobranchii : ネコザメ目 Heterodontiformes : ネコザメ科 Heterodontidae : ネコザメ属 Heterodontus
Blainville, 1816 : ポートジャクソンネコザメ
H. portusjacksoni 学名 Heterodontus portusjacksoni
(Meyer, 1793) 英名 Port Jackson shark Heterodontus portusjacksoni distmap.png
ポートジャクソンネコザメの生息域

ポートジャクソンネコザメ Heterodontus portusjacksoni (Port Jackson shark) は、ネコザメ目ネコザメ科に属するサメ

ネコザメ科では最初に記載された種である。種小名portusjacksoniは、本種がよく見られるオーストラリアの湾"Port Jackson"に由来する。

分布・生息域[編集]

オーストラリアの沿岸海域にのみ生息する。潮間帯から水深275mまで見られる。

形態[編集]

最大全長165cm。ただし全長137cmより大きい個体は稀[2]

ネコザメ科に共通した特徴として、背鰭前棘、眼上隆起、臀鰭をもつことが挙げられる。体色は薄褐色か灰褐色で、眼を通る濃色の横帯と、独特な鞍状の濃色帯が体側面に見られる。

前歯は単尖頭で棘状、後歯は臼歯状でものを噛み砕くのに使われる。体表面は大きな循鱗に覆われ、非常に荒く頑丈である。

生態[編集]

底生性のサメ。夜行性で、昼間はあまり活発でなく、岩の隙間などに身を潜めて休んでいることが多い。

底生の無脊椎動物を捕食する。とくにウニ (Centrostephanus rodgersi) を好んで食べる[3]。他に甲殻類、貝類、小さな魚類などを食べる。

卵生。産卵期は年1回。8月から9月が産卵の最盛期で、雌は一定期間を置いて2個ずつ卵を産み、1シーズンの産卵数は10-16個になる[2]。卵の周囲にはらせん状のひだが取り巻き、岩の割れ目などに産みつけられた卵を固定する働きをしている。卵の中の仔魚は10-11ヶ月で孵化し、180-220mmになる。成熟サイズは雌で全長70-90cm、雄で55-70cm[4]。成熟年齢は飼育環境下における観察では、雌で11-14年、雄で8-10年[4]

人との関わり[編集]

水産上重要ではなく、混獲される程度。食用ではない。スポーツフィッシングの対象になることもほとんどない。

観賞用としては需要があり、国内外の水族館や個人のアクアリストの間で取引される。丈夫でおとなしく、飼育に向いている。

人に危害を加えることはないが、刺激すると咬まれる危険はある。

日本での飼育は多くはないが、アクアワールド大洗[5]などで見ることができる。

参考文献[編集]

  1. ^ Simpfendorfer, C. 2005. Heterodontus portusjacksoni. In: IUCN 2010. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.4. . Downloaded on 22 November 2010.
  2. ^ a b Leonard J. V. Compagno (2002) "Sharks of the world: An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date" Volume 2, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United States
  3. ^ Port Jackson Shark, Heterodontus portusjacksoni (Meyer, 1793) Australian Museum.
  4. ^ a b Biological profiles: PortJackson shark Florida Museum of Natural History Ichthyology Department.
  5. ^ アクアワールド・大洗のサメ一覧
  • Heterodontus portusjacksoni Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. 2010.FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication. www.fishbase.org, version (09/2010).
 src= ウィキメディア・コモンズには、ポートジャクソンネコザメに関連するカテゴリがあります。
 title=
許可
cc-by-sa-3.0
版權
ウィキペディアの著者と編集者
原始內容
參訪來源
合作夥伴網站
wikipedia 日本語

ポートジャクソンネコザメ: Brief Summary ( 日語 )

由wikipedia 日本語提供

ポートジャクソンネコザメ Heterodontus portusjacksoni (Port Jackson shark) は、ネコザメ目ネコザメ科に属するサメ

ネコザメ科では最初に記載された種である。種小名portusjacksoniは、本種がよく見られるオーストラリアの湾"Port Jackson"に由来する。

許可
cc-by-sa-3.0
版權
ウィキペディアの著者と編集者
原始內容
參訪來源
合作夥伴網站
wikipedia 日本語

Diet ( 英語 )

由World Register of Marine Species提供
feeds primarily on benthic invertebrates, mainly echinoderms. Prey items include sea urchins, starfish, polychaetes, large gastropods, prawns, crabs, barnacles, and small fishes. Occasionally garbage such as bits of mammalian fur, potato and orange peels are taken in by these sharks.

參考資料

Compagno, L.J.V. (2001). Sharks of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Volume 2. Bullhead, mackerel and carpet sharks (Heterodontiformes, Lamniformes and Orectolobiformes). FAO Species Catalogue for Fishery Purposes. No. 1, Vol. 2. Rome, FAO. 269p.

許可
cc-by-4.0
版權
WoRMS Editorial Board
貢獻者
Elien Dewitte [email]
原始內容
參訪來源
合作夥伴網站
World Register of Marine Species

Habitat ( 英語 )

由World Register of Marine Species提供
Acommon littoral, nocturnal bottom shark of the temperate Australian continental shelves and uppermost slopes, ranging from close inshore in the intertidal to at least 275 m.

參考資料

Compagno, L.J.V. (2001). Sharks of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Volume 2. Bullhead, mackerel and carpet sharks (Heterodontiformes, Lamniformes and Orectolobiformes). FAO Species Catalogue for Fishery Purposes. No. 1, Vol. 2. Rome, FAO. 269p.

許可
cc-by-4.0
版權
WoRMS Editorial Board
貢獻者
Elien Dewitte [email]
原始內容
參訪來源
合作夥伴網站
World Register of Marine Species