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Eunicella verrucosa (Pallas 1766)

Biology ( 英語 )

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Although there is no direct information on the reproduction of the pink sea fan, it is thought that larvae are short-lived and settle soon after release (6). It is a slow growing and long-lived species (specimens may reach 50 years old) and if a population is entirely lost from an area, recolonisation is likely to be very slow (6). The age can be determined (destructively) by the presence of internal growth rings, much like those of a tree (3). The pink sea fan provides habitat for the sea fan sea slug, (Tritonia nilsohdneri) and the rare sea fan anemone (Amphianthus dohrnii) (5).
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Conservation ( 英語 )

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The pink sea fan is fully protected against killing, taking or injuring, and sale. It is a UK Biodiversity Action Plan (UK BAP) priority species, the resulting Species Action Plan aims to maintain the present distribution of the sea fan (1). The pink sea fan occurs in the Marine Nature Reserves (MNRs) of Lundy and Skomer; the zones of these MNRs were developed specifically to reflect the sensitivity of this species (1). As the pink sea fan is the host species for the sea anemone Amphianthus dohrnii, which is also a UK BAP priority, the conservation of these two species goes hand-in-hand (1). A project by The Marine Conservation Society is currently monitoring and assessing pink sea fans (2).
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Description ( 英語 )

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Pink sea fans are formed from a colony of tiny polyps; they may be a deep pink to white in colour (3), and attach to the substrate with a broad base. Branches occur 2 to 4 cm above this base from a column which can reach 0.8 cm in diameter. Branching occurs in one plane, and the whole fan is orientated at right angles to the prevailing current in order to maximise the efficiency of filter feeding (2). The anemone-like polyps emerge from warty bumps along the branches (3).
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Habitat ( 英語 )

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The pink sea fan attaches to rocky substrata such as large stable boulders or upward facing bedrock. They only occur at depths below the level where algae dominate, often below 15 m (1), with moderately strong currents or wave action (3).
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Range ( 英語 )

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This species is found in the waters of the south west of England between north Pembrokeshire and Dorset. It is also known from the west of Ireland (1) and around south-west Europe (2), reaching as far south as the Mediterranean (1). Old records indicate that this species was once present in the English Channel up to the Thames Estuary (3).
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Status ( 英語 )

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Protected under Schedule 5 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (1).
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Threats ( 英語 )

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This species is extremely vulnerable to physical disturbance (3). In the 1960s it was collected as souvenirs, which may have caused a long-term reduction in populations. Climate change may be a future concern, and damage may occur as a result of strikes by careless scuba divers' fins and entanglement in fishing nets. Smothering by seaweeds and other species may also cause the death of pink sea fans (1). Although classified as Nationally Scarce, this species is likely to have a wider range than current records indicate (3).
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Eunicella verrucosa ( 英語 )

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Eunicella verrucosa, the broad sea fan, pink sea fan or warty gorgonian, is a species of colonial Gorgonian "soft coral" in the family Gorgoniidae. It is native to the north-eastern Atlantic Ocean and the western Mediterranean Sea.

Description

Eunicella verrucosa has a densely branching, fan-like stem and usually grows in a single plane. It orientates itself at right angles to the direction of water movement and can grow to a height of 50 cm (20 in), although 25 cm (10 in) is a more usual size. Stems and branches are covered with wart-like growths from which the polyps protrude. The colour can vary from red, through pink to white.[3]

Distribution

Eunicella verrucosa is native to the northeastern Atlantic and the western Mediterranean Sea.[2] Its range extends from the southwestern coasts of Britain and Ireland to France, Spain, Italy, Algeria, Morocco, Western Sahara and Mauritania.[1] A recent study of genetic connectivity in Eunicella verrucosa identified marked population structure between samples from northwest Ireland, Britain, France and southern Portugal.[4] It is found growing on rock, timber, metal or concrete and its depth range is 4 to 50 metres (13 to 164 ft).[5] In British waters this sea fan has become scarcer, possibly being damaged by dredging but may benefit from higher seawater temperatures.[6]

Biology

Eunicella verrucosa is usually orientated at right angles to the direction of water flow across the colony. The polyps expand and spread out their tentacles to feed. The nutrients are passed to other parts of the colony through the internal channels connecting the polyps.[7]

Reproduction in Eunicella verrucosa has been little studied. The planula larvae are likely to be lecithotrophic (sustained by a yolk-sac) and able to drift for a short time before settling on the seabed where they develop into polyps and found new colonies. The growth rate of colonies varies; in Lyme Bay in southern Britain, some colonies grew by 6 cm (2 in) in one year while in another year, did not grow at all.[8] The sea fan anemone (Amphianthus dohrnii) is often found living on Eunicella verrucosa.[9]

References

  1. ^ a b World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1996). "Eunicella verrucosa". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1996: e.T8262A12903486. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T8262A12903486.en. Retrieved 15 November 2021.
  2. ^ a b Eunicella verrucosa (Pallas, 1766). Retrieved through: World Register of Marine Species.
  3. ^ Hiscock, Keith (2007). "Pink sea fan - Eunicella verrucosa - General information". MarLIN. Archived from the original on 2014-12-13. Retrieved 2014-12-14.
  4. ^ Holland, L. P.; Jenkins, T. L.; Stevens, J. R. (2017). "Contrasting patterns of population structure and gene flow facilitate exploration of connectivity in two widely distributed temperate octocorals". Heredity. 119 (1): 35–48. doi:10.1038/hdy.2017.14. PMC 5520136. PMID 28295035.
  5. ^ Hiscock, Keith (2007). "Pink sea fan - Eunicella verrucosa - Habitat preferences and distribution". MarLIN. Archived from the original on 2014-12-14. Retrieved 2014-12-14.
  6. ^ Hiscock, Keith; Southward, Alan; Tittley, Ian; Hawkins, Stephen (2004). "Effects of changing temperature on benthic marine life in Britain and Ireland". Aquatic Conservation. 14 (4): 333–362. doi:10.1002/aqc.628.
  7. ^ Dumas, Jacques; Maran, Vincent; Ader, Denis; Huet, Sylvie (2014-04-30). "Eunicella verrucosa (Pallas, 1766)". DORIS (in French). Retrieved 2014-12-18.
  8. ^ Hiscock, Keith (2007). "Pink sea fan - Eunicella verrucosa - Reproduction and longevity". MarLIN. Archived from the original on 2014-12-14. Retrieved 2014-12-14.
  9. ^ "Sea-fan anemone Amphianthus dohrnii". ARKive. Archived from the original on 2014-12-17. Retrieved 2014-12-13.

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Eunicella verrucosa: Brief Summary ( 英語 )

由wikipedia EN提供

Eunicella verrucosa, the broad sea fan, pink sea fan or warty gorgonian, is a species of colonial Gorgonian "soft coral" in the family Gorgoniidae. It is native to the north-eastern Atlantic Ocean and the western Mediterranean Sea.

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Eunicella verrucosa ( 西班牙、卡斯蒂利亞西班牙語 )

由wikipedia ES提供

Eunicella verrucosa es una especie de gorgonia de la familia Gorgoniidae, orden Alcyonacea.

Morfología

Su esqueleto de gorgonina está anclado al sustrato por una amplia base, de la que crece un tallo de 0,8 cm de diámetro. La ramificación se produce entre 2 y 4 cm por encima de la base, y principalmente en un solo plano. La colonia está orientada en ángulos rectos a la corriente dominante del emplazamiento, con el fin de maximizar su capacidad filtradora del plancton en suspensión. Los pólipos de ocho tentáculos, y 3 mm de tamaño, son translúcidos,[2]​ y brotan de la superficie de las ramas de unas protuberancias verrugosas.[3]​ Las escleritas del cenénquima, o tejido colonial, son husos verrugosos en la parte interior y en forma de grupos de balones en la exterior.

Su color puede ser rosa, anaranjado o blanco.

Alcanzan los 50 cm de altura, aunque normalmente tienen 25 cm.[3]

Alimentación

Se alimenta de materia orgánica y plancton en suspensión.

Reproducción

La fertilización es externa. Las larvas son lecitotróficas y de vida corta, asentándose al poco de eclosionar, con un potencial de dispersión entre 100 y 1000 m.[4]

Es una especie de lento crecimiento y larga vida, entre 20 y 100 años.[4]​ La edad se puede determinar por el número de anillos de su eje colonial, como en los árboles.

Galería

Hábitat

Ocurren en sustratos rocosos, y en grandes piedras orientadas hacia arriba, en áreas con oleaje y corrientes moderados.

Su rango de profundidad es entre 4 y 50 m,[4]​ aunque se reportan localizaciones entre 0 y 115 m, y en un rango de temperatura entre 10.62 y 24.38ºC.[5]

Distribución

Se distribuye en el Atlántico oriental y en el mar Mediterráneo,[6]​ en Argelia, Escocia, España, Francia, Inglaterra, Irlanda, Marruecos, Mauritania, Portugal y Sahara oeste.[1]

Referencias

  1. a b World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1996). «Eunicella verrucosa». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2013.1 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el el 22 de octubre de 2016..
  2. http://animalandia.educa.madrid.org/ficha.php?id=31 Animalandia: recurso web educativo de la Comunidad de Madrid, España.
  3. a b Hiscock, K. (2000) (en inglés) Pink sea fan, Eunicella verrucosa. Marine Life Information Network: Biology and Sensitivity Key Information Sub-programme [on-line]. Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. (November, 2001) http://www.marlin.ac.uk/species/Eunicellaverrucosa.htm Archivado el 21 de julio de 2007 en Wayback Machine.
  4. a b c Hiscock, K. (2007) (en inglés) Eunicella verrucosa Pink sea fan. In Tyler-Walters H. and Hiscock K. (eds) Marine Life Information Network: Biology and Sensitivity Key Information Reviews, [on-line]. Plymouth: Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. Disponible en: http://www.marlin.ac.uk/species/detail/1121
  5. http://www.iobis.org/mapper/?taxon_id=441864 IOBIS: Sistema de Información Biogeográfica Oceánica. Consultado el 22 de octubre de 2016.
  6. van Ofwegen, L. (2013). Eunicella verrucosa (Pallas, 1766). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=125366. Registro Mundial de Especies Marinas. Consultado el 22 de octubre de 2016.
  • World Conservation Monitoring Centre 1996.

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Eunicella verrucosa: Brief Summary ( 西班牙、卡斯蒂利亞西班牙語 )

由wikipedia ES提供

Eunicella verrucosa es una especie de gorgonia de la familia Gorgoniidae, orden Alcyonacea.

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Eunicella verrucosa ( 巴斯克語 )

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Eunicella verrucosa Gorgonacea ordenaren espeziea da, ekialdeko Ozeano Atlantikoan, Mendebaldeko Saharatik Erresuma Batuaraino, eta mendebaldeko Mediterraneo itsasoan bizi dena[1]. Nahiz eta landarea dirudi, animalia da.

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Biologia Artikulu hau biologiari buruzko zirriborroa da. Wikipedia lagun dezakezu edukia osatuz.
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Eunicella verrucosa: Brief Summary ( 巴斯克語 )

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Eunicella verrucosa Gorgonacea ordenaren espeziea da, ekialdeko Ozeano Atlantikoan, Mendebaldeko Saharatik Erresuma Batuaraino, eta mendebaldeko Mediterraneo itsasoan bizi dena. Nahiz eta landarea dirudi, animalia da.

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Eunicella verrucosa ( 法語 )

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Gorgone verruqueuse

La gorgone verruqueuse (Eunicella verrucosa ) est une espèce de cnidaires anthozoaires de la famille des Gorgoniidae.

Notes et références

  1. Peter Simon Pallas. Elenchus zoophytorum. van Cleef, 1766. page 196 lire en ligne

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Eunicella verrucosa: Brief Summary ( 法語 )

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Gorgone verruqueuse

La gorgone verruqueuse (Eunicella verrucosa ) est une espèce de cnidaires anthozoaires de la famille des Gorgoniidae.

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Eunicella verrucosa ( 義大利語 )

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La gorgonia verrucosa (Eunicella verrucosa (Pallas, 1766)) è un ottocorallo della famiglia Gorgoniidae[2] che cresce su fondali rocciosi solitamente tra i 20 e i 200 metri.

Descrizione

Colonia arborescente di colore bianco candido, con ramificazioni ampie e superficie verrucosa, fino a 50 centimetri di altezza. I polipi sono molto vicini.

Distribuzione

È una specie tipica del Mar Mediterraneo ove popola i fondali rocciosi a partire dai 20 metri e fino ai 200 di profondità. Rara.

Note

  1. ^ (EN) World Conservation Monitoring Centre 1996, Eunicella verrucosa, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020.
  2. ^ (EN) Eunicella verrucosa, in WoRMS (World Register of Marine Species). URL consultato il 7/5/2020.

Bibliografia

  • Egidio Trainito, Atlante di flora e fauna del Mediterraneo, 2004ª ed., Milano, Il Castello, 2004, ISBN 88-8039-395-2.

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Eunicella verrucosa: Brief Summary ( 義大利語 )

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La gorgonia verrucosa (Eunicella verrucosa (Pallas, 1766)) è un ottocorallo della famiglia Gorgoniidae che cresce su fondali rocciosi solitamente tra i 20 e i 200 metri.

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Eunicella verrucosa ( 荷蘭、佛萊明語 )

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De zeewaaier (Eunicella verrucosa) is een zachte koraalsoort uit de familie Gorgoniidae. De koraalsoort komt uit het geslacht Eunicella. Eunicella verrucosa werd in 1766 voor het eerst wetenschappelijk beschreven door Pallas.

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Geplaatst op:
13-12-2011
Dit artikel is een beginnetje over biologie. U wordt uitgenodigd om op bewerken te klikken om uw kennis aan dit artikel toe te voegen. Beginnetje
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Eunicella verrucosa ( 葡萄牙語 )

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Eunicella verrucosa é uma espécie de invertebrado da família Plexauridae.

Pode ser encontrada nos seguintes países: Argélia, França, Irlanda, Itália, Mauritania, Marrocos, Espanha, o Reino Unido e Sahara Ocidental.

Referências

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Eunicella verrucosa: Brief Summary ( 葡萄牙語 )

由wikipedia PT提供

Eunicella verrucosa é uma espécie de invertebrado da família Plexauridae.

Pode ser encontrada nos seguintes países: Argélia, França, Irlanda, Itália, Mauritania, Marrocos, Espanha, o Reino Unido e Sahara Ocidental.

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