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Distribution ( 英語 )

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Continent: Australia
Distribution: Australia (New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, South Australia,Victoria, Western Australia) psammophis: SE Western Australia east through the Great Victoria Desert to E Australia. cupreiceps: Western Australia (western Kimberley). reticulata: west coast of Western Australia from Dirk Hartog Island south to Harvey. COGGER 2000: psammophis: E Western Australia. cupreiceps: arid interior to mid-western coast of Western Australia and western Kimberleys). reticulata: coast and adjacent areas of Western Australia south of Shark Bay.
Type locality: Australia
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Gelbkopf-Peitschenschlange ( 德語 )

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Die Gelbkopf-Peitschenschlange (Demansia psammophis) ist eine Schlangenart aus der Familie der Giftnattern und zählt zur Gattung Demansia.

Merkmale

Die Gelbkopf-Peitschenschlange besitzt einen schlanken Körperbau. Es wird eine Gesamtlänge zwischen 80 und 130 cm erreicht. Der Kopf ist länglich und setzt sich nur geringfügig vom Hals ab. Die relativ großen Augen besitzen eine bei Lichteinfall runde Pupille. Oberseits ist der Körper von 15 Reihen glatter Schuppen bedeckt (vor der Kloake zu 13 Reihen reduziert[1]). Das Analschild (Scutum anale) ist geteilt. Der Körper weist eine variable Färbung auf. Rücken und Körper sind olivbraun bis grau gefärbt sowie einfarbig oder dunkel gefleckt. Zur hinteren Körperhälfte schlägt die Färbung in rotbraun um. Die Bauchseite ist gelb bis gelbgrün. Um die Augen zeichnet sich ein gelblicher Rand ab. Zwischen Auge und Mundwinkel ist ein kommaartiger, schwarzer Fleck erkenntlich.

Giftapparat

Der Giftapparat besteht, wie für Giftnattern typisch, aus seitlich des Schädels befindlichen Giftdrüsen (spezialisierte Speicheldrüsen) und im vorderen Oberkiefer befindlichen, unbeweglichen Fangzähnen (proteroglyphe Zahnstellung). Über Pharmakologie und Zusammensetzung des Giftsekrets von Demansia psammophis ist wenig bekannt. Ein Giftbiss wird für gesunde Erwachsene als kaum gefährlich bewertet und geht zumeist mit Lokalsymptomen (Schmerz, Ödem) und diversen Allgemeinsymptomen einher.[1]

Unterarten

Es sind zwei Unterarten bekannt:[2]

  • Demansia psammophis cupreiceps Storr 1978
  • Demansia psammophis psammophis (Schlegel, 1837)

Demansia reticulata ist weitestgehend als eigene Art anerkannt, wird jedoch in der Literatur teilweise noch als Unterart von Demansia psammophis aufgeführt.

Verbreitung

Das Verbreitungsgebiet von Demansia psammophis erstreckt sich innerhalb Australiens über Areale in New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, South Australia, Victoria und Western Australia. Sie fehlt im tropischen Norden Australiens sowie in montanen Regionen und Sümpfen. Darüber hinaus sind die besiedelten Habitate vielgestaltig und umfassen Küstenwälder, trockene und feuchte Hartlaubwälder, Savannen, Sandsteingebiete und Buschland mit teils aridem Klima. Die Art wird als nicht gefährdet betrachtet, die Populationsbestände sind stabil.[3]

Lebensweise

 src=
D. psammophis, in situ

Demansia psammophis führt eine weitestgehend bodenbewohnende sowie tagaktive Lebensweise und ist häufig unter flachen Steinen, Brettern, Blechen oder ähnlichem zu finden. Bei warmer Witterung kann sie regelmäßig im Freien beim Sonnenbaden oder auf Nahrungssuche beobachten. Zum Beutespektrum zählen in erster Linie Echsen. Teilweise werden jedoch auch andere Schlangen, Kleinsäuger, Vögel oder Froschlurche erbeutet. Beutetiere können schnell und wendig verfolgt werden. Demansia psammophis erreicht die Geschlechtsreife im Alter von etwa 20 Monaten. Die Paarung erfolgt im Frühling oder Sommer. Im Alter von etwa 24 Monaten legen die Weibchen erstmals ein Gelege an. Die Fortpflanzung erfolgt durch Oviparie, also eierlegend. Das Gelege umfasst 4 bis 9, im Durchschnitt 6 Eier.[3] Es wurde berichtet, dass verschiedene Weibchen von Demansia psammophis ihr Gelege am selben Ort anlegen. So wurden südlich von Gympie zwischen fünf- und sechshundert Eier der Art auf einer Lichtung von 80 m2 gefunden. Die Eier befanden sich unter Gesteinsschutt in circa 30 bis 60 cm Tiefe. Jungschlangen messen beim Schlupf 15 bis 18 cm.

Synonyme

Die wichtigsten Synonyme sind:[2]

  • Elaps psammophis Schlegel, 1837
  • Pseudelaps psammophidius Duméril, Bibron & Duméril 1854
  • Diemenia psammophis Boulenger 1896
  • Demansia reticulata cupreiceps Storr 1978

Einzelnachweise

  1. a b University of Adelaide, Clinical Toxinology Resources: Demansia psammophis (aufgerufen am 17. April 2019)
  2. a b The Reptile Database: Demansia psammophis (aufgerufen am 17. April 2019)
  3. a b IUCN Red List: Demansia psammophis (aufgerufen am 17. April 2019)
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Gelbkopf-Peitschenschlange: Brief Summary ( 德語 )

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Die Gelbkopf-Peitschenschlange (Demansia psammophis) ist eine Schlangenart aus der Familie der Giftnattern und zählt zur Gattung Demansia.

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Yellow-faced whipsnake ( 英語 )

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The yellow-faced whip snake (Demansia psammophis) is a species of venomous snake in the family Elapidae, a family containing many dangerous snakes. D. psammophis is endemic to Australia, found throughout the continent in a variety of habitats from coastal fringes to interior arid scrubland.

Taxonomy

The yellow-faced whip snake is part of the Demansia genus, a group of venomous snakes from the Elapidae family. This genus is composed of whip snakes, characterized by their large eyes and whip-like tail. The Demansia genus is commonly found in the Southern hemisphere around Australia and equatorial countries such as Papua New Guinea.

There are currently 14 species that have been identified under the genus Demansia, these include:[3]

  • D. angusticeps
  • D. calodera Storr
  • D. flagellatio
  • D. olivacea
  • D. papuensis
  • D. psammophis
  • D. quaesitor
  • D. reticulata
  • D. rimicola
  • D. rufescens
  • D. shinei
  • D. simplex
  • D.torquate
  • D. vestigiata

Description

Demansia psammophis is a long thin snake with a narrow head. D. psammophis grows up to a total of 1m in length, averaging around 80cm in length, females being slightly smaller than males.[4] Characterized by their narrow yellowish head, pale ring around the eyes, and a dark marking curving along the upper lip,[5] D. psammophis becomes distinguishable from other Demansia snakes. Juveniles can be distinguished as a white-edged dark line is seen across the snout. The large prominent eyes surrounded by a pale ring, account for its ability to be a successful diurnal species, having the largest eyes of any Australian snake assisting in prey capture.[6] The colour of yellow-faced whip snakes varies, ranging from olive green, grey and brown; however, a common characteristic in colour is a ‘red flush along the anterior third of its back'.[5]

To accurately identify this species, there must be a clear view of the head, and the scales around the snake's mid-body must be counted. D. psammophis has 15 midbody scale rows and between 165-230 ventrals, with the anal and subcaudals divided.[7] Demansia psammophis is commonly confused with the eastern brown snake (Pseudonaja textilis), due to their similar appearance.[4]

Distribution and habitat

Demansia psammophis are distributed throughout the Australian continent, with presence in every state except Tasmania. Although the distribution of D. psammophis is wide, it is endemic to Australia. Found in a variety of habitats across Australia, Demansia psammophis ranges from coastal forests to arid scrublands and grasslands in Australia’s interior.[8] It is not uncommon to find more than one D. psammophis as they are community dwellers.[9] Habitats in rock crevices and under logs are common community habitats with communities often aggregating in winter months.[10]

Coastal she-oak grows on sand dunes. Nambucca NSW Australia
Scrubland near Kata Tjuta, Northern Territory, Australia

Behaviour

Demansia psammophis are diurnal reptiles, fast-moving with a nervous disposition,[6] always alert and fleeing quickly when disturbed.[4] The yellow-faced whip snake is subject to brumation, or slowing down their movements, in the winter months, usually only moving to seek sun and water.[11]

Reproduction

Demansia psammophis are oviparous, laying clutches of 5-6[12] and 15-20[13] amniotic eggs. Communal egg laying is also common among the species, with some nests having between 500-600 eggs present.[9] D. psammophis females experience vitellogenesis between September and November, ovulating in late spring or summer.[14] Hatchlings are approximately 17cm in length from snout to base of tail and are laid between February and March.[7]

Diet

Small diurnal lizards are the main source of food, as well as lizard eggs.[4] D. psammophis, although diurnal, forage during the night, catching nocturnal forms such as geckoes, lerista and frogs.[14]

Predation and Venom

Small reptiles such as lizards and skinks are predated on by D. psammophis, during the day. Juvenile D. psammophis have been observed to constrict their prey, however, as they become adults, constriction becomes uncommon, with the species occasionally creating a single body loop to restrain their prey.[15] To immobilize and kill prey, D. psammophis lash out and inject toxic venom,[16] slowing and eventually killing their prey.

Although this venom is deadly to other reptiles and amphibians, it is not considered dangerous to adults.[4] If bitten, the bite will be painful and the injection of venom will cause localized pain and swelling, ranging from moderate to severe, with some bites causing systemic symptoms such as paralysis and bleeding.[17] Medical treatment should be sought following any snake bite.

Conservation

Yellow-faced whip snakes are currently classified as least concern under the IUCN Red List and are considered stable.[18]

The species is secure under the status of least concern in the majority of States and Territories in Australia, including QLD and the NT; however, they are considered near-threatened in Victoria.[19]

D. psammophis is not found in Tasmania due to the Tasman Strait that separates it from mainland Australia and the climatic conditions of Tasmania.

References

  1. ^ Shea, G.; Gaikhorst, G.; Cowan, M. (2017). "Yellow-faced Whipsnake". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T42492989A42492999. Retrieved 31 July 2021.
  2. ^ "Names List for Demansia psammophis (Schlegel, 1837)". Australian Faunal Directory. Australian Department of Environment and Energy. 15 October 2020. Archived from the original on 31 July 2021. Retrieved 31 July 2021.
  3. ^ "Genus: Demansia". ala.org.au. Atlas of Living, Australia. Archived from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 17 June 2021.
  4. ^ a b c d e "Yellow-faced Whip Snake". Australian Museum. Australian Museum. Archived from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 17 June 2021.
  5. ^ a b "Species: Demansia psammophis (Yellow-Faced Whip Snake)". ala.org.au. Atlas of Living, Australia. Archived from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 17 June 2021.
  6. ^ a b Akash, Samual. "Yellow-faced Whip Snake". Grasslands. Archived from the original on 23 March 2021. Retrieved 17 June 2021.
  7. ^ a b "Yellow-faced Whip Snake". Queensland Museum. Gueensland government. Archived from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 17 June 2021.
  8. ^ Cogger, Harold (2014). Reptiles and Amphibians of Australia (7 ed.). CSIRO Publishing. ISBN 9780643109773.
  9. ^ a b Covacevich, Jeanette; Limpus, Colin (1972). "Observations on Community Egg-Laying by the Yellow-Faced Whip Snake, Demansia psammophis (Schlegel) 1837 (Squamata: Elapidae)". Herpetologica. 28 (3): 208–210. JSTOR 3890621. Archived from the original on 31 July 2021. Retrieved 16 June 2021.
  10. ^ Shea, Glen; Shine, Richard; Covacevich, Jeanette. Fauna of Australia (PDF) (35 ed.). p. 30. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 April 2021. Retrieved 17 June 2021.
  11. ^ Northern star (26 September 2018). "Warning as snakes get active in spring". Daily telegraph. Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 31 July 2021. Retrieved 17 June 2021.
  12. ^ Worrell, Eric (1970). Reptiles of Australia : crocodiles - turtles - tortoises - lizards - snakes. Sydney: Angus and Robertson. ISBN 9780207947414.
  13. ^ Kinghorn, JR (1964). Snakes of Australia (2 ed.). Sydney: Angus and Robertson. ISBN 1114858617.
  14. ^ a b Shine, Richard (31 October 1980). "Ecology of Eastern Australian Whipsnakes of the Genus Demansia". Journal of Herpetology. 14 (4): 381–389. doi:10.2307/1563694. JSTOR 1563694.
  15. ^ Shine, Richard; Schwaner, Terry (10 December 1985). "Prey Constriction by Venomous Snakes: A Review, and New Data on Australian Species". Copeia. 1985 (4): 1067–1071. doi:10.2307/1445266. JSTOR 1445266. Archived from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 31 July 2021 – via JSTOR.
  16. ^ "Snakes of South-East Queensland". Department of Environment and Science. Queensland Government. 27 October 2009. Archived from the original on 22 April 2021. Retrieved 17 June 2021.
  17. ^ "Demansia psammophis". WCH Clinical Toxinology Resources. The University of Adelaide. Archived from the original on 11 April 2019. Retrieved 17 June 2021.
  18. ^ Shea, G.; Gaikhorst, G.; Cowan, M. (2017). "Yellow-faced Whipsnake". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T42492989A42492999. Retrieved 31 July 2021.
  19. ^ "Demansia psammophis". Atlas of Living Australia. Atlas of Living, Australia. Archived from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 17 June 2021.
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Yellow-faced whipsnake: Brief Summary ( 英語 )

由wikipedia EN提供

The yellow-faced whip snake (Demansia psammophis) is a species of venomous snake in the family Elapidae, a family containing many dangerous snakes. D. psammophis is endemic to Australia, found throughout the continent in a variety of habitats from coastal fringes to interior arid scrubland.

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Demansia psammophis ( 巴斯克語 )

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(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Demansia psammophis: Brief Summary ( 巴斯克語 )

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Demansia psammophis Demansia generoko animalia da. Narrastien barruko Elapidae familian sailkatuta dago.

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Demansia psammophis ( 法語 )

由wikipedia FR提供

Demansia psammophis est une espèce de serpents de la famille des Elapidae[1].

Répartition

Cette espèce est endémique d'Australie[1].

Description

 src=
Demansia psammophis

Ce serpent ovipare[1] mesure jusqu'à 1,2 m.

Liste des sous-espèces

Selon Reptarium Reptile Database (14 février 2014)[2] :

  • Demansia psammophis cupreiceps Storr, 1978
  • Demansia psammophis psammophis (Schlegel, 1837)

Taxinomie

La sous-espèce Demansia psammophis reticulata[3] a été élevée au rang d'espèce.

Publications originales

  • Schlegel, 1837 : Essai sur la physionomie des serpens, La Haye, J. Kips, J. HZ. et W. P. van Stockum, vol. 1 (texte intégral) et vol. 2 (texte intégral).
  • Storr, 1978 : Whip snakes (Demansia, Elapidae) of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum, vol. 6, no 3, p. 287-301 (texte intégral).

Notes et références

  1. a b et c Reptarium Reptile Database, consulté lors d'une mise à jour du lien externe
  2. Reptarium Reptile Database, consulté le 14 février 2014
  3. Gray, 1842 : Description of some hitherto unrecorded species of Australian reptiles and batrachians. Zoological Miscellany, vol. 2, p. 51-57 (texte intégral).
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Demansia psammophis: Brief Summary ( 法語 )

由wikipedia FR提供

Demansia psammophis est une espèce de serpents de la famille des Elapidae.

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Demansia psammophis ( 越南語 )

由wikipedia VI提供

Demansia psammophis là một loài rắn trong họ Rắn hổ. Loài này được Schlegel mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1837 dưới danh pháp Elaps psammophis.[2]

Phân bố

Loài này được tìm thấy trong khắp khu vực miền đông Australia, dọc theo phía bắc vùng bờ biển Queensland tới Cooktown. Nó cũng có ở phần phía nam của Nam Australia và từ đây tới NullarborTây Australia.

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

  1. ^ Shea G., Gaikhorst G. & Cowan M. 2017. Demansia psammophis. Sách đỏ IUCN 2017: e.T42492989A42492999. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T42492989A42492999.en. Tra cứu ngày 12 tháng 4 năm 2019.
  2. ^ a ă Demansia psammophis. The Reptile Database. Truy cập ngày 29 tháng 5 năm 2013.

Tham khảo

Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết về họ Rắn hổ này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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Demansia psammophis: Brief Summary ( 越南語 )

由wikipedia VI提供

Demansia psammophis là một loài rắn trong họ Rắn hổ. Loài này được Schlegel mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1837 dưới danh pháp Elaps psammophis.

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