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North Island saddleback ( 英語 )

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The North Island saddleback (Philesturnus rufusater) is a forest-dwelling passerine bird species endemic to the North Island of New Zealand. It was once considered conspecific with the South Island saddleback.[3] The IUCN lists the species as Near Threatened, while it is listed as a "recovering" species in the New Zealand Threat Classification System.[1][2] Saddlebacks are known in Māori as tīeke.

Taxonomy and systematics

North Island saddleback at Orana Wildlife Park

René Lesson first described the species in 1828 from a specimen collected in the Bay of Islands four years earlier, using the binomial name Icterus rufusater.[4][5] The specific name rufusater refers to the saddleback's plumage – a combination of the Latin words rufus 'reddish-brown', and ater 'black'.[6] Their placement in the genus Icterus has since been revised, and the two saddleback species are now in their own genus, Philesturnus. The name of this genus, created by Isidore Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire in 1832, comes from a portmanteau of two genus names – Philemon (friarbirds) and Sturnus (starlings).[7]

Historically, there has been some uncertainty over the status of the North Island saddleback as its own species. North Island and South Island saddlebacks were formerly considered to be two subspecies of Philesturnus carunculatus, with the North Island subspecies being designated P. c. rufusater.[3] Today they are generally considered to be separate species, with the North Island saddlebacks having the binomial Philesturnus rufusater.[8]

Description

The plumage of North Island saddlebacks is mostly black apart from the saddle, rump, and tail coverts, which are chestnut.[3] North Island saddlebacks are distinguished from South Island saddlebacks by a faint yellow lining on the superior edge of the saddle. The black bill is starling-like, with orange-red wattles hanging from its base.[9] North Island saddlebacks have an average length of 25 cm.[3] Males tend to be heavier (80 g) than females (69 g), and possess longer bills and larger wattles.[10] North Island saddlebacks produce calls described as "cheet, te-te-te-te" or "ti-e-ke-ke-ke-ke".[11][3] The Māori name for the bird, tīeke, is derived from the sound of this call.[11]

Distribution and habitat

North Island saddlebacks naturally occupy lowland broadleaf and coastal evergreen forests, though as a result of translocations, they are now also found in various other forest environments.[9] Before the arrival of Europeans and the mammalian predators they introduced, North Island saddlebacks were widespread on the North Island mainland and offshore islands.[12] A combination of deforestation and introduced predators – first brown rats and feral cats, then also black rats and mustelids[12] – decimated these populations, and by the 1890s, the mainland population was eliminated, and the only remaining North Island saddlebacks were those on Hen Island, a small island off the coast of Northland.[9][13]

Translocations

An artificial nest box for North Island saddleback at Zealandia

Translocation efforts by the New Zealand Wildlife Service began in 1964, with birds being transported to nearby Whatupuke Island (Middle Chicken Island). Following further translocations, the North Island saddleback inhabits a number of islands offshore (and onshore, at Lake Rotorua), including:[9]

North Island saddlebacks were first re-introduced to the mainland in 2002, at the Karori Wildlife Sanctuary (now known as Zealandia) in Wellington.[15] They have since started breeding outside the predator-proof sanctuary.[15][16] They have also been introduced at several other mainland sanctuaries.[14] North Island saddlebacks have become very dense on some offshore islands and the total population has increased to about 10,000.[12]

Behaviour and ecology

Breeding

North Island saddlebacks are monogamous and usually mate for life. The breeding season can vary from year to year and location to location, though clutches typically start appearing from August to April.[9] Fledgling saddlebacks are often seen until March and April.[9] Saddleback nests are mostly built in tree cavities[9] within three metres of the ground.[12] They lay up to four eggs per clutch.[9]

Food and feeding

Saddleback feeding on nectar from a flax flower

The diet of North Island saddlebacks mostly consists of insects and other invertebrates, berries, and nectar.[9] Their bill allows them to force open dead wood to expose insects such as grubs.[17] In forests, saddlebacks forage at all heights, but tend to spend most of the time on the forest floor browsing in leaf litter.[3][9]

Threats

Introduced mammalian predators, particularly brown rats, were the primary cause of the North Island saddleback's extinction from mainland New Zealand.[9] Saddlebacks are particularly susceptible to predation because of their tendency to roost and nest close to the ground.[18] Several translocations of North Island saddlebacks were made to Kapiti Island between 1981 and 1990, but the population suffered high mortality due to rat predation (rats were not eradicated until 1998).[18] Today, North Island saddleback populations are usually found on predator-free islands and in sanctuaries protected by pest fences, affording the birds protection from these predators. North Island saddlebacks appear to be capable of co-existing with some predators such as the kiore, possibly because they have had a longer history of cohabitation than with brown and black rats.[19] Current efforts are focused towards exterminating pests surrounding mainland sanctuaries, to allow the saddlebacks to successfully expand outside of the sanctuaries.[15]

South Island saddlebacks have been affected by avian malaria and avian pox; this has not yet spread to the North Island saddlebacks, but there are concerns that it may do so in the future.[20][1]

References

  1. ^ a b c BirdLife International (2018). "Philesturnus rufusater". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T103730503A132191453. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T103730503A132191453.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  2. ^ a b Robertson, Hugh A.; Baird, Karen; Dowding, John E.; Elliott, Graeme P.; Hitchmough, Rodney A.; Miskelly, Colin M.; McArthur, Nikki; O'Donnell, Colin F. J.; Sagar, Paul M.; Scofield, R. Paul; Taylor, Graeme A. (2017). New Zealand Threat Classification Series (PDF) (Report). 19. Wellington, New Zealand: Department of Conservation.
  3. ^ a b c d e f Heather, Barrie & Robertson, Hugh (1996). The Field Guide to the Birds of New Zealand. Viking. pp. 418–419. ISBN 0-670-86911-2.
  4. ^ Watola, George V. (2011) [2008]. The Discovery of New Zealand’s Birds (PDF) (2nd ed.). Orewa, New Zealand: Arun Books. p. 196.
  5. ^ "North Island Saddleback (Philesturnus rufusater)". Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions. Retrieved 1 February 2018.
  6. ^ Jobling, James A. "Rufusater". Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions. Retrieved 1 February 2018.
  7. ^ Jobling, James A. "Philesturnus". Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions. Retrieved 1 February 2018.
  8. ^ Holdaway, Richard N.; Worthy, Trevor H.; Tennyson, Alan J. D. (2001). "A working list of breeding bird species of the New Zealand region at first human contact". New Zealand Journal of Zoology. 28 (2): 119–187. doi:10.1080/03014223.2001.9518262.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Higgins, P. J.; Peter, J. M. & Cowling, S. J., eds. (2006). Handbook of Australian, New Zealand & Antarctic Birds. Vol. 7: Boatbill to starlings. Oxford University Press. pp. 986–1013. ISBN 9780195530681.
  10. ^ Jenkins, P. F.; Veitch, C. R. (1991). "Sexual dimorphism and age determination in the North Island saddleback (Philesturnus carunculatus rufaster)". New Zealand Journal of Zoology. 18 (4): 445–450. doi:10.1080/03014223.1991.10422851.
  11. ^ a b "Tīeke / North Island saddleback". Auckland Zoo. Retrieved 1 February 2018.
  12. ^ a b c d Heather, Barrie & Robertson, Hugh (2015). The Field Guide to the Birds of New Zealand (Revised and updated ed.). Penguin. pp. 397–398. ISBN 978-0-143-57092-9.
  13. ^ "Saddleback/tīeke: New Zealand native land birds". Department of Conservation. Retrieved 1 February 2018.
  14. ^ a b c d "North Island saddleback". New Zealand Birds Online. Retrieved 1 February 2018.
  15. ^ a b c Swinnen, Lucy (26 May 2017). "Moment of truth for tieke reintroduced to Wellington's urban environment from Zealandia". Stuff.co.nz. Retrieved 1 February 2018.
  16. ^ "Rare saddleback chicks found in Polhill Gully". Wellington City Council. 10 November 2014. Retrieved 1 February 2018.
  17. ^ Troup, Christina. "Small forest birds - Saddlebacks and stitchbirds". Te Ara. Retrieved 1 February 2018.
  18. ^ a b Lovegrove, T. G. (1996). "A comparison of the effects of predation by Norway (Rattus norvegicus) and Polynesian rats (R. exulans) on the Saddleback (Philesturnus carunculatus)" (PDF). Notornis. 43 (2): 91–112.
  19. ^ Hooson, Scott; Jamieson, Ian G. (2003). "The distribution and current status of New Zealand Saddleback Philesturnus carunculatus". Bird Conservation International. 13: 79–95. doi:10.1017/S0959270903003083.
  20. ^ Hale, Katrina A. (2008). Disease outbreak amongst South Island saddlebacks (Philesturnus carunculatus carunculatus) on Long Island (PDF) (Report). Wellington, New Zealand: Department of Conservation. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-02-01. Retrieved 2018-02-01.

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North Island saddleback: Brief Summary ( 英語 )

由wikipedia EN提供

The North Island saddleback (Philesturnus rufusater) is a forest-dwelling passerine bird species endemic to the North Island of New Zealand. It was once considered conspecific with the South Island saddleback. The IUCN lists the species as Near Threatened, while it is listed as a "recovering" species in the New Zealand Threat Classification System. Saddlebacks are known in Māori as tīeke.

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Philesturnus rufusater ( 西班牙、卡斯蒂利亞西班牙語 )

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Video grabado en Orana Wildlife Park.

El tieke de Isla Norte (Philesturnus rufusater) es una especie de ave paseriforme de la familia Callaeidae endémica de Nueva Zelanda.[2][3]

Referencias

  1. BirdLife International (2016). «Philesturnus rufusater». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2017.3 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 23 de marzo de 2018.
  2. Bernis, F; De Juana, E; Del Hoyo, J; Fernández-Cruz, M; Ferrer, X; Sáez-Royuela, R; Sargatal, J (2010). «Nombres en castellano de las aves del mundo recomendados por la Sociedad Española de Ornitología (Decimocuarta parte: Orden Passeriformes, Familias Malaconotidae a Passeridae)». Ardeola. Handbook of the Birds of the World (Madrid: SEO/BirdLife) 57 (1): 199-205. ISSN 0570-7358. Consultado el 22 de marzo de 2018.
  3. Gill, F.; Donsker, D. (Eds.) (2018). Australasian babblers, logrunners, satinbirds, painted berrypeckers, wattlebirds, whipbirds. IOC World Bird List (v.8.1).

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Philesturnus rufusater: Brief Summary ( 西班牙、卡斯蒂利亞西班牙語 )

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Video grabado en Orana Wildlife Park.

El tieke de Isla Norte (Philesturnus rufusater) es una especie de ave paseriforme de la familia Callaeidae endémica de Nueva Zelanda.​​

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Philesturnus rufusater ( 巴斯克語 )

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Philesturnus rufusater Philesturnus generoko animalia da. Hegaztien barruko Callaeidae familian sailkatua dago.

Erreferentziak

  1. (Ingelesez) IOC Master List

Ikus, gainera

(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Philesturnus rufusater: Brief Summary ( 巴斯克語 )

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Philesturnus rufusater Philesturnus generoko animalia da. Hegaztien barruko Callaeidae familian sailkatua dago.

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Créadion de Lesson ( 法語 )

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Philesturnus rufusater

Le Créadion de Lesson (Philesturnus rufusater) est une espèce de passereaux de la famille des Callaeidae.

Description

Saddleback tiritiri.jpg

Habitat

Notes et références

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Créadion de Lesson: Brief Summary ( 法語 )

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Philesturnus rufusater

Le Créadion de Lesson (Philesturnus rufusater) est une espèce de passereaux de la famille des Callaeidae.

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Philesturnus rufusater ( 義大利語 )

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Il calleide caruncolato dell'Isola del Nord o sellarossa dell'Isola del Nord (Philesturnus rufusater (Lesson, 1828)) è un uccello passeriforme della famiglia dei Calleidi[2].

Etimologia

Il nome scientifico della specie, rufusater, deriva dall'unione delle parole latine rufus ("rossiccio") e ater ("nero"), in riferimento alla livrea di questi uccelli: il nome comune di questi uccelli è invece un riferimento al loro areale.

Descrizione

 src=
Esemplare a Tiri Tiri Matangi.

Dimensioni

Misura 25 cm di lunghezza, per 61-94 g di peso[3]: a parità d'età, i maschi sono più grossi e pesanti rispetto alle femmine[3].

Aspetto

Si tratta di uccelli dall'aspetto massiccio, muniti di testa arrotondata, ali arrotondate e relativamente deboli, lunga coda dalla punta cuneiforme, forti zampe dagli artigli ricurvi e becco allungato, forte e appuntito.
Nel complesso, questi uccelli ricordano molto l'affine sellarossa dell'Isola del Sud, rispetto al quale presenta conformazione più slanciata e taglia media lievemente minore[4], oltre a piccole differenze nella colorazione adulta, mentre la livrea giovanile è del tutto differente nelle due specie[3].

Il piumaggio presenta dimorfismo sessuale: nei maschi testa, nuca, petto, ventre e fianchi sono di colore nero lucido, e dello stesso colore sono coda e remiganti. Il dorso, le ali, il codione ed il sottocoda sono invece di un caldo color bruno-ruggine, e il margine superiore di tale "sella" (grossomodo alla base del collo) che frutta all'animale il nome comune è presente un orlo di colore giallo oro: alla base del becco, su ciascun lato della bocca, è presente una caruncola di color rosso vivo simile a un bargiglio.
Nelle femmine la colorazione nera è molto meno lucida e con forti sfumature brune specialmente su petto e collo, mentre le caruncole facciali sono meno sviluppate.

In ambedue i sessi becco e zampe sono di colore nerastro, mentre gli occhi sono di colore bruno scuro.

Biologia

Esemplare al bagno.

Si tratta di uccelli diurni e moderatamente sociali, che vivono in coppie o (quando la loro consistenza numerica ancora lo consentiva) in stormi: i sellarossa dell'Isola del Nord sono cattivi volatori, preferendo scalare i tronchi saltellando di ramo in ramo grazie alle forti zampe unghiute.

Il richiamo di questi uccelli è piuttosto caratteristico: limpido e flautato, ricorda vagamente una risata mimata[5]. Gli animali sono molto vocali, emettendo il richiamo soprattutto al mattino con funzione territoriale.

Alimentazione

 src=
Esemplare si nutre da lino nativo a Tiri Tiri Matangi.

La dieta di questi uccelli è perlopiù insettivora, componendosi di insetti, larve ed altri invertebrati rinvenuti sollevando pezzi di corteccia col forte becco cuneiforme: questi uccelli possono cercare il cibo anche al suolo, smuovendo le foglie e i detriti col becco, e spesso vengono osservati cercare il cibo sulle spiagge durante la bassa marea[3]. Inoltre, una percentuale consistente della loro dieta consiste in bacche, frutta matura e talvolta anche nettare.

Riproduzione

Si tratta di uccelli rigidamente monogami, che si riproducono in primavera ed estate australi.

Il nido, a forma di coppa, viene costruito intrecciando fibre vegetali su un tronco spezzato, in una cavità di un albero o fra le epifite e le felci, non di rado a poca distanza dal suolo: al suo interno la femmina depone 2-4 uova bianco-grigiastre con fitta punteggiatura bruna, che cova da sola (col maschio che le fornisce il cibo) per circa due settimane, al termine delle quali schiudono pulli ciechi ed implumi.
I nidiacei vengono accuditi da ambedue i genitori, che li imbeccano abbondantemente con frutta e invertebrati rigurgitati. I piccoli sono in grado d'involarsi attorno alle tre settimane di vita, tuttavia rimangono ancora per un periodo piuttosto lungo coi genitori, ed anche una volta indipendenti non se ne allontanano molto, disperdendosi nel raggio di 3 km dal nido natio al massimo[3].

Distribuzione e habitat

 src=
Esemplare cerca il cibo al suolo a Tiri Tiri Matangi.

Come intuibile dal nome comune, il sellarossa dell'Isola del Nord è endemico dell'Isola del Nord della Nuova Zelanda: un tempo verosimilmente diffuso in gran parte dell'isola, attualmente la specie è diffusa allo stato selvatico solo nelle isole del golfo di Hauraki e a Kapiti, nella punta meridionale[1]. Da qui, piccole popolazioni sono state reintrodotte in aree recintate dell'isola principale.

L'habitat di questi uccelli era rappresentato dalla foresta primaria con presenza di grossi alberi secolari e di denso sottobosco: attualmente essi vivono in ambienti costituiti perlopiù da foresta secondaria, con densa ricrescita.

Conservazione

 src=
Nido artificiale.

Considerata piuttosto comune anche sulla terraferma, verso la fine del XIX secolo la specie era quasi completamente scomparsa, con una piccola popolazione relitta su Hen Island/Taranga, prospiciente Auckland: la riduzione numerica di questi uccelli, oltre che alla deforestazione e alla conversione del loro habitat in pascoli e campi coltivati, è da attribuire all'arrivo in Nuova Zelanda di predatori introdotti come il tricosuro volpino, i ratti e i mustelidi.
Il sellarossa dell'Isola del Nord, infatti, in virtù delle sue abitudini riproduttive (nidi prossimi al suolo, nidiacei rumorosi che passano molto tempo al suolo, periodo prolungato di permanenza presso il nido), risulta particolarmente vulnerabile alla predazione durante le operazioni di cova ed allevamento della prole.

Fortunatamente, grazie a programmi di riproduzione in cattività e conseguente rilascio in isole-santuario libere da predatori, la specie si è numericamente ripresa, ed a partire dal 2002 ne è cominciata la reintroduzione in aree controllate dell'isola maggiore, nell'area di Wellington.

Note

  1. ^ a b (EN) BirdLife International 2016, Philesturnus rufusater, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020. URL consultato il 14 luglio 2017.
  2. ^ (EN) Gill F. and Donsker D. (eds), Family Callaeidae, in IOC World Bird Names (ver 9.2), International Ornithologists’ Union, 2019. URL consultato il 21 gennaio 2018.
  3. ^ a b c d e (EN) North Island Saddleback (Philesturnus rufusater), su Handbook of the Birds of the World. URL consultato il 21 gennaio 2018.
  4. ^ Higgins, P. J.; Peter, J. M.; Cowling, S. J., Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic Birds, 7, Part A. Boatbill to Larks, Oxford University Press, Melbourne, 2006.
  5. ^ Boesman, P., Notes on the vocalizations of North Island Saddleback (Philesturnus rufusater) and South Island Saddleback (Philesturnus carunculatus), in HBW Alive Ornithological Note, n. 213, 2016.

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Philesturnus rufusater: Brief Summary ( 義大利語 )

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Il calleide caruncolato dell'Isola del Nord o sellarossa dell'Isola del Nord (Philesturnus rufusater (Lesson, 1828)) è un uccello passeriforme della famiglia dei Calleidi.

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Noordelijke zadelrug ( 荷蘭、佛萊明語 )

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Vogels

De noordelijke zadelrug (Philesturnus rufusater) is een zangvogel uit de familie Callaeidae (Nieuw-Zeelandse lelvogels). De soort werd vroeger beschouwd als een ondersoort van de zuidelijke zadelrug.

Kenmerken

De lichaamslengte bedraagt 25 cm en het gewicht 61 tot 94 gram, het mannetje is gemiddeld 10 cm zwaarder dan het vrouwtje. Deze vogel heeft een zwart verenkleed met een roestbruine bovenkant in de vorm van een zadel. De snavel is iets omlaaggebogen. Bij de snavel hebben ze twee rode, vlezige lellen. De zuidelijke zadelrug verschilt weinig van deze soort. Kenmerkend voor deze noordelijke soort is het ontbreken van een jeugdkleed bij onvolwassen vogels.

Verspreiding en leefgebied

Deze soort is endemisch in Nieuw-Zeeland op het Noordereiland. In het begin van de 20ste eeuw was er alleen nog een populatie op Taranga, een van de Hen and Chicken-eilanden. Sinds 1964 zijn met door introducties kleine levenskrachtige populaties ontstaan op meer eilanden. In juni 2002 zijn ook op het hoofdeiland in het Karori Wildreservaat vogels geïntroduceerd.

Status

De noordelijke zadelrug komt nu voor op 12 eilandjes die dankzij intensief natuurbeschermingsbeleid vrij gemaakt zijn van uitheemse roofdieren. De populatie was in 2003 gegroeid tot 6000 vogels en zou verder kunnen groeien tot 19.000 vogels. Echter, de vogels blijven kwetsbaar door hun kleine aantallen en gevoeligheid voor plotselinge, negatieve veranderingen. Daarom staan ze als gevoelig op de Rode Lijst van de IUCN.[1]

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
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Noordelijke zadelrug: Brief Summary ( 荷蘭、佛萊明語 )

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De noordelijke zadelrug (Philesturnus rufusater) is een zangvogel uit de familie Callaeidae (Nieuw-Zeelandse lelvogels). De soort werd vroeger beschouwd als een ondersoort van de zuidelijke zadelrug.

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Nordövårtkråka ( 瑞典語 )

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Nordövårtkråka[2] (Philesturnus rufusater) är en fågel i familjen vårtkråkor inom ordningen tättingar.[3] Den förekommer i Nya Zeeland och var tidigare vitt spridd på Nordön, men begränsad till Hen Island på 1950-talet och numera introducerad och spridd till ytterligare satellitöar.[3] Fram tills nyligen betraktades den som en underart till P. carunculatus och vissa gör det fortfarande.[4] IUCN kategoriserar den som nära hotad.[1]

Referenser

  1. ^ [a b] Birdlife International 2016 Philesturnus rufusater Från: IUCN 2016. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2016.3 www.iucnredlist.org. Läst 2016-12-10.
  2. ^ Sveriges ornitologiska förening (2017) Officiella listan över svenska namn på världens fågelarter, läst 2017-02-14
  3. ^ [a b] Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, D. Roberson, T. A. Fredericks, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood (2014) The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: Version 6.9 http://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download, läst 2015-02-01
  4. ^ Dickinson, E.C., J.V. Remsen Jr. & L. Christidis (Eds). 2013-2014. The Howard & Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World. 4th. Edition, Vol. 1, 2, Aves Press, Eastbourne, U.K.

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Nordövårtkråka: Brief Summary ( 瑞典語 )

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Nordövårtkråka (Philesturnus rufusater) är en fågel i familjen vårtkråkor inom ordningen tättingar. Den förekommer i Nya Zeeland och var tidigare vitt spridd på Nordön, men begränsad till Hen Island på 1950-talet och numera introducerad och spridd till ytterligare satellitöar. Fram tills nyligen betraktades den som en underart till P. carunculatus och vissa gör det fortfarande. IUCN kategoriserar den som nära hotad.

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