The new species is named in honor of the late Professor Navjot S. Sodhi (1962–2011) for his monumental contributions to conservation biology and ornithology in Southeast Asia. Dr. Sodhi played a leading role in elucidating the effects of habitat disturbance on biodiversity, especially birds, across Southeast Asia (e.g. Brook et al. 2003; Sodhi and Brook 2006; Sodhi et al. 2006; Sodhi et al. 2004; Sodhi et al. 2005). This research provided a fundamental understanding of the ecology of Southeast Asian forests and critical information required for conservation planning. In addition, Dr. Sodhi was an outstanding mentor for many students including D.L.Y. and J.B.C.H. for whom he was an honours and doctorate supervisor, respectively. The English name recognizes the endemic distribution of the species, with the descriptive term “Streaked” to avoid possible confusion with other endemic Sulawesi flycatchers.
Brook BW, Sodhi NS, Ng PKL (2003) Catastrophic extinctions follow deforestation in Singapore. Nature 424:420–423. doi: 10.1038/nature01795
Sodhi NS, Brook BW (2006) Southeast Asian biodiversity in crisis. London, UK: Cambridge University Press. 192 pp.
Sodhi NS, Koh LP, Brook BW (2006) Southeast Asian birds in peril. Auk 123:275–277. doi: 10.1642/0004-8038(2006)123[0275:sabip]2.0.co;2
Sodhi NS, Koh LP, Brook BW, Ng PKL (2004) Southeast Asian biodiversity: an impending disaster. Trends Ecol Evol 19:654–660. doi: 10.1016/j.tree.2004.09.006
Sodhi NS, Koh LP, Prawiradilaga DM, Darjono, Tinulele I, et al. (2005) Land use and conservation value for forest birds in Central Sulawesi (Indonesia). Biol Conserv 122:547–558. doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2004.07.023
(From Harris et al. 2014)
MZB.Ornit.33.525; adult male, collected 23 Jun 2012. Left testis 4×2.5 mm, pale tan in color; no brood patch; no cloacal protuberance.Skull 100% pneumatized; no bursa; no enlarged gape flanges. Little fat; stomach and intestine full of small black items (saved in alcohol). No head, body, wing, or tail molt. Collected by the Prawiradilaga field party; prepared by Pamela C. Rasmussen, field number LL-PCR-2012-010.
Description of Holotype:
Bill black, terete, with prominent culmen ridge and fairly strong hook, moderately broad, narrowing evenly toward tip, the distal fifth markedly narrow. Proximal third of lower mandible pale, distinctly so and sharply contrasting with black distal two-thirds of lower mandible, the pale extending around the ramal branches. Rictal bristles fairly prominent, moderately stiff, black. Forehead gray-brown with distinct dark brown centers and pale gray-brown edges, these markings larger on larger feathers of crown, and becoming obscure on feathers of rear crown. Nape and hindneck nearly uniform gray-brown. Sides of head uniform gray-brown, as nape. Lores mixed white and gray-brown, the feathers tipped dark giving a grizzled appearance, extends as narrow band over bill and as narrow (one feather row) indistinct eye ring, strongest in front of and below eye, weak above and behind eye. Pale lores grade into face below eye and sides of throat, which are indistinctly speckled. Chin and throat white, lightly and finely speckled gray-brown. There is no marked moustachial or malar streak; there is even gradation from pale grizzled lores to speckled throat and uniform gray-brown auriculars.
Speckled throat grades into profusely streaked breast, which grades into more uniform brown breast sides and flanks, and less profusely streaked belly, especially center of belly. Flanks browner, less distinctly streaked than belly sides, and center of lower belly unmarked white. Ground color of entire underparts white. Vent unmarked white. Feathers of lower tibia white.
Mantle as nape. Feathers of back (below mantle) mostly lost during preparation due to shot damage, but same color as mantle. Rump and uppertail coverts plain gray-brown, as mantle. Primaries plain dark brown, darker than body plumage. Tertials paler, especially the outer webs. Secondaries as primaries but with very narrow pale edgings.
Marginal coverts (leading wing edge coverts) mixed dark brown and white. All upperwing coverts dark gray-brown with indistinct, broad pale grayer edges. Tail uniform drab dark brown, slightly paler and grayer on proximal outer feathers.
Soft part colors (from freshly dead specimen): Iris dark brown, narrow orbital ring black; bill black, basal third of lower mandible pale yellowish-cream; tarsi brownish-black, toepads grayish-tan, claws black.
Measurements of holotype:
Body weight 12.5 g; culmen from feathers 10.3 mm, wing length (flattened) 64 mm, tarsus 12.5 mm, tail 44.0 mm.
(From Harris et al. 2014)
MZB.Ornit.33.530, unsexed adult (gonads destroyed by pellet), collected 25 Jun 2012.No brood patch; no cloacal protuberance. Skull 100% pneumatized; no bursa; no enlarged gape flanges. Little fat; stomach full with several hard, rough, black, 2×2 mm seeds, beetle elytra, and other insect parts (contents saved in alcohol). Relatively large tapeworm found in pieces in abdominal cavity saved in alcohol. No head molt but body molt light, and molt present in primaries, secondaries, and rectrices. Collected by the Prawiradilaga field party; prepared by Pamela C. Rasmussen, field number LL-PCR-2012-014. Body weight 12.0 g; culmen from feathers 11 mm, wing length (flattened) 62 mm, tarsus 13.4 mm, tail 44.5 mm.
(From Harris et al. 2014)
The song of Muscicapa sodhii is similar to those of some of its congeners, but differs in being slightly to much higher-pitched, and mostly within a narrower bandwidth (c.6–10 kHz) than other Muscicapa species. It consists of thin, very high-pitched whistles, chirps, twitters, glissandos, buzzy notes and trills (among other note types), of highly varied and often complex form, often highly modulated, and with little repetition, although individual elements and motifs are often repeated a few times in quick succession, or a motif may be given again several seconds later within a strophe that otherwise differs strongly. The song can further be described as a rather deliberately-paced apparently random amalgam of different note types in a strophe that lasts from less than a second to several seconds, often separated from other strophes by several seconds but also often with such short inter-strophe intervals as to make definition of strophe length unclear.
Song recordings of Muscicapa sodhii can be found at this link:http://avocet.zoology.msu.edu/recordings/17424 through 17428.
(From Harris et al. 2014)
The holotype is in worn plumage and was not molting, while the paratype was molting but mostly in fresh plumage. Differences in color and pattern are striking in direct comparison—the holotype is much browner above, the paratype much grayer. The holotype lacks distinct pale edges to tertials and secondaries, while the paratype has distinct buff edges to all these, narrow on secondaries and broader on tertials. The holotype has indistinct brown streaking from breast to flanks, with a white center of belly and vent; the throat brown-spotted, most densely on chin and least on lower central throat. The paratype has the same pattern below but the streaks below are bolder, grayer, and broader. The paratype (unlike the holotype) was prepared with one wing partially spread, and its primary underwing coverts are heavily dark streaked, looking mostly dark. The undersides of the primaries and secondaries are dark brown (paler in old feathers) with broad pale tan edgings, narrowest near tips. Both have similar face patterns, but while there is a narrow pale grizzled area over the bill that meets in the center in the holotype, this pale area is interrupted by the bill base in the paratype. The lower face (below plain auriculars) is blotchy, in the holotype with no discernible pale submoustachial and darker malar area, while in the paratype there is a moderately marked paler submoustachial and dark malar. Mantle feathers when fresh (as in the paratype) look uniform/monotone but actually have broad pale edges/tips on both sides then diffuse dark blotches. When worn (as in the holotype) the pale edges disappear and the feathers are then dark-tipped. Secondary greater coverts are vaguely paler tan-edged in fresh plumage (as in the paratype), not prominently as on secondaries and tertials. In worn plumage (as in the holotype), the wing feathers are much more uniform but the primaries look distinctly darker than the tertials, which wear to medium-pale brown, especially on the lateral webs.
(From Harris et al. 2014)
Although the behavior of M. sodhii remains poorly known, scattered documentation from local and visiting birdwatchers have allowed some aspects of foraging behavior and breeding ecology to be established. Like some other closely related Muscicapa flycatchers, M. sodhii appears to be an obligate insectivore that forages inconspicuously at all levels but perhaps mainly mid-levels. During our field work in 2011 and 2012, we observed single individuals sallying for flying insects, including large damselflies, from perches from several feet above ground to the subcanopy. Other known prey items as inferred from published photographs include orthopterans, including katydids (www.orientalbirdimages.org). Observations from other birdwatchers (e.g. Luijendijk 1997; de Boer 2004; Hendriks 2012) indicate that the species may sporadically participate in mixed foraging flocks with other small passerines such as whistlers and white-eyes.
We did not observe breeding during our field work in May–Jun, but breeding details have been reported in three birdwatching trip reports. Farrow and Robson (2009) and Hutchinson (2009) observed adult birds attending single juveniles at Bantimurung-Bulusaraung in early Oct, while Hutchinson (2011) reported one adult feeding a juvenile adjacent to Lore Lindu National Park near Wuasa in late Sep. The fact that breeding has only been reported in Sep–Oct despite multiple records (n = 17) from every month from Apr to Oct in the Lore Lindu and Bantimurung areas suggests that breeding, at least in central-south Sulawesi, may coincide with the start of the monsoon season. In North Sulawesi, the species is known to breed in May based on photographs deposited in the Oriental Birds Image database (www.orientalbirdimages.org) of a fledgling documented in May 2009.
Luijendijk TJC (1997) Bird observations in Sulawesi & Halmahera in July/August 1997. Available: http://www.warbler.phytoconsult.nl/celrap2.htm. Accessed 2014 March 15.
de Boer M (2004) Birdwatching trip report from Sulawesi and Halmahera, 2–26 August 2004. Available: http://home.zonnet.nl/michiel.1/sulawesi/sulawesi.htm. Accessed 2014 March 15.
Hendriks H (2012) A report on birds seen on a trip to Sulawesi from 18 July to 5 August 2012. Available: http://www.cloudbirders.com. Accessed 2014 March 15
Farrow D, Robson C (2009) Sulawesi and Halmahera. Birdquest trip report. Available: http://www.birdquest-tours.com/pdfs/report/SULAWESI%20REP%2009.pdf. Accessed 2013 October 12.
Hutchinson R (2009) Sulawesi and Halmahera, 27 September to 16 October 2009. Available: http://www.birdtourasia.com/pdf%20Reports/Birdtour%20Asia%20Sulawesi%20Halmahera%20Oct%2009.pdf. Accessed 2014 March 15.
Hutchinson R (2011) Sulawesi and Halmahera, 25 September to 16 October 2011. Available: http://www.birdtourasia.com/pdf%20Reports/Birdtour%20Asia%20Sulawesi%20and%20Halmahera%20Oct%202011.pdf. Accessed 2014 April 1.
(From Harris et al. 2014)
The Indonesian island of Sulawesi, a globally important hotspot of avian endemism, has been relatively poorly studied ornithologically, to the extent that several new bird species from the region have been described to science only recently, and others have been observed and photographed, but never before collected or named to science. One of these is Muscicapa sodhii, a new species of flycatcher that has been observed on several occasions since 1997. Harris et al. 2014 collected two specimens in Central Sulawesi in 2012, and based on a combination of morphological, vocal and genetic characters, described Muscicapa sodii as a new species more than 15 years after the first observations.
Muscicapa sodhii is superficially similar to the highly migratory, boreal-breeding Gray-streaked Flycatcher Muscicapa griseisticta, which winters in Sulawesi; however, the new species differs strongly from M. griseisticta in several morphological characters, song, and mtDNA. Based on mtDNA, the new species is only distantly related to M. griseisticta, instead being a member of the M. dauurica clade. Muscicapa sodhii tends to forage in the forest mid-levels and subcanopy.
(From Harris et al. 2014)
The fairly wide elevational and distributional range of M. sodhii, and its tolerance of habitat disturbance indicate that it is not immediately at high risk from logging or habitat conversion, which is ongoing in Sulawesi's lowlands and, increasingly, highlands (Miettinen et al. 2011; Harris et al. 2014; Clough 2009; Martin and Blackburn 2010). The species probably does not occur in young cacao monoculture, or where remnant forest trees are not preserved. It is a low-density species in the Lore Lindu National Park area and it appears to be uncommon elsewhere in Sulawesi, given that the species was only reported in 17 of 51 birdwatching reports we sampled since its first documentation in 1997. Nonetheless, the paucity of reports may be partly because the species had not yet been formally described. Present knowledge suggests the species does not approach the thresholds for ‘Vulnerable’ under the IUCN's range size or inferred population trend criteria (IUCN 2001). We propose that the species be placed in the ‘Least Concern’ category.
Persistence of the species in small forest patches in a mosaic of cacao plantations over 15 years in Baku Bakulu shows that M. sodhii tolerates some level of disturbance and fragmentation. Our limited data however do not allow us to infer if disturbed habitats are preferred over primary forest. The scientific description of the species, including its voice, should allow comparative surveys to be done in forests and disturbed areas to learn about the species' habitat preferences. Furthermore, it should be a priority to survey poorly-sampled areas such as Sulawesi's eastern and southeastern peninsulas to collect distributional information on M. sodhii. Taxonomic studies are also needed to evaluate whether populations on Sulawesi's northern and southern peninsulas are distinct from Central Sulawesi birds. Many Sulawesi bird genera have racially or specifically distinct representatives that are allopatric on the island's peninsulas (e.g., Heinrichia, Zosterops, and Ficedula, among others), and it is possible that more than one taxon of Muscicapa is resident on the extraordinarily complex island of Sulawesi.
Miettinen J, Shi C, Liew SC (2011) Deforestation rates in insular Southeast Asia between 2000 and 2010. Global Change Biol 17:2261–2270. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02398.x
Harris JBC, Dwi Putra D, Gregory SD, Brook BW, Prawiradilaga DM, et al. (2014) Rapid deforestation threatens mid-elevational endemic birds but climate change is most important at higher elevations. Divers Distrib 20:773–785. doi: 10.1111/ddi.12180
Martin T, Blackburn G (2010) Impacts of tropical forest disturbance upon avifauna on a small island with high endemism: implications for conservation. Conserv Soc 8:127–139. doi: 10.4103/0972-4923.68914
IUCN (2001) International Union for the Conservation of Nature. IUCN Red List categories and criteria. Version 3.1. IUCN Species Survival Commission. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. Available: http://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed 2008 November 8.
(From Harris et al. 2014)
A small, drab gray-brown muscicapid flycatcher with indistinct facial patterning, strong dusky streaking below, and short primary projection. Differs from Muscicapa griseisticta in having the bill longer and more strongly hooked but relatively less broad; a weaker face pattern, with indistinct pale eyering (vs. prominent), dark spotting on throat (vs. mostly white throat), an ill-defined malar stripe and no pale moustachial stripe (vs. strong); much shorter and more rounded wing; shorter undertail coverts; and shorter, slightly more notched tail. Differs from Muscicapa sibirica in its longer, deeper, and, in Sino-Himalayan forms of M. sibirica, broader bill, much weaker head and throat pattern, much clearer streaking below, on a whitish background (vs. mostly dark background, especially in Sino-Himalayan forms); much shorter primary projection and first primary; shorter undertail coverts; and compared to M. s. sibirica, shorter and less notched tail. Differs from all forms of Muscicapa dauurica, as well as M. segregata and M. randi, especially in the strongly streaked underparts of M. sodhii. Differs additionally from M. dauurica in its shorter primary projection (longer only than M. d. umbrosa) and its more strongly hooked and, compared to M. d. dauurica, narrower bill; from M. randi and M. segregata in its shorter tail, less extensive pale area on lower mandible, and longer undertail coverts, and from M. segregata in its narrower bill and shorter tarsi.
The song of the new species is higher-pitched than that of all similar Asian species, and differs from them additionally in its combination of relatively narrow bandwidth, few note repetitions, mostly clear, longer notes, few harmonics, and low similarity between adjacent strophes.
(From Harris et al. 2014)
The distribution of M. sodhii is poorly known. It is evidently widely distributed in lowland and submontane forest throughout Sulawesi. This wide distribution coupled with the species' apparent tolerance of disturbed habitats suggests it is not currently threatened with extinction.
The elevational range of Muscicapa sodhii is mainly within an elevational band of 150 m asl to 1,200 m in lowland and submontane evergreen forest and disturbed habitats. There are few records at higher elevations; the occasional observations of the species at Badeaha and Danau Tambing at c. 1,700 m may be exceptional and could involve post-breeding dispersal. While approximately half of the records are from primary lowland and submontane forests, the frequency of records (including that of the holotype and paratype) in disturbed habitats indicates that the species is tolerant of disturbance. It appears likely, however, that when it occurs in cacao plantations it requires the presence of at least scattered mature native forest trees.
(From Harris et al. 2014)
The Sulawesi streaked flycatcher (Muscicapa sodhii) is a small passerine bird in the Old World flycatcher family. It has only been recorded in Sulawesi, where it is known to breed. It appears not to be endangered, being less sensitive to disturbance than many of Southeast Asia's forest-dependent birds.[1]
The species was first announced in 1999 but no formal description was included in the report.[2] Its Latin name, Muscicapa sodhii, was given in honor of Navjot Sodhi (1962-2011), an Indian ornithologist and conservationist.[1]
The bird is about 14 cm (5.5 in) long and has a streaked brownish-grey plumage, with a pale throat and breast. It has a distinctive white eye-ring and a blackish bill. The Sulawesi streaked flycatcher is usually found in the forest understorey and midstory, where it feeds on insects, such as flies, ants, and beetles.
The bird was first described in 2009 by a team of ornithologists from the Wildlife Conservation Society and the Indonesian Institute of Sciences. It was named after the late Mr. Sohdi, a conservationist from Sulawesi who had dedicated his life to protecting the island's wildlife.
The Sulawesi streaked flycatcher is considered to be a vulnerable species due to habitat loss caused by deforestation and conversion of forested areas to agriculture. The bird is currently protected under Indonesian law, and conservation efforts are underway to protect its habitat and ensure its survival.
The Sulawesi streaked flycatcher looks similar to the grey-streaked flycatcher, which lives part of the year in Sulawesi, but breeds in Northern Asia. Genetically, it is more closely related to the Thai population of Asian brown flycatcher M. dauurica siamensis.[1]
While there is not a lot of information available on the Sulawesi streaked flycatcher, there are scientific papers and reports published on the bird that provide more detailed information on its biology, behavior, and conservation status.
The Sulawesi streaked flycatcher (Muscicapa sodhii) is a small passerine bird in the Old World flycatcher family. It has only been recorded in Sulawesi, where it is known to breed. It appears not to be endangered, being less sensitive to disturbance than many of Southeast Asia's forest-dependent birds.
The species was first announced in 1999 but no formal description was included in the report. Its Latin name, Muscicapa sodhii, was given in honor of Navjot Sodhi (1962-2011), an Indian ornithologist and conservationist.
The bird is about 14 cm (5.5 in) long and has a streaked brownish-grey plumage, with a pale throat and breast. It has a distinctive white eye-ring and a blackish bill. The Sulawesi streaked flycatcher is usually found in the forest understorey and midstory, where it feeds on insects, such as flies, ants, and beetles.
The bird was first described in 2009 by a team of ornithologists from the Wildlife Conservation Society and the Indonesian Institute of Sciences. It was named after the late Mr. Sohdi, a conservationist from Sulawesi who had dedicated his life to protecting the island's wildlife.
The Sulawesi streaked flycatcher is considered to be a vulnerable species due to habitat loss caused by deforestation and conversion of forested areas to agriculture. The bird is currently protected under Indonesian law, and conservation efforts are underway to protect its habitat and ensure its survival.
The Sulawesi streaked flycatcher looks similar to the grey-streaked flycatcher, which lives part of the year in Sulawesi, but breeds in Northern Asia. Genetically, it is more closely related to the Thai population of Asian brown flycatcher M. dauurica siamensis.
While there is not a lot of information available on the Sulawesi streaked flycatcher, there are scientific papers and reports published on the bird that provide more detailed information on its biology, behavior, and conservation status.
La papamoscas de Célebes (Muscicapa sodhii) es una especie de ave paseriforme de la familia Muscicapidae.[1][2]
Es endémica de las selvas de Célebes.
Se encuentra ligeramente amenazada por la pérdida de su hábitat natural.
La papamoscas de Célebes (Muscicapa sodhii) es una especie de ave paseriforme de la familia Muscicapidae.
De sulawesivliegenvanger (Muscicapa sodhii) is een vogelsoort uit de familie van de Muscicapidae (vliegenvangers). De vogel werd in 1997 ontdekt maar is pas in 2014 uitgebreid beschreven als nieuwe soort. De vogel is vernoemd naar de Indiase hoogleraar wijlen dr. Navjot S. Sodhi (1962–2011) die veel heeft gedaan voor de natuurbescherming in Zuidoost-Azië.[1][2]
Deze vliegenvanger lijkt sterk op de gestreepte vliegenvanger (M. griseisticta) maar verschilt uiterlijk door kortere vleugels, een meer gebogen, kortere en dunnere snavel en kortere staart. Naast deze uiterlijke kenmerken is uitgebreid studie gemaakt van de zang en van het mitochondriaal DNA in vergelijking tot dat van verwante soorten zoals de gestreepte vliegenvanger en de bruine vliegenvanger (M. dauurica).[1]
De vliegenvanger is op diverse plaatsen in Midden-Celebes aangetroffen in loofbos zowel in laagland als tot op 1200 m boven de zeespiegel. Er zijn sterke aanwijzingen dat de vogel broedt op Celebes. De vogel werd ook aangetroffen in cacaoplantages, mits daar ook resten van natuurlijk bos in de buurt waren.[1]
De sulawesivliegenvanger bleek wijd verspreid voor te komen in de bossen van Sulawesi, ook in bos dat sterk was aangetast. Het feit dat de vogel dus betrekkelijk tolerant is voor aantasting van het oorspronkelijke, natuurlijke bos, wijst erop dat hij niet bedreigd wordt met uitsterven. De soort is nog niet geëvalueerd voor de Rode Lijst van de IUCN.[1]
Bronnen, noten en/of referentiesDe sulawesivliegenvanger (Muscicapa sodhii) is een vogelsoort uit de familie van de Muscicapidae (vliegenvangers). De vogel werd in 1997 ontdekt maar is pas in 2014 uitgebreid beschreven als nieuwe soort. De vogel is vernoemd naar de Indiase hoogleraar wijlen dr. Navjot S. Sodhi (1962–2011) die veel heeft gedaan voor de natuurbescherming in Zuidoost-Azië.
Sodhiflugsnappare[1] (Muscicapa sodhii) är en fågel i familjen flugsnappare inom ordningen tättingar.[2] Den är en nyligen beskriven art som förekommer på Sulawesi.[2] IUCN erkänner ännu inte sodhiflugsnappare som art, varför den inte placeras i någon hotkategori.
Wikispecies har information om Muscicapa sodhii.
Sodhiflugsnappare (Muscicapa sodhii) är en fågel i familjen flugsnappare inom ordningen tättingar. Den är en nyligen beskriven art som förekommer på Sulawesi. IUCN erkänner ännu inte sodhiflugsnappare som art, varför den inte placeras i någon hotkategori.
