Songs are acquired through two phases: memorization and crystallization. Memorization begins within a few months of hatching and continues into the first breeding season. Yellow-rumped caciques don’t fully crystallize their songs until their third year. Vocal signals are used to attract mates, defend territories, and advertise status. Colonies share 5 to 7 song dialects that differ from other colonies and are changed throughout the breeding season. Members are able to adopt these changes quickly and allow the colony to distinguish outsiders. Songs have social significances and males counter-sing one another to establish dominance.
Communication Channels: acoustic
Other Communication Modes: mimicry
Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical
Cacicus cela according to IUCN Red List is at low risk with no concern. They are abundant throughout their habitat.
US Federal List: no special status
CITES: no special status
State of Michigan List: no special status
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern
Yellow-rumped caciques are vulnerable to predators while searching for food in the understory. Their bright yellow color makes them highly visible. Birds in the genus Accipiter (goshawks or sparrowhawks) and Micrastur (forest falcons) are known predators. Yellow-rumped caciques are also subject to many nest predators. However, they nest in areas that are well-protected from most mammals, snakes, and other birds. Wasp-nest colonies in close proximity provide protection from mammals, however, yellow-rumped caciques must ensure enough space between themselves and these wasps to avoid attack. Stelopolybia fuscipennis is a species of wasp that has been seen to drive away monkeys. Yellow-rumped caciques also sometimes live in island environments, which protect them from snakes. Caimans, such as the black caiman (Melanosuchus niger), often eat or deter snakes before they reach nests. In driving away other bird species, colony size is important. Other birds are "mobbed" by the colony when they posed a threat to nests.
Known Predators:
Anti-predator Adaptations: aposematic
Yellow-rumped caciques are sexually dimorphic. Adult males range from 27 to 29.5 cm long and weigh approximately 100 g. Adult females typically reach 23 to 25 cm long and weight 60 to 80 g. Both sexes have similar colors, but females tend to be less colorful. Adults are mostly black but have a yellow spot on their wings and another bright yellow patch on their rump. They have pale blue eyes and a greenish yellow bill. When perched, the bright yellow colors can still be seen. This distinguishes yellow-rumped caciques from closely related red-rumped caciques (Cacicus haemorrhous).
First year yellow-rumped caciques have brown patches on the base of the bill and dark purple eyes. In second year birds, the bill is clear yellow and they have blue eyes. Males have olive edges on the belly feathers and females have traces of purple in their eyes. By third year they will express adult coloration.
Range mass: 60 to 103 g.
Range length: 23 to 30 cm.
Other Physical Features: endothermic ; homoiothermic; bilateral symmetry
Sexual Dimorphism: male larger; male more colorful
There is no information on lifespan in the literature.
Yellow-rumped caciques typically do not live deep inside forests. They are considered an “edge” species, preferring to live along the forest borders near open areas such as fields and lakes. They typically nest in tree canopies, but also may be found in dense shrubbery. Because of their preference for forest borders, yellow-rumped caciques are frequently seen near areas of human activities.
Range elevation: 400 (low) m.
Habitat Regions: temperate ; tropical ; terrestrial
Terrestrial Biomes: forest ; rainforest ; scrub forest
Other Habitat Features: suburban ; estuarine
Yellow-rumped caciques (Cacicus cela) are widespread across northern South America. They can be found east of the Andes Mountains throughout the Amazon Basin. Yellow-rumped caciques are more numerous in the tropics than in temperate regions although some have been spotted along the southern border of Bolivia which is considered to be the southern (more temperate) extent of their range. They inhabit all northern countries of South America and extend east throughout the upper half of Brazil. They are native to the Amazon and have not been introduced into any other regions.
Biogeographic Regions: neotropical (Native )
Yellow-rumped caciques are insectivorous, feeding their young arthropods, mainly grasshoppers, crickets, and katydids (Orthoptera), but also orb-weaver spiders (Araneidae). Adults are not only insectivorous, but also fulfill their protein demands by eating fruits and nectar. Fruits of chupa-chupa (Quararubea cordata) trees are a favorite, along with figs (Ficus trigona). They also hunt in tree canopies for caterpillers and other invertebrates.
Animal Foods: insects; terrestrial non-insect arthropods; terrestrial worms
Plant Foods: fruit; nectar
Primary Diet: omnivore
Giant cowbirds (Scaphidura oryzivor) have been noted as nest predators. They attack both yellow-rumped cacique nests and a common neighboring species: russet-backed oropendolas (Psarcolius angustifrons). Female giant cowbirds are more prone to visit the nests of oropendolas than caciques, but it has been suggested that the two neighboring birds have a mutualistic relationship. Cowbirds visiting unprotected oropendola nests may be driven away by male yellow-rumped caciques.
Where yellow-rumped caciques nest on islands, their nests may be protected from terrestrial predators, such as snakes, through predation in by black caimans (Melanosuchus niger). Stelopolybia fuscipennis is a species of wasp that has been seen to drive away monkeys in yellow-cacique nest colonies.
Mutualist Species:
Commensal/Parasitic Species:
Yellow-rumped caciques do not appear to provide direct economic benefit to humans. However, loss of this bird is likely to contribute to human problems. Yellow-rumped caciques often live on the edges of forests and nearby towns. They are insectivorous and feed on a large number of pest insects. Along with this, many people enjoy listening to their songs.
Positive Impacts: controls pest population
There are no known adverse effects of Cacicus cela on humans.
Yellow-rumped caciques are polygynous, meaning that one male mates with many females. They are a colonial species, with group nests typically occupying one to two trees. Access to females depends upon dominance, which has been shown to correlate with weight. Larger size means greater numbers of females. Males compete with one another through their size and communication with aerial grappling and face to face “shouting”. In addition, males counter-sing to one another. The individual who cannot keep up with crystallized songs is defeated. In all male bouts, there is a distinct winner and loser.
Females also compete with one another within a colony. As with males, size plays in important role in female dominance. Female yellow-rumped caciques fight to obtain prime nesting spot to ensure their eggs will be safe. Nest materials and spots have been stolen from by neighbors and aerial grappling and “shouting” also occurs. However, unlike males, not all female bouts have a distinct winner or loser.
Mating System: polygynous
The breeding season for yellow-rumped caciques lasts eight months, from July to February. Males mate with many females, but are limited by their ability to obtain and protect the females. After mating, males show no parental investment in the offspring except in aiding females in protecting the nest. While females are foraging or gathering materials, males assume duties for nest and territory protection. Re-nesting occurs at least once during the breeding season.
Females lay two eggs, each weighing 5 to 6 g. However, most of the time, only one egg survives. Eggs hatch about 15 days later and a single 2 to 3 g bird emerges. Mother birds feed her young arthropods. After about 25 days, young birds are able to fly on their own. Offspring mature in about two years, after having memorized most of the songs they will need in communication.
Breeding interval: Yellow-rumped caciques typically only breed once during the season, but some may breed twice.
Breeding season: Yellow-rumped caciques have an eight month breeding season that runs from July to February.
Range eggs per season: 0 to 2.
Range time to hatching: 13 to 14 days.
Range fledging age: 35 to 65 days.
Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 2 years.
Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 2 years.
Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; oviparous
Other than mating with females and protecting their territories, males play no part in parental care. Females are responsible for all other reproductive activities and offspring care. Females build the nests, incubate the eggs, and feed the young. Female mass fluctuates between 60 and 80 g throughout the process. The nests are typically built high in the canopy and hang from branches. Nests are built largely with twigs and leaves. Nestlings fledge when their weight reaches approximately 50 to 88 g, at about 25 days after hatching. Once young are capable of flying, mothers slowly gain their weight back which was lost while feeding young.
Parental Investment: female parental care ; pre-fertilization (Provisioning, Protecting: Female); pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female)
Les especies d'aves con nome común en llingua asturiana márquense como NOA. En casu contrariu, conséñase'l nome científicu o de la SEO.
Cacicus cela[1] ye una especie d'ave paseriforme de la familia Icteridae mesma de Suramérica.[2]
Cola denominación común de glayu esta especie y subespecies alcontrar en América del Sur (principalmente en Venezuela, Colombia, Brasil, Ecuador, Perú, Panamá y Guyana.).[3]
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Esta páxina forma parte del wikiproyeutu Aves, un esfuerciu collaborativu col fin d'ameyorar y organizar tolos conteníos rellacionaos con esti tema. Visita la páxina d'alderique del proyeutu pa collaborar y facer entrugues o suxerencies. Les especies d'aves con nome común en llingua asturiana márquense como NOA. En casu contrariu, conséñase'l nome científicu o de la SEO. Cacicus cela ye una especie d'ave paseriforme de la familia Icteridae mesma de Suramérica.
Cacicus cela és un ocell de la família dels ictèrids (Icteridae) que rep en diverses llengües el nom de "cacic de carpó groc" (Anglès: Yellow-rumped Cacique. Espanyol: Cacique lomiamarillo). Habita zones boscoses, incloent vores de rius i manglars, a la meitat septentrional d'Amèrica del Sud, a Panamà, Colòmbia, oest i est d'Equador, nord-oest i est de Perú, Veneçuela, Trinidad, Guaianes, nord i est de Bolívia i Brasil amazònic i costa oriental.
Cacicus cela és un ocell de la família dels ictèrids (Icteridae) que rep en diverses llengües el nom de "cacic de carpó groc" (Anglès: Yellow-rumped Cacique. Espanyol: Cacique lomiamarillo). Habita zones boscoses, incloent vores de rius i manglars, a la meitat septentrional d'Amèrica del Sud, a Panamà, Colòmbia, oest i est d'Equador, nord-oest i est de Perú, Veneçuela, Trinidad, Guaianes, nord i est de Bolívia i Brasil amazònic i costa oriental.
Aderyn a rhywogaeth o adar yw Casig tinfelyn (sy'n enw gwrywaidd; enw lluosog: casigiaid tinfelyn) a adnabyddir hefyd gyda'i enw gwyddonol Cacicus cela; yr enw Saesneg arno yw Yellow-rumped cacique. Mae'n perthyn i deulu'r Tresglod (Lladin: Icteridae) sydd yn urdd y Passeriformes.[1]
Talfyrir yr enw Lladin yn aml yn C. cela, sef enw'r rhywogaeth.[2] Mae'r rhywogaeth hon i'w chanfod yn Ne America a Gogledd America.
Mae'r casig tinfelyn yn perthyn i deulu'r Tresglod (Lladin: Icteridae). Dyma rai o aelodau eraill y teulu:
Rhestr Wicidata:
rhywogaeth enw tacson delwedd Casig tingoch bach Cacicus haemorrhous Tresglen frongoch Sturnella militaris
Aderyn a rhywogaeth o adar yw Casig tinfelyn (sy'n enw gwrywaidd; enw lluosog: casigiaid tinfelyn) a adnabyddir hefyd gyda'i enw gwyddonol Cacicus cela; yr enw Saesneg arno yw Yellow-rumped cacique. Mae'n perthyn i deulu'r Tresglod (Lladin: Icteridae) sydd yn urdd y Passeriformes.
Talfyrir yr enw Lladin yn aml yn C. cela, sef enw'r rhywogaeth. Mae'r rhywogaeth hon i'w chanfod yn Ne America a Gogledd America.
Die Gelbbürzelkassike oder Gelbrücken-Stirnvogel (Cacicus cela), auch Arendajo, ist ein südamerikanischer Singvogel aus der Familie der Stärlinge.
Das Männchen der Gelbbürzelkassike erreicht eine Körperlänge von 27,5 bis 29 cm. Die Weibchen sind wesentlich kleiner und erreichen nur eine Größe von 24 bis 25 cm. Das Gefieder ist glänzend schwarz mit gelben Federn an den Flügeldecken, dem Rumpf und am Schwanz. Hierin unterscheiden sich die Geschlechter nur wenig.
Es ist eine sehr gesellige Art, die in großen Schwärmen vor allem in der Dämmerung aktiv ist. Diese Schwärme sind auch sehr laut und deshalb schon von weither hörbar.
Die Art bewohnt das nördliche Südamerika von Ostpanama über Venezuela bis Brasilien, Peru und Bolivien. Ebenso finden sich einige Populationen auf der Karibik-Insel Trinidad.
Bewohnt werden hier hauptsächlich Baumwipfel an Waldrändern, Lichtungen und halboffene Landschaften.
Sie nisten in Kolonien in hängenden Beutelnestern, die sie für gewöhnlich in der Nähe von Wespennestern bauen. Es wird angenommen, dass diese Nachbarschaft einen gewissen Schutz vor räuberischen Tukanen wie Arassaris bietet, die diese Gelege öfters plündern. Sick stellte die Theorie auf, dass die Wespen ebenfalls eine Fliege, Philornis pici, von den Gelegen der Gelbrücken-Stirnvögel, von deren Geruch sie angeblich angezogen werden, abhalten und somit die Parasitierung durch eine Milbenart verhindert wird. Eine weitere Gefahr ist der Kurzschnabel-Maskentyrann (Legatus leucophaius), der oft seine Eier in die Nester des Gelbbürzelkassike legt und deren Eier aus dem Nest wirft.
Die Gelbbürzelkassike oder Gelbrücken-Stirnvogel (Cacicus cela), auch Arendajo, ist ein südamerikanischer Singvogel aus der Familie der Stärlinge.
The yellow-rumped cacique (Cacicus cela) is a passerine bird in the New World family Icteridae. It breeds in much of northern South America from Panama and Trinidad south to Peru, Bolivia and central Brazil. However, they have been sighted as far north as Nayarit state in Mexico.
The yellow-rumped cacique was formally described by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1758 in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae under the binomial name Parus cela.[2] Why Linnaeus picked this specific epithet is uncertain but it may be shorthand for the Ancient Greek kelainos meaning "black".[3] Linnaeus mistakenly specified the Habitat as in Indiis (India). The type location was designated as Suriname by the Austrian ornithologist Carl Eduard Hellmayr in 1906.[4][5] The yellow-rumped cacique is now placed in the genus Cacique that was introduced by the Bernard Germain de Lacépède in 1799.[6][7]
Three subspecies are recognised:[7]
The first two subspecies may be a separate species, the saffron-rumped cacique.[8]
The male is on average 28 centimetres (11 in) long and weighs about 104 grams (3.7 oz), with the female 23 centimetres (9.1 in) long and weighing approximately 60 grams (2.1 oz). The yellow-rumped cacique is a slim bird, with a long tail, blue eyes, and a pale yellow pointed bill. It has mainly black plumage, apart from a bright yellow rump, tail base, lower belly and wing "epaulets". The female is duller black than the male, and the juvenile bird resembles the female, but has dark eyes and a brown bill base.
The song of the male yellow-rumped cacique is a brilliant mixture of fluting notes with cackles, wheezes and sometimes mimicry. There are also many varied calls, and an active colony can be heard from a considerable distance.[8]
The yellow-rumped cacique is a bird associated with open woodland or cultivation with large trees.
This gregarious bird eats large insects (such as beetles, caterpillars, crickets, grasshoppers and katydids),[9][10] spiders[9] (such as orb-weavers),[10] nectar[9][10] and fruit (such as chupa-chupa and figs).[10]
It is a colonial breeder, with up to 100 bag-shaped nests in a tree, which usually also contains an active wasp nest. The females build the nests, incubate, and care for the young. Each nest is 30–45 cm long and widens at the base, and is suspended from the end of a branch. Females compete for the best sites near the protection of the wasp nest. The normal clutch is two dark-blotched pale blue or white eggs. Females begin incubating after laying the second egg; hatching occurs after 13 or 14 days. The young fledge in 34 to 40 days, usually only one per nest.
The yellow-rumped cacique has benefited from the more open habitat created by forest clearance and ranching. It is not considered threatened by the IUCN.[11]
In Peruvian folklore, this species – like other caciques and oropendolas – is called paucar, or – referring to this species only – paucarcillo ("little paucar"). This species is apparently the paucar that, according to a folktale of Moyobamba, originated as a rumor-mongering boy who always wore black pants and a yellow jacket. When he spread an accusation against an old woman who was a fairy in disguise, she turned him into a noisy, wandering bird. The bird's appearance is thought to augur good news.[12]
The yellow-rumped cacique (Cacicus cela) is a passerine bird in the New World family Icteridae. It breeds in much of northern South America from Panama and Trinidad south to Peru, Bolivia and central Brazil. However, they have been sighted as far north as Nayarit state in Mexico.
La Flavpuga caciko, Cacicus cela, estas specio de birdo de la familio de Ikteredoj kaj genro de kacikoj, kiuj estas nigraj birdoj kun flavaj aŭ ruĝaj markoj kaj bluaj okuloj. Ili reproduktiĝas en multe de norda Sudameriko el Panamo kaj Trinidado suden al Peruo, Bolivio kaj centra Brazilo.
La masklo estas averaĝe 28 cm longa kaj pezas ĉirkaŭ 104 g, kaj ino 23 cm longa kaj peza ĉirkaŭ 60 g. La Flavpuga caciko estas svelta birdo, kun longa vosto, bluaj okuloj, kaj palflava pintakra beko. Ĝi havas ĉefe nigran plumaron, krom brilflavajn tre etendan pugon (kio nomigas la specion), vostobazon, suban ventron kaj ŝultromakulojn kiuj kuniĝas al la pugo. La ino estas pli senkolore nigra ol la masklo, kaj junulo similas al ino, sed havas malhelajn okulojn kaj brunan bekobazon.
La kanto de la masklo de Flavpuga caciko estas brila miksaĵo de flutecaj notoj kun klukadoj, fajfoj kaj foje imitado. Estas ankaŭ multaj variaj alvokoj, kaj tiele aktiva kolonio povas esti aŭdata de malproksime.[1]
Ĝi havas tri subspeciojn:
La du lastaj povus esti separata specio, nome Safranpuga kaciko.[3]
La Flavpuga caciko estas birdo asocia kun malfermaj arbaroj aŭ kultivejoj kun grandaj arboj. Tiu gregema birdo manĝas grandajn insektojn kaj fruktojn.
Ĝi estas kolonia reproduktanto, kun ĝis 100 sakformaj nestoj en unu arbo, kiu kutime enhavas ankaŭ aktivan vesponeston. La inoj konstruas la nestojn, kovas kaj zorgas la idojn. Ĉiu nesto estas 30–45 cm longa kaj larĝas ĉe bazo, kaj pendas el fino de branĉo. Inoj konkurencas por la plej bona nestoloko ĉe la protekto de la vesponesto. Kutima ovaro estas de du malhelpunktecaj helbluecaj aŭ blankecaj ovoj. Inoj ekkovas post la demeto de la dua ovo; eloviĝo okazas post 13 aŭ 14 tagoj. Elnestiĝo okazas post 34 aŭ 40 tagoj, kutime nur de unu ido en ĉiu nesto.
La Flavpuga caciko profitis el la pli malferma habitato kreita de arbarklarigado kaj farmado. Ĝi estas konsiderata ne minacata fare de la IUCN[4].
La Flavpuga caciko, Cacicus cela, estas specio de birdo de la familio de Ikteredoj kaj genro de kacikoj, kiuj estas nigraj birdoj kun flavaj aŭ ruĝaj markoj kaj bluaj okuloj. Ili reproduktiĝas en multe de norda Sudameriko el Panamo kaj Trinidado suden al Peruo, Bolivio kaj centra Brazilo.
El cacique lomiamarillo (Cacicus cela, también conocida como paucar),[1] es una especie de ave paseriforme de la familia Icteridae propia de Sudamérica (Brasil, Venezuela, Guyana, Colombia, Ecuador y Perú). Su plumaje es de un color amarillo pálido y negro. Los machos llegan a medir unos 28 cm. de largo y con un peso de 104 gramos, mientras las hembras miden 23 cm. y un peso de 60 gramos. Construye sus nidos de forma pendular en árboles aislados o cercanos a los humanos, para así evitar ser saqueados por los monos. Son grandes imitadores del canto de otras aves ya que en su repertorio poseen cerca de 200 cantos.[2]
Se conocen tres de ellas:
Con la denominación común de arrendajo esta especie y subespecies se localizan en América del Sur (principalmente en Venezuela, Colombia, Brasil, Ecuador, Perú, Panamá y Guyana.).[3]
El cacique lomiamarillo (Cacicus cela, también conocida como paucar), es una especie de ave paseriforme de la familia Icteridae propia de Sudamérica (Brasil, Venezuela, Guyana, Colombia, Ecuador y Perú). Su plumaje es de un color amarillo pálido y negro. Los machos llegan a medir unos 28 cm. de largo y con un peso de 104 gramos, mientras las hembras miden 23 cm. y un peso de 60 gramos. Construye sus nidos de forma pendular en árboles aislados o cercanos a los humanos, para así evitar ser saqueados por los monos. Son grandes imitadores del canto de otras aves ya que en su repertorio poseen cerca de 200 cantos.
Cacicus cela Cacicus generoko animalia da. Hegaztien barruko Icteridae familian sailkatua dago.
Kultaperäkasikki (Cacicus cela) on laajalla alueella Keski- ja Etelä-Amerikassa tavattava turpiaaleihin kuuluva varpuslintu.
Kooltaan kultaperäkasikki on 23–29 cm ja koiras on naarasta kookkaampi. Väritykseltään laji on pääosin kiiltävän musta. Siipilaikku, alavatsa ja perä ovat väriltään kirkkaan keltainen. Kultaperäkasikin nokka on väriltään valkoinen ja silmän iiris on sininen.[3][4][5]
Kultaperäkasikin levinneisyysalue ulottuu Panaman länsiosista etelään aina Bolivian pohjoisosiin ja Brasiliaan. Lisäksi lajia tavataan myös Trinidad ja Tobagossa. Linnun elinympäristöä ovat metsien reunamaat, metsät ja puoliavoimet ympäristöt, joilla kasvaa yksittäisiä puita.[3][5]
Kultaperäkasikit liikkuvat suurina ryhminä. Laji pesii kolonioissa ja yhdessä puussa voi olla jopa sata pussimaista pesää. Pesä sijaitsee usein joessa olevassa saaressa sijaitsevassa puussa, jossa on usein myös herhiläispesä. Herhiläiset suojaavat pesiä petolinnuilta ja joessa elävät kaimaanit ja saukot syövät käärmeitä, jotka voisivat myös olla uhkana pesiville linnuille. Herhiläisten arvellaan myös karkottavan kärpäsiä, joilla on loisina punkkeja, jotka poikasiin tarttuessaan voivat tappaa ne. Yhteispesinnästä on etua myös petolintujen karkottamisessa. Jos pedot onnistuvat tuhoamaan pesiä, naaraat rakentavat uuden koloniaan toiseen puuhun. Parhaissa pesäpuissa on eniten pesiä. [6][7]
Kultaperäkasikki (Cacicus cela) on laajalla alueella Keski- ja Etelä-Amerikassa tavattava turpiaaleihin kuuluva varpuslintu.
Cacicus cela
Le Cassique cul-jaune (Cacicus cela) est une espèce de passereau d'Amérique du Sud de la famille des ictéridés.
Le Cassique cul-jaune est une espèce commune des tropiques de l’Amérique latine. Il occupe tout le nord et l’ouest du Brésil, une étroite bande le long de la côte est du Brésil, le nord de la Bolivie, l’ouest et le nord-ouest du Pérou, l’est et l’ouest de l’Équateur, le sud et l’ouest et le nord de la Colombie, presque tout le Venezuela, le Guyana, le Suriname, la Guyane française et la moitié sud du Panama.
D'après Alan P. Peterson, il existe les trois sous-espèces suivantes :
Le Cassique cul-jaune occupe les forêts clairsemées et les lisières forestières. Il a beaucoup tiré profit de la construction des routes et des percées dans les forêts tropicales humides. Il ne s’aventure dans la forêt dense que pour se nourrir. Dans la forêt amazonienne d’origine, il était probablement confiné aux lisières forestières le long des cours d’eau et des marais ainsi que les varzeas.
Ce cassique niche en colonies de taille variable. Les nids sont souvent regroupés à proximité d’un nid de guêpe (Polistinae) afin d’obtenir une protection accrue contre les prédateurs. Les nids sont souvent localisés sur des îles afin de les rendre moins accessibles aux prédateurs. Les colonies mixes avec des membres du genre Psarocolius et le Cassique cul-rouge sont fréquentes. Le Cacique cul-jaune peut être l’hôte du Vacher géant et parfois aussi du Vacher luisant. Cette espèce est polygyne et seule la femelle construit le nid, incube les œufs et élève les jeunes.
Cacicus cela
Le Cassique cul-jaune (Cacicus cela) est une espèce de passereau d'Amérique du Sud de la famille des ictéridés.
Il cacicco groppagialla (Cacicus cela (Linnaeus, 1758)) è un uccello della famiglia Icteridae.[2] Questo uccello si riproduce in gran parte del Sud America settentrionale, da Panama e Trinidad, a sud, in Perù, Bolivia e Brasile centrale. Tuttavia, sono stati avvistati esemplari fino allo stato di Nayarit, in Messico.
I maschi sono in media lunghi circa 28 centimetri (11 pollici), per un peso di circa 104 grammi (3,7 once), mentre le femmina sono in media lunghe 23 centimetri (9,1 pollici), per un peso di circa 60 grammi (2,1 once). Il cacicco groppagialla è un uccello snello, con una lunga coda, occhi azzurri ed un becco a punta giallo pallido. Presenta principalmente un piumaggio nero, ad eccezione del dorso, della base della coda, il ventre e le "spalline" alari che sono giallo brillanti. Le femmine sono più nere dei maschi, ed i giovani somigliano alle femmine, ma hanno gli occhi scuri e la base del becco marrone.
Il canto del maschio è una brillante miscela di note flautate con schiamazzi, sibili e talvolta mimica di altri uccelli. Ci sono anche molti richiami vari ed una colonia attiva può essere udita da una distanza considerevole.[3]
Il cacicco groppagialla abita i boschi aperti o le piantagioni con grandi alberi. Questo uccello gregario si nutre di grandi insetti e frutta.
Nidifica in colonie, che possono contare fino a 100 nidi a forma di sacco su un solo albero, che di solito contiene anche un nido di vespe attivo. Le femmine costruiscono i nidi, covano e si prendono cura dei piccoli. Ogni nido è lungo circa 30–45 centimetri, allargandosi alla base ed è sospeso all'estremità di un ramo. Le femmine competono per i migliori siti, spesso vicino al nido di vespe che forniscono protezione da eventuali predatori. Una covata media è costituita da 2 uova blu chiaro o bianche con macchie scure. Le femmine iniziano a incubare dopo aver deposto il secondo uovo; la schiusa avviene dopo circa 13-14 giorni. I giovani impennano a 34-40 giorni di vita, solitamente un solo pulcino sopravvive per nido.
Il cacicco groppagialla ha tre sottospecie:
Le ultime due sottospecie potrebbero in realtà rappresentare una specie separata, il cacicco groppa zafferano.[3]
Il cacicco groppagialla è una delle poche specie che ha beneficiato dalla deforestazione, che hanno creato un habitat più aperto che questa specie predilige. Secondo la classificazione della IUCN Non è considerato minacciato.[5]
Nel folklore peruviano questa specie - come altri cacicchi e oropendole - è chiamata paucar, o - riferendosi solo a questa specie - paucarcillo ("piccolo paucar"). Secondo un racconto popolare di Moyobamba, questo uccello era originariamente un ragazzo che diffondeva voci e che indossava sempre pantaloni neri e una giacca gialla. Quando il ragazzo diffuse un'accusa contro una vecchia donna che era in realtà una fata travestita, lei lo trasformò in un rumoroso uccello errante. Si pensa che l'aspetto dell'uccello sia di buon auspicio.[6]
Il cacicco groppagialla (Cacicus cela (Linnaeus, 1758)) è un uccello della famiglia Icteridae. Questo uccello si riproduce in gran parte del Sud America settentrionale, da Panama e Trinidad, a sud, in Perù, Bolivia e Brasile centrale. Tuttavia, sono stati avvistati esemplari fino allo stato di Nayarit, in Messico.
De geelstuitbuidelspreeuw (geelrugbuidelspreeuw, Cacicus cela) is een van de grotere troepialen.
Hij is van snavelpunt tot staartuiteinde ongeveer 30 centimeter lang en weegt circa 100 gram.
Zijn snavel is groot en groenachtig, de stuit is felgeel. Zijn nest is 35-40 cm groot en langwerpig van vorm.
De geelstuitbuidelspreeuw is een koloniale broeder. Ze maken wel 100 nesten in een enkele boom. De nesten bevatten meestal een actief wespennest of worden daar zo dicht mogelijk bijgebouwd. De vrouwtjes leggen in het nest twee eitjes, die na 13 of 14 dagen uitkomen. De jongen verlaten het nest na 34 tot 40 dagen. Meestal overleeft er per nest niet meer dan 1 jong.
De geelstuitbuidelspreeuw komt voor in Zuid-Amerika van Panama en Trinidad ten zuiden van Peru, Bolivië en centraal Brazilië.
De geelstuitbuidelspreeuw (geelrugbuidelspreeuw, Cacicus cela) is een van de grotere troepialen.
Gulgumpkasik (Cacicus cela) er en fugl i trupialfamilien.
Det finnes 4 underarter av gulgumpkasik[2]:
Denne ornitologirelaterte artikkelen er foreløpig kort eller mangelfull, og du kan hjelpe Wikipedia ved å utvide den. 
Gulgumpkasik (Cacicus cela) er en fugl i trupialfamilien.
Cacicus cela, conhecido vulgarmente como xexéu, japi, japim, japiim, baguá, bom-é e joão-conguinho[2], é uma ave passeriforme da família Icteridae, pertencente à tribo Icterini. Ocorre na maior parte do norte da América do Sul, desde o Panamá e Trinidad até o Peru, Bolívia e a região central do Brasil.
"Xexéu" é oriundo do tupi xe'xéu[3]. "Japi", "japim" e "japiim" são oriundos do tupi ya'pi[4]. "Baguá" vem do tupi ipa gwá, "morador em brejo"[5].
O macho de xexéu mede aproximadamente 28 cm de comprimento e pesa cerca de 104 gramas, enquanto a fêmea atinge 23 cm e cerca de 60 gramas. No macho, a plumagem é essencialmente negra, à exceção do amarelo-vivo das asas, do uropígio e da parte inferior da cauda. Tanto na fêmea quanto nos juvenis, o preto é substituído pelo fuligem. O bico é branco, tendo um tom arroxeado na base; a íris é azulada.
Comum em bordas de matas, também podem ser encontrados em cerrados e florestas de galerias. Há três subespécies:[6]
Cacicus cela, conhecido vulgarmente como xexéu, japi, japim, japiim, baguá, bom-é e joão-conguinho, é uma ave passeriforme da família Icteridae, pertencente à tribo Icterini. Ocorre na maior parte do norte da América do Sul, desde o Panamá e Trinidad até o Peru, Bolívia e a região central do Brasil.
Gulgumpad kasik[2] (Cacicus cela) är en fågel i familjen trupialer inom ordningen tättingar.[3]
Gulgumpad kasik delas in i tre underarter:[3]
Sedan 2016 urskiljer Birdlife International vitellinus-gruppen som en egen art, "svartstjärtad kasik".
IUCN bedömer hoststatus för underartsgrupperna (eller arterna) var för sig, båda som livskraftiga.[1]
Wikimedia Commons har media som rör gulgumpad kasik.
Wikispecies har information om Cacicus cela.
Cacicus cela là một loài chim trong họ Icteridae.[2]
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Желтопоясничный чёрный кассик[1] (лат. Cacicus cela) — певчая птица семейства трупиаловых.
Самец достигает длины от 27,5 до 29 см. Самки существенно меньше и достигают длины от 24 до 25 см. Оперение блестяще чёрное с жёлтыми перьями на крыльях, спине и хвосте. Половой диморфизм не выражен.
Вид населяет северную часть Южной Америки, территорию от Восточной Панамы и Венесуэлы до Бразилии, Перу и Боливии. Несколько популяций имеются также на карибском острове Тринидад.
Птица населяет верхушки деревьев на опушках леса, полянах и полуоткрытые ландшафты.
Это очень общительный вид, живущий в больших стаях, активный, прежде всего, на рассвете. Стаи очень шумные и поэтому их слышно издалека.
Птицы гнездятся колониями в подвешенных на ветвях гнёздах, которые они строят большей частью вблизи гнёзд ос. Такое соседство даёт определённую защиту от хищных туканов, таких как арасари, которые часто разоряют кладку. Следующую опасность представляет тиранн-разбойник (Legatus leucophaius), который часто кладёт свои яйца в гнёзда птиц, выбрасывая при этом из гнезда яйца хозяина.
Желтопоясничный чёрный кассик (лат. Cacicus cela) — певчая птица семейства трупиаловых.
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