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Biology ( 英語 )

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Forming monogamous pairs that last over several breeding seasons (6), both the male and female maintain the territory they share with their dependent offspring year-round (5). During the breeding season, the female constructs a cup-shaped nest made of lichen and small twigs in the outer forks of a mature ohia tree (Metrasideros polymorpha). She lays a single egg and incubates it alone, while the male provides her with food. Both parents care for the chick for five to eight months until the chick's foraging skills have improved and its bill has strengthened (6). The Maui parrotbill feeds mainly on the larvae and pupae of wood- and fruit- boring beetles and the larvae and pupae of moths, as well as other invertebrates (2).
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Conservation ( 英語 )

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The Hawaiian Division of Forestry and Wildlife implemented a five year recovery plan for the Maui parrotbill in 2003, which aims to protect existing habitat, continue research into the ecology of the species and the threats it faces, restore potential habitat and run a captive breeding programme for release of Maui parrotbills into this newly restored habitat (7).
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Description ( 英語 )

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This honeycreeper is not a parrot at all, getting its common name from its parrot-like bill and its origin on the island of Maui. It is a stocky bird with a big head and a short tail. The head, back and wings are olive-green and the underside is yellow. The lower bill is yellowish-pink, and the top part of the bill is black. This dark colouration extends as a stripe through the eye. Above, a bold yellow streak runs across the head (2). Females are duller in colour (2) and smaller than males (3). Juveniles have white undersides and less vivid back colouration (3).
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Habitat ( 英語 )

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Inhabits native, montane, tropical forest at altitudes of 1,200 – 2,150 m above sea level (2).
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Range ( 英語 )

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Previously found on the Hawaiian islands of Maui and Molokai, this species is now limited to the slopes of the volcano Haleakala on Maui (4).
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Status ( 英語 )

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The Maui parrotbill is classified as Critically Endangered (CR B1ab(iii)) on the IUCN Red List 2004 (1).
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Threats ( 英語 )

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Already restricted to higher elevations because of mosquito-borne diseases at lower elevations, the Maui parrotbill is further excluded from the highest elevations due to habitat destruction, and is therefore limited to a very small range (7). Although it occupies all suitable areas, it has a low population density, with the total population currently numbering just 500 individuals (4). The population density is thought to be constrained by food availability, which has been reduced as a result of the habitat damage caused by feral pigs. Habitat degradation elsewhere appears to exacerbate the effects of heavy rainfall, which may have an effect on nest failure (7).
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Pinsà de bec de cotorra de Maui ( 加泰隆語 )

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El pinsà de bec de cotorra de Maui[1] (Pseudonestor xanthophrys) és un moixó de la família dels fringíl·lids (Fringillidae) endèmic de l'Illa de Maui, a les Hawaii. És l'única espècie del gènere Pseudonestor.

Descripció

  • És un dels majors fringíl·lids nadius de les Hawaii, amb una llargària d'uns 14 cm i un pes de 20 - 25 grams.[2]
  • Color groc al pit, galtes ventre. Color verd oliva a les ales, capell, cua i dors. Línia superciliar groc brillant.
  • La mandíbula superior del bec, de color gris fosc, té forma de ganxo i l'inferior és més clara.
  • Els mascles són majors que les femelles.

Hàbitat i distribució

Nadiu del bosc humit de les muntanyes de l'illa de Maui, a les Hawaii. Actualment a les vessants del Haleakala.

Estatus i conservació

Avui es considera en perill greu d'extinció, debut a la pèrdua del seu hàbitat natural transformat per a l'aprofitament per l'agricultura, la ramaderia i la silvicultura, a més de la introducció de mosquits transmissors de la malària aviar, rates que preden sobre els ous i els joves, i grans herbívors que destrueixen la vegetació. Segons un recompte realitzat en 2009 en la Reserva Waikamoi s'estima que hi ha prop de 20 ocells per quilòmetre quadrat a les zones favorables, i que la població es manté estable o augmenta lleugerament gràcies a les mesures proteccionistes emprades els darrers anys.

Referències

 src= A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Pinsà de bec de cotorra de Maui Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata


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Pinsà de bec de cotorra de Maui: Brief Summary ( 加泰隆語 )

由wikipedia CA提供

El pinsà de bec de cotorra de Maui (Pseudonestor xanthophrys) és un moixó de la família dels fringíl·lids (Fringillidae) endèmic de l'Illa de Maui, a les Hawaii. És l'única espècie del gènere Pseudonestor.

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Aderyn pigbraff Maui ( 威爾斯語 )

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Aderyn a rhywogaeth o adar yw Aderyn pigbraff Maui (sy'n enw gwrywaidd; enw lluosog: adar pigbraff Maui) a adnabyddir hefyd gyda'i enw gwyddonol Pseudonestor xanthophrys; yr enw Saesneg arno yw Maui parrotbill. Mae'n perthyn i deulu'r Mêl-gropwyr Hawaii (Lladin: Drepanididae) sydd yn urdd y Passeriformes.[1]

Talfyrir yr enw Lladin yn aml yn P. xanthophrys, sef enw'r rhywogaeth.[2] Mae'r rhywogaeth hon i'w chanfod yng Ngogledd America.

Teulu

Mae'r aderyn pigbraff Maui yn perthyn i deulu'r Mêl-gropwyr Hawaii (Lladin: Drepanididae) ac i deulu'r Fringillidae sef 'y Pincod'. Dyma rai o aelodau eraill y teulu:

Rhestr Wicidata:

rhywogaeth enw tacson delwedd Acepa Loxops coccineus Aderyn pigbraff Maui Pseudonestor xanthophrys
Pseudonestor xanthophrys.jpg
Mêl-gropiwr Kauai Oreomystis bairdi
Oreomystis bairdi.jpg
Mêl-gropiwr Molokai Paroreomyza flammea
Paroreomyza.flammea.jpg
Mêl-gropiwr Oahu Paroreomyza maculata
Paroreomyza maculata.jpg
Palîla Loxioides bailleui
LoxioidesBailleuiKeulemans.jpg
Pinc Laysan Telespiza cantans
Laysanfinchr.jpg
Pinc Nihoa Telespiza ultima
NihoaFinch.jpg
Diwedd y rhestr a gynhyrchwyd yn otomatig o Wicidata.

Gweler hefyd

Cyfeiriadau

  1. Gwefan Cymdeithas Edward Llwyd; adalwyd 30 Medi 2016.
  2. Gwefan Avibase; adalwyd 3 Hydref 2016.
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Aderyn pigbraff Maui: Brief Summary ( 威爾斯語 )

由wikipedia CY提供

Aderyn a rhywogaeth o adar yw Aderyn pigbraff Maui (sy'n enw gwrywaidd; enw lluosog: adar pigbraff Maui) a adnabyddir hefyd gyda'i enw gwyddonol Pseudonestor xanthophrys; yr enw Saesneg arno yw Maui parrotbill. Mae'n perthyn i deulu'r Mêl-gropwyr Hawaii (Lladin: Drepanididae) sydd yn urdd y Passeriformes.

Talfyrir yr enw Lladin yn aml yn P. xanthophrys, sef enw'r rhywogaeth. Mae'r rhywogaeth hon i'w chanfod yng Ngogledd America.

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Maui parrotbill ( 英語 )

由wikipedia EN提供

The Maui parrotbill or kiwikiu (Pseudonestor xanthophrys) is a species of Hawaiian honeycreeper endemic to the island of Maui in Hawaii. It can only be found in 50 square kilometres (19 sq mi) of mesic and wet forests at 1,200–2,150 metres (3,940–7,050 ft) on the windward slopes of Haleakalā.[3] This species is critically endangered, with an estimated population in 2016 of 250-540 individuals, but more recent estimates of less than 150 individuals.[4] Fossil evidence indicates that the bird could at one time be seen in dry forests at elevations as low as 200–300 metres (660–980 ft), as well as on the island of Molokaʻi.[5]

Description

Illustration by Frederick William Frohawk

The Maui parrotbill is one of the larger Hawaiian honeycreepers, measuring 14 centimetres (5.5 in)[4] and with a mass of 20–25 grams (0.71–0.88 oz). The bird is yellow on the breast, cheeks, and belly, olive-green on the wings, crown, tail, and back, and has a bright yellow supercilium. The upper mandible of the bird's beak is hooked and dark gray, while the lower mandible is chisel-like and pale ivory. Males are longer-winged, larger-billed, and heavier than females. Juveniles are gray-green above and light gray ventrally.[5]

Song

Its call is a short “chip”, which is similar to the Maui Nui ʻalauahio, chirped every three to five seconds. It song consists of “cheer” notes that are slower and richer than the ʻākepa. It also has a short song that sounds like “cheer-wee”.

Diet

The Maui parrotbill is an insectivore. It uses its large beak and powerful jaw muscles to remove bark and wood from small trees and shrubs such as ʻākala (Rubus hawaiensis), kanawao (Broussaisia arguta), and ʻōhiʻa lehua (Metrosideros polymorpha), eating the insects underneath. The Maui parrotbill also bites open fruits in search of insects. It is fond of moth pupae and beetle larvae. Pairs of birds forage in a territory of 2.3 hectares (5.7 acres), which they must defend from competing parrotbills.[5]

Breeding

The Maui parrotbill is monogamous and breeds between November and June. Females build a cup-shaped nest out of Usnea lichens and pūkiawe (Styphelia tameiameiae) twigs, placing it 12 metres (39 ft) above the forest floor. Pairs raise a single nestling per season. The female incubates it for 16 days. Fledglings remain with their parents for five to eight months as they learn how to forage.[5]

Habitat and distribution

The Maui parrotbill currently lives only in undisturbed wet forests dominated by ʻōhiʻa lehua (Metrosideros polymorpha) and small patches of ʻōhiʻa-koa (Acacia koa) mesic forest. Its habitat exhibits a dense understory of small trees, shrubs, epiphytes, ferns, and sedges,[5] centered between Puʻu ʻAlaea, Kuhiwa Valley, Lake Waianapanapa, and upper Kīpahulu Valley, an area less than 2,020 hectares (5,000 acres), at elevations of 1,310–2,070 metres (4,300–6,790 ft).[6]

Hawaiian name

As far as anyone can determine, Pseudonestor xanthophrys had not historically had a common name in the Hawaiian language. The Hawaiian name kiwikiu was developed by the Hawaiian Lexicon Committee, who was contacted by the Maui Forest Bird Recovery Project to select an appropriate name. A naming ceremony was held in the bird's habitat in September 2010. The "kiwi" part of the name means bent or curved (e.g., sickle-shaped), which refers to the shape of the bill of this bird. "Kiu" has a double meaning, referring both to the bird's secretive ways and to a cold, chilly wind, such as the breezes in the bird's habitat.[7][8]

Conservation

The Maui parrotbill's natural habitat is mesic and wet forests. It is threatened by habitat loss. Much of the land in the parrotbill's historic range was changed for agricultural purposes, timber production and animal grazing. Introduced pests, such as mosquitoes, rats, and feral ungulates directly and indirectly affect the parrotbill's survival. Mosquitoes spread avian malaria, which the parrotbill is susceptible to, rats prey upon the birds' eggs and young, and feral pigs uproot the low-lying vegetation that the parrotbill forages in. Pigs additionally create wallows, which serve as breeding grounds for avian malaria-infected mosquitoes.

The Maui parrotbill was listed as an endangered species in 1967 under the Endangered Species Act. It is also part of the Maui-Molokai Bird Recovery Plan in 1984, which led to fencing areas of East Maui and removing feral ungulates. The recovery plan also included a captive breeding program, which produced its first chick in 2003. Field research is primarily done by the Maui Forest Bird Recovery Project.[9]

A 2009 survey of the Waikamoi Preserve estimated that there were about 20 birds per square kilometer in the windward preserve near the summit of Haleakala, indicating that the population was holding steady or possibly increasing. A contributing factor is that native shrub cover in Waikamoi has tripled in the past 15 years. A previous study found about half the density. The preserve contains about 25 percent of the population, while most of the rest is in the Hanawi Natural Area Reserve. The birds were once found throughout Maui and Molokai. A 2019 effort is underway to reintroduce Maui parrotbill to leeward Maui, where it had been previously extirpated.[10] However, more recent studies have found that the population in fact dramatically declined after 2001, as climate change has made more of the higher-elevation forests that the kiwikiu inhabits more hospitable to mosquitoes. A translocation effort to a restored area on the leeward slopes of Haleakalā in 2019 failed after most birds succumbed to avian malaria, despite otherwise doing well in the habitat.[11]

It has been predicted that if the mosquito population continues increasing, Maui parrotbills may face functional extinction in the wild by 2027. Due to this, there have been several conservation efforts planned by the Maui Forest Bird Working Group, including at least temporarily fostering a sizeable captive population on zoos in the mainland United States (previous ex-situ conservation efforts were limited to only Hawaii), including potentially the National Aviary in Pennsylvania, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute in Virginia and the Tracy Aviary in Utah, potentially introduce a wild population to the island of Hawaii as a backup, manage and restore more habitat in Maui for eventual release, develop predator control tools, and perform landscape-scale mosquito control in the bird's native habitat.[12] The captive population will consist of 15 male and 15 female wild birds; removing such a large number of birds from an already-small wild population may accelerate the timeline of the species' possible extinction in the wild, but it can allow for a safe population to be bred in captivity away from avian malaria.[11]

References

  1. ^ BirdLife International (2016). "Pseudonestor xanthophrys". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22720753A94681687. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22720753A94681687.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
  2. ^ https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.105354/Pseudonestor_xanthophrys
  3. ^ "Maui Parrotbill" (PDF). Hawaii's Comprehensive Wildlife Conservation Strategy. State of Hawaiʻi. 2005-10-01. Retrieved 2009-03-22.
  4. ^ a b "Maui Parrotbill (Pseudonestor xanthophrys)". BirdLife Species Factsheets. BirdLife International. Retrieved 2009-03-22.
  5. ^ a b c d e "Revised Recovery Plan for Hawaiian Forest Birds" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on January 15, 2017. Retrieved May 8, 2023.
  6. ^ Walton Beacham; Frank V. Castronova; Suzanne Sessine, eds. (2000). "Maui Parrotbill (Pseudonestor xanthophrys)". Beacham's Guide to the Endangered Species of North America. Vol. 1. Detroit: Gale. pp. 505–506.
  7. ^ "Parrotbill's got Hawaiian name". The Maui News. 2010-05-21. Retrieved 2010-09-13.
  8. ^ "Endangered bird to receive Hawaiian name". The Maui News. 2010-09-10. Retrieved 2010-09-13.
  9. ^ "Maui Forest Bird Recovery Project". Maui Forest Bird Recovery Project. Retrieved 2023-05-09.
  10. ^ Hamilton, Chris (19 December 2009). "Study shows Maui parrotbill population is doing well". Maui News. Retrieved 19 December 2009.
  11. ^ a b Cerizo, Kehaulani (March 27, 2022). "Maui's dwindling kiwikiu to move to Mainland". The Maui News. Retrieved 2021-04-18.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  12. ^ Truesdale, Jack (2021-04-27). "Maui Is No Longer Safe For Hawaii's Endangered Birds, Biologists Say". Honolulu Civil Beat. Retrieved 2021-04-28.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)

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Maui parrotbill: Brief Summary ( 英語 )

由wikipedia EN提供

The Maui parrotbill or kiwikiu (Pseudonestor xanthophrys) is a species of Hawaiian honeycreeper endemic to the island of Maui in Hawaii. It can only be found in 50 square kilometres (19 sq mi) of mesic and wet forests at 1,200–2,150 metres (3,940–7,050 ft) on the windward slopes of Haleakalā. This species is critically endangered, with an estimated population in 2016 of 250-540 individuals, but more recent estimates of less than 150 individuals. Fossil evidence indicates that the bird could at one time be seen in dry forests at elevations as low as 200–300 metres (660–980 ft), as well as on the island of Molokaʻi.

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Pseudonestor xanthophrys ( 西班牙、卡斯蒂利亞西班牙語 )

由wikipedia ES提供

Pseudonestor xanthophrys es una especie de ave de la familia Fringillidae y única representante del género Pseudonestor.

Es endémica de la isla de Maui en el archipiélago de Hawái y esta en grave peligro de extinción. Aunque parece que en el pasado ocupaba la mayor parte de la isla, actualmente está relegada a los bosques autóctonos de las laderas del volcán Haleakala. Se estima una población de unos 500 ejemplares.

Referencias

  1. BirdLife International (2013). «Pseudonestor xanthophrys». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2014.1 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 15 de junio de 2014.

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Pseudonestor xanthophrys: Brief Summary ( 西班牙、卡斯蒂利亞西班牙語 )

由wikipedia ES提供

Pseudonestor xanthophrys es una especie de ave de la familia Fringillidae y única representante del género Pseudonestor.

Es endémica de la isla de Maui en el archipiélago de Hawái y esta en grave peligro de extinción. Aunque parece que en el pasado ocupaba la mayor parte de la isla, actualmente está relegada a los bosques autóctonos de las laderas del volcán Haleakala. Se estima una población de unos 500 ejemplares.

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Pseudonestor xanthophrys ( 巴斯克語 )

由wikipedia EU提供

Pseudonestor xanthophrys Pseudonestor generoko animalia da. Hegaztien barruko Fringillidae familian sailkatua dago.

Erreferentziak

Ikus, gainera

(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Pseudonestor xanthophrys: Brief Summary ( 巴斯克語 )

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Pseudonestor xanthophrys Pseudonestor generoko animalia da. Hegaztien barruko Fringillidae familian sailkatua dago.

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Papukaijapeippo ( 芬蘭語 )

由wikipedia FI提供

Papukaijapeippo (Pseudonestor xanthophrys) on äärimmäisen uhanalainen Mauin saarella Havaijilla elävä varpuslintu [1].

Kooltaan papukaijapeippo on noin 14 cm. Koiras on vatsastaan keltainen ja selkä on oliivinvihreä. Päässä on keltainen silmäkulmajuova. Linnun nokka on suurikokoinen ja muistuttaa papukaijojen nokkaa. Nokan yläosa on tumma ja alaosa vaaleanpunainen. Naaras on väriltään vaatimattomampi. Lajin laulu koostuu vihellyksistä [2].

Papukaijapeipon elinympäristöä ovat metsät 1 200–2 100 metrin korkeudessa. Laji syö lähinnä puita ja hedelmiä kaivavien kovakuoriaisten toukkia. Linnut saavat yleensä ainoastaan yhden poikasen pesimisaikana. Papukaijapeippokannan kooksi arvioidaan noin 500 yksilöä. [2]. Suurimmat lajiin kohdistuvat uhkat ovat metsien kaataminen sekä hyttysten levittämä veritauti. Lisäksi papukaijapeipot joutuvat kilpailemaan saarelle saapuneiden lintulajien kanssa [1].

Lähteet

  1. a b c BirdLife International: Pseudonestor xanthophrys IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. 2013. International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN, Iucnredlist.org. Viitattu 31.1.2014. (englanniksi)
  2. a b Maui Parrotbill – BirdLife Species Factsheet BirdLife International. Viitattu 2. toukokuuta 2008.
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Papukaijapeippo: Brief Summary ( 芬蘭語 )

由wikipedia FI提供

Papukaijapeippo (Pseudonestor xanthophrys) on äärimmäisen uhanalainen Mauin saarella Havaijilla elävä varpuslintu .

Kooltaan papukaijapeippo on noin 14 cm. Koiras on vatsastaan keltainen ja selkä on oliivinvihreä. Päässä on keltainen silmäkulmajuova. Linnun nokka on suurikokoinen ja muistuttaa papukaijojen nokkaa. Nokan yläosa on tumma ja alaosa vaaleanpunainen. Naaras on väriltään vaatimattomampi. Lajin laulu koostuu vihellyksistä .

Papukaijapeipon elinympäristöä ovat metsät 1 200–2 100 metrin korkeudessa. Laji syö lähinnä puita ja hedelmiä kaivavien kovakuoriaisten toukkia. Linnut saavat yleensä ainoastaan yhden poikasen pesimisaikana. Papukaijapeippokannan kooksi arvioidaan noin 500 yksilöä. . Suurimmat lajiin kohdistuvat uhkat ovat metsien kaataminen sekä hyttysten levittämä veritauti. Lisäksi papukaijapeipot joutuvat kilpailemaan saarelle saapuneiden lintulajien kanssa .

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Psittirostre de Maui ( 法語 )

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Pseudonestor xanthophrys

Le Psittirostre de Maui (Pseudonestor xanthophrys) est une espèce d'oiseau de la famille des Fringillidae.

Systématique

Le nom scientifique complet (avec auteur) de ce taxon est Pseudonestor xanthophrys Rothschild, 1893[1].

Ce taxon porte en français le nom vernaculaire ou normalisé suivant : Psittirostre de Maui[1].

Voir aussi

Références biologiques

Notes et références

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Psittirostre de Maui: Brief Summary ( 法語 )

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Pseudonestor xanthophrys

Le Psittirostre de Maui (Pseudonestor xanthophrys) est une espèce d'oiseau de la famille des Fringillidae.

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Pseudonestor xanthophrys ( 義大利語 )

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Lo psittorinco di Maui o kiwikiu (Pseudonestor xanthophrys Rothschild, 1893) è un uccello passeriforme della famiglia Fringillidae, unica specie ascritta al genere Psittirostra Rothschild, 1893[2].

Etimologia

Il nome scientifico del genere, Pseudonestor, deriva da Nestor (genere di pappagalli neozelandesi noti come kea) con l'aggiunta del prefisso pseudo- (dal greco ψευδος-psèudos, "falso"), col significato di "falso kea" in riferimento alla forma del becco di questi uccelli ed alla loro colorazione: il nome della specie, xanthophrys, deriva dall'unione delle parole greche ξανθος (xanthos, "giallo") e οφρυς (ophrus, "sopracciglio"), col significato di "dal sopracciglio giallo" in riferimento alla livrea. Il nome comune dello psittorinco è anch'esso di provenienza greca, derivando dall'unione di Ψιττακός (psittakos, "pappagallo") e ῥύγχος (rhynchos, "becco"), in riferimento all'aspetto peculiare del becco: il suo nome nativo, invece, kiwkikiu, non ha origini storiche ma venne coniato dall'Hawaiian Lexicon Committee nel 2010 in seguito ad un'esplicita richiesta del Maui Forest Bird Recovery Project, e deriva dall'unione delle parole hawaiiane kiwi ("falciforme") e kiu ("freddo", inteso sia come "distaccato" in riferimento alla timidezza di questi uccelli che nell'accezione climatica del termine, in riferimento elle foreste montane abitate dallo psittorinco)[3][4].

Descrizione

 src=
Maschio impagliato al Museo Berenice Pauhai Bishop di Honolulu.
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Femmina in natura.

Dimensioni

Misura 14 cm di lunghezza, per un peso di 16-28 g[5]: a parità d'età, i maschi sono più robusti e pesanti rispetto alle femmine.

Aspetto

Lo psittorinco ha un aspetto inconfondibile, che ricorda molto quello di un pappagallo: il corpo è tosso e robusto, con coda corta e squadrata ed ali allungate, la testa è grande con un becco voluminoso ma appiattito in senso laterale ed estremamente adunco sia superiormente che inferiormente, con la parte superiore lunga circa il doppio rispetto a quella inferiore.
Il piumaggio è verde oliva su vertice, nuca, dorso, ali e coda, con tendenza a scurirsi su queste ultime due e ad assumere sfumature giallastre sul codione: guance, gola, petto, ventre e fianchi sono di colore giallo, mentre il sottocoda è bianco. È presente dimorfismo sessuale, in quanto le femmine possiedono minore estensione del giallo, soprattutto nella zona ventrale (che infatti è bianca): in ambedue i sessi, fra i lati del becco (che superiormente è nero con margine rosa-avorio, mentre la mandibola è di color avorio) e l'occhio (che è bruno) è presente una mascherina nera, mentre il sopracciglio è di colore giallo. Anche le zampe sono nere in ambedue i sessi.

Biologia

Si tratta di uccelli dalle abitudini diurne, che si muovono da soli o in coppie, accompagnandosi per un certo periodo dopo la stagione degli amori anche coi nidiacei delle covate precedenti: essi passano la maggior parte della giornata saltellando fra i rami e le fronde alla ricerca di cibo, tenendosi in contatto mediante richiami che ricordano quelli dell'alauahio, emessi ogni 3-5 secondi. Le singole coppie mostrano moderata territorialità, più accentuata durante il periodo riproduttivo, difendendo aree di circa 2-5 ettari.

Alimentazione

Nonostante il becco massiccio potrebbe far pensare a una dieta di tipo granivoro-frugivoro, in realtà i kiwikiu sono uccelli essenzialmente insettivori, la cui dieta si basa su larve di coleotteri (fino all'80% del totale di cibo ingerito, soprattutto larve di cerambicidi[5]) e lepidotteri, per reperire i quali questi uccelli scoperchiano la corteccia dai rami e scavano a morsi nella corteccia[6]: fra le piante preferite per espletare quest'azione, vi sono l'akala, il kanawao e l'ohia lehua. Talvolta, gli psittorinchi mordono anche i frutti maturi per verificare la presenza all'interno di parassiti, e pare che una piccola parte della dieta di questi uccelli si componga di nettare[5].

Riproduzione

Si tratta di uccelli monogami, con le coppie che rimangono insieme per molti anni, anche al di fuori della stagione riproduttiva, che va fra novembre e giugno (sebbene siano stati osservati nidi durante tutto l'anno, meno che in settembre). Il maschio corteggia la femmina cantando insistentemente[7].

La costruzione del nido è in massima parte a carico della femmina, col maschio che interviene sporadicamente nel portare materiale da costruzione: esso è a forma di coppa, piuttosto piccolo di dimensioni e viene edificato intrecciando licheni (soprattutto del genere Usnea) e fibre vegetali (soprattutto sfilacci di pukiawe) alla biforcazione periferica di un ramo di albero (in particolar modo di ohia lehua) a una decina di metri d'altezza[8]. Al suo interno, la femmina depone un singolo uovo di color crema con maculature bruno-rossicce poste soprattutto sulla sua estremità ottusa, che essa provvede a covare da sola (col maschio che staziona nei pressi del nido, scacciando eventuali intrusi e procacciando il cibo per sé e la consorte) per circa 16 giorni. Il nidiaceo, cieco ed implume alla schiusa, viene imbeccato e accudito da entrambi i genitori[9], ed è in grado d'involarsi attorno alle tre settimane di vita: tuttavia, i giovani tendono a rimanere coi genitori per un periodo di tempo che va dai 5 mesi a oltre un anno prima di allontanarsene definitivamente, seguendoli nei loro spostamenti[5]. I kiwikiu portano avanti una singola nidiata l'anno, talvolta nidificando ad anni alterni[10].

La speranza di vita di questi uccelli è di circa 16 anni in cattività.

Distribuzione e habitat

Lo psittirostro di Maui, come intuibile dal nome comune, è endemico dell'isola hawaiiana di Maui, della quale abita una ristretta porzione sul versante nord-orientale dell'Haleakalā.

L'habitat di questi uccelli è costituito dalle aree di foresta montana a predominanza di koa e ohia lehua, fra i 1250 ed i 2300 m di quota[5].

Tassonomia

Nell'ambito della tribù Drepanidini, lo psittorinco occupa un proprio genere monospecifico, Psittirostra, formante un clade con gli altri fringuelli hawaiiani dal becco ricurvo, Psittirostra e Dysmorodrepanis, vicino a sua volta al clade Hemignathus-Akialoa[11].

Conservazione

Sebbene si sia portati a credere che il kiwikiu non sia mai stato particolarmente abbondante (tanto che non esiste, o almeno non è noto, un nome comune in lingua hawaiiana per questa specie, mentre esistono nomi indigeni praticamente per tutte le specie di uccelli hawaiiani), esistono testimonianze subfossili che questi uccelli in passato abbiano popolato anche le foreste ad altituini inferiori (giù fino a 200–300 m di quota) dell'isola di Maui, e che abitassero anche la vicina Molokai. Come tutti i drepanidini, questi uccelli sono stati quasi spazzati via in pochissimi anni fra la fine del XIX e l'inizio del XX secolo da una combinazione di fattori, fra cui la distruzione dell'habitat per far spazio a piantagioni e insediamenti, l'introduzione di specie aliene predatrici di uova e nidiacei (manguste e ratti) o alteratrici dell'habitat (ruminanti e maiali) e soprattutto le malattie, come la malaria aviaria ed il vaiolo aviario, alle quali questi uccelli non erano immunizzati e che quindi finirono per decimarli e confinarli nelle aree montane, dove le zanzare (vettrici degli agenti infettanti) non possono sopravvivere.

Fin dal 1967 questa specie è protetta dall'United States Fish and Wildlife Service, e sono in corso programmi di ripristino delle foreste primigenie mediante piantumazione di nuovi alberi, abbattimento di animali di specie introdotte, recintamento delle aree di interesse faunistico e riproduzione in cattività e reintroduzione di nuovi esemplari: in tal modo, si è riusciti ad ottenere un leggero incremento della popolazione globale di psittorinchi, che tuttavia è stimata in meno di 500 individui distribuiti su circa 50 km², sicché la specie è considerata come "in pericolo critico" dall'IUCN[1].

Note

  1. ^ a b (EN) BirdLife International 2012, Pseudonestor xanthophrys, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020.
  2. ^ (EN) Gill F. and Donsker D. (eds), Family Fringillidae, in IOC World Bird Names (ver 9.2), International Ornithologists’ Union, 2019. URL consultato il 7 maggio 2016.
  3. ^ (EN) Parrotbill's got Hawaiian name, su mauinews.com, The Maui News, 2010. URL consultato il 7 maggio 2016.
  4. ^ (EN) Endangered bird to receive Hawaiian name, su mauinews.com, The Maui News, 2010. URL consultato il 7 maggio 2016.
  5. ^ a b c d e (EN) Maui Parrotbill (Pseudonestor xanthophrys), su Handbook of the Birds of the World. URL consultato il 7 maggio 2016.
  6. ^ Video di maschio intento a nutrirsi
  7. ^ Video di maschio che canta.
  8. ^ Simon, J. C.; Pratt, T. K.; Berlin, K. E.; Kowalsky, J. R., Reproductive Ecology of the Maui Parrotbill, in The Wilson Bulletin, vol. 112, n. 4, 2000, p. 482-490.
  9. ^ Maschio nutre un pulcino nel nido.
  10. ^ Becker, C.D.; Mounce, H. L.; Rassmussen, T. A.; Rauch-Sasseen, A.; Swinnerton, K. J.; Leonard, D. L., Nest success and parental investment in the critically endangered Maui Parrotbill Pseudonestor xanthophrys with implications for recovery, in Endangered Species Research, vol. 10, 2010, p. 189-194.
  11. ^ (EN) Fringillidae: Finches, Euphonias, su TiF Checklist. URL consultato il 7 maggio 2016.

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Pseudonestor xanthophrys: Brief Summary ( 義大利語 )

由wikipedia IT提供

Lo psittorinco di Maui o kiwikiu (Pseudonestor xanthophrys Rothschild, 1893) è un uccello passeriforme della famiglia Fringillidae, unica specie ascritta al genere Psittirostra Rothschild, 1893.

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Mauipapegaaiensnavel ( 荷蘭、佛萊明語 )

由wikipedia NL提供

Vogels

De mauipapegaaiensnavel (Pseudonestor xanthophrys) is een zangvogel uit de familie Fringillidae (vinkachtigen). Het is een ernstig bedreigde, endemische vogelsoort op Maui, een eiland van Hawaï.

Kenmerken

De vogel is 14 cm lang, het is een plompe vinkachtige vogel met een grote kop en een snavel die lijkt op die van een papegaai. Het mannetje is van boven olijfgroen en van onder geel. Door het oog loopt een brede donkere oogstreep en daarboven een gele wenkbrauwstreep. De snavel is tweekleurig, een derde van de bovensnavel is donker, de rest en de ondersnavel zijn bleekroze. Het vrouwtje is veel doffer gekleurd en heeft een kleinere snavel.[2]

Verspreiding en leefgebied

Deze soort komt voor op Maui (Hawaï) waar hij vroeger een ruime verspreiding had in het oorspronkelijke bos. Het voorkomen beperkt zich nu tot de laatste resten inheems bos in hoogland op 1200 tot 2350 m boven zeeniveau. Aan dit montane leefgebied is de vogel niet zo goed aangepast.[2]

Status

De mauipapegaaiensnavel heeft een zeer klein verspreidingsgebied dat sinds kort door een hekwerk is omgeven, om te voorkomen dat verwilderde varkens het bos nadelig beïnvloeden met hun gewroet. Een invasieve mug die malaria verspreidt onder vogels is lastiger tegen te houden, waardoor de kans op uitsterven aanwezig is. De grootte van de populatie werd in 2012 door BirdLife International geschat op 380 tot 800 individuen. Deze soort staat als ernstig bedreigd (kritiek) op de Rode Lijst van de IUCN.[1]

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Mauipapegaaiensnavel: Brief Summary ( 荷蘭、佛萊明語 )

由wikipedia NL提供

De mauipapegaaiensnavel (Pseudonestor xanthophrys) is een zangvogel uit de familie Fringillidae (vinkachtigen). Het is een ernstig bedreigde, endemische vogelsoort op Maui, een eiland van Hawaï.

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Bico-de-papagaio-de-maui ( 葡萄牙語 )

由wikipedia PT提供

O bico-de-papagaio-de-maui,[1] Pseudonestor xanthophrys é uma espécie de ave da família Fringillidae.

Apenas pode ser encontrada nos Estados Unidos da América.

Os seus habitats naturais são: regiões subtropicais ou tropicais húmidas de alta altitude.

Está ameaçada por perda de habitat.

Referências

  1. «Pseudonestor xanthophrys - Avibase». Consultado em 25 de abril de 2016
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Bico-de-papagaio-de-maui: Brief Summary ( 葡萄牙語 )

由wikipedia PT提供

O bico-de-papagaio-de-maui, Pseudonestor xanthophrys é uma espécie de ave da família Fringillidae.

Apenas pode ser encontrada nos Estados Unidos da América.

Os seus habitats naturais são: regiões subtropicais ou tropicais húmidas de alta altitude.

Está ameaçada por perda de habitat.

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Mauifink ( 瑞典語 )

由wikipedia SV提供

Mauifink[2] (Pseudonestor xanthophrys) är en fågel i familjen finkar inom ordningen tättingar.[3] Den placeras som enda art i släktet Pseudonestor. Fågelns utbredningsområde är i Maui (Ohia-bergsskogar på östra sluttningen av Haleakala Crater).[3] IUCN kategoriserar arten som akut hotad.[1]

Noter

  1. ^ [a b] Birdlife International 2012 Pseudonestor xanthophrys Från: IUCN 2015. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2015.4 www.iucnredlist.org. Läst 2016-02-01.
  2. ^ Sveriges ornitologiska förening (2016) Officiella listan över svenska namn på världens fågelarter Arkiverad 18 oktober 2014 hämtat från the Wayback Machine., läst 2016-02-10
  3. ^ [a b] Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, D. Roberson, T. A. Fredericks, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood (2015) The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: Version 2015 http://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download, läst 2016-02-11

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Mauifink: Brief Summary ( 瑞典語 )

由wikipedia SV提供

Mauifink (Pseudonestor xanthophrys) är en fågel i familjen finkar inom ordningen tättingar. Den placeras som enda art i släktet Pseudonestor. Fågelns utbredningsområde är i Maui (Ohia-bergsskogar på östra sluttningen av Haleakala Crater). IUCN kategoriserar arten som akut hotad.

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Pseudonestor xanthophrys ( 越南語 )

由wikipedia VI提供

Chim kiwikiu, tên khoa học Pseudonestor xanthophrys, là một loài chim trong họ Fringillidae.[2]

Chú thích

  1. ^ BirdLife International (2013). Pseudonestor xanthophrys. Sách Đỏ IUCN các loài bị đe dọa. Phiên bản 2013.2. Liên minh Bảo tồn Thiên nhiên Quốc tế. Truy cập ngày 26 tháng 11 năm 2013.
  2. ^ Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, B.L. Sullivan, C. L. Wood, and D. Roberson (2012). “The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: Version 6.7.”. Truy cập ngày 19 tháng 12 năm 2012.

Tham khảo


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Pseudonestor xanthophrys: Brief Summary ( 越南語 )

由wikipedia VI提供

Chim kiwikiu, tên khoa học Pseudonestor xanthophrys, là một loài chim trong họ Fringillidae.

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Крючкоклювый гавайский вьюрок ( 俄語 )

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Царство: Животные
Подцарство: Эуметазои
Без ранга: Вторичноротые
Подтип: Позвоночные
Инфратип: Челюстноротые
Надкласс: Четвероногие
Класс: Птицы
Подкласс: Настоящие птицы
Инфракласс: Новонёбные
Инфраотряд: Passerida
Надсемейство: Passeroidea
Семейство: Вьюрковые
Подсемейство: Щеглиные
Род: Pseudonestor Rothschild, 1893
Вид: Крючкоклювый гавайский вьюрок
Международное научное название

Pseudonestor xanthophrys Rothschild, 1893

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ITIS 179593NCBI 64813EOL 1053057FW 186433

Крючкоклювый гавайский вьюрок[1] (лат. Pseudonestor xanthophrys) — гавайский вид воробьинообразных птиц из подсемейства гавайских цветочниц (Drepanidinae) внутри семейства вьюрковых (Fringillidae), выделяемый в монотипный род Pseudonestor.

Птица длиной около 14 см, массой 20—25 грамм. На груди, щеках и животе жёлтое оперение, светло-оливковые крылья и хвост. Самцы крупнее и темнее самок. Насекомоядные. Самки вьют чашевидные гнёзда, и откладывают 1—2 яйца. Птенцы вылупляются через 16 дней после кладки, и остаются с родителями до тех пор, пока не научатся сами добывать себе пищу.

Встречаются на востоке острова Мауи (Гавайские острова)[2]. Находится в критической опасности исчезновения. По последним данным на острове Мауи обитают около 500 особей.

Примечания

  1. Бёме Р. Л., Флинт В. Е. Пятиязычный словарь названий животных. Птицы. Латинский, русский, английский, немецкий, французский / Под общ. ред. акад. В. Е. Соколова. — М.: Рус. яз., «РУССО», 1994. — С. 426. — 2030 экз.ISBN 5-200-00643-0.
  2. Таксономия и распространение (англ.). Hawaiian Honeycreepers (Drepanididae). IBC.Lynxeds.com. Проверено 4 февраля 2011. Архивировано 8 апреля 2012 года.
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Крючкоклювый гавайский вьюрок: Brief Summary ( 俄語 )

由wikipedia русскую Википедию提供

Крючкоклювый гавайский вьюрок (лат. Pseudonestor xanthophrys) — гавайский вид воробьинообразных птиц из подсемейства гавайских цветочниц (Drepanidinae) внутри семейства вьюрковых (Fringillidae), выделяемый в монотипный род Pseudonestor.

Птица длиной около 14 см, массой 20—25 грамм. На груди, щеках и животе жёлтое оперение, светло-оливковые крылья и хвост. Самцы крупнее и темнее самок. Насекомоядные. Самки вьют чашевидные гнёзда, и откладывают 1—2 яйца. Птенцы вылупляются через 16 дней после кладки, и остаются с родителями до тех пор, пока не научатся сами добывать себе пищу.

Встречаются на востоке острова Мауи (Гавайские острова). Находится в критической опасности исчезновения. По последним данным на острове Мауи обитают около 500 особей.

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