Leucosticte tephrocotis (Swainson 1832)

Les especies d'aves con nome común en llingua asturiana márquense como ^NOA. En casu contrariu, conséñase'l nome científicu o de la SEO.

'''Leucosticte tephrocotis^[2][3] ye una especie d'ave paseriforme de la familia Fringillidae. Reproduzse nes islles del mar de Bering, Alaska, l'oeste de Canadá y nel noroeste d'Estaos Xuníos continentales.

Pel hibiernu, aliméntase principalmente de granes y pel branu prinda una gran variedá d'inseutos voladores y terrestres.

Subespecies

Reconócense ocho subespecies:^[4]

• L. t. dawsoni Grinnell, 1913
• L. t. griseonucha (Brandt, 1842)
• L. t. irvingi Feinstein, 1958
• L. t. littoralis S. F. Baird, 1869
• L. t. maxima W. S. Brooks, 1915
• L. t. tephrocotis (Swainson, 1832)
• L. t. umbrina Murie, 1944
• L. t. wallowa A. H. Miller, 1939

Referencies

Enllaces esternos

• Wikimedia Commons acueye conteníu multimedia sobre Leucosticte tephrocotis.

• BirdLife International

Leucosticte tephrocotis és un ocell de la família dels fringíl·lids (Fringillidae) que habita zones rocoses obertes, vegetació alpina i glacials d'Amèrica del Nord, criant des de l'oest d'Alaska, centre de Yukon, Colúmbia Britànica i sud-oest d'Alberta cap al sud fins al nord-oest dels Estats Units. En hivern ocupa la meitat occidental dels Estats Units.

Referències

Aderyn a rhywogaeth o adar yw Llinos wridog benllwyd (sy'n enw benywaidd; enw lluosog: llinosiaid gwridog penllwyd) a adnabyddir hefyd gyda'i enw gwyddonol Leucosticte tephrocotis; yr enw Saesneg arno yw Grey-crowned rosy-finch. Mae'n perthyn i deulu'r Pincod (Lladin: Fringillidae) sydd yn urdd y Passeriformes.^[1]

Talfyrir yr enw Lladin yn aml yn L. tephrocotis, sef enw'r rhywogaeth.^[2]

Teulu

Mae'r llinos wridog benllwyd yn perthyn i deulu'r Pincod (Lladin: Fringillidae). Dyma rai o aelodau eraill y teulu:

Rhestr Wicidata:

Gweler hefyd

• Rhestr Goch yr IUCN

Cyfeiriadau

The gray-crowned rosy finch or gray-crowned rosy-finch (Leucosticte tephrocotis) is a species of passerine bird in the family Fringillidae native to Alaska, western Canada, and the north-western United States. Due to its remote and rocky alpine habitat it is rarely seen. There are currently six recognized subspecies. It is one of four species of rosy finches.

Taxonomy

Female - Sandia Peak - New Mexico

The gray-crowned rosy finch was first classified by English ornithologist William John Swainson in 1832.^[1] This bird has been thought to form a superspecies with three other rosy finches (also known as mountain finch): black rosy finch (L. atrata) and the brown-capped rosy finch (L. australis), all of which were classified as the same species as the Asian rosy finch (L. arctoa) from 1983 to 1993.^[3][4][5] Recent mitochondrial DNA evidence shows the rosy finches are all indeed very closely related and can be easily confused with one another.^[6] Along with one Asian rosy finch and two Asian mountain finches, the three North American rosy finches form the mountain finch genus Leucosticte. Alternative common names include: Roselin à tête grise (in French), Schwarzstirn-Schneegimpel (in German), and Pinzón Montano Nuquigrís (in Spanish).^[7]

Subspecies

Six subspecies of the gray-crowned rosy finch are now recognized, though proposals for additional subspecies have been recognized.^[7]

• L. t. griseonucha (J. F. Brandt, 1842) Commander Island, and Aleutian Islands (including Shumagin Island and Semidi Island) east to Alaskan Peninsula; non-breeding south to Kodiak Island.^[7]
• L. t. umbrina (O. Murie, 1944) Hall Island, St. Matthew Island and Pribilof Islands, in Bering Sea.^[7][8]
• L. t. littoralis (S. F. Baird, 1869) also known as "Hepburn’s rosy-finch", "gray-headed rosy-finch", "gray-cheeked rosy-finch",^[5] breeds in south-central Alaska east to western Canada (SW Yukon, NW British Columbia) and western United States from Washington and Oregon (along Cascade Mountains) to northern California (Mt Shasta); winters in southern section of breeding range East to central Montana, western Nevada, northern Utah and central New Mexico.^[7]
• L. t. tephrocotis (Swainson, 1832) also known as "brown-cheeked rosy-finch", breeds northern & central Alaska east to northwest Canada (central Yukon, British Columbia, western Alberta) and northwest United States (northwest Montana); winters from southern British Columbia east to southwest Saskatchewan and South Dakota, south to northeast California, Nevada, Utah, western Colorado and northern New Mexico.^[7]
• L. t. wallowa (A. H. Miller, 1939) breeds northeast Oregon (Wallowa Mts); winters South to west-central Nevada and central-east California.^[7]
• L. t. dawsoni (J. Grinnell, 1913) eastern California (Sierra Nevada and White Mts).^[7]

Description

Gray-crowned rosy finch L. t. littoralis - Mount Adams, Washington

Within the finch family, the gray-crowned rosy finch is medium-large with a comparatively long notched tail and wing.^[9][6] Adults are brown on the back and breast and mainly pink on the rest of the underparts and the wings. The forehead and throat are black; the back of the head is grey. They have short black legs and a long forked tail. There is some variability in the amount of grey on the head. Adult females and juveniles are similar.^[10] Overall length is 140 to 160 mm (5.5–6.3 in), wingspan 33 cm (13 in), and weight 22 to 60 g (0.78–2.12 oz).^[3] L. t. wallowa has an almost entirely gray head.^[9] The Pribilof and Aleutian subspecies have a length of 170 to 210 mm (6.7–8.3 in) and weight of 42 to 60 g (1.5–2.1 oz), about twice the size of the other subspecies.^[3][6] The black rosy finch has a black instead of brown body and the brown-capped rosy finch is a lighter brown and lacks the gray face patch.^[10]

Distribution and habitat

The ancestor of the three species of North American rosy finches migrated from Asia.^[11] All rosy finches live in an alpine or tundra environment. The gray-crowned rosy finch has a wide range^[12] and large numbers throughout Alaska, and western Canada and the United States. L. t. griseonucha permanently resides in the Aleutian Islands and umbrina on the Pribilof Islands. A small number of gray-crowned rosy finches winters on the mainland in South-Central Alaska and visits feeders there. The other taxa: littoralis, tephrocotis, wallowa, and dawsoni are found from the Canadian and American Rockies and migrate south to the western United States.^[1] L. t. tephrocotis summers from Montana to the Yukon, while littoralis breeds closer to the coast, from northern California to west-central Alaska.^[5] Due to its remote habitat, few of its nests have been found, it is rarely spotted, and the population is stable.^[3][9] They are invariably found amongst rocks.^[9] The areas the subspecies breed in rarely overlap during breeding season. Males typically outnumber females throughout the year.^[6] An individual was seen north of Boonville, in Lewis County, NY beginning on Sunday, March 4 through at least Thursday, March 8. This is only the second confirmed report for New York State.^[13]

Behavior

Rosy finches are very environment-specific. In the summer their breeding habitat is rocky islands and barren areas on mountains from Alaska to the northwestern United States. These mountain breeding areas tend to be snowfields and rocky scree.^[9] When not breeding they form large flocks of over 1000 individuals which are sometimes known to include snow buntings (P. nivalis), Lapland longspurs (C. lapponicus), and horned larks (E. alpestris), as well as other rosy-finch species.^[6][9] They descend in flocks as far as the fringes of the western plains beginning in autumn when the snows get deep. They return to alpine regions when snow is still deep in early spring.^[9] They may breed at a higher altitude than any other breeding bird in North America.^[4][9] Due to these extreme breeding altitudes, they are very difficult to observe during breeding times.^[4][9] They build a cup nest in mid-June at a sheltered, hidden location on the ground or on a cliff and are monogamous.^[9] They are known to use protected areas such as mine shafts and abandoned buildings for nesting.^[6] Both sexes collect the nesting material of grass, roots, lichen, moss, and sedge, but only the female builds the nest. Lining material consists of fine grass, hair, and feathers. The female lays 3–5 eggs which she incubates for approximately two weeks. Both sexes feed the chicks, which leave the nest after 2–3 weeks. Chicks continue to be fed by their parents for about two weeks after leaving the nest in late July or early August.^[9] A male will defend its female's territory during breeding season, not just the nest but wherever she goes. This behavior is common with the rosy finches.^[6][14]

These birds forage on the ground; many fly to catch insects in flight. During the summer they mainly eat insects, such as cutworms, that were caught in updrafts and frozen in snowfields. They also feed in the meadows near snowfields.^[6] In the winter they eat seeds from weeds and grasses such as Russian thistle (E. exaltatus), mustard, and sunflower (H. annuus). When breeding, both males and females develop throat pouches, known as gular pouches or gular skin, to carry food to their chicks,^[9][11] a trait seen in only one other North American genus, Pinicola.^[15] The three subspecies that live in mountain interiors have brown cheeks instead of gray cheeks. They show little fear of humans.^[3][9] They often feed in small flocks. Their call is a buzz-sounding "chew".^[16] They can be approached to within 1 to 2 m (3.3–6.6 ft).^[4]

References

La Grizkapa leŭkostikto, Leucosticte tephrocotis, estas specio de birdoj de la familio de Fringedoj kaj genro de Leŭkostiktoj, kiuj estas grizaj, brunaj aŭ grizbrunaj birdoj kun rozkolorecaj areoj en subaj partoj aŭ flugiloj.

Plenkreskulo estas bruna en dorso kaj brusto kaj ĉefe rozkolora en la resto de subaj partoj kaj flugiloj. Frunto kaj gorĝo estas nigraj kaj inter ili estas pli malpli etenda helgrizaj vizaĝo kaj nuko, kio nomigas la specion en la komuna nomo. Ili havas mallongajn nigrajn krurojn kaj longan forkoforman grizan voston. Estas granda vario laŭ kvanto de grizo en kapo el nur elokula strizono al al tuta kapopflanko inklude vangojn kaj orelareon, kaj laŭ kvanto de nigro en krono kaj gorĝo. Same pri klara kontrasta divido aŭ nuanciĝo.

La reprodukta habitato estas rokinsuloj kaj sterilaj areoj en montoj el Alasko al nordokcidenta Usono. Ili konstruas tasforman neston en ŝirmita loko surgrunde aŭ surklife.

Tiuj birdoj estas konstantaj loĝantaj birdoj en kelkaj insuloj kaj en la kanada Roka Montaro. Aliaj birdoj migras suden al okcidenta Usono.

Tiuj birdoj manĝas surgrunde, multaj flugas por kapti insektojn dumfluge. Ili manĝas ĉefe semojn el herboj kaj insektojn. Ili ofte manĝas en malgrandaj aroj.

Iam tiu birdospecio, la Nigra leŭkostikto kaj la Brunkapa leŭkostikto estis konsiderataj la sama specio kiel la Tundra leŭkostikto. Sed la Nigra leŭkostikto ne havas brunon en dorso kaj brusto, dum la Brunkapa leŭkostikto ne havas grizon en kapo.

Referencoj

• BirdLife International (2004). Leucosticte tephrocotis. Internacia Ruĝa Listo de Endanĝeritaj Specioj, eldono de 2006. IUCN 2006. Elŝutita 12a Majo 2006. Malplej Zorgiga.

Plia legado

Libro

• MacDougall-Shackleton, S. A., R. E. Johnson, and T. P. Hahn. 2000. Gray-crowned Rosy-Finch (Leucosticte tephrocotis). In The Birds of North America, No. 559 (A. Poole and F. Gill, eds.). The Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, PA.

Tezoj

• Hartzell PL. Ph.D. (2005). Pacific Northwest glacial ecosystems. Clark University, United States, Massachusetts.

• Richardson MI. Ph.D. (2003). Ecology, behavior and endocrinology of an alpine breeding bird, the grey-crowned rosy finch (Leucosticte tephrocotis). University of Washington, United States, Washington.

Artikoloj

• Airola DA. (1981). Recent Colonization of Lassen Peak California USA by the Gray-Crowned Rosy Finch Leucosticte-Tephrocotis. Western Birds. vol 12, no 3. p. 117-124.

• Arbogast MR. (1974). Gray-Crowned Rosy Finch Hepburns Form at Aberdeen. South Dakota Bird Notes. vol 26, no 1.

• Behle WH. (1973). Further Notes on Rosy Finches Wintering in Utah. Wilson Bulletin. vol 85, no 3. p. 344-346.

• Helmin GA & Helmin GE. (1973). 4th Minnesota Observation in 80 Years. Loon. vol 45, no 1.

• Hukkanen RR, Richardson M, Wingfield JC, Treuting P & Brabb T. (2003). Avipox sp. in a colony of gray-crowned rosy finches (Leucosticte tephrocotis). Comparative Medicine. vol 53, no 5. p. 548-552.

• Johnson RE. (1975). New Breeding Localities for Leucosticte in the Contiguous Western USA. Auk. vol 92, no 3. p. 586-589.

• Johnson RE. (1977). Seasonal Variation in the Genus Leucosticte in North America. Condor. vol 79, no 1. p. 76-86.

• Ludwig F. (1974). Minnesotas 3rd Gray-Crowned Rosy Finch. Loon. vol 46, no 2.

• MacDougall-Shackleton SA & Hahn TP. (1999). Photorefractoriness and the evolution of reproductive flexibility in cardueline finches. American Zoologist. vol 39, no 5.

• MacDougall-Shackleton SA, Katti M & Hahn TP. (2006). Tests of absolute photorefractoriness in four species of cardueline finch that differ in reproductive schedule. Journal of Experimental Biology. vol 209, no 19. p. 3786-3794.

• Mundinger PC. (1979). Call Learning in the Carduelinae Ethological and Systematic Considerations. Systematic Zoology. vol 28, no 3. p. 270-283.

• Murphy ME & King JR. (1982). Semi Synthetic Diets as a Tool for Nutritional Ecology. Auk. vol 99, no 1. p. 165-167.

• Pereyra ME, MacDougall-Shackleton SA, Sharbaugh SM, Morton ML, Katti M & Hahn TP. (2001). Relationships between photorefrac-toriness and reproductive flexibility in cardueline finches. American Zoologist. vol 41, no 6.

• Rising JD. (2001). Geographic variation in size and shape of Savannah Sparrows (Passerculus sandwichensis). Studies in Avian Biology. vol 23, p. 1-65.

• Shreeve DF. (1980). Behavior of the Aleutian Gray-Crowned Rosy Finches Leucosticte-Tephrocotis-Griseonucha and Brown-Capped Rosy Finches Leucosticte-Tephrocotis-Australis. Ibis. vol 122, no 2. p. 145-165.

• Shreeve DF. (1980). Differential Mortality in the Sexes of the Aleutian Alaska USA Gray-Crowned Rosy Finch Leucosticte-Tephrocotis-Griseonucha. American Midland Naturalist. vol 104, no 1. p. 193-197.

• Spicer GS. (1978). A New Species and Several New Host Records of Avian Nasal Mites Acarina Rhinonyssinae Turbinoptinae. Journal of Parasitology. vol 64, no 5. p. 891-894.

• Yang S-J, Lei F-M & Yin Z-H. (2006). Molecular phylogeny of rosefinches and rose bunting (Passeriformes, Fringillidae, Urocynchramidae). Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica. vol 31, no 3. p. 453-458.

• Yarbrough CG. (1970). The Development of Endothermy in Nestling Gray-Crowned Rosy Finches Leucosticte-Tephrocotis-Griseonucha. Comparative Biochemistry & Physiology. vol 34, no 4. p. 917-925.

El pinzón montano nuquigrís (Leucosticte tephrocotis)^[2]​^[3]​ es una especie de ave paseriforme de la familia Fringillidae. Se reproduce en las islas del mar de Bering, Alaska, el oeste de Canadá y en el noroeste de Estados Unidos continentales.

En invierno, se alimenta principalmente de semillas y en verano captura una gran variedad de insectos voladores y terrestres.

Subspecies

Se reconocen ocho subespecies:^[4]​

• L. t. dawsoni Grinnell, 1913
• L. t. griseonucha (Brandt, 1842)
• L. t. irvingi Feinstein, 1958
• L. t. littoralis S. F. Baird, 1869
• L. t. maxima W. S. Brooks, 1915
• L. t. tephrocotis (Swainson, 1832)
• L. t. umbrina Murie, 1944
• L. t. wallowa A. H. Miller, 1939

Referencias

Leucosticte tephrocotis Leucosticte generoko animalia da. Hegaztien barruko Fringillidae familian sailkatua dago.

Erreferentziak

• World Bird Names

Ikus, gainera

• Leucosticte
• Fringillidae

Ruusuvuoripeippo (Leucosticte tephrocotis)^[2] on peippojen heimoon kuuluva varpuslintu.

Levinneisyys

Ruusuvuoripeippoa tavataan Yhdysvalloissa ja Kanadassa. Lajin populaatioksi arvioidaan yli 200 000 yksilöä. Lajin kannankehitys on vakaa, ja se on luokiteltu elinvoimaiseksi.^[1]

Lähteet

Leucosticte tephrocotis

Le Roselin à tête grise (Leucosticte tephrocotis) est une espèce de passereau appartenant à la famille des Fringillidae.

Répartition

Cet oiseau se reproduit sur les îles de la mer de Béring et dans une large frange côtière de 200 à 300 km longeant l’Alaska, l’ouest du Canada et le nord-ouest des États-Unis. Il hiverne à l’intérieur de cette bande et demeure sédentaire dans la plupart des îles de la mer de Béring.

Sous-espèces

Les sous-espèces se différencient, surtout chez les mâles, par l’étendue du gris sur les joues et la nuque, et du noir sur le front et la gorge :

• L. t. tephrocotis (Swainson, 1832) : Montagnes Rocheuses de l’Alaska à la Sierra Nevada en Californie ;
• L. t. wallowa Miller, 1939 : monts Wallowa, nord-est de l’Oregon ;
• L. t. dawsoni Grinnell, 1913 : Sierra Nevada, Californie ;
• L. t. griseonucha (Brandt, 1842) : îles de la mer de Béring (Béring, Commandeur, Miednii, Aléoutiennes, Nunivak, Kodiak, Unga, Semidi) et frange côtière de l’Alaska ;
• L. t. irvingi Feinstein, 1958 : nord de l’Alaska (monts Endicott) ;
• L. t. littoralis Baird, 1869 : (Roselin de Hepburn) sud de l’Alaska, territoire du Yukon, Colombie Britannique, Washington, Orégon, nord de la Californie ;
• L. t. umbrina Murie, 1944 : (Roselin de Pribilof) île Saint Mathieu et îles Pribilof (St Paul et St Georges) ;
• L. t. maxima Brooks, 1915 : rarement reconnue comme sous-espèce.

Habitat

Les roselins à couronne grise habitent les versants des montagnes et des collines parsemés de quelques buissons et de plantes herbacées (surtout des armoises) à proximité d’une forêt de résineux. En hiver, ils deviennent plus grégaires et familiers et visitent des biotopes façonnés par l’homme comme les bords de routes, les cours de fermes et surtout les stations de nourrissage des villes et des villages.

Alimentation

En hiver, ils se nourrissent essentiellement de graines d’armoise en les prélevant directement sur la plante ou en les glanant sur le sol ou sur la neige. En été, ils capturent beaucoup d’insectes volants ou terrestres.

Mœurs

Ces oiseaux se comportent en véritables alpinistes, vivant dans la zone des champs de neige et des glaciers. En hiver, ils peuvent se nourrir près des maisons et passer les nuits sur les toits des habitations.

Nidification

Ils construisent leurs nids dans des niches de rochers, des éboulis ou sous des blocs de pierres. Ce sont de larges coupes confectionnées d’herbe et de mousse. Ils contiennent quatre ou cinq œufs blancs immaculés. Johnson (1983) a montré que dans l’île Amchitka de l’archipel des Aléoutiennes, la sous-espèce L. t. griseonucha niche essentiellement sur des bâtiments abandonnés datant de la seconde guerre mondiale.

Articles

• Airola DA. (1981). Recent Colonization of Lassen Peak California USA by the Gray-Crowned Rosy Finch Leucosticte-Tephrocotis. Western Birds. vol 12, no 3. pp. 117–124.
• Arbogast MR. (1974). Gray-Crowned Rosy Finch Hepburns Form at Aberdeen. South Dakota Bird Notes. vol 26, no 1.
• Behle WH. (1973). Further Notes on Rosy Finches Wintering in Utah. Wilson Bulletin. vol 85, no 3. pp. 344–346.
• Helmin GA & Helmin GE. (1973). 4th Minnesota Observation in 80 Years. Loon. vol 45, no 1.
• Hukkanen RR, Richardson M, Wingfield JC, Treuting P & Brabb T. (2003). Avipox sp. in a colony of gray-crowned rosy finches (Leucosticte tephrocotis). Comparative Medicine. vol 53, no 5. pp. 548–552.
• Johnson RE. (1975). New Breeding Localities for Leucosticte in the Contiguous Western USA. Auk. vol 92, no 3. pp. 586–589.
• Johnson RE. (1977). Seasonal Variation in the Genus Leucosticte in North America. Condor. vol 79, no 1. pp. 76–86.
• Ludwig F. (1974). Minnesotas 3rd Gray-Crowned Rosy Finch. Loon. vol 46, no 2.
• MacDougall-Shackleton SA & Hahn TP. (1999). Photorefractoriness and the evolution of reproductive flexibility in cardueline finches. American Zoologist. vol 39, no 5.
• MacDougall-Shackleton SA, Katti M & Hahn TP. (2006). Tests of absolute photorefractoriness in four species of cardueline finch that differ in reproductive schedule. Journal of Experimental Biology. vol 209, no 19. pp. 3786–3794.
• Mundinger PC. (1979). Call Learning in the Carduelinae Ethological and Systematic Considerations. Systematic Zoology. vol 28, no 3. pp. 270–283.
• Murphy ME & King JR. (1982). Semi Synthetic Diets as a Tool for Nutritional Ecology. Auk. vol 99, no 1. pp. 165–167.
• Pereyra ME, MacDougall-Shackleton SA, Sharbaugh SM, Morton ML, Katti M & Hahn TP. (2001). Relationships between photorefrac-toriness and reproductive flexibility in cardueline finches. American Zoologist. vol 41, no 6.
• Rising JD. (2001). Geographic variation in size and shape of Savannah Sparrows (Passerculus sandwichensis). Studies in Avian Biology. vol 23, pp. 1–65.
• Shreeve DF. (1980). Behavior of the Aleutian Gray-Crowned Rosy Finches Leucosticte-Tephrocotis-Griseonucha and Brown-Capped Rosy Finches Leucosticte-Tephrocotis-Australis. Ibis. vol 122, no 2. pp. 145–165.
• Shreeve DF. (1980). Differential Mortality in the Sexes of the Aleutian Alaska USA Gray-Crowned Rosy Finch Leucosticte-Tephrocotis-Griseonucha. American Midland Naturalist. vol 104, no 1. pp. 193–197.
• Spicer GS. (1978). A New Species and Several New Host Records of Avian Nasal Mites Acarina Rhinonyssinae Turbinoptinae. Journal of Parasitology. vol 64, no 5. pp. 891–894.
• Yang S-J, Lei F-M & Yin Z-H. (2006). Molecular phylogeny of rosefinches and rose bunting (Passeriformes, Fringillidae, Urocynchramidae). Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica. vol 31, no 3. pp. 453–458.
• Yarbrough CG. (1970). The Development of Endothermy in Nestling Gray-Crowned Rosy Finches Leucosticte-Tephrocotis-Griseonucha. Comparative Biochemistry & Physiology. vol 34, no 4. pp. 917–925.

Il fanello rosato testagrigia (Leucosticte tephrocotis Swainson, 1832) è un uccello passeriforme appartenente alla famiglia dei Fringillidi^[2].

Etimologia

Il nome scientifico della specie, tephrocotis, deriva dall'unione delle parole greche τεφρα (tephra, cenere") e κοτις (kotis, "nuca"), col significato di "dalla nuca grigia", in riferimento alla livrea di questi uccelli.

Descrizione

Maschio sulle isole Pribilof.

Femmina nella Columbia Britannica.

Dimensioni

Misura 14-18 cm di lunghezza, per 21-60 g di peso^[3]: le sottospecie più nord-occidentali (griseonucha e umbrina) sono quelle di maggiori dimensioni.

Aspetto

Si tratta di uccelletti dall'aspetto slanciato, con testa rotonda dal becco piccolo e conico, ali allungate e lunga coda squadrata dalla punta lievemente forcuta.

Il piumaggio è dominato dai toni del bruno scuro su tutto il corpo, con sfumature rosate sul basso ventre e sugli orli di copritrici e remiganti, che sono invece nere: dello stesso colore sono anche la gola e la fronte, oltre che la coda. La testa presenta aree grigie (alle quali questi uccelli devono sia il proprio nome comune che quello scientifico), le quali che variano a seconda della sottospecie, comprendendo generalmente le sopracciglia, il vertice e la nuca ma estendendosi fino a comprendere quasi tutto il capo (sottospecie wallowa).
Il dimorfismo sessuale è presente ma non estremo come in altre specie di fringillidi: le femmine presentano colorazione nel complesso meno carica, con assenza di colore rosato dorsoventrale e minore estensione di nero e grigio cefalici. In ambedue i sessi, le zampe sono di colore nerastro e dello stesso colore è il becco, mentre gli occhi sono di colore bruno scuro.

Biologia

Maschio in natura nel Minnesota.

Si tratta di uccelli dalle abitudini quasi esclusivamente diurne, che al'infuori del periodo riproduttivo si muovono stormi anche di migliaia di individui, talvolta in associazione con altre specie di fanello rosato, nonché con altri uccelli come lo zigolo delle nevi, lo zigolo di Lapponia e l'allodola golagialla. Questi uccelli passano la maggior parte della giornata alla ricerca di cibo, mantenendosi perlopiù al suolo o fra i rami e tenendosi in contatto fra loro mediante richiami ronzanti.

Alimentazione

Maschio si nutre al suolo in Columbia Britannica.

Si tratta di uccelli dalla dieta perlopiù granivora, che si nutrono essenzialmente di semi reperiti al suolo, soprattutto appartenenti a piante erbacee: essi mangiano anche germogli, boccioli e bacche, mentre durante il periodo estivo una parte consistente della loro alimentazione consiste in insetti e vermi.

Riproduzione

Maschio sull'Isola di St. Paul.

La stagione riproduttiva di questi uccelli si estende da aprile ai primi di agosto: durante questo periodo, le coppie tendono a isolarsi e divenire territoriali, scacciando energicamente eventuali intrusi dai territori di cova, che in questa specie sono fra quelli ad altitudine maggiore fra gli uccelli nordamericani.

Il nido, a forma di coppa, viene costruito dalla sola femmina, ma il maschio si occupa assieme ad essa di reperire il materiale da costruzione (prevalentemente erba secca, radichette, licheni e rametti, oltre a pelame e piumino per foderare l'interno): esso viene ubicato fra le rocce, sia al suolo che in altezza, talvolta all'interno di edifici o miniere abbandonati.
Al suo interno, la femmina depone 3-5 uova, che provvede a covare da sola per circa due settimane: i pulli, ciechi e implumi alla schiusa, vengono imbeccati da ambedue i genitori, e sono in grado di involarsi attorno alle 3 settimane di vita, pur rimanendo nei pressi del nido (chiedendo sempre più sporadicamente l'imbeccata ai genitori) ancora per un paio di settimane, prima di allontanarsene definitivamente e disperdersi.

Distribuzione e habitat

Maschio in natura d'inverno.

Maschio sul Monte Rainier.

Il fanello rosato testagrigia è diffuso lungo la fascia montuosa interna prospiciente alla costa pacifica nord-occidentale del Nord America, dall'Alaska (con popolazioni residenti nelle isole Aleutine e Pribilof) attraverso le Montagne Rocciose fino agli stati di Washington e Idaho, con popolazioni residenti anche nella Sierra Nevada. Durante l'inverno, la stragrande maggioranza delle popolazioni tende a migrare verso sud, raggiungendo la California nord-orientale, il Nuovo Messico e il Colorado. Un singolo esemplare di questi uccelli è stato avvistato a Booneville, nello stato di New York, fra il 4 e l'8 marzo 2012^[4].

L'habitat di questi uccelli è rappresentato dalle aree di alta montagna come ghiacciai, aree rocciose, falesie e depositi di ghiaione: durante l'inverno, essi tendono a scendere di quota, spingendosi nelle aree pedemontane.

Tassonomia

La specie è filogeneticamente molto vicina alle congeneri L. arctoa, L. atrata (con cui si ibrida in natura) e L. australis, con le quali forma una superspecie^[3].

Se ne riconoscono sette sottospecie^[2]:

• Leucosticte tephrocotis tephrocotis (Swainson, 1832) - la sottospecie nominale, residente estiva in Alaska centro-settentrionale, Yukon centrale, Columbia Britannica, Alberta e Montana, svernante in Saskatchewan sud-occidentale, Dakota del Sud, Nevada, Utah, Colorado occidentale, Nuovo Messico settentrionale e California nord-orientale;
• Leucosticte tephrocotis maxima Brooks, W. S., 1915 - endemica delle Isole del Commodoro;
• Leucosticte tephrocotis griseonucha (Brandt, 1842) - residente nelle isole Aleutine (compresi i gruppi delle Shumagin e delle Semidi), visitatore astivo della penisola di Alaska, talvolta svernante sull'isola Kodiak;
• Leucosticte tephrocotis umbrina Murie, 1944 - endemica delle isole di Hall, St. Matthew e delle isole Pribilof, nel Mare di Bering;
• Leucosticte tephrocotis littoralis S. F. Baird, 1869- visitatrice estiva in Alaska centro-meridionale, Yukon sud-occidentale, Columbia Britannica nord-occidentale e lungo la Catena delle Cascate fino al Monte Shasta, svernante in Montana centro-orientale, Utah settentrionale e New Mexico centrale;
• Leucosticte tephrocotis dawsoni Grinnell, 1913 - endemica della Sierra Nevada e delle White Mountains;
• Leucosticte tephrocotis wallowa A. H. Miller, 1939 - rirpoduttrice nei monti Wallowa, svernante in Nevada centro-occidentale e California centro-orientale;

• Maschio impagliato della sottospecie griseonucha.

• Maschio impagliato della sottospecie littoralis.

• Maschio della sottospecie wallowa sul Monte Adams.

Alcuni autori riterrebbero corretta l'elevazione delle popolazioni del nord dell'Alaska, attualmente ascritte alla sottospecie nominale, al rango di sottospecie a sé stante col nome di L. t. irvingi.

Note

De grijskruinbergvink (Leucosticte tephrocotis) is een zangvogel uit de familie Fringillidae (vinkachtigen).

Verspreiding en leefgebied

Deze soort telt 8 ondersoorten:

• L. t. maxima: Komandorski-eilanden (noordoostelijk Siberië).
• L. t. griseonucha: Aleoeten en Kodiak, Alaska (behalve het noorden en oosten).
• L. t. umbrina: Hall, St. Matthew en Pribilofeilanden in de Beringzee.
• L. t. irvingi: noordelijk Alaska.
• L. t. littoralis: oostelijk Alaska en westelijk Canada.
• L. t. tephrocotis: het westelijke deel van Centraal-Canada.
• L. t. dawsoni: oostelijk Californië.
• L. t. wallowa: noordoostelijk Oregon.

Externe link

• Avibase

Grånackad alpfink^[2] (Leucosticte tephrocotis) är en alpin- och tundralevande tätting i familjen finkar som i princip enbart förekommer i Nordamerika bortsett från en population på ryska Kommendörsöarna i Berings sund.^[3]

Kännetecken

Utseende

Grånackad alpfink är en stor (14-18 cm) och stornäbbad, kraftig och brun fink med långa, spetsiga vingar. Den är genomgående mörkbrun, med huvudsakligen grått huvud men mörk panna, hjässa och haka. I flykten syns ljusa, nästan genomskinliga vingar. På flanker och vingarna syns rosa inslag. Utanför häckningstid har den gul näbb, annars svart.^[4][5]

Populationerna skiljer sig något åt, där fåglar i Berings sund är större och har svart strupe, medan fåglar i inlandet är mindre och har brun kind.^[5]

Läten

Den grånackade alpfinkens sång är en långsam, dalande serie hurtiga visslingar som i engelsk litteratur återges "jeew jeew jeew...". Flyktlätet är ett mjukt "jeewf", mjukare än gråsparv och aftonstenknäck.^[5]

Utbredning och systematik

Grånackad alpfink delas in i sju underarter med följande utbredning:^[3]

• Leucosticte tephrocotis umbrina – förekommer på Matteus Island och Pribiloföarna (Berings hav)
• Leucosticte tephrocotis griseonucha – förekommer på Kommendörsöarna, Aleuterna och Kodiaköarna till Alaska
• Leucosticte tephrocotis littoralis – förekommer i centrala Alaska till sydvästra Yukon, västra Kanada och nordvästra USA
• tephrocotis-gruppen
  • Leucosticte tephrocotis irvingi – förekommer i Brooks Range (norra Alaska)
  • Leucosticte tephrocotis tephrocotis – förekommer i Yukons bergstrakter och västra Alberta till sydöstra British Columbia och nordvästra Montana
  • Leucosticte tephrocotis wallowa – förekommer i Wallowa County (nordöstra Oregon); övervintrar i väst-centrala Nevada
  • Leucosticte tephrocotis dawsoni – förekommer i östra Kalifornien (Sierra Nevada och Inyo)

Tillfälligt har den även observerats på Kamtjatkahalvön och i norra Kurilerna.^[6]

Det råder oenighet kring artens inre systematik. Vissa inkluderar underarten irvingi inkluderas ofta i nominatformen och urskiljer samtidigt en annan underart, maxima med utbredning på Kommendörsöarna.^[7]

Även artgränserna gentemot de närmaste släktingarna är kontroversiella. Vissa betraktar svart alpfink (Leucosticte atrata) och brunkronad alpfink (L. australis) som underarter till grånackad alpfink.^[8] DNA-studier visar att de genetiska avstånden mellan dessa och även sibirisk alpfink är mycket små.^[9]

Levnadssätt

Grånackad alpfink häckar dels utmed klippig kust och på öppen tundra på arktiska öar, dels på fastlandet i alpin miljö vid snöfält, ängar, glaciärer, klippavsatser och talusbranter. Den hoppar på marken, ofta födosökande intill eller på smältande snöfläckar där den hittar insekter. Födan består även av frön, knoppar och skott. Fågeln häckar från slutet av april till månadsskiftet juli-augusti. Bergslevande populationer lägger endast en kull per säsong, ölevande (Aleuterna och Pribiloföarna) två eller tre. Arten är både stann- och flyttfågel, där griseonucha och umbrina håller sig på öarna i Berings sund året runt, medan övriga flyttar söderut till bergstrakter i USA och sydvästra Kanada.^[4]

Status och hot

Arten har ett stort utbredningsområde och en stor population med stabil utveckling och tros inte vara utsatt för något substantiellt hot.^[1] Utifrån dessa kriterier kategoriserar internationella naturvårdsunionen IUCN arten som livskraftig (LC).^[1] Världspopulationen uppskattas till fler än 200.000 individer, medan populationen i Ryssland tros bestå av mellan 100 och 10.000 par.^[1]

Noter

1. ^ [a b c d] Birdlife International 2012 Leucosticte tephrocotis Från: IUCN 2015. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2015.4 www.iucnredlist.org. Läst 2016-02-01.
2. ^ Sveriges ornitologiska förening (2018) Officiella listan över svenska namn på världens fågelarter, läst 2018-02-14
3. ^ [a b] Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, D. Roberson, T. A. Fredericks, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood (2015) The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: Version 2015 http://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download, läst 2016-02-11
4. ^ [a b] Clement, P. (2018). Grey-crowned Rosy-finch (Leucosticte tephrocotis). I: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J., Christie, D.A. & de Juana, E. (red.). Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. (hämtad från https://www.hbw.com/node/61374 16 december 2018).
5. ^ [a b c] Sibley, David Allen (2003). The Sibley Field Guide to Birds of Western North America. Alfred A. Knopf, New York. sid. 446. ISBN 0-679-45120-X
6. ^ Vladimir Yu Arkhipov & Łukasz Ławicki (2016). Nearctic passerines in Russia. Dutch Birding, 38, 201-214.
7. ^ Gill, F & D Donsker (Eds). 2018. IOC World Bird List (v 8.1). doi : 10.14344/IOC.ML.8.1.
8. ^ Dickinson, E.C., J.V. Remsen Jr. & L. Christidis (Eds). 2013-2014. The Howard & Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World. 4th. Edition, Vol. 1, 2, Aves Press, Eastbourne, U.K.
9. ^ Drovetski, S.V., Zink, R.M. & Mode, N.A. (2009) Patchy distributions belie morphological and genetic homogeneity in rosy-finches. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 50(3): 437–445.

Externa länkar

• Wikimedia Commons har media som rör grånackad alpfink.
  Bilder & media
• Wikispecies har information om Leucosticte tephrocotis.
  Artförteckning
• Bilder och filmer på Internet Bird Collection
• Läten på xeno-canto.org

Leucosticte tephrocotis là một loài chim trong họ Fringillidae.^[1]

Chú thích

Tham khảo

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