Coccothraustes a zo ur genad e rummatadur an evned, krouet e 1760 gant an evnoniour gall Mathurin Jacques Brisson (1723-1806).
N'eus nemet ur spesad golvaneged hag a ya d'ober ar genad :
E gavout a reer en Europa a-bezh hag e hanternoz Afrika, c'hwec'h (6) isspesad dezhe en holl.
a vo kavet e Wikimedia Commons.
Coccothraustes a zo ur genad e rummatadur an evned, krouet e 1760 gant an evnoniour gall Mathurin Jacques Brisson (1723-1806).
Имәнборыннар (лат. Coccothraustes) — тау чыпчыгы кошлар семьялыгының кошлар ыругы. Өч төрене эченә ала.
Семьялык эчендә эре кошлар. Гәүдә озынлыгы якынча 18 см. Урта озынлыгы, әмма бик киң үткен һәм көчле томшыгы бар.
Гади имәнборын Аурупа һәм Азия катнаш һәм яфраклы агачлар урманнарында, паркларында яши, бигрәк тә күг агач үсә торган урыннарда. Кичке имәнборын Төньяк Америка ылыслы һәм катнаш урманнарында яши, шулай ук континент көнбатышының таулы өлкәләрендә. Кичке имәнборынга якын башлыклы имәнборын исә Үзәк Америкада яши, күбесенчә Мексикада.
Имәнборыннар (лат. Coccothraustes) — тау чыпчыгы кошлар семьялыгының кошлар ыругы. Өч төрене эченә ала.
Патвар сăмса - шăнкăрч пысăкăш кайăк. Çăмартисем (5-6) çутă симĕс. Ами вĕсене çу уйăхĕнче тума пуçлать. Ăна ку вăхăтра аçи тăрантарать. Йăва çавăрма çăка йывăçа юратаççĕ. Юманпа хурăн, çирĕкпе ăвăс çинче те çавăрма пултараççĕ. Хула е ял çывăхĕнчи çулçăллă вăрмансене йышăнаççĕ. Тĕрлĕрен çырласемпе (чие, шăлан, çĕмĕрт, слива, пилеш тата ытти те), курăк вăррисемпе тăранаççĕ, çулла хурт-кăпшанкă кăна çиет. Чăвашра сайра тĕл пулаççĕ, вĕсене сайра-хутра, çурла уйăхĕнче, садсенче курма пулать.
Суон тумустар уустара (нууч. Род Дубоносы, лат. Coccothraustes) — Чооруостуҥулар кэргэннэригэр киирэр көтөрдөр бөлөхтөрө. Саха сиригэр бу ууска 1 көрүҥ баар: Суон тумус[1].
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The hawfinch (Coccothraustes coccothraustes) is a passerine bird in the finch family Fringillidae. It is the only species placed in the genus Coccothraustes. Its closest living relatives are the Chinese grosbeak (Eophona migratoria) and Japanese grosbeak (Eophona personata) of East Asia, and the evening grosbeak (Hesperiphona vespertina) and hooded grosbeak (Hesperiphona abeillei) of North America.
This bird breeds across Europe and temperate Asia (Palearctic). It is mainly resident in Europe, but many Asian birds migrate further south in the winter. It is a rare vagrant to the western islands of Alaska.
Deciduous or mixed woodland, including parkland, with large trees – especially hornbeam – is favoured for breeding. The hawfinch builds its nest in a bush or tree, and lays 2–7 eggs. The food is mainly seeds and fruit kernels, especially those of cherries, which it cracks with its powerful bill. This large finch species is usually seen in a pair or small group.
The 16.5–18 cm long hawfinch is a bulky bull-headed bird, which appears very short-tailed in flight. Its head is orange-brown with a black eyestripe and bib, and a massive bill, which is black in summer but paler in winter. The upper parts are dark brown and the underparts orange.
The white wing bars and tail tip are striking in flight. The sexes are similar. The call is a hard chick. The song of this unobtrusive bird is quiet and mumbled.
The hawfinch was described and illustrated by Swiss naturalist Conrad Gesner in his Historiae animalium in 1555.[2] He used the Latin name Coccothraustes which is derived from the Greek: kokkos is a seed or kernel and thrauō means to break or to shatter.[3] In 1758 Carl Linnaeus included the species in the 10th edition of his Systema Naturae under the binomial name Loxia coccothraustes.[4][5] The hawfinch was moved to a separate genus Coccothraustes by the French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson in 1760.[4][6] The English name 'hawfinch' was used by the ornithologist Francis Willughby in 1676.[7][8] Haws are the red berries of the common hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna).
Molecular phylogenetic studies have shown that the hawfinch is closely related to other grosbeaks in the Eophona, Hesperiphona and Mycerobas genera. Finches with large beaks in the Rhynchostruthus and Rhodospiza genera are not closely related. The similar bill morphology is the result of convergence due to the similar feeding behaviour.[9]
Fossil record:
There are six recognised subspecies:[11]
The hawfinch has an overall length of 18 cm (7.1 in), with a wingspan that ranges from 29 to 33 cm (11 to 13 in). It weighs 46–70 g (1.6–2.5 oz) with the male being on average slightly heavier than the female.[12] It is a robust bird with a thick neck, large round head and a wide, strong conical beak with a metallic appearance. It has short pinkish legs with a light hue and it has a short tail. It has brown eyes. The plumage of the female is slightly paler than that of the male. The overall colour is light brown, its head having an orange hue to it. Its eyes have a black circle around them, extending to its beak and surrounding it at its edge. Its throat is also black. The sides of its neck, as well as the back of its neck, are gray. The upper side of its wings are a deep black colour. The wings also have three stripes from approximately the middle till their sides: a white, a brown and a blue stripe. Adults moults between July and September.
The hawfinch is distributed in the whole of Europe, Eastern Asia (Palearctic including North Japan), and North Africa (Morocco, Tunisia and Algeria). It has also been sighted in Alaska, but this is reported as an accidental presence. It is not found in Iceland, parts of the British Isles, or certain Mediterranean islands. It is however found in southern Europe, such as in Spain and Bulgaria, as well as in central Europe, including parts of England and southern Sweden. The hawfinch's range has extended further north since the 1950s, and is now found as far north as Northern Norway.[13] In Asia it can be found in the Caucasus, northern Iran, Afghanistan, Turkistan, Siberia, Manchuria and North Korea.
The hawfinch typically inhabits deciduous forests during the spring to have offspring, often in trees that bear fruit, such as oak trees. They also incur into human areas, such as parks and gardens. They can also be found in pine woods, as long as there is a source of water in the vicinity. During autumn and winter they seek food-providing forests, especially those with cherry and plum trees. As for height, the hawfinch is present in any altitude up to that which is limited by the size of the trees.
In the 18th century, the hawfinch was recorded as only a rare winter visitor in Britain. The first breeding record was early in the 19th century; by the early 1830s, a well-documented colony was established at Epping Forest in Essex, and breeding was also recorded in other counties east and south of London. Further expansion of the range continued through the 19th and 20th centuries, with breeding occurring as far north as Aberdeenshire by 1968–1972. Peak numbers were in the period 1983–1990. Subsequently, there has been a significant decline of between 37% and 45% between 1990–1999.[14][15][16][17]
Southeastern England is the stronghold of the hawfinch in Britain. One well-known site is Bedgebury Pinetum, where flocks gather to roost in winter. The species is also found in the New Forest; a central roost site exists here, at the Blackwater Arboretum. The only Sussex stronghold is at Westdean Woods in West Sussex, while in Surrey they are regularly seen at Bookham Common in winter. Formerly, hawfinches were regularly encountered in the Windsor Great Park area in winter, though no sizeable gatherings have been reported since the mid-1990s. The recent (2007–11) BTO Bird Atlas shows no evidence of the hawfinch breeding anywhere in this area; the reasons why are unclear.
In Devon (southwestern England), the hawfinch is largely confined to the upper Teign Valley. In western England and Wales, two areas in which hawfinches reliably occur are the Forest of Dean and the Wyre Forest. In Eastern England, the hawfinch is present in the Breckland of East Anglia. In northern England, hawfinches are regularly found in a small number of locations. Prime sites include Fountains Abbey in Yorkshire and Hulne Park in Northumberland. Hawfinches can be seen at Cromford Derbyshire near the canal and at Clumber Park (Nottinghamshire) near the chapel. In Scotland, Scone Palace near Perth is the most well-known site in Scotland for hawfinches. Formerly, they also occurred in the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh. In Ireland, they are an annual winter visitor in small numbers: they are most often seen at Curraghchase Forest Park in County Limerick, where a flock of between 15 and 30 birds occurs each winter. A few birds also turn up in Dublin most years.
The hawfinch is a shy species, and therefore difficult to observe and study. It spends most of the day on top of high branches, above all during breeding season. During the course of the hawfinch's life it can only be seen on the ground while looking for seeds or drinking water, always near trees. While drinking and eating it is fairly aggressive and dominant, towards both its same species or different ones, even bigger birds. It guards a quite small territory when its chicks are born; however, when not bearing any offspring it is known to guard entire woods. This is interpreted as an evolutionary advantage, given colony rearing is seen as safer against nest predators.
Hawfinches first breed when they are 1 year old.[18] They are monogamous, with a pair-bond that sometimes persists from one year to the next. Pair-formation takes place before the breakup of the wintering flocks.[19] The date for breeding is dependent on the spring temperature and is earlier in southwest Europe and later in the northeast. In Britain, most clutches are laid between late April and late June.[12]
Hawfinches engage in an elaborate series of courtship routines. The two birds stand apart facing one another and reach out to touch their bills. The male displays to the female by standing erect, puffing out the feathers on his head, neck and chest and allowing his wings to droop forward. He then makes a deep bow. The male will also lower a wing and move it in a semi-circular arc, revealing his wing bars and modified wing feathers.[20]
The breeding pairs are usually solitary, but they occasionally breed in loose groups.[19] The nest is normally located high in a tree on a horizontal branch with easy access from the air.[18] The male chooses the site of the nest and builds a layer of dry twigs. After a few days, the female takes over.[21] The nest is untidy and is formed of a bulky twig base and a shallow cup lined with roots, grasses and lichens.[22] The eggs are laid in early morning at daily intervals.[18] The clutch is normally 4–5 eggs.[22] There is considerable variable in the colour and shape of the eggs.[18] They have purple brown and pale grey squiggles on a background that can be buff, grey-green or pale blueish.[22] The average size is 24.1 mm × 17.5 mm (0.95 in × 0.69 in) with a calculated weight of 3.89 g (0.137 oz).[18] The eggs are incubated for 11–13 days by the female.[18] The nestlings are fed by both parents, who regurgitate seeds but also bring mouthfuls of caterpillars.[23] Initially, the male normally passes the food to the female who feeds the chicks, but as they grow bigger both adults feed them directly.[18] The female broods the chicks while they are in the nest.[18] They fledge after 12–14 days and the young birds become independent of their parents around 30 days later.[22] The parents generally only raise a single brood each year.[18]
The hawfinch is highly unusual among cardueline finches in that the male bird chooses the nest site and starts the construction. In other species the female performs these roles.[24] The hawfinch is also unusual in that the nest is kept clean by the parents removing the faecal sacs of the nestlings right up to the time when the chicks fledge. This behaviour is shared by the Eurasian bullfinch, but most finches cease to remove the faecal material after the first few days.[25]
The annual survival rate is not known.[26] The maximum age obtained from ring-recovery data is 12 years and 7 months for a bird in Germany.[27]
The hawfinch feeds primarily on hard seeds from trees, as well as fruit seeds, which it obtains with the help of its strong beak with accompanying jaw muscles. Its jaw muscles exert a force equivalent to a load of approximately 30–48 kg. Thus it can break through the seeds of cherries and plums. Other common sources of food include pine seeds, berries, sprouts and the occasional caterpillar and beetle. They can also break through olive seeds. The bird is known to eat in groups, especially during the winter.
Its flight is quick and its trajectory is straight over short distances. During long flights periodical undulations can be observed in their flight pattern. While on the ground scavenging it hops, and they are quick to fly away at the slightest noise. They are observed to catch insects mid-flight. They fly up to a height of 200 m and they are seen to fly in groups, as well as alone.
The hawfinch is a partial migrant, with northern flocks migrating towards the South during the winter, as shown by ringing techniques. These same studies showed that those hawfinches inhabiting habitats with a temperate climate would often have sedentary behaviour. A few migrants from northern Europe reach Britain in autumn and some are seen on the Northern Isles in spring.
The European population of the hawfinch is estimated to be between 7,200,000 and 12,600,000 individuals. Assuming that the European range is between 25 percent and 49 percent of the global range, a tentative figure for the global population size is 14,700,000–50,400,000 individuals. States with large populations include Romania (500,000–1,000,000 pairs), Croatia (250,000–500,000 pairs) and Germany (200,000–365,000 pairs). Although the global population appears to be stable,[1] the population within the United Kingdom underwent a 76 percent reduction between 1968 and 2011. In 2013 it was estimated that there were only 500–1000 breeding pairs. The reasons for this decline are not understood.[28] Given the high numbers and huge breeding area, the hawfinch is classified by the International Union for Conservation of Nature as being of least concern.[1]
juvenile, Hungary A hawfinch foraging, De Cocksdorp, Netherlands (2011) The hawfinch (Coccothraustes coccothraustes) is a passerine bird in the finch family Fringillidae. It is the only species placed in the genus Coccothraustes. Its closest living relatives are the Chinese grosbeak (Eophona migratoria) and Japanese grosbeak (Eophona personata) of East Asia, and the evening grosbeak (Hesperiphona vespertina) and hooded grosbeak (Hesperiphona abeillei) of North America.
This bird breeds across Europe and temperate Asia (Palearctic). It is mainly resident in Europe, but many Asian birds migrate further south in the winter. It is a rare vagrant to the western islands of Alaska.
Deciduous or mixed woodland, including parkland, with large trees – especially hornbeam – is favoured for breeding. The hawfinch builds its nest in a bush or tree, and lays 2–7 eggs. The food is mainly seeds and fruit kernels, especially those of cherries, which it cracks with its powerful bill. This large finch species is usually seen in a pair or small group.
The 16.5–18 cm long hawfinch is a bulky bull-headed bird, which appears very short-tailed in flight. Its head is orange-brown with a black eyestripe and bib, and a massive bill, which is black in summer but paler in winter. The upper parts are dark brown and the underparts orange.
The white wing bars and tail tip are striking in flight. The sexes are similar. The call is a hard chick. The song of this unobtrusive bird is quiet and mumbled.
Kokotraŭstoj aŭ Coccothraustes estas genro de grandaj fringedoj kiu enhavas la tri jenajn speciojn:
Temas pri grandaj, fortikaj, mallongvostaj specioj, ĉirkaŭ 18 cm longaj, kun dikaj povegaj bekoj por rompi la fruktokernojn. Ili estas fortaj specioj, kaj eĉ la du nordaj specioj kutime migras nur el la plej malvarmaj partoj de siaj teritorioj.
La Vespera kokotraŭsto de Nordameriko kaj la Centramerika kokotraŭsto de evidente Centrameriko estas tre proksime rilataj, kaj foje estas klasataj en la genro Hesperiphona, sed estas nuntempe lokataj kutime en la sama genro kun la Eŭrazia kokotraŭsto.
Coccothraustes is een monotypisch geslacht van zangvogels uit de vinkachtigen (Fringillidae).
Het geslacht kent de volgende soort:[1]
Coccothraustes is een monotypisch geslacht van zangvogels uit de vinkachtigen (Fringillidae).
Coccothraustes er en monotypisk slekt i finkefamilien (Fringillidae) som kun omhandler arten kjernebiter.[1][2]
Clements et al. (2010) plasserte de to artene i slekten Hesperiphona sammen med med Coccothraustes,[3] men molekylære data fra en studie i 2012 slår fast at Coccothraustes er monotypisk og kun omhandler én art, som er vidtspredd i Eurasia, mens Eophona omhandler to arter i Øst-Asia og Hesperiphona to arter i Nord-Amerika.[1] Kjernebiter (C. coccothraustes) er derfor eneste art i denne slekten, mens de to nordamerikanske artene gulbrynkjernebiter (H. vespertina) og tåkekjernebiter (H. abeillei) hører hjemme i slekten Hesperiphona. Denne plasseringen støttes også av HBW Alive og BirdLife International.[2]
Inndelingen og rekkefølgen av den følger HBW Alive og er i henhold til Collar, Newton & Bonan (2017).[4] Norske navn på artene følger Norsk navnekomité for fugl og er i henhold til Syvertsen et al. (2008).[5] Navn og beskrivelser i parentes er ikke offisielle navn, men kun midlertidige beskrivelser i påvente av offisielle navn.
Coccothraustes er en monotypisk slekt i finkefamilien (Fringillidae) som kun omhandler arten kjernebiter.
Coccothraustes är ett litet släkte med stenknäckar vilka är stora finkar med mycket kraftig näbbar.
Släktets omfattning är omdiskuterat och länge har släktet enbart omfattat arten stenknäck (Coccothraustes coccothraustes) men Clements et al. 2010 inkluderar även de två närbesläktade arterna aftonstenknäck (Coccothraustes vespertina) och svarthuvad stenknäck (Coccothraustes abeillei) som tidigare ofta placerats i det egna släktet Hesperiphona.[1][2]
Släktets arter är stora, kompakta, kortstjärtade och mäter cirka 18 cm, med kraftig näbb som de använder för att knäcka kärnor eller frukter. De är härdiga arter, och de två nordligt häckande arterna brukar bara flytta ifrån de allra kallaste delarna av sina häckningsområde.
Aftonstenknäck förekommer i Nordamerika, svarthuvad stenknäck förekommer i Centralamerika medan stenknäck förekommer i Palearktis.[2]
Coccothraustes är ett litet släkte med stenknäckar vilka är stora finkar med mycket kraftig näbbar.
Släktets omfattning är omdiskuterat och länge har släktet enbart omfattat arten stenknäck (Coccothraustes coccothraustes) men Clements et al. 2010 inkluderar även de två närbesläktade arterna aftonstenknäck (Coccothraustes vespertina) och svarthuvad stenknäck (Coccothraustes abeillei) som tidigare ofta placerats i det egna släktet Hesperiphona.
Släktets arter är stora, kompakta, kortstjärtade och mäter cirka 18 cm, med kraftig näbb som de använder för att knäcka kärnor eller frukter. De är härdiga arter, och de två nordligt häckande arterna brukar bara flytta ifrån de allra kallaste delarna av sina häckningsområde.
Aftonstenknäck förekommer i Nordamerika, svarthuvad stenknäck förekommer i Centralamerika medan stenknäck förekommer i Palearktis.
Kocabaş (Coccothraustes), ispinozgiller (Fringillidae) familyasından Coccothraustes cinsini oluşturan iri gagalı kuş türlerinin ortak adı.
Kocabaşlar, büyük cüsseli, ortalama 18 cm uzunluğunda, kısa kuyruklu türlerdir. Kalınca güçlü gagaları erik gibi sert meyve çekirdeklerini kırmaya yarar. Dayanıklı türlerdir ve hatta iki kuzey türü genellikle kutuba yakın soğuk yerlerde görülür.
Wikimedia Commons'ta Kocabaş ile ilgili çoklu ortam belgeleri bulunur. 
Wikispecies'te Kocabaş ile ilgili detaylı taksonomi bilgileri bulunur. Kocabaş (Coccothraustes), ispinozgiller (Fringillidae) familyasından Coccothraustes cinsini oluşturan iri gagalı kuş türlerinin ortak adı.
Це досить великі для даної родини птахи — їх довжина становить близько 18 см. Одна з відмінних особливостей костогризів — їх масивний, гострий дзьоб — середньої довжини, проте дуже широкий (шириною майже з голову) та сильний. Дзьоб конусоподібний, не приплюснутий, з більш широким наддзьобком, добре пристосований для дроблення твердого насіння або кісточок плоів, таких як черемхи, жимолості, вишні або аличі. Забарвлення контрастне — у Coccothraustes vespertinus та Coccothraustes abeillei є поєднання чорного, білого та яскраво-жовтого кольорів, у костогриза руді, вохристі, білі, каштанові та чорні відтінки. Крила середньої довжини, загострені; перші три махових приблизно однієї довжини. Хвіст досить короткий, з виїмкою. Ноги з коротким, сплющеним плесном, середньої довжини пальцями і добре розвиненим заднім пальцем.
Костогриз зустрічається в мішаних та листяних лісах, а також парках Європи та Азії, особливо там, де росте граб. Coccothraustes vespertinus — мешканець хвойних та мішаних лісів Північної Америки, в тому числі гірських районів на заході континенту. Coccothraustes abeillei, що має близьку спорідненість з попереднім видом, поширений в Центральній Америці, переважно в Мексиці.
Це незавершена стаття з орнітології.
Coccothraustes là một chi chim trong họ Fringillidae.[1]
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Coccothraustes là một chi chim trong họ Fringillidae.
Дубоно́сы, или обыкнове́нные дубоно́сы (лат. Coccothraustes) — род птиц семейства вьюрковых, состоящий всего из трёх видов.
Это довольно крупные для семейства птицы — их длина составляет около 18 см. Одна из отличительных особенностей дубоносов — их массивный, острый клюв — средней длины, однако очень широкий (шириной почти с голову) и сильный. Клюв конусообразный, не приплюснутый, с несколько более широким надклювьем, хорошо приспособлен для дробления твёрдых семян или косточек плодов, таких как черёмухи, жимолости, вишни или алычи. Окраска контрастная — у вечернего и капюшонного дубоносов имеется сочетание чёрного, белого и ярко-жёлтого цветов, у обыкновенного дубоноса тона рыжие, охристые, белые, каштановые и чёрные. Крылья средней длины, заострённые; первые три маховых примерно одной длины. Хвост довольно короткий, выемчатый. Ноги с короткой, сжатой плюсной, средней длины пальцами и хорошо развитым задним пальцем.
Обыкновенный дубонос обитает в смешанных и лиственных лесах, а также парках Европы и Азии, особенно там, где растёт граб. Вечерний дубонос — житель хвойных и смешанных лесов Северной Америки, в том числе горных районов на западе континента. Капюшонный дубонос, имеющий близкое родство с вечерним, распространён в Центральной Америке, преимущественно в Мексике.
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