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Nectophrynoides poyntoni Menegon, Salvidio & Loader 2004

Description ( 英語 )

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Nectophrynoides poyntoni is a medium sized frog with a snout-urostyle length range in males from 19.1 – 24.0 mm and with two female specimens measuring 20.2 and 23.9 mm. The holotype head width is 8.5 mm, measured at the jaw articulation. The snout is short with the nostrils being closer to the tip of the snout that the eyes. The eyes are pronounced, can be seen from the ventrum view, and have horizontal pupils. A tympanum is present and clearly visible. There is also a tympanic annulus. The parotoid glands form a row of small glands on the anterior side that lead antero-posteriorly to a large posterior parotoid in the scapular region that is twice as long as it is wide. The posterior parotoid is about the same length as the eye. The limbs are narrow. This species lacks webbing on the fingers, and only the fourth and fifth toes are webbed. Both the fingers and the toes have rounded tips. The tibia is longer than the foot. The feet are characterized by two white tubercles of similar size on the metatarsal region. This species is textured with microscopic warts, or coni, throughout the body skin. Distinct scapular parotid glands are present, and are noticeably larger than other glands on the dorsum. There is no indication of sexual dimorphism in this species (Menegon et al. 2004).Nectophrynoides poyntoni is similar in body shape and size to N. tornieri and to N. vestergaardi. However, in contrast to the expanded and truncate fingers and toes of N. tornieri, N. poyntoni has rounded toes. In addition, the two species can be easily differentiated by their advertisement calls. From N. vestergaardi, a species that also has rounded tips on its digits, the parotid gland shape, hind and forelimb ratios, and the dorsal pattern may all be used to discern these two species. From N. viviparous, the focal species can be differentiated by the latter lacking large glands on the limbs and being smaller in size. Nectophrynoides asperginis, N. laevis, N. pseudotornieri, N. wendyae and N. cryptus do not have an obvious tympanum, which makes them distinguishable from N. poyntoni. While the tympanum is occasionally visible in N. cryptus, the presence of a longer foot than tibia separates N. cryptus from N. poyntoni. The larger body size and pronounced bicolored parotid gland distinguishes N. poyntoni from N. minutus and N. frontierei (Menegon et al. 2004).It is unclear if the coloration described by the species authority is in life or in preservative. The dorsal surface of the holotype specimen is primarily various shades of brown. Scattered, darker blotches are common. A black stripe is present from the tip of the snout to the end of the parotid glands. A light brown mid-dorsal stripe with a black outline is present. Beige coloration occurs on the sides of the head, the upper arms, and the dorsal surface in an upside-down “v” shaped marking, outlined in black. The dorsal glands have concentrations of melanophores on pale pink areas in the pattern of interrupted stripes. The ventral surface is gray with a few melanophores (Menegon et al. 2004).The dorsal pattern varies between specimens. The coloration may be mostly shades of brown, or many darker/black blotches may be present on the dorsal surface of the head, body and legs. Dark, possibly interrupted, stripes may also run from the snout to the scapular parotoids or along the vertebral line (Menegon et al. 2004).The species authority is: Menegon, M., Salvidio, S., and Loader, S.P. (2004). “Five new species of Nectophrynoides Noble 1926 (Amphibia Anura Bufonidae) from the Eastern Arc Mountains, Tanzania.” Tropical Zoology, 17(1), 97-121.The species epithet “poyntoni” was named in honor of Professor John Poynton (Menegon et al. 2004)

參考資料

  • Barratt, C., Tonelli, E., Menegon, M., Doggart, N., Bowkett, A., Harris, W.E., Howell, K., Ngalason, W., Loader, S. (2014). ''Fragmented habitats and species: The challenges of amphibian conservation in Tanzania today.'' FrogLog, 22(111), 63-64.
  • IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group. (2015). Nectophrynoides poyntoni. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T54842A13323022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T54842A13323022.en. Downloaded on 15 June 2016.
  • Liedtke, H.C., Müller, H., Hafner, J., Nagel, P., and Loader, S. (2014). ''Interspecific patterns for egg and clutch sizes of African Bufonidae (Amphibia: Anura).'' Zoologicher Anzeiger, 253(4), 309-315.

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Distribution and Habitat ( 英語 )

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Nectophrynoides poynton is endemic to the Udzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve (200 km2) in the Iringa Region of southern Tanzania at elevations of 1,200 m. The forest is located on the south-eastern slopes of the Udzungwa Mountains, which is part of the Eastern Arc mountain chain. The habitat of N. poyntoni is submontane rain forest. The emergent layer reaches 50 m in this area, and the canopy is 30 to 40 m high. This species, as well as N. tornieri, was common along the Mkalazi stream when it was described (Menegon et al. 2004, Menegon and Salvidio 2005).
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Life History, Abundance, Activity, and Special Behaviors ( 英語 )

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Nectophrynoides poyntoni is active during the evening on leaves 60 – 160 cm above the ground. During the day they could be found in hiding places under fallen trees and large pieces of wood (Menegon et al. 2004). Nectophrynoides poyntoni is inferred to be an ovoviviparous or lecithotrophic species due to their small clutches of large, yolky eggs (Liedtke et al. 2014; Menegon et al. 2004). Menegon et al. (2004) reported clutch sizes of 8 and 10 large, yolky eggs in dissected specimens.Menegon et al. (2004) describe the advertisement call of a male N. poyntoni. Males call near streams and vegetation in the late afternoon or after sunset. The monophasic call consists of high-pitched notes in a series of pulse trains. Each pulse lasts for 60 ms, and has a dominant frequency of 2.9 kHz and a second harmonic is emphasized at 8.7 kHz. The inter-pulse duration is 80 ms. A single pulse train has a duration of 1 s (6 - 8 pulses), and the interval between pulse trains is 2.5 - 3.5 s. The high frequency of the call may help distinguish the call from the noise of low frequency water turbulence. Nectophrynoides poynton co-occurs withN. tornieri, which is similar in size and shape, but can differentiated based on toe-tip shape and advertisement call (Menegon et al. 2004).
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Life History, Abundance, Activity, and Special Behaviors ( 英語 )

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Nectophrynoides poyntoni is a hyper-endemic and very rare frog species from the Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve (Barratt et al. 2014). It is listed as “Critically Endangered” on the IUCN Red List and is threatened by habitat loss. The N. poyntoni population is said to be declining, but this species may already be extinct (IUCN 2015).
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Nectophrynoides poyntoni ( 加泰隆語 )

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Nectophrynoides poyntoni és una espècie d'amfibi que viu a Tanzània.

Es troba amenaçada d'extinció per la pèrdua del seu hàbitat natural.

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Nectophrynoides poyntoni: Brief Summary ( 加泰隆語 )

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Nectophrynoides poyntoni és una espècie d'amfibi que viu a Tanzània.

Es troba amenaçada d'extinció per la pèrdua del seu hàbitat natural.

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Nectophrynoides poyntoni ( 英語 )

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Nectophrynoides poyntoni, also known as Poynton's forest toad, is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae. It is endemic to the Udzungwa Mountains in Tanzania and is only known from its type locality in the Mkalazi Valley.[1][4] This species is only known from a single collection in 2003 and has not been seen ever since, despite targeted searches. Therefore, it is feared that it has strongly declined and might already be extinct.[1]

Etymology

The specific name poyntoni honours John Poynton,[3][5] a South African herpetologist[5] whose work has "greatly improved the understanding of the amphibians of Tanzania".[3]

Description

Adult males measure 19–24 mm (0.7–0.9 in) and adult females, based on two specimens only, 20–24 mm (0.8–0.9 in) in snout–urostyle length. The snout is short. The eyes are prominent. The tympanum and tympanic annulus are present. The parotoid gland consists of two parts, the anterior and posterior part; the anterior part is formed by a row of small glands, while the posterior half is large and bean-shaped. The finger and toe tips are rounded. The fingers have no webbing while some webbing is present between the toes IV and V. Dorsal ground colour varies from brown to light brown. There are two black stripes running from the tips of the snout to the scapular region. The dorsum may have scattered and variable dark blotches. The lower surfaces are grey.[3]

The male advertisement call consists of pulse trains about one second long, with an interval of about 2.5–3.5 seconds. The dominant frequency is about 2.9 kHz.[3]

Habitat and conservation

The type locality is moist submontane rainforest, close to a stream, at elevations of 1,200 m (3,900 ft) above sea level. The specimens could be found specimens at night on leaves 0.6–1.6 m (2.0–5.2 ft) above the ground, while during the day they hid on the ground, under fallen trees and coarse wood debris.[1][3] Males call near streams mainly after sunset, but may start already late afternoon.[3] Breeding strategy of this species is unknown, but like other members of its genus, it is probably a live-bearer giving birth to tiny toadlets.[1]

In 2003 Nectophrynoides poyntoni was reasonably common within its tiny range. However, later targeted searches have failed to see or hear any individuals, suggesting a population decline, or perhaps even that it is already extinct. The forest habitat of this species is declining due to wood extraction. The type locality is within the Udzungwa Mountains National Park.[1]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2015). "Nectophrynoides poyntoni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T54842A13323022. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T54842A13323022.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  2. ^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Menegon, M.; Salvidio, S. & Loader, S. P. (2004). "Five new species of Nectophrynoides Noble 1926 (Amphibia Anura Bufonidae) from the Eastern Arc Mountains, Tanzania". Tropical Zoology. 17 (1): 97–121. doi:10.1080/03946975.2004.10531201. hdl:11567/213502.
  4. ^ a b Frost, Darrel R. (2020). "Nectophrynoides poyntoni Menegon, Salvidio, and Loader, 2004". Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 24 February 2020.
  5. ^ a b Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael & Grayson, Michael (2013). The Eponym Dictionary of Amphibians. Pelagic Publishing. p. 121. ISBN 978-1-907807-42-8.
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Nectophrynoides poyntoni: Brief Summary ( 英語 )

由wikipedia EN提供

Nectophrynoides poyntoni, also known as Poynton's forest toad, is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae. It is endemic to the Udzungwa Mountains in Tanzania and is only known from its type locality in the Mkalazi Valley. This species is only known from a single collection in 2003 and has not been seen ever since, despite targeted searches. Therefore, it is feared that it has strongly declined and might already be extinct.

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Nectophrynoides poyntoni ( 西班牙、卡斯蒂利亞西班牙語 )

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Nectophrynoides poyntoni es una especie de anfibios de la familia Bufonidae.[1]​ Es endémica de Tanzania. Se encuentra en peligro crítico de extinción debido a la pérdida de su hábitat natural.

Referencias

  1. Frost, D.R. «Nectophrynoides poyntoni ». Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.1. (en inglés). Nueva York, EEUU: Museo Americano de Historia Natural. Consultado el 28 de abril de 2015.
  • Menegon & Loader (2004). «Nectophrynoides poyntoni». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2006 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 11 de mayo de 2006. IUCN
  • Menegon, M., S. Salvidio & S. P. Loader. 2004. Five new species of Nectophrynoides Noble 1926 (Amphibia Anura Bufonidae) from the Eastern Arc Mountains, Tanzania. Tropical Zoology. Firenze 17: 97–212.

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Nectophrynoides poyntoni: Brief Summary ( 西班牙、卡斯蒂利亞西班牙語 )

由wikipedia ES提供

Nectophrynoides poyntoni es una especie de anfibios de la familia Bufonidae.​ Es endémica de Tanzania. Se encuentra en peligro crítico de extinción debido a la pérdida de su hábitat natural.

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Nectophrynoides poyntoni ( 巴斯克語 )

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Nectophrynoides poyntoni Nectophrynoides generoko animalia da. Anfibioen barruko Bufonidae familian sailkatuta dago, Anura ordenan.

Erreferentziak

Ikus, gainera

Kanpo estekak

(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Nectophrynoides poyntoni: Brief Summary ( 巴斯克語 )

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Nectophrynoides poyntoni Nectophrynoides generoko animalia da. Anfibioen barruko Bufonidae familian sailkatuta dago, Anura ordenan.

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Nectophrynoides poyntoni ( 法語 )

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Nectophrynoides poyntoni est une espèce d'amphibiens de la famille des Bufonidae[1].

Répartition

Cette espèce est endémique de la vallée Mkalazi dans les monts Udzungwa dans l'est de la Tanzanie[1]. Elle se rencontre à environ 1 200 m d'altitude.

Description

Le mâle holotype mesure 24 mm[2]

Étymologie

Cette espèce est nommée en l'honneur de John Charles Poynton.

Publication originale

  • Menegon, Salvidio & Loader, 2004 : Five new species of Nectophrynoides Noble 1926 (Amphibia Anura Bufonidae) from the Eastern Arc Mountains, Tanzania. Tropical Zoology, vol. 17, p. 97-121 (texte intégral).

Notes et références

  1. a et b Amphibian Species of the World, consulté lors d'une mise à jour du lien externe
  2. Menegon, Salvidio & Loader, 2004 : Five new species of Nectophrynoides Noble 1926 (Amphibia Anura Bufonidae) from the Eastern Arc Mountains, Tanzania. Tropical Zoology, vol. 17, p. 97-121 (texte intégral).
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Nectophrynoides poyntoni: Brief Summary ( 法語 )

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Nectophrynoides poyntoni est une espèce d'amphibiens de la famille des Bufonidae.

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Nectophrynoides poyntoni ( 葡萄牙語 )

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Nectophrynoides poyntoni é uma espécie de sapo da família Bufonidae. Ele é endêmico na Tanzânia. Está ameaçado com a perda do seu habitat.

Referências

  • Menegon & Loader(2004) - Nectophrynoides poyntoni. downloaded: 11 May 2006 IUCN
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Nectophrynoides poyntoni: Brief Summary ( 葡萄牙語 )

由wikipedia PT提供

Nectophrynoides poyntoni é uma espécie de sapo da família Bufonidae. Ele é endêmico na Tanzânia. Está ameaçado com a perda do seu habitat.

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