Phenacomys zo ur genad e rummatadur ar bronneged, ennañ krignerien a vev e Norzhamerika.
Phenacomys zo ur genad e rummatadur ar bronneged, ennañ krignerien a vev e Norzhamerika.
Phenacomys és un gènere de rosegadors de la família dels cricètids. Totes les espècies d'aquest grup, tant les vivents com les extintes, són oriündes de Nord-amèrica. El seu hàbitat natural són les zones obertes amb ericàcies i arbres o matolls dispersos, així com els prats i la tundra alpina. La seva fesomia recorda els seus parents dels gèneres Myodes i Microtus. El nom genèric Phenacomys significa 'ratolí impostor' en llatí.[2]
Phenacomys és un gènere de rosegadors de la família dels cricètids. Totes les espècies d'aquest grup, tant les vivents com les extintes, són oriündes de Nord-amèrica. El seu hàbitat natural són les zones obertes amb ericàcies i arbres o matolls dispersos, així com els prats i la tundra alpina. La seva fesomia recorda els seus parents dels gèneres Myodes i Microtus. El nom genèric Phenacomys significa 'ratolí impostor' en llatí.
Die Heidekraut-Wühlmäuse (Phenacomys) sind eine Gattung aus der Unterfamilie der Wühlmäuse (Arvicolinae) mit zwei Arten, die in Nordamerika vorkommen.
Im allgemeinen Körperbau ähneln die Arten anderen Wühlmäusen wie Feldmäusen (Microtus) oder Rötelmäusen (Myodes). Sie erreichen eine Kopf-Rumpf-Länge von 9 bis 12 cm und eine Schwanzlänge von 2,6 bis 4,1 cm. Das Gewicht liegt zwischen 25 und 40 g. Die Grundfarben des Fells sind graubraun auf der Oberseite und silbergrau an der Unterseite. Es gibt jedoch große Variationen zwischen den einzelnen Exemplaren. Die Backenzähne der Heidekraut-Wühlmäuse besitzen eine Zahnwurzel, womit sie sich von Feldmäusen unterscheiden. Ein wichtiges Unterscheidungsmerkmal zu den Rötelmäusen ist die abweichende Konstruktion der Zahnkrone der unteren Mahlzähne.[1]
Wie der Name andeutet halten sich diese Wühlmäuse vorwiegend in offenen Habitaten mit Heidekrautgewächsen und vereinzelten Bäumen oder Büschen auf. Sie kommen auch auf Wiesen und in der alpinen Tundra vor.[1]
Heidekraut-Wühlmäuse graben im Sommer Tunnelsysteme, die zu einer Wohnkammer in 10 bis 25 cm Tiefe führen. Vor dem Winter bauen sie oberirdische Nester aus Zweigen, Gras und Flechten, die dann vom Schnee bedeckt sind. Diese Wühlmäuse halten keinen Winterschlaf.[1]
Als Nahrung dienen unterschiedliche Pflanzenteile wie Samen, Beeren, Kräuter, Rinde oder junge Triebe. Die Fortpflanzung erfolgt zwischen Mai und August, wobei Weibchen mehr als einen Wurf pro Jahr aufziehen können. Nach 19 bis 24 Tagen Trächtigkeit werden 2 bis 8 Junge geboren. Diese sind von Geburt bis etwa zu Beginn der zweiten Lebenswoche blind. Schon nach 17 bis 21 Tagen endet die Säuglingszeit. Weibchen erreichen die Geschlechtsreife nach vier bis sechs Wochen, wogegen sich Männchen nicht vor dem ersten Winter paaren.[1]
In den verschieden zoologischen Abhandlungen wurden die Heidekraut-Wühlmäuse zu einer Art zusammengefasst oder in bis zu drei Arten aufgeteilt. Die wissenschaftliche Erstbeschreibung erfolgte 1889 durch Clinton Hart Merriam, der dieser Gattung vier ebenfalls neu beschriebene Arten zuordnete.[2]
In neueren Werken wie Mammal Species of the World (2005) und bei der Weltnaturschutzunion (IUCN) sind zwei Arten gelistet:[3][4]
Für Heidekraut-Wühlmäuse sind keine nennenswerten Beeinträchtigungen bekannt. Beide Arten werden von der IUCN als nicht gefährdet (Least Concern) gelistet.[4]
Die Heidekraut-Wühlmäuse (Phenacomys) sind eine Gattung aus der Unterfamilie der Wühlmäuse (Arvicolinae) mit zwei Arten, die in Nordamerika vorkommen.
The genus Phenacomys is a group of North American voles. The genus name comes from the Greek for "imposter mouse."[1]
These animals live in forested, alpine and tundra areas, which often include plants of the heath family. They are small rodents with long fur and short ears, legs and tails. They eat green plants, seeds and berries in summer and bark and buds of shrubs at other times. Predators include mustelids, owls and hawks.
Some sources include the tree voles, genus Arborimus, in this genus. At one time, the two species of heather vole were considered to be a single species.
The complete list of living species is:
Unusual features in the teeth of Phenacomys voles suggest that the genus may have arisen relatively early within the evolutionary history of voles, probably in early Pliocene Beringia, from an Asian ancestor. The earliest American fossils date from about 1.5 million years ago, and were discovered in present-day Idaho. Similarly aged fossils belonging to two extinct species, P. gryci and P. deeringensis, have been discovered in Yakutia. During the Ice Ages of the Pleistocene, Phenacomys voles lived as far south as Arkansas.[1]
Phenacomys intermedius, known as the western heather vole is a small rodent with a short tail that very closely resembles the montane vole and was even called the "deceiver mouse " for this reason. The hair of the heather vole is mostly gray to brown but the underside hair color is white to gray. In addition, these voles have whiskers extending to about their shoulders. This mammal burrows and is most active during the evening and night.[2] Western heather voles are mainly found in open coniferous forests that contain small shrubs or vegetation on the outskirts as well as meadows in British Columbia, Canada. This species of voles are relatively uncommon as only 52 were captured out of 659 total voles during a 3-year period in British Columbia while 366 Red-backed voles and 241 long-tailed voles were captured.[3]
The summer and winter diet of heather voles is predominantly kinnikinnick, a small shrub with evergreen leaves that produces red berries. These herbivores also feed on soapberry leaves and fruits during the summer months.[3] The winter diet of Phenacomys intermedius is bark of bush willow, dwarf birch,sheep laurel, and blueberry. Additionally, they do store food in piles at the entrances of burrows at night during the summer and winter then feed on the food during the day when it is safer.[4]
The western heather vole breeding season is from May to August and may be potentially shortened in populations living in high-elevations. A maximum of three litters has been reported with a pregnancy period of about 19 to 24 days and an average of 3 to 4 offspring per litter. Although these reports are of captive western heather voles and larger litter sizes of up to 7 are possible in wild voles.[2]
The range of western heather voles is restricted to the Pacific Northwest of North America, specifically Canada and they are the most common rodent in this area of the subfamily Microtinae. The range of western heather voles is not well known but their range is from west central British Columbia then south to California/New Mexico. There is an uncertainty of distribution such that they have even been found in parts of Alaska and this uncertainty is due to limited sample size of captured heather voles because they do not enter traps often.[5]
They tend to use willow as their habitat the most and heather plants less. They also prefer wet meadows and the borders of forests as well as rock, grassland and herbfield habitats when available. There is a variety of habitats for this species but they tend to live in areas with more vegetation cover compared to rock cover.[6] However, it has been reported that a mixture of medium to large rock cover was used as a habitat greater than equal sized or smaller rocks.[2]
While heather voles do have a feeding behavior towards seeds it was discovered that when provided different types of seed, heather voles had no preference between different types and ate very little seeds overall. This is thought to be due to the fact that P. intermedius mainly feed on leaves and berries while eating few seeds even when high in availability as shown in studies. This proves that heather voles generally do have a feeding behavior preference to leaves and berries rather than seeds.[7] Other than feeding behaviors, these mammals use short burrow systems during the summer months and build their nests for reproduction under a rock or stump. The nests are consisted of leaves,twigs, grass and other plants. They have been reported as having a temper when captured, specifically researchers have observed male to male aggression and females with offspring having aggressive behaviors towards intruders. The females are the single provider of the young and heather vole females have an equal ratio of male and female offspring.[2]
The heather vole has also been split into three distinct clades, the Oregon and California clade, the Washington clade and the Northern and Interior clade. It is speculated that intervals of glaciation over time may have led to the range growth and contraction of the species. It is thought that geographical barriers were present during this cycle of climate change prevented clades from associating and coming in contact with each other.[8]
Additionally, fossils of P. intermedius from the Pleistocene age have been found in northern Arkansas and Tennessee which is much more south then the current distribution. Lastly, during the Holocene time period, climatic change occurred and the only fit habitat was mountainous "islands" for the Phanacomys and eventually led to their extinction in certain areas such as the Great Basin range.[4] It is estimated that the Heather vole diverged from its most closely related sister lineage in the same subfamily of Arvicolinae about 5.37 million years ago.[8]
The genus Phenacomys is a group of North American voles. The genus name comes from the Greek for "imposter mouse."
These animals live in forested, alpine and tundra areas, which often include plants of the heath family. They are small rodents with long fur and short ears, legs and tails. They eat green plants, seeds and berries in summer and bark and buds of shrubs at other times. Predators include mustelids, owls and hawks.
Some sources include the tree voles, genus Arborimus, in this genus. At one time, the two species of heather vole were considered to be a single species.
The complete list of living species is:
Western heather vole (Phenacomys intermedius) Eastern heather vole (Phenacomys ungava)Unusual features in the teeth of Phenacomys voles suggest that the genus may have arisen relatively early within the evolutionary history of voles, probably in early Pliocene Beringia, from an Asian ancestor. The earliest American fossils date from about 1.5 million years ago, and were discovered in present-day Idaho. Similarly aged fossils belonging to two extinct species, P. gryci and P. deeringensis, have been discovered in Yakutia. During the Ice Ages of the Pleistocene, Phenacomys voles lived as far south as Arkansas.
Phenacomys Cricetidae animalia familiako generoa da[1], karraskarien barruan sailkatua.
Phenacomys Cricetidae animalia familiako generoa da, karraskarien barruan sailkatua.
Phenacomys est un genre de rongeurs de la famille des Cricétidés. Les deux espèces de ce genre vivent en Amérique du Nord.
Selon ITIS (12 mars 2016)[1] et Mammal Species of the World (version 3, 2005) (12 mars 2016)[2]:
Phenacomys est un genre de rongeurs de la famille des Cricétidés. Les deux espèces de ce genre vivent en Amérique du Nord.
Phenacomys (Merriam, 1889) è un genere di roditori della famiglia dei Cricetidi.
Al genere Phenacomys appartengono roditori di piccole dimensioni, con lunghezza della testa e del corpo tra 90 e 117 mm, la lunghezza della coda tra 26 e 41 mm e un peso fino a 40 g.[1]
Il cranio è simile a quello del genere Microtus.
Sono caratterizzati dalla seguente formula dentaria:
3 0 0 1 1 0 0 3 3 0 0 1 1 0 0 3 Totale: 16 1.Incisivi; 2.Canini; 3.Premolari; 4.Molari;L'aspetto è tipico delle arvicole. Il corpo è tozzo, gli occhi e le orecchie sono relativamente grandi. La coda è corta.
Il genere è diffuso nell'America settentrionale.
Il genere comprende 2 specie.[2]
Phenacomys is een geslacht van zoogdieren uit de familie van de Cricetidae.
Phenacomys is een geslacht van zoogdieren uit de familie van de Cricetidae.
Phenacomys é um gênero de roedores da família Cricetidae.
Phenacomys é um gênero de roedores da família Cricetidae.
Phenacomys[1] är ett släkte av däggdjur som ingår i familjen hamsterartade gnagare.[1]
Dessa sorkar förekommer i Nordamerika. Utbredningsområdet för Phenacomys ungava sträcker sig över Kanadas lågland söder om Arktis med Phenacomys intermedius lever i Klippiga bergen och andra bergstrakter i västra Kanada och västra USA.[2] Arterna vistas i olika mera öppna habitat som gräsmarker, hedområden med några buskar eller öppna skogar.[3]
Individerna når en kroppslängd (huvud och bål) av 9 till 12 cm och en svanslängd av 2,6 till 4,1 cm. Vikten ligger mellan 25 och 40 gram. Allmänt är pälsen på ovansidan gråbrun och på buken silvergrå men det finns stora variationer mellan olika individer. Phenacomys påminner om åkersorkar eller skogssorkar i sin kroppsbyggnad. De vuxna djurens kindtänder har däremot en tandrot vad som skiljer de från åkersorkar och kindtänderna i underkäken har en annan tandkrona än skogssorkarnas tänder.[3]
Arterna är aktiva mellan skymningen och gryningen. De gräver på sommaren underjordiska tunnelsystem med ett näste som ligger 10 till 25 cm under markytan. Före vintern skapar de ovanpå markytan ett näste av kvistar, lav och gräs som sedan täcks av snön. Phenacomys håller ingen vinterdvala.[3]
Födan utgörs av olika växtdelar som frön, bark, örter, bär och unga växtskott. Fortplantningstiden ligger mellan maj och augusti och honor kan ha fler än en kull under tiden. Dräktigheten varar 19 till 24 dagar och sedan föds 2 till 8 ungar. Ungarna föds blinda och de öppnar sina ögon efter cirka två veckor. Redan 17 till 21 dagar efter födelsen slutar honan med digivning. Könsmognaden infaller för honor efter fyra till sex veckor. Hanar parar sig inte före första vintern.[3]
IUCN listar båda arter som livskraftig (LC).[2]
Kladogram enligt Catalogue of Life[1] och Wilson & Reeder (2005)[4]:
Phenacomys
Wikimedia Commons har media som rör Phenacomys.
Wikispecies har information om Phenacomys.
Phenacomys är ett släkte av däggdjur som ingår i familjen hamsterartade gnagare.
Phenacomys là một chi động vật có vú trong họ Cricetidae, bộ Gặm nhấm. Chi này được Merriam miêu tả năm 1889.[1] Loài điển hình của chi này là Phenacomys intermedius Merriam, 1889.
Chi này gồm các loài:
Bài viết liên quan đến họ gặm nhấm Cricetidae này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn. Phenacomys là một chi động vật có vú trong họ Cricetidae, bộ Gặm nhấm. Chi này được Merriam miêu tả năm 1889. Loài điển hình của chi này là Phenacomys intermedius Merriam, 1889.
히스밭쥐속(Phenacomys)은 비단털쥐과에 속하는 설치류 속의 하나이다.[1] 북아메리카 서부 지역에서 발견되는 2종을 포함하고 있다. 속명은 그리스어로 "사기꾼 쥐"를 의미한다. 히스과 식물이 포함된 숲과 툰드라 지역에서 서식한다. 긴 털과 짧은 귀, 다리, 꼬리를 가진 작은 설치류이다. 여름에는 초본식물과 씨앗, 열매를 먹고 다른 때는 나무껍질과 관목 싹을 먹는다. 포식자는 족제비와 올빼미, 매 등이다. 일부 전문가들은 히스밭쥐속에 나무밭쥐속 종을 포함시킨다. 한 때는 2종의 히스밭쥐류를 단일종으로 간주하기도 했다.
