Plethodon asupak Mead, Clayton, Nauman, Olson & Pfrender 2005

Plethodon asupak is a robust, medium-sized salamander of the western Plethodon group. Male SVL averages 60.7 mm, while female SVL averages 67.2 mm. Tail length averages 50.6 mm for males and 57.8 mm for females. Males have an average of 16 costal grooves (range 16-17), while females have an average of 17 costal grooves (range 16-17). Males and females generally have 3 intercostal folds between adpressed limbs (range 2-3 for males, 3-5 for females). Teeth number 60 for premaxillary and maxillary teeth, and 15 vomerine teeth are also present. Forelimbs and hindlimbs are relatively long (Mead et al. 2005).In life, a broad brown and bronze dorsal stripe extends from the head to the tail. The sides of the body are chocolate brown. Most parts of the body are flecked with white and yellow spots, especially on the sides and on the limbs. The ventral surface is dark gray to purple and is mottled with light gray patches and some white flecking. The gular region has more dense white flecks. The chin is gray and somewhat mottled. Eyes are black with gold flecks on the upper and lower regions (Mead et al. 2005).Juveniles differ from adults in having two orange or red-brown stripes that extend from the eye toward the tail. The two stripes fuse into a single band just posterior to the vent. Dorsal stripes are lined with black pigment, which is replaced by brown pigment on the sides of the body. White or yellow flecks are concentrated on the dorsal surface of the head, the lateral parts of the trunk, and limbs. The ventral surfaces are dark gray to purple and have white flecks (Mead et al. 2005).Similar species: Plethodon asupak can be distinguished from the similar species P. elongatus and P. stormi by allopatric location, a wider head and longer limbs, a slightly shorter tail relative to the body length (tail/body ratio of about 0.80 in P. asupak vs. 0.85-0.90 in P. elongatus and P. stormi) and by generally having one less intercostal fold between adpressed limbs (limb interval of 2.5-3.5 in P. asupak vs. 5-6 in P. elongatus and 4-5 in P. stormi). It can also be distinguished from P. elongatus by larger size (average total length 111.3 mm for P. asupak males, and 125.0 mm for P. asupak females, vs. average total length of 91.6 mm for P. elongatus males and 97.4 mm for P. elongatus females).This species is closely related to Plethodon stormi and Plethodon elongatus, but can be distinguished both morphologically and genetically (Mead et al. 2005).The specific epithet "asupak" is the Shasta Indian name for the area of the type locality. The Karuk tribe of Shasta Indians settled in this region and saw salamanders as omens of good luck and as serving to purify water (Mead et al. 2005).

Plethodon asupak occurs only in the Scott River drainage of Siskiyou County, California, at elevations from 700-1300 m asl. It has been found at Walker Gulch, Muck-a-Muck Creek, and Mill Creek, south of the Klamath River, in the Scott River drainage. The distribution follows lower-elevation federal matrix lands along the Klamath River's south bank eastward from Seiad Valley, and south along both shores of the Scott River. The holotype was collected at Muck-a-Muck Creek, at the confluence of the Scott and Klamath Rivers, Siskiyou County, California. This species is found in old-growth forests near streams (Mead et al. 2005).

This species is a terrestrial forest-dweller and appears to reach highest density in closed-canopy forests, on north-facing slopes with rocky talus substrates, like P. stormi (Nauman and Olson 2008). It is presumed to breed by direct development (Stuart et al. 2008).

The major threat is habitat loss and modification. It occurs in a semi-protected area, a National Forest, but logging is allowed. It is known only from 17 sites at three localities and is thought unlikely to occur more widely (Stuart et al. 2008; Nauman and Olson 2008). Special consideration for this species should be given in planning land management, particularly with respect to maintaining riparian reserves in federal matrix lands within its range (Nauman and Olson 2008). Mining, recreation, and road building may also threaten the habitat (DeGross and Bury 2007).

The Scott Bar salamander (Plethodon asupak) is a species of salamander in the family Plethodontidae, endemic to the United States, where it is restricted to a very small range in the Scott River drainage in Siskiyou County, California, at altitudes between 700 and 1,300 metres (2,300 and 4,300 ft) above sea level. Described in 2005, it is one of the most recently described species in the large genus Plethodon.

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Plethodon asupak Plethodon generoko animalia da. Anfibioen barruko Plethodontidae familian sailkatuta dago, Caudata ordenan.

Plethodon asupak est une espèce d'urodèles de la famille des Plethodontidae.

Plethodon asupak é uma espécie de salamandra da família Plethodontidae.

É endémica dos Estados Unidos da América.

Os seus habitats naturais são: florestas temperadas e rios.

Está ameaçada por perda de habitat.

Опис

Загальна довжина становить 11—12,5 см, з яких близько 5,7 см припадає на хвіст. Спостерігається статевий диморфізм: самиці більші за самців. Голова широка, звужується на морді. Має 15 сошникових зубів, усього — 60 зубів. Тулуб стрункий та кремезний. Має 16—17 реберних борозен, 2—5 міжреберні складки між кінцівками. Останні доволі сильні.

Забарвлення спини шоколадно-коричневе з коричневого або бронзовою смугою по хребту. Колір черева коливається від темно-сірого до фіолетового зі світло-сірими плямами. Підборіддя сіре. Боки та кінцівки поцятковані жовтими й білими плямами.

Спосіб життя

Полюбляє скелясті, кам'янисті місцини, узбережжя річок у стародавніх лісах. Зустрічається на висоті 700–1300 м над рівнем моря. Веде наземний спосіб життя. Живиться переважно жуками, кліщами і павуками.

Самиця відкладає яйця в ямку у землі або у лісову підстилку. Личинкова стадія розвитку відсутня. З яєць з'являються сформовані маленькі саламандри.

Розповсюдження

Поширена у штаті Каліфорнія (США) — у горах Сискію.

Джерела

• Mead, L. S., Clayton, D. R., Nauman, R. S., Olson, D. H., and Pfrender, M. E. (2005). Newly discovered populations of salamanders from Siskiyou County California Represent a Species Distinct from Plethodon stormi. Herpetologica, 61(2), 158–177.

Plethodon asupak (Scott Bar Salamander) là một loài kỳ giông trong họ Plethodontidae. Nó là loài đặc hữu của Hoa Kỳ. Các môi trường sống tự nhiên của chúng là các khu rừng ôn hòa và sông. Nó bị đe dọa do mất môi trường sống.