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Habitat ( 英語 )

由Animal Diversity Web提供

Chaerephon pumilus can be found in a variety of habitats, from the semi-arid regions of the African north to areas of cleared rainforest farther south. Specimens have been found widely distributed throughout savannah/woodland terrain of Zambia, Guinea, Sudan and Zimbabwe, as well as the forests of the Congo basin. In Cape Province, South Africa they may be found in the mountainous Cape Macchia Zone. Little free-tailed bats naturally roost in the hollows and crevices of trees and in the crowns of some types of palm trees, where large colonies can find safety.

Habitat Regions: temperate ; tropical ; terrestrial

Terrestrial Biomes: savanna or grassland ; forest

Other Habitat Features: riparian

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Mead, K. 2009. "Chaerephon pumilus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Chaerephon_pumilus.html
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Kelcey Mead, University of Oregon
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Associations ( 英語 )

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Little free-tailed bats are preyed on by many larger African birds and are predators of insect populations. Little free-tailed bats coexist peacefully in roosts with the larger mollosid, Mops condylurus.

Mutualist Species:

  • Angolan free-tailed bats (Mops condylurus)
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Mead, K. 2009. "Chaerephon pumilus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Chaerephon_pumilus.html
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Kelcey Mead, University of Oregon
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Benefits ( 英語 )

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Little free-tailed bats prey on insects, which help humans by limiting insect pests, such as agricultural pests or insect disease vectors.

Positive Impacts: controls pest population

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Mead, K. 2009. "Chaerephon pumilus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Chaerephon_pumilus.html
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Kelcey Mead, University of Oregon
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Benefits ( 英語 )

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All bats can be carriers of diseases, such as rabies. Large colonies that roost in buildings are considered a problem as their droppings can create quite a smell.

Negative Impacts: injures humans (carries human disease); causes or carries domestic animal disease ; household pest

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Mead, K. 2009. "Chaerephon pumilus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Chaerephon_pumilus.html
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Kelcey Mead, University of Oregon
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Conservation Status ( 英語 )

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Little free-tailed bat populations are large, widespread, and do not seem to be rapidly declining. They are considered "least concern" by the IUCN.

US Federal List: no special status

CITES: no special status

State of Michigan List: no special status

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern

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Mead, K. 2009. "Chaerephon pumilus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Chaerephon_pumilus.html
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Kelcey Mead, University of Oregon
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Behavior ( 英語 )

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Little free-tailed bats primarily use echolocation in navigating their environment, as well as in hunting for food. Echolocation patterns vary geographically. Echolocation calls of Chaerephon pumilus in the Amani Nature Reserve of Tanzania were of a lower frequency and had longer gaps between pulses than in individuals of the same species living in South Africa. It is possible that echolocation calls vary with habitat or prey types. Little free-tailed bats, like most bats, have monochromatic vision. Vision in used in a secondary capacity to echolocation. It has recently been noted that many bats have elevated sensitivity to ultraviolet light, which is most abundant at dawn and dusk. Tactile and chemical cues may also be used extensively in social communication.

Communication Channels: acoustic

Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; echolocation ; chemical

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Mead, K. 2009. "Chaerephon pumilus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Chaerephon_pumilus.html
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Kelcey Mead, University of Oregon
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Trophic Strategy ( 英語 )

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Juvenile little free-tailed bats have been know to have milk and remains of large cockroaches in their stomachs. Adults are purely insectivorous. They eat a wide variety of soft-bodied insects. Food sources remain relatively stable throughout the seasons, but the average size of prey is greatly increased during the rainy season.

Animal Foods: insects

Primary Diet: carnivore (Insectivore )

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Mead, K. 2009. "Chaerephon pumilus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Chaerephon_pumilus.html
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Kelcey Mead, University of Oregon
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Distribution ( 英語 )

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Chaerephon pumilus, commonly known as the little free-tailed bat, is found from Senegal to Somalia and South Africa. They are also found in Yemen and Madagascar.

Biogeographic Regions: ethiopian (Native )

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Mead, K. 2009. "Chaerephon pumilus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Chaerephon_pumilus.html
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Kelcey Mead, University of Oregon
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Stephen Frost, University of Oregon
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Life Expectancy ( 英語 )

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There is no information on lifespan in little free-tailed bats.

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Mead, K. 2009. "Chaerephon pumilus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Chaerephon_pumilus.html
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Kelcey Mead, University of Oregon
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Morphology ( 英語 )

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Chaerephon pumilus is a small species of bat. Most little free-tailed bats have a body that is covered with blackish brown fur, fading to pale tan or even white hairs on the ventral surface where the body meets the wings. However, much variation is present throughout their geographic range. Little free-tailed bats have rounded ears, which are over-sized for their heads. Average mass is 11.1 g, average length in observed specimens is 252 mm, and average wingspan is 255 mm. Males are slightly larger than females. Chaerephon pumilus is distinguishable from other members of its genus by its small size and the species’ lack of a lobe projecting between the inner bases of the ears. Males have a forehead crest that creates a recognizable silhouette even when in flight.

Average mass: 11.1 g.

Average length: 252 mm.

Average wingspan: 255 mm.

Sexual Dimorphism: male larger

Other Physical Features: endothermic ; bilateral symmetry

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Mead, K. 2009. "Chaerephon pumilus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Chaerephon_pumilus.html
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Kelcey Mead, University of Oregon
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Stephen Frost, University of Oregon
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Associations ( 英語 )

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Known predators of little free-tailed bats include bat-hawks (Macheiramphis alcinus), hobby falcons (Falco subbuteo), Wahlberg’s eagles (Hieraaetus wahlbergi), and African goshawks (Accipiter tachiro). These prey birds successfully capture between 1 and 5 bats per night. Chaerephon pumilus may have developed its erratic flight pattern as an anti-predator tactic. Their nocturnal activity and cryptic coloration also help to protect them from some predators.

Known Predators:

  • bat-hawks (Macheiramphis alcinus)
  • hobby falcons (Falco subbuteo)
  • Wahlberg’s eagles (Hieraaetus wahlbergi)
  • African goshawks (Accipiter tachiro)

Anti-predator Adaptations: cryptic

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Mead, K. 2009. "Chaerephon pumilus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Chaerephon_pumilus.html
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Kelcey Mead, University of Oregon
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Stephen Frost, University of Oregon
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Reproduction ( 英語 )

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Little free-tailed bats are social and gregarious, living in large multi-male, multi-female colonies. Group ratios range between 3 and 21 females per male in a harem. Heavier males have larger harems than smaller males. Few females make movements between harems.

Mating System: polygynous

In Ghana, female little free-tailed bats give birth 3 times per year in synchrony with other females. The breeding season in Chaerephon pumilus varies by location. Timing of pregnancies has been shown to have a loose correlation with rainfall patterns. They have single births as a rule, although twinning has been documented in one case. Gestation period varies by location, from 60 days in the south to 72 days in the northern portion of their range. Uteri in little free-tailed bats are bicornuate, but implantation almost always occurs in the right horn. Young are nursed for 2 to 3 weeks after birth, after which they rapidly attain the ability to fly and feed themselves. Females are sexually mature in the breeding season after their birth. Sexual maturity in males occurred about 5 months after birth in Ghana, but research is inconclusive in other geographical areas studied.

Breeding interval: Little free tailed bats breed at varying intervals dependent on geographic location.

Breeding season: The breeding season for little free-tailed bats varies geographically.

Range number of offspring: 1 to 2.

Average number of offspring: 1.

Range gestation period: 60 to 72 days.

Range weaning age: 2 to 3 weeks.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 1 years.

Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 5 (low) months.

Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; year-round breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; viviparous

Lactation in little free-tailed bats lasts between 2 and 3 weeks, preceded by a 60 to 72 day gestation period. No paternal investment has been observed. Once the young are weaned, they become independent shortly afterwards.

Parental Investment: altricial ; pre-fertilization (Provisioning, Protecting: Female); pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female)

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Mead, K. 2009. "Chaerephon pumilus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Chaerephon_pumilus.html
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Kelcey Mead, University of Oregon
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Stephen Frost, University of Oregon
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Tanya Dewey, Animal Diversity Web
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Klein losstertvlermuis ( 南非語 )

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Die Klein losstertvlermuis (Chaerephon pumilus) kom voor in die Wes-Kaap, Krugerwildtuin, Mosambiek en die Okavango Delta.

Voorkoms

Die kleur wissel van swartgrys tot bruingrys terwyl die keel bruin en die onderkant geelgrys is. Om die nek is 'n kraag met ligter hare. Die soogdier word tot 9cm lank en weeg ±11g.

Habitat en gewoontes

Hulle het verskeie habitats in die oop gebiede en eet klein vlieënde insekte. Die diertjies vorm groot kolonies en rus in klein groepies in rotsskeure of teen steenwerk. Een kleintjie word in die somer gebore (tot drie siklusse per seisoen).

Sien ook

Bron

Wiki letter w.svg Hierdie artikel is ’n saadjie. Voel vry om Wikipedia te help deur dit uit te brei.
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Klein losstertvlermuis: Brief Summary ( 南非語 )

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Die Klein losstertvlermuis (Chaerephon pumilus) kom voor in die Wes-Kaap, Krugerwildtuin, Mosambiek en die Okavango Delta.

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Ratpenat cuallarg petit africà ( 加泰隆語 )

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El ratpenat cuallarg petit africà (Chaerephon pumilus) és una espècie de ratpenat de la família dels molòssids de distribució africana, on viu al Senegal, Sud-àfrica, Bioko, Zanzíbar, Aldabra i Madagascar, i de la península aràbiga.[1]

Referències

En altres projectes de Wikimedia:
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Commons Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata
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Viquiespècies


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Ratpenat cuallarg petit africà: Brief Summary ( 加泰隆語 )

由wikipedia CA提供

El ratpenat cuallarg petit africà (Chaerephon pumilus) és una espècie de ratpenat de la família dels molòssids de distribució africana, on viu al Senegal, Sud-àfrica, Bioko, Zanzíbar, Aldabra i Madagascar, i de la península aràbiga.

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Kleine Bulldoggfledermaus ( 德語 )

由wikipedia DE提供

Die Kleine Bulldoggfledermaus (Chaerephon pumilus, Syn.: Tadarida pumila) ist eine Fledermausart aus der Familie der Bulldoggfledermäuse (Molossidae), welche in Afrika beheimatet ist. Der Gattungsname Chaerephon bezieht sich auf den Freund Sokrates’, welcher in der Komödie „Aves“ von Aristophanes als „Chaerephon, die Fledermaus“ beschrieben wird. Der Artname pumilus kommt aus dem Lateinischen und bedeutet „Zwerg“.

Beschreibung

Die Kleine Bulldoggfledermaus ist eine der kleinsten Freischwanzfledermäuse mit einer Gesamtlänge von 54 bis 102 mm. Das Fell ist dunkelbraun bis schwarz und am Bauch heller als auf dem Rücken. Am Ansatz des Flügels befinden sich oft weißliche Härchen, und auch an den Zehen besitzt diese Art helle Borsten. Die Ohren sind rund und im Vergleich zum Kopf relativ groß. Die Kleine Bulldoggfledermaus unterscheidet sich von anderen Freischwanzfledermäusen durch ihre kleine Größe und das Fehlen eines Lappens im Innern des Ohres. Das Durchschnittsgewicht beträgt 11,2 g.

Lebensweise

Tagsüber hängen die Tiere in Baumlöchern, Höhlen, Felsspalten und Häusern, wo sie oft in großer Zahl vorkommen. Es wurden sowohl kleine Gruppen von 5 bis 20 Tieren, aber auch große Kolonien mit mehreren hundert Individuen beobachtet. Chaerephon pumilus teilt den Schlafplatz oft mit anderen Arten von Bulldoggfledermäusen, so zum Beispiel mit Mops condylurus. Oft findet man in Bäumen, in denen die Kleine Bulldoggfledermaus hängt auch Palmensegler, eine Vogelart mit ähnlichem Nahrungsspektrum.

Kolonien der Kleine Bulldoggfledermaus bestehen aus mehreren Harems, wobei die größten Männchen die Harems mit den meisten Weibchen besitzen. Die meisten ausgewachsenen Tiere bleiben ihrem Harem treu, und ein Wechsel zwischen den Kolonien findet nur selten statt.

Etwa eine Stunde vor Ausflug werden Kolonien unruhig und laut. Der Ausflug findet in der ersten Stunde nach Sonnenuntergang in kleinen Gruppen statt, wobei das Haremmännchen oft als erstes ausfliegt. Sind Räuber anwesend, so synchronisieren die Fledermäuse das Ausfliegen und verteilen sich in möglichst viele Richtungen um den Räuber zu verwirren. Bekannte Fressfeinde der Kleinen Bulldoggfledermaus sind der Fledermausaar, der Baumfalke und der Afrikahabicht.

Ernährung

Die Kleine Bulldoggfledermaus jagt nachts in schnellem Flug nach Insekten mit weichen Körpern. Ein Großteil der Nahrung besteht aus Bodenwanzen, Käfer, Schmetterlingen, Mücken und Springschrecken. Bei der Jagd werden die Fledermäuse offenbar von Wasserlöchern angezogen, besonders in der Trockenzeit, wahrscheinlich weil sich in Wassernähe mehr Insekten aufhalten. Chaerephon pumilus kann für den Fall, dass sie ins Wasser fällt schwimmen. Die Flügel von Chaerephon pumilus sind lang und schmal, und somit optimal ans schnelle Fliegen angepasst. Die gefalteten Lippen werden während des Fluges nach außen geklappt und erhöhen wahrscheinlich den Fangerfolg. Die Jagd findet nicht in Gruppen und meist in einer Höhe von über 70 m über dem Boden statt.

Fortpflanzung

Weibchen der Kleinen Bulldoggfledermaus werden in der Paarungssaison nach ihrer Geburt im Alter von 5 bis 12 Monaten geschlechtsreif. Sie kommt mehrmals im Jahr in den Östrus und können mindestens dreimal jährlich gebären. Die Tragezeit beträgt je nach Region zwischen 60 und 72 Tage. Jungtiere werden haarlos geboren und für 2–3 Wochen gesäugt.

Verbreitung und Lebensraum

Die Verbreitung der Kleinen Bulldoggfledermaus reicht im Westen Afrikas von Senegal bis Nigeria, im Westen von Eritrea und dem Jemen über Südsudan, Kenia, Uganda, Kongo, Sambia, Mosambik, bis zum Osten Südafrikas und Westen Angolas. Auf Madagaskar kommt sie in Küstenregionen, hauptsächlich in der westlichen und nördlichen Hälfte vor. Ihr Bestand wird von der IUCN dank der weiten Verbreitung als stabil und ungefährdet eingestuft.[1] Jedoch könnte diese Art lokal gefährdet sein, da sie wegen ihres Vorkommens in Gebäuden von Menschen als Schädlinge bekämpft werden.

Taxonomische Anmerkung

Gegenwärtig besteht die Diskussion, ob die Gattungen der Freischwanzfledermäuse (Chaerephon) und der Faltlippenfledermäuse (Tadarida) zu einer einzigen Gattung zusammengefasst werden sollen.[2] Die IUCN führt daher bis auf weiteres alle Vertreter der Gattung Chaerephon als Tadarida, wobei die lateinischen Artnamen in der Endung dem weiblichen Gattungsnamen angepasst werden.

Literatur

  • S. Bouchard (1998): Chaerephon pumilus, Mammalian Species, No. 574: S. 1–6

Quellen

  1. Chaerephon pumilus in der Roten Liste gefährdeter Arten der IUCN.
  2. N. B. Simmons (2005): Order Chiroptera. In: Mammal Species of the World, S. 312–529. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Kleine Bulldoggfledermaus: Brief Summary ( 德語 )

由wikipedia DE提供

Die Kleine Bulldoggfledermaus (Chaerephon pumilus, Syn.: Tadarida pumila) ist eine Fledermausart aus der Familie der Bulldoggfledermäuse (Molossidae), welche in Afrika beheimatet ist. Der Gattungsname Chaerephon bezieht sich auf den Freund Sokrates’, welcher in der Komödie „Aves“ von Aristophanes als „Chaerephon, die Fledermaus“ beschrieben wird. Der Artname pumilus kommt aus dem Lateinischen und bedeutet „Zwerg“.

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Little free-tailed bat ( 英語 )

由wikipedia EN提供

The little free-tailed bat (Chaerephon pumilus) is a species of the genus Chaerephon in the family Molossidae. It is widely distributed across Africa and islands around the continent.

Description

The little free-tailed bat is one of the smallest species in the genus Chaerephon, and a total body length is measured from 54 to 102 mm.[2][3] The ventral fur has lighter color than the dorsal fur, which is short and blackish-brown.[4] Pale or white hairs are observed on the ventral surface where wings are connected to flanks, and both white-winged (north-eastern African species) and dark-winged (southern African species) types have been found.[2][3][5][6] This species has round ears that are large for its head size.[4] The small tragus of its ear, which is asymmetrically bilobed at the end, is covered by the large antitragus.[3] A distinguishable forehead tuft is observed in males and it makes their outline recognizable during flight.[4] This species shows great morphological variations in wing and pelage colors resulted in different taxonomic designations depending on its distributional ranges.[7] To illustrate, the little free-tailed bat population found in Amani, Tanzania, has a longer forearm length on average than populations in southern Africa and Ghana and a higher wing loading than populations in South Africa.[8]

Ecology

Distribution and habitat

Little free-tailed bats occur across southern parts of the Arabian Peninsula, sub-Saharan Africa, and islands of the west Africa and east shores of Africa, such as Sno Tomé, Bioko, Zanzibar, Pemba, the Comoros, the Seychelles, and Madagascar.[4][9][10] Habitats of little free-tailed bats are various from rainforest regions in the south to semiarid areas in the north, which are typically open foraging regions.[5] These bats are found in savannas of Sudan, Guinea, and Zambia, in the Cape Macchia Zone, and more arid countries in the north.[4] Also, they tend to prefer low veld areas in Zimbabwe, but they are never found on the plateau higher than 1,000 meter altitude.[3]

Diet

The little free-tailed bat is insectivorous and feeds on a wide range of small insects. Coleoptera (beetles), Hemiptera (true bugs) and Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies) are major prey for this species.[11] During both summer and winter seasons, they mainly prey on Hemiptera and Lepidoptera, while Diptera (flies) notably contributes to the diet only in the winter and Coleoptera is common only in the summer.[11] However, depending on distributional ranges, types of prey can be varied considerably. For instance, a population found in Amani, Tanzania, mainly feeds on Blattodea (cockroaches) with Hemiptera as the only other order to account for more than 10% of the diet.[8] In South Africa, even though prey is equally available during both dry and rainy seasons, mean size of prey tends to increase in the rainy season.[12]

Behavior

Flight and echolocation

Little free-tailed bats can fly fast in open areas where they typically inhabit.[4] They have strong, elastic, and leathery flight membrane with high aspect ratio (wing length to width) of long and narrow wings, which are suited for fast and long distance flight but low maneuverability.[4][13] In terms of their low maneuverability, while other African species can pass between two objects that are 11 cm apart, the minimum distance between two objects that little free-tailed bats can fly is 44 cm.[13] Even though its ears are relatively large for its head size, they can lie down on its head to reduce air resistance during flight.[4] As a nocturnal species, little free-tailed bats primarily rely on echolocation to detect their prey and environment.[4] Since higher frequency of echolocation call attenuates with distance faster than low frequency, this species uses low frequency calls with high intensity, which last longer and thus are suitable for prey detection with long-range in open areas.[4][14]

References

  1. ^ Mickleburgh, S.; Hutson, A.M.; Racey, P.A.; Ravino, J.; Bergmans, W.; Cotterill, F.P.D.; Gerlach, J. (2019). "Chaerephon pumilus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T67362271A22018113. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T67362271A22018113.en. Retrieved 16 November 2021.
  2. ^ a b Kingdon, J (1974). East African mammals, an atlas of evolution in Africa. London: Academic Press. p. 341.
  3. ^ a b c d Smithers, R. H. N. (1983). The mammals of the southern African subregion. Pretoria: University of Pretoria Press. p. 736.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Bouchard, S. (1998). Mammalian Species Chaerephon pumilus. the American Society of Mammalogists, 574: 1-6.
  5. ^ a b Happold, D. C. D. (1987). The mammals of Nigeria. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 402.
  6. ^ Jacobs, D. S., Eick, G. N., Richardson E. J., and Taylor P. J. (2004). Genetic similarity amongst phenotypically diverse little free-tailed bats, Chaerephon pumilus. Acta Chiropterologica, 6(1): 13-21.
  7. ^ Goodman S. M. and Ratrimomanarivo F. H. (2007). The taxonomic status of Chaerephon pumilus from the western Seychelles: resurrection of the name C. pusillus for an endemic species. Acta Chiropterologica, 9(2): 391–399.
  8. ^ a b Aspetsberger, F., Brandsen, D., and Jacobs, D. S. (2003). Geographical variation in the morphology, echolocation and diet of the little free-tailed bat, Chaerophon pumilus (Molossidae).African Zoology, 38: 245–254.
  9. ^ Juste, B. J. and Ibánez, C. (1994). Contribution to the knowledge of bat fauna of Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea (Central Africa). Zeitschriftfür Säugetierkunde, 59: 274–281.
  10. ^ Simmons, N. B. (2005). Order Chiroptera in Mammal species of the World: a taxonomic and geographical reference, 3rd Ed. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University. p. 2142.
  11. ^ a b Andrianaivoarivelo, A. R., Ranaivoson, N., Racey, P. A., and Jenkins, R. K. B. (2006). The diet of three synanthropic bats (Chiroptera: Molossidae) from eastern Madagascar. Acta Chiropterologica, 8(2):439-444.
  12. ^ Ellis, S. E. (1995). Seasonal responses of South African bats to insect densities and lights. M.S. thesis. .North York University, North York, Canada: York University. p. 47.
  13. ^ a b Aldridge, H. D. J. N., and Rautenbach, I. L. (1987). Morphology, echolocation and resource partitioning in insectivorous bats. Journal of Animal Ecology, 56: 763-778.
  14. ^ Lawrence, B. D. and Simmons, J. A. (1982). Measurements of atmospheric attenuation at ultrasonic frequencies and the significance for echolocation by bats. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 71: 585-590.
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Little free-tailed bat: Brief Summary ( 英語 )

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The little free-tailed bat (Chaerephon pumilus) is a species of the genus Chaerephon in the family Molossidae. It is widely distributed across Africa and islands around the continent.

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Chaerephon pumilus ( 西班牙、卡斯蒂利亞西班牙語 )

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Chaerephon pumilus es una especie de murciélago de la familia Molossidae.

Distribución geográfica

Se encuentra en África subsahariana y Madagascar.

Referencias

  • SIMMONS, N. B. Order Chiroptera. In: WILSON, D. E.; REEDER, D. M. (Eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. 3. ed. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005. v. 1, p. 312-529.

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Chaerephon pumilus: Brief Summary ( 西班牙、卡斯蒂利亞西班牙語 )

由wikipedia ES提供

Chaerephon pumilus es una especie de murciélago de la familia Molossidae.

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Chaerephon pumilus ( 巴斯克語 )

由wikipedia EU提供

Chaerephon pumilus Chaerephon generoko animalia da. Chiropteraren barruko Molossinae azpifamilia eta Molossidae familian sailkatuta dago

Erreferentziak

  1. Cretzschmar (1830-1831) 1 In Rüppell 69. or..

Ikus, gainera

(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Chaerephon pumilus: Brief Summary ( 巴斯克語 )

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Chaerephon pumilus Chaerephon generoko animalia da. Chiropteraren barruko Molossinae azpifamilia eta Molossidae familian sailkatuta dago

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Chaerephon pumilus ( 法語 )

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Le Phyllante pumilus, Chaerephon pumilus (a) est une espèce de chauve-souris de l'Afrique subsaharienne. Elle est parmi les espèces les plus répandues et communes du genre. On l'apelle communément petite chauve-souris à queue libre.

Description

C. pumilus est une petite espèce de chauve-souris dont la queue est libre, au moins en grande partie, de la membrane du patagium dans sa partie postérieure[1]. La fourrure est brunâtre, moins souvent noirâtre et les poils ventraux sont plutôt pâles ou même blancs[2]. Cependant, de nombreuses variations sont présentes dans l'ensemble de leur aire de répartition géographique[1]. Comme le reste des espèces du genre, les oreilles sont grandes (par rapport au reste du corps et notamment la tête) et arrondies. Les adultes mesurent en moyenne 25 cm de long et d’envergure et pèsent 11 g. La taille est petite, par exemple l'avant bras mesure moins de 4 cm de long[3]. Les mâles sont légèrement plus gros que les femelles. Un autre critère intéressant qui discrimine l'espèce par rapport à la plupart de ces cousines est la quasi-absence de tragus auriculaire.

Répartition et habitat

La petite chauve-souris à queue libre, se rencontre du Sénégal à la Somalie et à l'Afrique du Sud. On les trouve également au Yémen et à Madagascar.

C. pumilus a une aire de répartition et une tolérance en habitat plus conséquente : elle est présente dans le subsahara Ouest, dans plusieurs zones d’Afrique centrale, de l’Est, du Sud, et même jusqu’à Madagascar et au Yémen[3],[2] ou encore aux Seychelles[4] et à Mayotte. C'est une espèce relativement répandue par rapport à d'autres espèces de la famille voire du genre[1].

En termes d'habitat local, l'espèce a été retrouvé dans des régions semi-arides du nord africain jusque dans des zones de forêt tropicale défrichée plus au sud. Des spécimens ont été trouvés largement répartis dans les zones de savane/bois de Zambie, de Guinée, du Soudan et du Zimbabwe, ainsi que dans les forêts du bassin du Congo[1]. Dans la province du Cap, en Afrique du Sud, ils peuvent être trouvés dans la zone montagneuse du cap Macchia[1].

Comportement et vie sociale

Les petites chauves-souris à queue libre se perchent naturellement dans les creux et les crevasses des arbres et dans les cimes de certains types de palmiers, où de grandes colonies peuvent trouver refuge[5],[1]. Les petites chauves-souris à queue libre sont nocturnes, laissant leurs dortoirs au crépuscule pour commencer à chasser. Ces chauves-souris retournent à leurs dortoirs après s'être nourries. Les jeunes sont souvent aperçues perchés avec une autre espèce de Molossidae, Mops condylurus. L'espèce est très sociable et fait beaucoup de bruit avant de quitter le dortoir pour chasser[1].

Conservation

Selon l'UICN (2021), l'espèce est considérée comme de préoccupation mineure[6]. D'ailleurs, l'UICN considère une (sous) espèce associée, qui géographiquement serait présente uniquement à Madagascar[7].

Références utilisées

  1. a b c d e f et g (en) « Chaerephon pumilus little free-tailed bat », sur https://animaldiversity.org/ (consulté en 2021)
  2. a et b Jonathan Kingdon, Thomas Michael Butynski, Jan Kalina et D. C. D. Happold, Mammals of Africa, 2013 (ISBN 978-1-4081-2251-8, 1-4081-2251-0 et 978-1-4081-2252-5, OCLC , lire en ligne)
  3. a et b (en) Ara Monadjem, « A conservation assessment of Chaerephon pumilus. », The Red List of Mammals of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland,‎ 2016 (lire en ligne)
  4. (en) A.M. HUTSON, « The bats of Aldabra atoll, Seychelles », ©Nature Protection Trust of Seychelles,‎ 2004 (lire en ligne)
  5. (en) Sylvie Bouchard, « Cheaerephon pumilus », Mammalian Species,‎ 1998 (lire en ligne)
  6. S. Mickleburgh, « IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Chaerephon pumilus », IUCN Red List of Threatened Species,‎ 31 août 2018 (DOI , lire en ligne, consulté le 9 octobre 2021)
  7. Chicago Steve Goodman (Field Museum of Natural History, « IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Chaerephon atsinanana », IUCN Red List of Threatened Species,‎ 2 mai 2016 (DOI , lire en ligne, consulté le 9 octobre 2021)
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Chaerephon pumilus: Brief Summary ( 法語 )

由wikipedia FR提供

Le Phyllante pumilus, Chaerephon pumilus (a) est une espèce de chauve-souris de l'Afrique subsaharienne. Elle est parmi les espèces les plus répandues et communes du genre. On l'apelle communément petite chauve-souris à queue libre.

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Chaerephon pumilus ( 義大利語 )

由wikipedia IT提供

Chaerephon pumilus (Cretzschmar, 1826) è un pipistrello della famiglia dei Molossidi diffuso nell'Africa subsahariana, Penisola arabica e nel Madagascar.[1][2]

Descrizione

Dimensioni

Pipistrello di piccole dimensioni, con la lunghezza totale tra 70 e 102 mm, la lunghezza dell'avambraccio tra 32 e 39 mm, la lunghezza della coda tra 25 e 41 mm, la lunghezza del piede tra 5 e 10 mm, la lunghezza delle orecchie tra 10 e 17 mm e un peso fino a 17 g.[3]

Aspetto

La pelliccia è corta, vellutata, talvolta oleosa e copre la groppa, ma non si estende sull'uropatagio. Le parti dorsali variano dal bruno-rossastro al quasi nero, mentre le parti ventrali sono leggermente più chiare, con le strisce sui fianchi bianche oppure assenti. Il muso non è particolarmente appiattito. Il labbro superiore ha 5-7 pieghe ben distinte e ricoperto di corte setole. Le orecchie sono piccole, nerastre, unite frontalmente da una membrana a forma di V e con una tasca con l'apertura posteriore al centro, dalla quale nei maschi fuoriesce una cresta di corti peli brunastri. Il trago è molto piccolo, squadrato e nascosto dall'antitrago il quale è grande e semi-circolare. Le membrane alari sono semi-trasparenti e bianche o marroni scure, con delle forme intermedie in alcune località. La coda è lunga, tozza e si estende per più della metà oltre l'uropatagio, il quale è bruno-nerastro. Il cariotipo è 2n=48 FNa=58 oppure FNa=66 in individui della Namibia e del Sudafrica.

Ecolocazione

Emette ultrasuoni ad alto ciclo di lavoro con impulsi di breve durata ed a frequenza modulata.

Biologia

Comportamento

Si rifugia sotto i tetti, cavità degli alberi e sotto le fronde delle palme dove forma gruppi da 5 a diverse centinaia di individui. L'attività predatoria inizia subito dopo il tramonto, si svolge singolarmente e i primi ad emergere sono i maschi dominanti. Durante il giorno raggiunge uno stato di torpore a temperature esterne inferiori a 24 °C.

Alimentazione

Si nutre di insetti, particolarmente Lepidotteri, Ditteri, Coleotteri, Imenotteri, Emitteri, Ortotteri e Neurotteri catturati in volo al disopra della volta forestale. Viene apprezzata dai coltivatori di cotone poiché caccia le larve della falena Helicoverpa armigera, che provocano seri danni alle piantagioni.

Riproduzione

Si riproduce in diversi periodi dell'anno. Nel Ghana gli accoppiamenti avvengono tre volte consecutivamente nella stagione delle piogge tra maggio ed ottobre, in Uganda per tre volte con intervalli di quattro mesi, mentre in Sudafrica e Malawi soltanto due volte durante le stagioni delle piogge. Danno alla luce un piccolo alla volta dopo una gestazione di 60 giorni. Vengono svezzati dopo 21-28 giorni e raggiungono le dimensioni adulte dopo circa tre mesi.

Distribuzione e habitat

Questa specie è diffusa nell'Arabia Saudita sud-occidentale, Yemen occidentale, Senegal, Mali e Niger meridionali; Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Costa d'Avorio, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Burkina Faso, Nigeria, Bioko e isola di Annobón, Congo meridionale, Repubblica Democratica del Congo centrale ed orientale, Ciad sud-occidentale, Ruanda, Burundi, Etiopia, Eritrea, Somalia meridionale, Sudan sud-orientale, Sudan del Sud, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania occidentale ed orientale, Pemba, Zanzibar, Malawi, Angola occidentale, Namibia nord-orientale, Zambia, Mozambico, Zimbabwe, Botswana settentrionale, Swaziland, Sudafrica nord-orientale, Madagascar occidentale, settentrionale e nord-orientale; Aldabra, Amirantes, a sud-ovest delle Seychelles e Isole Comore, nell'Oceano Indiano occidentale.

La popolazione di questi due ultimi gruppi di isole sono stati assegnati da alcuni autori ad una sottospecie distinta, C.p.pusillus.

Vive nelle savane alberate, boschi di Miombo, foreste pluviali, foreste a galleria fino a 1.000 metri di altitudine.

Tassonomia

Al momento non è riconosciuta alcuna sottospecie sebbene esistano popolazioni con colorazione della pelliccia e delle membrane alari differenti. In Madagascar, dopo la recente descrizione di C.atsinanana, la residua popolazione precedentemente assegnata a C.leucogaster è stata trasferita in questa specie, e il taxon considerato sinonimo fino ad eventuali revisioni tassonomiche[3].

Stato di conservazione

La IUCN Red List, considerato il vasto areale, la tolleranza a diversi tipi di habitat e la popolazione presumibilmente numerosa, classifica C.pumilus come specie a rischio minimo (Least Concern).[1]

Note

  1. ^ a b c (EN) Mickleburgh, S., Hutson, A.M., Racey, P.A., Ravino, J., Bergmans, W., Cotterill, F.P.D. & Gerlach, J. 2008, Chaerephon pumilus, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020.
  2. ^ (EN) D.E. Wilson e D.M. Reeder, Chaerephon pumilus, in Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 3ª ed., Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005, ISBN 0-8018-8221-4.
  3. ^ a b Happold & Happold, 2013.

Bibliografia

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Chaerephon pumilus: Brief Summary ( 義大利語 )

由wikipedia IT提供

Chaerephon pumilus (Cretzschmar, 1826) è un pipistrello della famiglia dei Molossidi diffuso nell'Africa subsahariana, Penisola arabica e nel Madagascar.

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Tadarida pumila ( 荷蘭、佛萊明語 )

由wikipedia NL提供

Tadarida pumila, vaak ook als Chaerephon pumila aangeduid, is een zoogdier uit de familie van de bulvleermuizen (Molossidae). De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort werd voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd door Cretzschmar in 1826. Het is vermoedelijk ook een synoniem van Chaerephon pusillus en Chaerephon pumilus, hoewel hier nog geen uitsluitsel over is. Het is mogelijk dat soorten die afgesplitst worden niet meer als 'least concern' ('niet bedreigd') kunnen worden aangemerkt.[1]

Voorkomen

De soort komt voor in grote delen van Sub-Saharisch Afrika en Zuidwest-Azië van Senegal in het westen tot Jemen en Saoedi-Arabië in het oosten en tot Zuid-Afrika in het zuiden. Ook komt Tadarida pumila voor op verscheidene eilanden zoals Madagaskar, de Comoren, Mayotte, Aldabra (Seychellen), Pemba en Zanzibar (Tanzania), Bioko en Annobón (Equatoriaal-Guinea) en Sao Tomé (Sao Tomé en Principe).[1]

Tadarida pumila komt voor in diverse landschappen, variërend van semi-aride gebieden via savannes tot tropische regenwouden en zelfs berggebieden in de Kaapprovincie. Ook wordt deze vleermuis in bebouwde gebieden aantroffen. Groepen variëren van enkele exemplaren (vijf tot twintig) tot honderden individuen.[1]

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
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Tadarida pumila: Brief Summary ( 荷蘭、佛萊明語 )

由wikipedia NL提供

Tadarida pumila, vaak ook als Chaerephon pumila aangeduid, is een zoogdier uit de familie van de bulvleermuizen (Molossidae). De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort werd voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd door Cretzschmar in 1826. Het is vermoedelijk ook een synoniem van Chaerephon pusillus en Chaerephon pumilus, hoewel hier nog geen uitsluitsel over is. Het is mogelijk dat soorten die afgesplitst worden niet meer als 'least concern' ('niet bedreigd') kunnen worden aangemerkt.

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Chaerephon pumilus ( 葡萄牙語 )

由wikipedia PT提供

Chaerephon pumilus é uma espécie de morcego da família Molossidae. Pode ser encontrada na África subsaariana e Madagascar.

Referências

  1. Mickleburgh, S.; Hutson, A.M.; Racey, P.A.; Ravino, J.; Bergmans, W.; Cotterill, F.P.D.; Gerlach, J. (2019). «Chaerephon pumilus». Lista Vermelha de Espécies Ameaçadas. 2019: e.T67362271A22018113. doi:. Consultado em 16 de novembro de 2021
  • SIMMONS, N. B. Order Chiroptera. In: WILSON, D. E.; REEDER, D. M. (Eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. 3. ed. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005. v. 1, p. 312-529.
  • MICKLEBURGH, S.; HUTSON, A. M.; RACEY, P. A.; RAVINO, J.; BERGMANS, W.; COTTERILL, F. P. D.; GERLACH, J. 2008. Tadarida pumila. In: IUCN 2008. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. . Acessado em 11 de fevereiro de 2009.
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Chaerephon pumilus: Brief Summary ( 葡萄牙語 )

由wikipedia PT提供

Chaerephon pumilus é uma espécie de morcego da família Molossidae. Pode ser encontrada na África subsaariana e Madagascar.

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Chaerephon pumila ( 瑞典語 )

由wikipedia SV提供


Chaerephon pumila[3] är en fladdermusart som först beskrevs av Philipp Jakob Cretzschmar 1830. Chaerephon pumila ingår i släktet Chaerephon och familjen veckläppade fladdermöss.[4][5] Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.[4]

Artepitet pumila eller pumilus i det vetenskapliga namnet är latin och syftar på djurets mindre storlek (dvärgväxt).[6]

Utseende

Chaerephon pumila är med en vikt av cirka 11 g och en vingspann av ungefär 25 cm en av de mindre arterna i släktet. Pälsen har ingen enhetlig färg hos de olika populationerna men de flesta individer är svartbrun och på undersidan nära vingarna är kroppen täckt av ljusa eller vitaktiga hår. Huvudet kännetecknas av stora avrundade öron. Liksom hos andra arter av samma släkte är nosen ganska skrynklig.[7] Inklusive svans blir arten 54 till 102 mm lång.[6]

Utbredning och habitat

Denna fladdermus förekommer med flera från varandra skilda populationer i Afrika söder om Sahara samt på Arabiska halvön och på Madagaskar. Arten vistas i låglandet och i bergstrakter upp till 1300 meter över havet. Habitatet varierar mellan skogar, buskskogar och savanner med träd.[1]

Ekologi

Individerna vilar i trädens håligheter, gömda i palmernas bladverk eller i byggnadernas tak. På Madagaskar har en flock (koloni) cirka 30 medlemmar.[1]

Ofta liknar kolonin ett harem med en hane och flera honor. Större kolonier med några hundra medlemmar bildas av flera harem. De vilar ibland tillsammans med andra fladdermöss som Mops condylurus. På natten jagar arten med hjälp av ekolokalisering olika insekter. I viss mån används även synen för att orientera sig. Chaerephon pumila jagas själv av olika rovfåglar.[6][7]

Arten har bra förmåga att hitta tillbaka till viloplatsen. Försöksdjur som flyttades 70 km hittade utan problem tillbaka. Denna fladdermus kan även simma när den hamnar i vattnet.[6]

Beroende på utbredning har honor upp till tre kullar per år. Per kull föds vanligen en unge och sällan tvillingar. Alla honor som tillhör samma koloni får sina ungar ungefär samtidig. Dräktigheten varar 60 till 72 dagar och ungarna diar sin mor två till tre veckor. För äldre ungar är det känt att de matas med vätskor från stora kackerlackor. Ibland hittas ungarna dessa kackerlackor självständig. Vissa honor kan para sig vid den följande parningstiden. Hanar blir allmänt efter 5 månader könsmogna.[6][7]

Källor

  1. ^ [a b c] Mickleburgh, S. et al. 2008 Chaerephon pumilus Från: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2 <www.iucnredlist.org>. Läst 2015-02-03.
  2. ^ Wilson, Don E., and DeeAnn M. Reeder, eds. (2005) , Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 3rd ed., Chaerephon pumilus
  3. ^ Wilson, Don E., and F. Russell Cole (2000) , Common Names of Mammals of the World
  4. ^ [a b] Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (red.) (27 april 2011). ”Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist.”. Species 2000: Reading, UK. http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2011/search/all/key/chaerephon+pumila/match/1. Läst 24 september 2012.
  5. ^ ITIS: The Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Orrell T. (custodian), 2011-04-26
  6. ^ [a b c d e] Bouchard, S. (1 juni 1998). Chaerephon pumilus (på engelska). Mammalian Species. American Society of Mammalogists. http://www.science.smith.edu/msi/pdf/i0076-3519-574-01-0001.pdf. Läst 21 april 2016.
  7. ^ [a b c] K. Mead (27 april 2009). ”Little free-tailed bat” (på engelska). Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Chaerephon_pumilus/. Läst 21 april 2016.
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Chaerephon pumila: Brief Summary ( 瑞典語 )

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Chaerephon pumila är en fladdermusart som först beskrevs av Philipp Jakob Cretzschmar 1830. Chaerephon pumila ingår i släktet Chaerephon och familjen veckläppade fladdermöss. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Artepitet pumila eller pumilus i det vetenskapliga namnet är latin och syftar på djurets mindre storlek (dvärgväxt).

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Tadarida pumila ( 烏克蘭語 )

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Chaerephon pumilus — вид кажанів родини молосових.

Середовище проживання

Цей широко розповсюджений вид зустрічається від Сенегалу на заході ареалу на схід в Ємен та південний-захід Саудівської Аравії, і далеко на південь, до ПАР. Він був записаний з острова Біоко і острови Аннобон (Екваторіальна Гвінея), Пемба і Занзібар (Танзанія), Коморські острови, Майотта і на Мадагаскарі та на атолі Альдабра на Сейшельських островах. Вид зустрічається в різних середовищах проживання від напівпосушливих районів на півночі ареалу до саван і лісів. Висота проживання: нижче 1000 над рівнем моря.

Стиль життя

Колонії цього виду можуть містити від кількох тварин (між 5 і 20) до сотні особин. Часто лаштує сідала в будівлях. Природні сідала знаходяться в западинах і щілинах дерева, кронах різних видів пальм.

Джерела

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Tadarida pumila: Brief Summary ( 烏克蘭語 )

由wikipedia UK提供

Chaerephon pumilus — вид кажанів родини молосових.

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Chaerephon pumilus ( 越南語 )

由wikipedia VI提供

Tadarida pumila là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Dơi thò đuôi, bộ Dơi. Loài này được Cretzschmar-1831 miêu tả năm 1830.[1]

Chú thích

  1. ^ Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. biên tập (2005). “Chaerephon pumilus”. Mammal Species of the World . Baltimore: Nhà in Đại học Johns Hopkins, 2 tập (2.142 trang). ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.

Tham khảo

Liên kết ngoài

 src= Phương tiện liên quan tới Tadarida pumila tại Wikimedia Commons


Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết dơi này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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Chaerephon pumilus: Brief Summary ( 越南語 )

由wikipedia VI提供

Tadarida pumila là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Dơi thò đuôi, bộ Dơi. Loài này được Cretzschmar-1831 miêu tả năm 1830.

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작은자유꼬리박쥐 ( 韓語 )

由wikipedia 한국어 위키백과提供

작은자유꼬리박쥐(Chaerephon pumilus)는 큰귀박쥐과에 속하는 박쥐의 일종이다.[1] 아프리카 대륙과 인근 섬 지역에 걸쳐 널리 분포한다.

각주

  1. Mickleburgh, S.; Hutson, A.M.; Racey, P.A.; Ravino, J.; Bergmans, W.; Cotterill, F.P.D.; Gerlach, J. (2014). “Chaerephon pumilus”. 《The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species》 2014: e.T4317A67362329. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T4317A67362329.en.
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