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Associations ( 英語 )

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These bats are frugivores and may be important in seed dispersal.

Ecosystem Impact: disperses seeds

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Rubbelke, R. 2004. "Balionycteris maculata" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Balionycteris_maculata.html
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Ryan Rubbelke, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
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Chris Yahnke, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
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Nancy Shefferly, Animal Diversity Web
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Benefits ( 英語 )

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There is no information avaiable suggesting any positive economic impact of these animals on humans.

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Rubbelke, R. 2004. "Balionycteris maculata" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Balionycteris_maculata.html
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Ryan Rubbelke, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
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Chris Yahnke, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
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Nancy Shefferly, Animal Diversity Web
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Benefits ( 英語 )

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Occasionally B. maculata has been know to damage fruit crops, reducing the fruit yield for local farmers.

Negative Impacts: crop pest

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Rubbelke, R. 2004. "Balionycteris maculata" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Balionycteris_maculata.html
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Ryan Rubbelke, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
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Chris Yahnke, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
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Nancy Shefferly, Animal Diversity Web
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Conservation Status ( 英語 )

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From what I have gathered there has not been a special status that has been placed on this mammal.

US Federal List: no special status

CITES: no special status

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern

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Rubbelke, R. 2004. "Balionycteris maculata" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Balionycteris_maculata.html
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Ryan Rubbelke, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
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Chris Yahnke, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
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Nancy Shefferly, Animal Diversity Web
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Behavior ( 英語 )

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Balionycteris maculata uses a variety of postures in communciation, as well as a number of noises. These bats are reported to be very vocal. It is likely that tactile communication is important in the roost, between mates, rival, and between parents and their offspring. The role of scent cues in communication in this species has not been documented, but is probably at least minimally important.

Communication Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical

Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; ultrasound ; echolocation ; chemical

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Rubbelke, R. 2004. "Balionycteris maculata" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Balionycteris_maculata.html
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Ryan Rubbelke, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
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Chris Yahnke, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
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Nancy Shefferly, Animal Diversity Web
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Trophic Strategy ( 英語 )

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As the common name suggests, this mammal is frugivorous, primarily feeding on fruit, pollen, and nectar. Balionycteris maculata consumes fruit by utilizing the juices and spitting out the fibers. It has been reported that this animal also feeds on insects.

Animal Foods: insects

Plant Foods: fruit; nectar; flowers

Primary Diet: herbivore (Frugivore )

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Rubbelke, R. 2004. "Balionycteris maculata" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Balionycteris_maculata.html
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Ryan Rubbelke, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
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Nancy Shefferly, Animal Diversity Web
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Distribution ( 英語 )

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Spotted-winged fruit bats are native to Thailand, Malaysia, and Borneo.

Biogeographic Regions: oriental (Native ); oceanic islands (Native )

Other Geographic Terms: island endemic

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Rubbelke, R. 2004. "Balionycteris maculata" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Balionycteris_maculata.html
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Ryan Rubbelke, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
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Chris Yahnke, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
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Nancy Shefferly, Animal Diversity Web
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Habitat ( 英語 )

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Spotted-winged fruit bats prefer forests, lowlands, or foothills, and are commonly found in and around Eastern Asia.

Habitat Regions: temperate ; tropical ; terrestrial

Terrestrial Biomes: forest

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Rubbelke, R. 2004. "Balionycteris maculata" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Balionycteris_maculata.html
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Ryan Rubbelke, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
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Chris Yahnke, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
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Nancy Shefferly, Animal Diversity Web
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Life Expectancy ( 英語 )

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No information on the lifespan/longevity of this species is available. As the only member of the genus Balionycteris, it is not even possible to generalize from closely related species.

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Rubbelke, R. 2004. "Balionycteris maculata" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Balionycteris_maculata.html
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Ryan Rubbelke, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
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Chris Yahnke, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
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Nancy Shefferly, Animal Diversity Web
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Morphology ( 英語 )

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Balionycteris maculata can grow to be about 50 to 66 mm in length, and can weigh up to 14.5 g. They have no external tail, a short nose, and the length of their forearm ranges from 39 to 43 mm.

These fruit bats have unique dentition, in that they only have one pair of lower incisors.

The color of pelage can range from sooty brown to a grayish tint. Balionycteris maculata has a black head and the wings are marked with yellow spots. A baculum is present in males.

The only other bat with which this species could be confused is Chironax melanocephalus, or black-capped fruit bats. These two species which share similar external characteristics, although the latter is slightly smaller, differs in dental characters, and lacks spots on the wings.

Range mass: 9.5 to 14.5 g.

Range length: 50 to 66 mm.

Range wingspan: 39 to 44 mm.

Other Physical Features: endothermic ; homoiothermic; bilateral symmetry

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Rubbelke, R. 2004. "Balionycteris maculata" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Balionycteris_maculata.html
作者
Ryan Rubbelke, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
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Chris Yahnke, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
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Nancy Shefferly, Animal Diversity Web
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Associations ( 英語 )

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Predators of this species have not been reported.

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Rubbelke, R. 2004. "Balionycteris maculata" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Balionycteris_maculata.html
作者
Ryan Rubbelke, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
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Chris Yahnke, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
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Nancy Shefferly, Animal Diversity Web
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Reproduction ( 英語 )

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No information was found on mating systems.

Data on the reproductive characteristics of this species are lacking. However, it is likely that B. maculata is similar to other temperate/tropical fruit bats.

Most fruit bats reach puberty in the second year after birth. Copulation is accomplished while suspended by the hind legs in the roost. Females can produce 1 to 2 young per year, although typically only give birth to one young at a time. Fruit bats are known to breed throughout the year, with young being born every month of the year. Delayed implantation may occur.

Breeding interval: The breeding interval of this species is not known, but is likely to be once or twice per year.

Breeding season: The breeding season of these animals has not been reported, but is likely to be throughout the year.

Range number of offspring: 1 to 2.

Average number of offspring: 1.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 2 years.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 2 years.

Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; year-round breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; fertilization ; viviparous ; delayed implantation

Parental care in this species has not been documented. However, as mammals, females of this species are known to provide their young with milk and protection. The mother probably also grooms her offspring, and cares for them while they reach maturity. The role of males in parental care has not been established.

Parental Investment: no parental involvement; pre-fertilization (Protecting: Female); pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-independence (Protecting)

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Rubbelke, R. 2004. "Balionycteris maculata" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Balionycteris_maculata.html
作者
Ryan Rubbelke, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
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Chris Yahnke, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
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Nancy Shefferly, Animal Diversity Web
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Biology ( 英語 )

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Roosting in harems with one male and up to nine females and their young, the male must work to make his roost attractive to females, and then defend the area. Females may move between roosts, but males protect any females that are in his territory. The males often build tents in the tree-nests of ants and termites. It is not known how these are made, but from evidence in closely related species, it is likely that they excavate the inner regions of the nests using their teeth and claws, until a bell-shaped cavity remains (5). Females give birth to two litters each year, usually of a single pup in each. These pups are born with their eyes and ears closed and weigh 3.5 grams, after a pregnancy lasting 135 days (5). Their mothers feed them milk for the first 40 to 80 days of their life, and once weaning has begun, the young bats will fly next to their mothers on foraging trips. They live for up to four years (5). This bat eats the fruit of up to 22 plant species, and plays an important role in seed dispersal and plant renewal, particularly in older forests (5). Individuals do not travel far to forage; females spend the entire night foraging without returning to the roost, whereas males make several trips in order to defend and improve their roost (6).
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Conservation ( 英語 )

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Deforestation of primary forest for oil palm plantations, including within protected areas, is an issue of major concern and one that relies on both governmental action and consumer concern. Some large retailers have agreed, in collaboration with the WWF, to source products containing palm oil from plantations that are not on deforested land (7). Many scientific and charitable groups contribute to bat monitoring and local education programmes that can help to reduce persecution and raise awareness of the natural assets of the land (8).
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Description ( 英語 )

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The smallest fruit bat in the world, this species is both charming and beautiful. Its black, dog-like face has large eyes, with a pale spot beneath each. The nostrils are long and somewhat tubular, and the ears are small. The soft fur is very dark brown on the back, and paler on the underside. Pale spots contrast with the dark wing membranes, and often highlight the joints of the finger bones. This fruit-eating bat has a claw on the second digit of each hand, enabling it to cling to fruit trees (2) and break into tough-skinned fruit with its strong jaws (3). It does not have a tail (2).
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Habitat ( 英語 )

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Occurring mainly in forest habitats, the spotted-winged fruit bat roosts primarily in the lower canopy. It is found from the lowlands to montane forest, and prefers to roost in palm trees and ferns that grow on the trunks of large forest trees, as well as in the active nests of tree-dwelling ants, and the unoccupied tree-nests of termites (2).
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Range ( 英語 )

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This species is found in southern Thailand, western Peninsular Malaysia, Borneo, Sumatra, and the Durian and Galang Islands (4).
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Status ( 英語 )

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Classified as Least Concern (LC) on the IUCN Red List (1).
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Threats ( 英語 )

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This sensitive species relies on a deep and productive forest and constant deforestation throughout its range threatens its population stability (5). The rapid increase in land devoted to growing oil palm has resulted in extensive loss of primary forest. Together, Malaysia and Indonesia export 88% of the world's palm oil, for use in products such as margarine, lipstick and detergent. Deforestation continues at a steady rate for conversion to agricultural land and building communities, and despite the contribution of many bats to the pollination and seed dispersal of many fruit crops, persecution of bats is also a threat (7).
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Ratpenat frugívor maculat ( 加泰隆語 )

由wikipedia CA提供

El ratpenat frugívor maculat (Balionycteris maculata) és el ratpenat frugívor més petit de tot el món.

Es troba al sud de Tailàndia, Malàisia i Borneo.

Referències

En altres projectes de Wikimedia:
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Commons Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata
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Ratpenat frugívor maculat: Brief Summary ( 加泰隆語 )

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El ratpenat frugívor maculat (Balionycteris maculata) és el ratpenat frugívor més petit de tot el món.

Es troba al sud de Tailàndia, Malàisia i Borneo.

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Gefleckter Kurznasenflughund ( 德語 )

由wikipedia DE提供

Der Gefleckte Kurznasenflughund (Balionycteris maculata) ist die kleinste bekannte Flughundart. Er ist in Indonesien und Malaysia beheimatet und die einzige Art der Gattung Balionycteris.

 src=
Verbreitungsgebiet von Balionycteris maculata

Beschreibung

Der Gefleckte Kurznasenflughund unterscheidet sich von anderen Flughunden durch die hell gefleckten Flügel und dadurch, dass er nur ein einziges Paar untere Schneidezähne besitzt. Ähnliche Arten wie Chironax melanocephalus und Arten der Gattung Cynopterus haben zwei Paar untere Schneidezähne und kein Muster auf den Flügeln. Balionycteris maculata hat große Augen und keinen Schwanz. Das Fell ist weich und dunkelbraun, am Bauch grau-braun. Die Flughaut ist ebenfalls dunkelbraun und weist besonders entlang der Gelenke und Finger helle Flecken auf, die wahrscheinlich der Tarnung dienen. Daumen und Zeigefinger haben jeweils eine Kralle. Die Nasenlöcher sind erweitert und liegen weit auseinander. Die Kopf-Rumpf-Länge des Gefleckten Kurznasenflughundes beträgt im Schnitt 61 mm bei einem Gewicht von 13,4 g. In Malaysia sind die Männchen kleiner als die Weibchen, unterscheiden sich jedoch nicht im Gewicht. Die Flügelspannweite beträgt 28 cm.

Lebensweise

Der Gefleckte Kurznasenflughund hat lange, schmale Flügel, was ihn zu einem schnellen Flieger macht. Er ernährt sich von kleinen Früchten unterschiedlicher Baumarten. Bei der Futtersuche beschränken er sich auf ein Gebiet in einem Umkreis von 1 km rund um den Hangplatz.

Tagsüber hängen die Tiere in kleinen Gruppen von meist einem Männchen mit bis zu neun Weibchen in von Männchen ausgehöhlten Ameisen- und Termitennester, sowie Löchern im Wurzelwerk von epiphytischen Pflanzen. Alleine hängende Tiere sind immer Männchen.[1]

Fortpflanzung

Weibliche Tiere können ab einem Alter von 10 Monaten zum ersten Mal trächtig werden. Balionycteris maculata gebärt zweimal im Jahr nach einer Tragezeit von etwa 135 Tagen jeweils ein Jungtier. Die Jungtiere werden mit geschlossenen Augen und Ohren geboren und bis zu einem Alter von 40 bis 80 Tagen gesäugt. Das Geburtsgewicht beträgt im Schnitt 3,5 g.

Verbreitung und Lebensraum

Der Gefleckte Kurznasenflughund kommt in Malaysia und Indonesien vor. Es gibt auch einzelne Berichte über lokale Vorkommen in Thailand. Die Art ist auf Primärregenwald angewiesen. Ihr Bestand wird von der IUCN dank der weiten Verbreitung als nicht gefährdet eingestuft.[2]

Literatur

  • R. Hodgkinson, T. H. Kunz: Balionycteris maculata. In: Mammalian Species. Nummer 793, 2006, S. 1–3.

Quellen

  1. R. Hodgkinson, S.T. Balding, A. Zubaid, T. H. Kunz: Roosting ecology and social organization of the spotted-winged fruit bat, Balionycteris maculata (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae), in a Malaysian lowland dipterocarp forest. In: Journal of Tropical Ecology. 19, 2003, S. 667–676.
  2. Balionycteris maculata in der Roten Liste gefährdeter Arten der IUCN.

Weblinks

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  • Bilder von Balionycteris maculata: 1, 2
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Gefleckter Kurznasenflughund: Brief Summary ( 德語 )

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Der Gefleckte Kurznasenflughund (Balionycteris maculata) ist die kleinste bekannte Flughundart. Er ist in Indonesien und Malaysia beheimatet und die einzige Art der Gattung Balionycteris.

 src= Verbreitungsgebiet von Balionycteris maculata
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Spotted-winged fruit bat ( 英語 )

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The spotted-winged fruit bat, (Balionycteris maculata) is the smallest megabat in the world, and the only species in the genus Balionycteris. It inhabits forests in Indonesia and Malaysia.

Description

Spotted-winged fruit bats are unusually small megabats, with a head-body length of 5.2 to 6.2 centimetres (2.0 to 2.4 in),[2] a wingspan of 28 centimetres (11 in), and an adult body weight of around 13 grams (0.46 oz). Most of the head and body are covered in thick blackish-brown fur, while the underparts are a pale grey-brown. Their wings are dark brown, with distinctive pale cream spots, which are most noticeable on the joints, but are also found in a variable pattern across the wing membranes.[3] The wings have been reported to have an aspect ratio of 5.8 and a wing loading of 9.51 N/m2.[4]

There are also pale markings in front of the large eyes, and on the ears, which are simple in shape, compared with those of microbats. The nostrils are elongated, and splayed to the side of the snout. The species can be distinguished from other small fruit bats by the presence of the spots on its wings, but also by its unusual dental formula of 2.1.3.21.1.3.2.[3]

Distribution and habitat

Spotted-winged fruit bats inhabit primary rain forest up to 1,500 metres (4,900 ft) elevation, and coastal mangrove forests. They are found across Malaysia and Brunei, and in the northern and western parts of the island of Borneo in Indonesia. At the edges of their range, they have also been reported from Trang Province in southern Thailand, from a small area in Sumatra, and from the Riau Archipelago. No subspecies are known.[3]

Behaviour and biology

Spotted-winged fruit bats forage in the understory of dense forest[4] where they feed on a range of generally small, inconspicuous fruit, such as figs and persimmon, and on some insects and spiders. They spend the day roosting alone or in small groups consisting of a male and up to nine females and their young. Rather than remaining with a single male, females may visit up to three different males. Males return regularly to their roosts during the night, suggesting that they gain access to females by controlling and defending prime roosting sites.[5]

They forage as individuals, rather than in a group, and rarely travel more than 1 kilometre (0.6 mi) from their roost site. They have been observed to make high-pitched "peep" noises when foraging, as well as more complex series of sounds when socialising. Roosts are of a consistent shape and size, and may be partially excavated by the bats, a behaviour that is otherwise unknown in this group of animals. They are generally located in the root masses of epiphytic plants, such as ferns, and also in the nests of ants and termites.[5]

Females give birth to a single young up to twice a year, typically between June and January. The young are born blind, and weighing around 3.5 grams (0.12 oz), after a gestation of 135 days. They are weaned by 40–80 days, and are able to fly by the time they have reached 5 grams (0.18 oz) in weight. Females are sexually mature at ten months of age.[3]

References

  1. ^ Bates, P.; Bumrungsri, S.; Suyanto, A.; Francis, C.; Kingston, T.; Tan, P. (2021). "Balionycteris maculata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T84454322A22030208. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T84454322A22030208.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  2. ^ Shepherd, Chris R.; Loretta Ann, Shepherd (2012). A Naturalist's Guide to the Mammals of Southeast Asia. Wiltshire, UK: John Beaufoy Publishing. p. 20. ISBN 978-1-906780-71-5.
  3. ^ a b c d Hodgkison, Robert; Kunz, Thomas H. (2006). "Balionycteris maculata". Mammalian Species (793): 1–3. doi:10.1644/793.1.
  4. ^ a b Hodgkison, R.; et al. (2004). "Habitat structure, wing morphology, and the vertical stratification of Malaysian fruit bats (Megachiroptera, Pteropodidae)". Journal of Tropical Ecology. 20 (6): 667–673. doi:10.1017/S0266467404001737. S2CID 49389740.
  5. ^ a b Hodgkison, R.; et al. (2003). "Roosting ecology and social organization of the spotted-winged fruit bat, Balionycteris maculata (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae), in a Malaysian lowland dipterocarp forest". Journal of Tropical Ecology. 19 (6): 667–676. doi:10.1017/S0266467403006060. S2CID 49388480.

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Spotted-winged fruit bat: Brief Summary ( 英語 )

由wikipedia EN提供

The spotted-winged fruit bat, (Balionycteris maculata) is the smallest megabat in the world, and the only species in the genus Balionycteris. It inhabits forests in Indonesia and Malaysia.

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Balionycteris maculata ( 西班牙、卡斯蒂利亞西班牙語 )

由wikipedia ES提供

Balionycteris maculata es una especie de murciélago de la familia Pteropodidae.

Distribución geográfica

Se encuentra en Tailandia Malasia Brunéi e Indonesia.

Referencias

  1. Bates, P., Bumrungsri, S., Suyanto, A., Francis, C. y Kingston, T. (2008). «Balionycteris maculata». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2012.2 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 19 de febrero de 2013.
  • SIMMONS, N. B. Order Chiroptera. In: WILSON, D. E.; REEDER, D. M. (Eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. 3. ed. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005. v. 1, p. 312-529.
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Balionycteris maculata: Brief Summary ( 西班牙、卡斯蒂利亞西班牙語 )

由wikipedia ES提供

Balionycteris maculata es una especie de murciélago de la familia Pteropodidae.

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Balionycteris maculata ( 巴斯克語 )

由wikipedia EU提供

Balionycteris maculata Balionycteris generoko animalia da. Chiropteraren barruko Pteropodidae familian sailkatuta dago.

Erreferentziak

  1. (Ingelesez)Mammals - full taxonomy and Red List status Ugaztun guztien egoera 2008an
  2. Thomas (1893) 11 Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 341. or..

Ikus, gainera

(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Balionycteris maculata: Brief Summary ( 巴斯克語 )

由wikipedia EU提供

Balionycteris maculata Balionycteris generoko animalia da. Chiropteraren barruko Pteropodidae familian sailkatuta dago.

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Balionycteris maculata ( 法語 )

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Balionycteris maculata (roussette à ailes tachetées) est une espèce de chauves-souris.

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Balionycteris maculata ( 義大利語 )

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Il pipistrello della frutta dalle ali maculate (Balionycteris maculata Thomas, 1893) è un pipistrello appartenente alla famiglia degli Pteropodidi, unica specie del genere Balionycteris (Matschie, 1899), endemico della Thailandia, della Penisola Malese, e dell'Indonesia.[1][2]

Etimologia

Il termine generico Balionycteris deriva dalla combinazione di due parole greche: βάλιος, letteralmente "macchiato", e νύχτερις, ovvero "pipistrello". Anche il termine specifico fa riferimento alle piccole macchie sulle ali.

Descrizione

Dimensioni

Pipistrello di medio-piccole dimensioni, con la lunghezza della testa e del corpo tra 56 e 74,5 mm, la lunghezza dell'avambraccio tra 39 e 45 mm, la lunghezza delle orecchie tra 10 e 12 mm e un peso fino a 16 g.[3]. È la più piccola specie della famiglia degli Pteropodidi.

Caratteristiche craniche e dentarie

Il cranio presenta un rostro molto corto, una scatola cranica rotonda, le ossa pre-mascellari in semplice contatto con le ossa nasali ed è privo dei fori post-orbitali. Gli incisivi superiori interni sono più lunghi di quelli esterni e separati ampiamente dai canini, i quali sono attraversati longitudinalmente da un solco profondo.

Sono caratterizzati dalla seguente formula dentaria:

2 3 1 2 2 1 3 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 Totale: 28 1.Incisivi; 2.Canini; 3.Premolari; 4.Molari;

Aspetto

La pelliccia è relativamente corta. Le parti dorsali sono color fuliggine, con dei riflessi marroni scuri sulla groppa, la testa è nerastra, mentre le parti inferiori sono grigiastre. Nei maschi è presente un collare bruno-grigiastro. Il muso è corto, con le narici leggermente sporgenti e divaricate e gli occhi grandi. Le orecchie sono bruno-nerastre, corte e arrotondate, con un piccolo antitrago triangolare. Una piccola macchia giallastra è sempre presente alla base del margine anteriore di ogni padiglione auricolare e su ogni articolazione delle dita dell'arto superiore. Numerose piccole macchie giallastre ricoprono le membrane alari bruno-nerastre. La tibia è priva di peli. Il pollice è incluso in parte nella membrana alare. È privo di coda, mentre l'uropatagio è ridotto ad una sottile membrana lungo la parte interna degli arti inferiori. Il calcar è corto. B.m. seimundi è la sottospecie più piccola.

Biologia

Comportamento

Forma piccoli gruppi con un solo maschio.

Alimentazione

Nella Penisola Malese sono state registrate almeno 22 specie di piante i cui frutti fanno parte della sua dieta, tra le quali Cyathocalyx scortechinii, Polyalthia obliqua, Pseuduvaria setosa, Diospyros sumatrana, Fragraea racemosa, Strychnos axillaris, Memecylon megacarpum, Pternandra echinata, varie specie native di Ficus, Eugenia griffithi, Pellacalyx saccardianus, Diplospora malaccensis, Nauclea officinalis e Adinandra sarosanthera. È considerato un importante dispersore di semi.

Riproduzione

Le femmine danno alla luce fino a due piccoli l'anno, principalmente tra giugno e gennaio. Hanno un'aspettativa di vita di circa 4 anni.

Distribuzione e habitat

Questa specie è endemica della Thailandia, della Penisola Malese, e dell'Indonesia.

Vive nelle foreste pluviali primarie, nelle Mangrovie e in foreste secondarie fino a 1.500 metri di altitudine.

Tassonomia

Sono state riconosciute due sottospecie:

Stato di conservazione

La IUCN Red List, considerata il vasto Areale, la popolazione numerosa e il suo adattamento ad habitat degradati, classifica B. maculata come specie a rischio minimo (LC).[1]

Note

  1. ^ a b c (EN) Bates, P., Bumrungsri, S., Suyanto, A., Francis, C. & Kingston, T. 2008, Balionycteris maculata, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020.
  2. ^ (EN) D.E. Wilson e D.M. Reeder, Balionycteris maculata, in Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 3ª ed., Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005, ISBN 0-8018-8221-4.
  3. ^ Francis, 2008.

Bibliografia

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Balionycteris maculata: Brief Summary ( 義大利語 )

由wikipedia IT提供

Il pipistrello della frutta dalle ali maculate (Balionycteris maculata Thomas, 1893) è un pipistrello appartenente alla famiglia degli Pteropodidi, unica specie del genere Balionycteris (Matschie, 1899), endemico della Thailandia, della Penisola Malese, e dell'Indonesia.

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Balionycteris maculata ( 荷蘭、佛萊明語 )

由wikipedia NL提供

Balionycteris maculata is de kleinste vleermuis van de familie van de vleerhonden. De wetenschappelijke naam van deze soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd door Oldfield Thomas in 1893. In het Engels wordt hij 'Spotted-winged Fruit Bat' genoemd.

Beschrijving

Deze soort vleerhond heeft een donkerbruin lichaam, met een nogal donkere kop. Het vleugelmembraan is ook donkerbruin, maar met kleine witte vlekken, vooral op de gewrichten. Het dier heeft ook bleke vlekken vlak naast de ogen op zijn hondachtige gezicht; en langwerpige neusgaten. De soort heeft een kop-romplengte van 5,3-6,2 cm.

Habitat, leefwijze en bedreiging

De soort vooral gevonden in primaire laaglandbossen en af en toe in bergachtige wouden tot ongeveer 1.500 m hoog. Het dier rust in de toppen van palmen, in de holtes van Epifyten en in holen van bomen. Dit doet het dier in kleine groepen. Balionycteris maculata werpt ongeveer tot twee keer per jaar één jong.

Hoewel dit vleerhondje nog als niet bedreigd op de internationale rode lijst staat, bestaat er wel zorg over het voortbestaan van deze soort doordat plaatselijk in hoog tempo primair regenbos wordt omgevormd tot oliepalmplantages.[1]

Verspreiding

De soort komt voor in Brunei, Indonesië (Kalimantan en Sumatra), Maleisië (West- en Oost-Maleisië) en Zuid-Thailand.[2]

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
  1. a b (en) Balionycteris maculata op de IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  2. Shepherd, Chris R.; Shepherd, Loretta Ann (2012). A Naturalist's Guide to the Mammals of Southeast Asia. Wiltshire, UK: John BeauFoy Publishing. p. 20. ISBN 978-1-906780-71-5.
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Balionycteris maculata: Brief Summary ( 荷蘭、佛萊明語 )

由wikipedia NL提供

Balionycteris maculata is de kleinste vleermuis van de familie van de vleerhonden. De wetenschappelijke naam van deze soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd door Oldfield Thomas in 1893. In het Engels wordt hij 'Spotted-winged Fruit Bat' genoemd.

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Balionycteris maculata ( 葡萄牙語 )

由wikipedia PT提供

Balionycteris maculata é uma espécie de morcego da família Pteropodidae. Pode ser encontrada na Tailândia, Malásia, Brunei e Indonésia.

Referências

  • SIMMONS, N. B. Order Chiroptera. In: WILSON, D. E.; REEDER, D. M. (Eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. 3. ed. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005. v. 1, p. 312-529.
  • BATES, P.; BUMRUNGSRI, S.; SUYANTO, A.; FRANCIS, C.; KINGSTON, T. 2008. Balionycteris maculata. In: IUCN 2008. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. . Acessado em 31 de dezembro de 2008.
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Balionycteris maculata: Brief Summary ( 葡萄牙語 )

由wikipedia PT提供

Balionycteris maculata é uma espécie de morcego da família Pteropodidae. Pode ser encontrada na Tailândia, Malásia, Brunei e Indonésia.

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Balionycteris maculata ( 瑞典語 )

由wikipedia SV提供


Balionycteris maculata[2][3] är en däggdjursart som först beskrevs av Thomas 1893. Balionycteris maculata är ensam i släktet Balionycteris[4] som ingår i familjen flyghundar.[5][6] IUCN kategoriserar arten globalt som livskraftig.[1] Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.[5] Wilson & Reeder (2005) skiljer mellan 2 underarter.[4]

Denna flyghund förekommer på Malackahalvön, på norra Borneo och i en mindre region på Sumatra. Den vistas i regnskogar, mangrove och kulturlandskap som ligger i låglandet eller i bergstrakter upp till 1500 meter över havet. Flocken består av en hane, några honor och deras ungar. De vilar i ormbunkar, trädens håligheter och tomma termitstackar.[1]

Arten blir 50 till 66 mm lång och saknar svans. Den väger upp till 14,5 g och underarmarnas längd är 39 till 43 mm. I motsats till de flesta andra flyghundar har Balionycteris maculata bara ett par nedre framtänder. Pälsens grundfärg är smutsig brun till grå och på den förekommer många gula punkter.[7]

Individerna är främst aktiva på natten och de hittar födan med hjälp av luktsinnet och synen. De äter frukternas juice, nektar och pollen samt i mindre mått insekter. Fruktens fasta delar spottas ut. Några populationer håller vinterdvala. Fortplantningssättet och livslängden antas vara lika som hos närbesläktade flyghundar.[7]

Källor

  1. ^ [a b c] 2008 Balionycteris maculata Från: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2 <www.iucnredlist.org>. Läst 2012-10-24.
  2. ^ Wilson, Don E., and DeeAnn M. Reeder, eds. (1992) , Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 2nd ed., 3rd printing
  3. ^ Wilson, Don E., and F. Russell Cole (2000) , Common Names of Mammals of the World
  4. ^ [a b] (2005) , website Balionycteris, Mammal Species of the World
  5. ^ [a b] Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (red.) (17 april 2011). ”Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist.”. Species 2000: Reading, UK. http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2011/search/all/key/balionycteris+maculata/match/1. Läst 24 september 2012.
  6. ^ ITIS: The Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Orrell T. (custodian), 2011-04-26
  7. ^ [a b] R. Rubbelke (17 april 2004). ”Spotted-winged fruit bat” (på engelska). Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Balionycteris_maculata/. Läst 11 november 2015.

Externa länkar

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Balionycteris maculata: Brief Summary ( 瑞典語 )

由wikipedia SV提供


Balionycteris maculata är en däggdjursart som först beskrevs av Thomas 1893. Balionycteris maculata är ensam i släktet Balionycteris som ingår i familjen flyghundar. IUCN kategoriserar arten globalt som livskraftig. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life. Wilson & Reeder (2005) skiljer mellan 2 underarter.

Denna flyghund förekommer på Malackahalvön, på norra Borneo och i en mindre region på Sumatra. Den vistas i regnskogar, mangrove och kulturlandskap som ligger i låglandet eller i bergstrakter upp till 1500 meter över havet. Flocken består av en hane, några honor och deras ungar. De vilar i ormbunkar, trädens håligheter och tomma termitstackar.

Arten blir 50 till 66 mm lång och saknar svans. Den väger upp till 14,5 g och underarmarnas längd är 39 till 43 mm. I motsats till de flesta andra flyghundar har Balionycteris maculata bara ett par nedre framtänder. Pälsens grundfärg är smutsig brun till grå och på den förekommer många gula punkter.

Individerna är främst aktiva på natten och de hittar födan med hjälp av luktsinnet och synen. De äter frukternas juice, nektar och pollen samt i mindre mått insekter. Fruktens fasta delar spottas ut. Några populationer håller vinterdvala. Fortplantningssättet och livslängden antas vara lika som hos närbesläktade flyghundar.

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Balionycteris maculata ( 烏克蘭語 )

由wikipedia UK提供

Поширення та екологія

Цей вид зустрічається на всьому Малайському півострові, північному й західному Борнео, архіпелазі Ріау (Бруней-Даруссалам, Індонезія, Малайзія, Таїланд). Поширений в первинних тропічних лісах низовини від рівня моря до 1500 м над рівнем моря, а також знаходиться в мангрових заростях. На Калімантані мешкає у вторинному і первинному лісі. Лаштує сідала в кронах пальм, в папоротях на каучукових деревах і в розкопаних гніздах термітів. Це не печерний житель, але був записаний в печері в штаті Сабах. Звичайно утворює невеликі групи.

Морфологія

Морфометрія. Довжина голови й тіла: 50—66 мм, видимого хвоста нема, довжина передпліччя: 39—43 мм, вага: 9.5—14.5 грам.

Опис. Шерсть м'яка. Колір кіптяво-коричневий зверху і сіруватий знизу, голова чорнувата, і темно-коричневі крила відзначені жовтими плямами. Balionycteris нагадує Chironax за структурними особливостями. Має великі очі, з блідою плямою під кожним. Ніздрі довгі й дещо трубчасті, а вуха маленькі. Має кіготь на другому пальці кожної руки, що дозволяє чіплятися за фруктові дерева. Хвоста не має.

Загрози та охорона

Постійна вирубка лісу в усьому діапазоні поширення виду загрожує стабільності його населення. Попит на пальмову олію призвів до загибелі великої кількості первинних лісів. Попри внесок багатьох рукокрилих до запилення і розповсюдження насіння багатьох плодових культур, переслідування рукокрилих також є загрозою. На Малайському півострові і Борнео (Сабах, Саравак, Бруней, і західний Калімантан), цей вид зустрічається в межах кількох заповідників і природоохоронних територій, в тому числі виробничих лісів.

Джерела

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Balionycteris maculata ( 越南語 )

由wikipedia VI提供

Balionycteris maculata là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Dơi quạ, bộ Dơi. Loài này được Thomas mô tả năm 1893.[3]

Chú thích

  1. ^ Bates et al. (2008). Balionycteris maculata. Sách đỏ 2006. IUCN 2006. Truy cập ngày 11 tháng 8 năm 2012.
  2. ^ Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. biên tập (2005). “Balionycteris”. Mammal Species of the World . Baltimore: Nhà in Đại học Johns Hopkins, 2 tập (2.142 trang). ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  3. ^ a ă Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. biên tập (2005). “Balionycteris maculata”. Mammal Species of the World . Baltimore: Nhà in Đại học Johns Hopkins, 2 tập (2.142 trang). ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.

Tham khảo


Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết họ Dơi quạ này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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Balionycteris maculata: Brief Summary ( 越南語 )

由wikipedia VI提供

Balionycteris maculata là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Dơi quạ, bộ Dơi. Loài này được Thomas mô tả năm 1893.

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斑翅果蝠 ( 漢語 )

由wikipedia 中文维基百科提供
二名法 Balionycteris maculata

斑翅果蝠學名Balionycteris maculata),哺乳綱翼手目狐蝠科斑翅果蝠屬下的一個單屬種,而與斑翅果蝠同科的動物尚有寬齶狐蝠短齶果蝠豕果蝠番果蝠等之數種哺乳動物

Bat (PSF).jpg 斑翅果蝠是一個與蝙蝠相關的小作品。你可以通过編輯或修訂擴充其內容。
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斑翅果蝠: Brief Summary ( 漢語 )

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斑翅果蝠(學名:Balionycteris maculata),哺乳綱翼手目狐蝠科斑翅果蝠屬下的一個單屬種,而與斑翅果蝠同科的動物尚有寬齶狐蝠短齶果蝠豕果蝠番果蝠等之數種哺乳動物

Bat (PSF).jpg 斑翅果蝠是一個與蝙蝠相關的小作品。你可以通过編輯或修訂擴充其內容。  title= 取自“https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=斑翅果蝠&oldid=37708706分类IUCN无危物种狐蝠科隐藏分类:TaxoboxLatinName本地相关图片与维基数据相同含有拉丁語的條目蝙蝠小作品
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얼룩날개과일박쥐 ( 韓語 )

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얼룩날개과일박쥐(Balionycteris maculata)는 큰박쥐과에 속하는 박쥐의 일종이다. 전세계에서 가장 작은 큰박쥐류 박쥐이며, 얼룩날개과일박쥐속(Balionycteris)의 유일종이다. 인도네시아말레이시아의 숲에서 서식한다.

특징

얼룩날개과일박쥐는 다른 과일박쥐류와 달리 몸길이가 5.2~6.2cm에 불과하고,[2] 날개 폭이 28cm 그리고 다 자란 성체의 몸무게는 약 13g 정도이다. 대부분의 몸은 거무스레한 갈색의 두꺼운 털로 덮여있는 반면에, 하체는 연한 회색-갈색을 띤다. 날개는 짙은 갈색을 띠고 연한 크림색의 독특한 얼룩 반점을 갖고 있으며 이것은 관절에서 가장 두드러진 부분이지만, 날개막을 가로질러 다양한 무늬가 발견되기도 한다.[3] 종횡비가 5.8까지 보고되기도 하며, 익면 하중은 9.51 N/m2이다.[4]

큰 눈 앞 그리고 귀에도 연한 얼룩 반점이 있으며, 작은박쥐류에 비해 형태가 단순하다. 콧구멍은 가늘고 길며, 주둥이까지 벌어진다. 날개 위의 반점을 통해 다른 작은 과일박쥐류와 구별되지만, 독특한 치열로도 구별할 수 있다.[3] 치열은 2.1.3.21.1.3.2이다.

분포 및 서식지

얼룩날개과일박쥐는 해발 고도 최대 1500m 높이까지의 1차 우림과 해안가 홍수림에서 서식한다. 말레이시아부터 브루나이에 걸쳐 발견되며 인도네시아 보르네오섬 북부와 서부 일부 지역에서도 서식한다. 분포 지역 끝단 태국 남부의 뜨랑주수마트라섬 일부부터 리아우 제도까지 지역에서도 발견된다. 아종은 알려져 있지 않다.[3]

습성 및 생태

얼룩날개과일박쥐는 울창한 숲의 하층에서 먹이를 구하며,[4] 무화과와 감과 같이 일반적으로 작고 눈을 잘 끌지 않는 과일을 먹이로 먹거나 일부는 곤충과 거미를 먹기도 한다. 낮에 혼자 또는 한 마리의 수컷과 최대 아홉 마리의 암컷 그리고 새끼들로 이루어진 작은 집단을 형성하여 둥지에서 시간을 보낸다. 암컷은 한 마리의 수컷과 지내기보다는 최대 3마리의 다른 수컷를 찾는 것으로 추정된다. 수컷은 밤에 규칙적으로 자신의 둥지로 돌아오며, 최상위 둥지를 차지하거나 방어함으로써 암컷들에 대한 접근권을 얻는 것으로 추정된다.[5]

집단적으로 먹이를 구하기보다는 개별적으로 움직이며, 드물게 둥지로부터 1km 이상 이동하기도 한다. 무리 생활을 하는 동안 내는 일군의 좀더 복잡한 소리를 내는 것과 마찬가지로, 먹이를 구할 때 높은 음의 울음소리를 내는 것이 관찰된다. 둥지는 일정한 모양과 크기로 이루어져 있으며, 박쥐에 따라서 박쥐류에서 알려지지 않은 습성인 부분적으로 굴을 파는 습성을 보이기도 한다. 이들은 일반적으로 양치식물과 같은 착생식물의 뿌리 덩어리 속에 위치하거나 개미와 흰개미의 둥지 속에 위치하기도 한다.[5]

암컷은 일년에 최대 두번 보통 6월과 이듬해 1월 사이에, 한 마리의 새끼를 낳는다. 임신 기간 135일 이후에, 몸무게 약 3.5g의 눈을 뜨지 못한 상태의 새끼를 낳는다. 젖을 먹이는 기간은 40~80일 정도이고, 몸무게가 5g에 도달할 즈음에 날기 시작한다. 암컷은 생후 10개월 이후에 성적으로 성숙해진다.[3]

각주

  1. “Balionycteris maculata”. 《멸종 위기 종의 IUCN 적색 목록. 2006판》 (영어). 국제 자연 보전 연맹. 2008. 2012년 8월 11일에 확인함.
  2. Shepherd, Chris R.; Loretta Ann, Shepherd (2012). 《A Naturalist's Guide to the Mammals of Southeast Asia》. Wiltshire, UK: John Beaufoy Publishing. 20쪽. ISBN 978-1-906780-71-5.
  3. Hodgkison, R. & Kunz, T.H. (2006). “Balionycteris maculata”. 《Mammalian Species》: Number 793: pp. 1–3. doi:10.1644/793.1.
  4. Hodgkison, R.; 외. (2004). “Habitat structure, wing morphology, and the vertical stratification of Malaysian fruit bats (Megachiroptera, Pteropodidae)”. 《Journal of Tropical Ecology》 20 (6): 667–673. doi:10.1017/S0266467404001737.
  5. Hodgkison, R.; 외. (2003). “Roosting ecology and social organization of the spotted-winged fruit bat, Balionycteris maculata (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae), in a Malaysian lowland dipterocarp forest”. 《Journal of Tropical Ecology》 19 (6): 667–676. doi:10.1017/S0266467403006060.
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