La guineu voladora de l'arxipèlag de Bismarck (Pteropus neohibernicus) és una espècie de ratpenat de la família dels pteropòdids. Viu a Austràlia, Indonèsia i Papua Nova Guinea. El seu hàbitat natural són els boscos tropicals, tot i que també se la troba a jardins rurals. Es creu que no hi ha cap amenaça particular per a la supervivència d'aquesta espècie.[1]
La guineu voladora de l'arxipèlag de Bismarck (Pteropus neohibernicus) és una espècie de ratpenat de la família dels pteropòdids. Viu a Austràlia, Indonèsia i Papua Nova Guinea. El seu hàbitat natural són els boscos tropicals, tot i que també se la troba a jardins rurals. Es creu que no hi ha cap amenaça particular per a la supervivència d'aquesta espècie.
The great flying fox (Pteropus neohibernicus), also known as the greater flying fox or Bismarck flying fox, is a species of megabat in the genus Pteropus, found throughout lowland areas of New Guinea and in the Bismarck Archipelago. Conflicting evidence suggests that its closest relative is either the spectacled flying fox or, jointly, the Pelew and insular flying foxes. Two subspecies are recognized. At up to 1.6 kg (3.5 lb) in weight, it is among the heaviest bats in the world and the largest bat in Melanesia. It is a gregarious animal which roosts with hundreds or thousands of individuals.[1] In part due to its wide variation in color, it has many taxonomic synonyms, including Pteropus degener, Pteropus papuanus, and Pteropus sepikensis. It may forage during the day or night in search of fruit, including figs or fruits from the family Sapotaceae. It is considered a least-concern species by the IUCN, though its numbers have been negatively impacted by what appeared to be a disease, as well as by hunting for bushmeat that occurs across its range.
The great flying fox was described in 1876 by German naturalist Wilhelm Peters.[1] He listed it as a variety of the black-bearded flying fox, Pteropus melanopogon var. neohibernicus.[2] The holotype had been collected on the island of New Ireland, which is part of Papua New Guinea, by Carl Hüsker.[2] Neohibernicus is Latin for "of New Ireland".[3] Two subspecies are recognized:[4]
The nominate subspecies, P. n. neohibernicus, is found on New Britain and mainland New Guinea, while P. n. hilli is found on the Admiralty Islands.[5]
In part due to its wide variation in color patterns, it has a number of taxonomic synonyms, including Pteropus degener (Peters, 1876), which Irish zoologist George Edward Dobson included as a variety of P. melanopogon in 1878. In the same publication, he maintained P. neohibernicus as another variety of P. melanopogon, as it was initially described in 1876.[6] Danish mammalogist Knud Andersen wrote in 1912 that P. neohibernicus was not a variety of P. melanopogon. He also said that he believed that Peters had the wrong type locality for the specimen he used to describe P. degener. The locality was given as the Aru Islands, but Andersen believed the specimen came from the Bismarck Archipelago.[7] In 1889, British zoologist Oldfield Thomas described Pteropus coronatus from a specimen collected on Mioko Island. However, Andersen noted that it was an immature great flying fox with an unusually pronounced and well-defined "T"-shaped dark patch of fur on its head, and thus P. coronatus was a synonym of P. neohibernicus. Pteropus papuanus, described in 1881 by Peters and Italian naturalist Giacomo Doria, was maintained as a separate species by Andersen, though he noted that the only real difference between the two taxa was that P. neohibernicus had paler fur on its back.[7] American biologist Colin Campbell Sanborn described P. sepikensis in 1931 from a specimen collected near the Sepik River in northeastern New Guinea.[5] In 1954, British mammalogists Eleanor Mary Ord Laurie and John Edwards Hill published that they considered Pteropus papuanus a subspecies of the great flying fox, Pteropus neohibernicus papuanus, and that P. sepikensis should be tentatively regarded as a subspecies of P. melanopogon.[8] In 1979, American zoologist Karl Koopman published that he found no differences between P. n. papuanus or P. m. sepikensis and P. n. neohibernicus, and thus, both should be regarded as synonyms of P. n. neohibernicus.[5]
Based on a 2019 study, within the genus Pteropus the great flying fox appears most closely related to the spectacled flying fox (P. conspicillatus), based on nuclear DNA. However, on the basis of mitochondrial DNA, it is sister taxon to a clade containing the Pelew flying fox (P. pelewensis) and the insular flying fox (P. tonganus), while the spectacled flying fox is sister to a clade including the Yap flying fox (P. yapensis) and the Admiralty flying fox (P. admiralitatum). The disagreement of nuclear and mitochondrial evidence suggests that the six species may have a complicated evolutionary history. As the great and spectacled flying foxes both occur in New Guinea, for example, hybridization between the two at points in history would muddle their evolutionary relationships. The six species are considered part of the griseus species group within Pteropus, which additionally includes the Ceram fruit bat (P. ocularis), black flying fox (P. alecto), gray flying fox (P. griseus), and the small flying fox (P. hypomelanus).[9]
Other Pteropus
Pteropus neohibernicus
Other Pteropus
Pteropus neohibernicus
The great flying fox is the largest bat on the island New Guinea,[10] as well as the whole of Melanesia.[11] Its forearm length ranges from 165–207 mm (6.5–8.1 in),[12] and individuals can weigh up to 1.6 kg (3.5 lb).[3] This makes it one of the heaviest known species of bat.[13] Males are typically larger than females. Males have a head and body length of 266–330 mm (10.5–13.0 in), while females are 234–280 mm (9.2–11.0 in) long. Forearm lengths are 190–207 mm (7.5–8.1 in) and 165–173 mm (6.5–6.8 in) for males and females, respectively.[3] Males also have conspicuously larger canine teeth than females.[7] It lacks a tail,[3] and has a long, narrow snout relative to the black-bearded flying fox.[14] The subspecies P. n. hilli is smaller than P. n. neohibernicus.[5]
The color of its fur is variable, though often golden brown,[14] with the fur of its back usually sparse or absent.[15] The back fur that is present is russet brown, though may be dark or pale brown. The russet brown fur is interspersed with a variable sprinkling of buff-colored (brownish yellow) hairs. Its fur is typically darkest on the sides of its back and rump, as well as on the upper side of its thighs. Fur is lightest in color at the center of its back and rump.[7]
It has a mantle, or fur of contrasting color on the sides and back of its neck. The mantle is usually yellowish, with the top of the head darker than the mantle.[14] The fur of its mantle and belly is longer than the fur of its back, at 11–15 mm (0.43–0.59 in) compared to 5–10 mm (0.20–0.39 in). The darker brown color on the top of its head often extends down the sides of the head and between the eyes, sometimes resembling an indistinct "T"-shape.[7]
The great flying fox is highly gregarious, or social, and forms colonies consisting of several thousand individuals.[16] During the day, it roosts in the tops of tall trees, often along the coast. Many roost trees are located near human settlements.[3] At night, it leaves its roost to forage for fruit. Its diet may include fruits from the family Sapotaceae, as well as figs[16] and Ceiba pentandra fruits.[3] It sometimes forages during the day, and has been observed skimming the sea to pluck fruits that are floating on the surface.[17]
Females give birth to a single offspring at a time.[1] Near Fulleborn, Papua New Guinea, it is thought that females give birth in early December. In the Bismarck Archipelago, females with half-grown young have been seen in June. It has been speculated that the sexes may segregate into different roosts in part of the year, similar to the insular flying fox, though this is unconfirmed.[14]
It is known to be parasitized by nematodes of the genus Litomosa, with the species L. hepatica newly described from a great flying fox.[18]
The great flying fox is endemic to the southwest Pacific islands of New Guinea, the Bismarck Archipelago, and the Raja Ampat Islands, which are part of Indonesia and Papua New Guinea. There is one record of it from the Australian Thursday Island.[1] Its range includes several very small islands such as Karkar Island and Sakar Island. It is unknown why the great flying fox does not occur on nearby larger islands, such as the Louisiade Archipelago and the D'Entrecasteaux Islands.[16]
It has been documented at a range of elevations from 0–1,400 m (0–4,593 ft) above sea level. It is found in forested and savanna habitats.[1]
The great flying fox may be threatened by disease. In 1985, many dead and dying individuals were found beneath their roosts on the island of Manus. The mass mortality event continued for several weeks across the entirety of the island; afterward, no great flying foxes were seen for several years.[11] Along with many other Pteropus species, it is included in Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES).[19] Appendix II is less restrictive of trade than Appendix I, though still indicates that a species may become threatened with extinction unless trade is carefully controlled.[20]
It is considered a common and abundant species, and is listed as least-concern by the IUCN as of 2008. It is unknown if its numbers are increasing, decreasing, or stable.[1]
The great flying fox has been researched to determine its role in the ecology of Hendra virus, which is a zoonotic virus that can infect humans. On the north coast of Papua New Guinea, it has tested positive for antibodies against the virus, known as seropositivity.[17] In Papua New Guinea, it is hunted for bushmeat.[21] Localized hunting occurs over a large part of its range, with higher levels in East Sepik Province.[1] A report from 1984 noted that local peoples caught the bats by hand, as well as killed them with arrows.[22]
In the Daribi language, a folklore story includes the great flying fox. The story speaks of a time in which all Daribi men lacked genitals. The men that missed out on acquiring genitals all turned into great flying foxes.[10] It has a variety of local names, including yolan (Olo language), sewio (Mian language), domwane (Daribi), ene (Pawia), and mariboi (Fife Bay).[14]
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The great flying fox (Pteropus neohibernicus), also known as the greater flying fox or Bismarck flying fox, is a species of megabat in the genus Pteropus, found throughout lowland areas of New Guinea and in the Bismarck Archipelago. Conflicting evidence suggests that its closest relative is either the spectacled flying fox or, jointly, the Pelew and insular flying foxes. Two subspecies are recognized. At up to 1.6 kg (3.5 lb) in weight, it is among the heaviest bats in the world and the largest bat in Melanesia. It is a gregarious animal which roosts with hundreds or thousands of individuals. In part due to its wide variation in color, it has many taxonomic synonyms, including Pteropus degener, Pteropus papuanus, and Pteropus sepikensis. It may forage during the day or night in search of fruit, including figs or fruits from the family Sapotaceae. It is considered a least-concern species by the IUCN, though its numbers have been negatively impacted by what appeared to be a disease, as well as by hunting for bushmeat that occurs across its range.
Pteropus neohibernicus El gran zorro volador ( Pteropus neohibernicus ), también conocido como zorro volador mayor o zorro volador de Bismarck , es una especie de megabat del género Pteropus , que se encuentra en las tierras bajas de Nueva Guinea y en el archipiélago de Bismarck . La evidencia contradictoria sugiere que su pariente más cercano es el zorro volador de anteojos o, conjuntamente, el Pelew y los zorros voladores insulares . Se reconocen dos subespecies. Con un peso de hasta 1,6 kg (3,5 lb), se encuentra entre los murciélagos más pesados del mundo y el murciélago más grande de Melanesia.. Es un animal gregario que se posa con cientos o miles de individuos. [1] En parte debido a su amplia variación de color, tiene muchos sinónimos taxonómicos , incluidos Pteropus degener , Pteropus papuanus y Pteropus sepikensis . Puede forrajear durante el día o la noche en busca de frutos, incluidos higos o frutos de la familia Sapotaceae . La UICN la considera una especie de menor preocupación , aunque su número se ha visto afectado negativamente por lo que parecía ser una enfermedad, así como por la caza de carne de animales silvestres que se encuentra en toda su área de distribución.
Es endémica de Nueva Guinea y las islas Bismarck.
Pteropus neohibernicus El gran zorro volador ( Pteropus neohibernicus ), también conocido como zorro volador mayor o zorro volador de Bismarck , es una especie de megabat del género Pteropus , que se encuentra en las tierras bajas de Nueva Guinea y en el archipiélago de Bismarck . La evidencia contradictoria sugiere que su pariente más cercano es el zorro volador de anteojos o, conjuntamente, el Pelew y los zorros voladores insulares . Se reconocen dos subespecies. Con un peso de hasta 1,6 kg (3,5 lb), se encuentra entre los murciélagos más pesados del mundo y el murciélago más grande de Melanesia.. Es un animal gregario que se posa con cientos o miles de individuos. [1] En parte debido a su amplia variación de color, tiene muchos sinónimos taxonómicos , incluidos Pteropus degener , Pteropus papuanus y Pteropus sepikensis . Puede forrajear durante el día o la noche en busca de frutos, incluidos higos o frutos de la familia Sapotaceae . La UICN la considera una especie de menor preocupación , aunque su número se ha visto afectado negativamente por lo que parecía ser una enfermedad, así como por la caza de carne de animales silvestres que se encuentra en toda su área de distribución.
Pteropus neohibernicus Pteropus generoko animalia da. Chiropteraren barruko Pteropodidae familian sailkatuta dago.
Pteropus neohibernicus Pteropus generoko animalia da. Chiropteraren barruko Pteropodidae familian sailkatuta dago.
La volpe volante delle Bismarck (Pteropus neohibernicus Peters, 1867) è un pipistrello appartenente alla famiglia degli Pteropodidi, endemico della Nuova Guinea e di alcune isole vicine.[1][2]
Pipistrello di grandi dimensioni, con lunghezza dell'avambraccio tra 188 e 211 mm, la lunghezza della testa e del corpo tra 210 e 425 mm, un peso fino a 1,6 kg e un'apertura alare fino a 1,5 m.[3] È uno tra i più grandi e pesanti pipistrelli del pianeta.
La pelliccia è molto corta e sparsa, particolarmente sulla schiena. C'è una considerevole variazione nella colorazione tra gli individui della stessa specie, generalmente il dorso è marrone scuro, le parti ventrali sono bruno-giallastre, le spalle sono giallo-brunastre. Il muso è lungo ed affusolato, talvolta è presente sulla fronte una banda trasversale più scura, gli occhi sono grandi. Le orecchie sono piccole e con l'estremità arrotondata. La tibia è priva di peli. Le membrane alari sono attaccate sul dorso, molto vicine tra loro, lasciando solo una sottile striscia di pelliccia lungo la spina dorsale. È privo di coda, mentre l'uropatagio è ridotto ad una sottile membrana lungo la parte interna degli arti inferiori. I maschi sono privi di ghiandole odorifere sul collo. Gli esemplari della sottospecie P.n. hilli sono più piccoli.
È una specie fortemente gregaria, forma colonie di diverse migliaia di individui su grandi alberi situati principalmente lungo le coste o i corsi d'acqua.
Si nutre di frutti di diverse specie di Ficus, Terminalia, Calophyllum, di specie non identificate della famiglia delle Sapotaceae e di fiori di Eucalyptus deglupta, Cocos nucifera e Trema orientale[4].
Sono state osservate femmine allattare piccoli tra luglio e dicembre.
Questa specie è diffusa in Nuova Guinea e alcune isole vicine.[1]
Vive su alberi in diversi tipi di habitat, dalla foresta tropicale alle coltivazioni fino a 1.400 metri di altitudine.
In accordo alla suddivisione del genere Pteropus effettuata da Andersen[5], P. neohibernicus è l'unico membro del P. neohibernicus species Group. Tale appartenenza si basa sulle caratteristiche di non avere un ripiano basale nei premolari e di avere le membrane alari attaccate sul dorso, molto vicine tra loro.
Sono state riconosciute due sottospecie:
Altre specie simpatriche dello stesso genere: P. capistratus, P. macrotis, P. hypomelanus, P. conspicillatus, P. personatus e P. admiralitatum.
La IUCN Red List, considerato il vasto areale e la popolazione numerosa e presente in diverse aree protette, classifica P. neohibernicus come specie a rischio minimo (LC).[1]
La volpe volante delle Bismarck (Pteropus neohibernicus Peters, 1867) è un pipistrello appartenente alla famiglia degli Pteropodidi, endemico della Nuova Guinea e di alcune isole vicine.
Pteropus neohibernicus is een vleermuis uit het geslacht Pteropus.
Samen met P. melanopogon is deze soort de grootste vleerhond in de omgeving, met een gewicht van tot 1,6 kg. De kleur van de vacht is meestal goudbruin, maar kan sterk verschillen van dier tot dier. De rug is maar spaarzaam behaard, zodat de zwarte huid te zien is. De bek is zeer lang en smal. Net als veel andere vleerhonden heeft dit dier geen staart. De kop-romplengte bedraagt 210 tot 330 mm, de voorarmlengte 165 tot 207 mm, de tibialengte 79 tot 94,2 mm, de achtervoetlengte 51,4 tot 59,1 mm, de oorlengte 20 tot 28,3 mm en het gewicht 725 tot 1500 g (gebaseerd op exemplaren uit Nieuw-Ierland en de Papoea-Nieuw-Guinese provincie Sandaun).
Net als andere vleerhonden leeft deze soort van fruit. Het dier is 's nachts actief; overdag slaapt het in grote koloniën.
Over de voortplanting van deze soort is weinig bekend. Er zijn zwangere vrouwtjes gevonden in januari, vrouwtjes met zeer jonge jongen in december en vrouwtjes met oudere jongen in juni en augustus. De vleugelslagen maken een zeer luid geluid.
Deze soort komt voor op Nieuw-Guinea en de omliggende eilanden. Tot nu toe is het dier gevonden op de eilanden Gebe, Karkar, Lihir, Manus, Mioko, Nieuw-Brittannië, Nieuw-Ierland, Rambutyo, Sakar, Tabar, Umboi en Nieuw-Guinea zelf, waar het dier tot op 1000 m hoogte kan worden gevonden. Er bestaan twee ondersoorten: P. n. hilli Felten, 1961 op Manus en P. n. neohibernicus Peters, 1876 in de rest van het verspreidingsgebied. De populatie op Manus is in 1985 door een ziekte bijna uitgestorven.
Pteropus neohibernicus[2][3] är en däggdjursart som beskrevs av Peters 1876. Pteropus neohibernicus ingår i släktet Pteropus, och familjen flyghundar.[4][5] IUCN kategoriserar arten globalt som livskraftig.[1]
Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.[4] Wilson & Reeder (2005) skiljer mellan två underarter.[6]
Denna flyghund förekommer på Nya Guinea, på Bismarckarkipelagen och på flera mindre öar i samma region. Arten vistas i låglandet och i bergstrakter upp till 1400 meter över havet. Habitatet utgörs av tropiska skogar och dessutom uppsöks fruktodlingar och trädgårdar. Individerna vilar i trädens kronor där de bilar stora kolonier med flera tusen medlemmar. Per kull föds en unge.[1]
Wikimedia Commons har media som rör Pteropus neohibernicus.
Wikispecies har information om Pteropus neohibernicus.
Pteropus neohibernicus är en däggdjursart som beskrevs av Peters 1876. Pteropus neohibernicus ingår i släktet Pteropus, och familjen flyghundar. IUCN kategoriserar arten globalt som livskraftig.
Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life. Wilson & Reeder (2005) skiljer mellan två underarter.
Denna flyghund förekommer på Nya Guinea, på Bismarckarkipelagen och på flera mindre öar i samma region. Arten vistas i låglandet och i bergstrakter upp till 1400 meter över havet. Habitatet utgörs av tropiska skogar och dessutom uppsöks fruktodlingar och trädgårdar. Individerna vilar i trädens kronor där de bilar stora kolonier med flera tusen medlemmar. Per kull föds en unge.
Pteropus neohibernicus — вид рукокрилих, родини Криланових.
Країни поширення: Індонезія, Папуа Нова Гвінея — о. Нова Гвінея, Архіпелаг Бісмарка, острова Раджа Ампат, й один запис із о. Терсді (Австралія). Зустрічається від рівня моря до 1400 м над рівнем моря. Цей вид дуже товариський і лаштує сідала кількома тисячами особин. Були виявлені в кронах дерев. Проживає в тропічних лісах. Самиця народжує одне дитинча.
Як видається, немає серйозних загроз для цього виду. Може виявитися під загрозою локалізованого полювання на їжу протягом більшої частини свого ареалу. Цей вид зустрічається в багатьох охоронних територіях.
Pteropus neohibernicus — вид рукокрилих, родини Криланових.
Pteropus neohibernicus là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Dơi quạ, bộ Dơi. Loài này được Peters mô tả năm 1876.[2]
Phương tiện liên quan tới Pteropus neohibernicus tại Wikimedia Commons
Bài viết họ Dơi quạ này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn. Pteropus neohibernicus là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Dơi quạ, bộ Dơi. Loài này được Peters mô tả năm 1876.
큰날여우박쥐 또는 비스마르크날여우박쥐(Pteropus neohibernicus)는 큰박쥐과에 속하는 박쥐의 일종이다. 뉴기니와 비스마르크 군도의 저지대 지역 전역에 걸쳐 발견된다.[2] 몸무게는 최대 1.45kg이고 전세계에서 가장 큰 박쥐에 속한다.[2] 군집 생활을 하는 박쥐로 수백 또는 수천 마리씩 집단을 형성하여 둥지에서 지낸다.[1]
