This bee's nest architecture is described by Sakagami and Michener (1962). From Sakagami and Michener (1962): Nest architecture is Type IIIb: Lateral burrows are very short or absent such that cells are almost attached to the burrow walls at a right angle. The cells are not spatially concentrated in any part of the burrow. Or nest architecture is Type IIIc: Lateral burrows are very short or absent such that cells are almost attached to the burrow walls at a right angle. The cells are not spatially concentrated in one part of the burrow, and project from the main burrow radially or all on one side. Nests are known from both flat ground and banks. Nests, but not cells, are re-used by subsequent generations. Nest aggregation information: About 3,500 nests in a single mixed aggregation with H. quadricinctus Number of cells in the nest: 6-19, usually.
Halictus sexcinctus ist eine Wildbiene der Familie Halictidae sie wird im deutschen auch Weißbindige Furchenbiene oder Sechsbinden-Furchenbiene genannt.
Halictus sexcinctus ist eine relativ große Furchenbiene mit dunkler Kutikula, ohne Metallglanz und ockergelber Behaarung mit weißlich behaarten Tergitendbinden. Sie ist ca. 13 bis 16 mm lang. Die Basalbinden sind kaum ausgeprägt. Die Fühler der Männchen sind überwiegend rostrot. Sehr ähnlich ist Halictus scabiosae, die jedoch breit ockergelbe Tergitendbinden hat, sowie Halictus quadricinctus mit rötlich-gelb behaartem Thorax.[1][2]
Die Art ist weit verbreitet, von Portugal über fast ganz Europa bis Kleinasien und Iran und im Osten bis Moskau. Nordwärts bis Schweden und das Baltikum, südwärts bis Sizilien, Kreta und Israel. In Deutschland aus allen Bundesländern nachgewiesen, in Österreich aus allen Ländern außer Salzburg, auch in der Schweiz weit verbreitet.
Kommt auf Binnendünen, Sandgruben und Magerrasen, sowohl auf sandigen oder lehmigen Böden oder Löss vor. Vom Flachland bis in montane Höhen.[2][3]
Manche Bestände sind rückläufig oder schon verschollen.[2]
Nistet in selbstgegrabenen Hohlräumen im Boden auf ebenen Flächen, schütter bewachsenen Böschungen oder auch in Steilwänden. Auf mehr oder weniger ebenen Flächen ist der Nesteingang mit einem asymmetrischen Tumulus umgeben. Das Nest besteht aus einem Hauptgang, der mehrfach verzweigt sein kann. Davon zweigen Seitengänge ab, an deren Ende je eine kleine Brutzelle ist. Die Weibchen versorgen die Brut mit Pollen von bis zu fünf verschiedenen Pflanzenfamilien (sind also polylektisch), sie sind besonders häufig auf Distelblüten zu beobachten.[2][3]
Die Art wurde in der früheren Literatur als sozial bezeichnet, was aber nicht stimmt.[2] Die Bienen bilden jedoch Kolonien, die auch recht groß werden können, indem die Weibchen einige Wochen mit ihren inzwischen geschlüpften Nachkommen gemeinsam leben. Gelegentlich benützen mehrere Weibchen einen gemeinsamen Nesteingang.
Weibchen die überwintert haben erscheinen Ende April, beide Geschlechter fliegen von Mai bis zum Herbst (September/Oktober). Im Hochsommer schwärmen die Männchen oft in großer Anzahl um die Nester, um die neugeschlüpften Weibchen (unter der Erde) zu begatten. Diese überwintern dann.[2][3]
Parasiten: Vermutlich die Kuckucksbienen Sphecodes gibbus und S. albilabris.[3]
Halictus sexcinctus ist eine Wildbiene der Familie Halictidae sie wird im deutschen auch Weißbindige Furchenbiene oder Sechsbinden-Furchenbiene genannt.
Halictus sexcinctus, commonly referred to as the six-banded furrow bee, is a species of sweat bee found throughout Europe and as far east as Asian Turkey and Iraq.The H. sexcinctus can be easily confused with the closely related species, Halictus scabiosae, due to very similar morphological features. H. sexcinctus show a social polymorphism in which different colonies can exhibit solitary, communal, or eusocial structure. Due to this large variance in social organization, it was suspected that it was not one species at all, but rather multiple, cryptic species. However, genetic analysis was able to confirm these varying populations as one species. H. sexcinctus will forage from multiple flower species, but prefers plant species with wide-open flowers. Their nests can be found dug into the ground in loamy or sandy soil.
Halictus sexcinctus is part of the family Halictidae, which are commonly referred to as the sweat bees. Species in the genus Halictus are the most recently evolved in the Halictid family, and H. sexcinctus falls into the most recently evolved clade of the family, which is a eusocial taxa.[1] The family Halictidae has the most eusocial species of any bee family.[1] Study of the sociality of this family has been held back by a lack of understanding of how the species are phylogenetically related, and how closely related species within the family show very different levels of sociality.[1] Due to the different levels of sociality seen with the species, it was first thought possible that H. sexcinctus was actually a cryptic species. A genetic study of their mitochondrial DNA showed H. sexcinctus is in fact one species. However, that study was not definitive, and further studies of their nuclear genes are needed to be sure.[2] H. sexcinctus has been observed to be both solitary and eusocial. Because it belongs to a eusocial clade, its solitary behavior is an evolutionary reversion. However, H. sexcinctus is not alone in this, as there have been multiple losses of eusociality within the genus, such as in the species Halictus rubicundus.[1]
Halictus sexcinctus is a species of ground-nesting bees, previously thought to only exhibit solitary behavior.[3] They are relatively large compared to other sweat bees.[4] They are 14–16 mm in length, and have white felt bands on their abdomens.[5] Workers are typically smaller than foundresses, while foundresses will usually be the largest and most worn individuals in the nest.[4] Sterile and reproductive workers do not differ in size.[6]
As is typical among sweat bees, females are larger than males.[4] Males also have slimmer bodies than females and their antennae are longer with a slightly different coloration.[7] H. sexcinctus looks very similar to Halictus scabiosae, so the two are easily confused. Both have ring-like bands on their tergites, with females having anterior and posterior buff-colored bands on tergites 2-4, while males have whitish posterior bands on tergites 2-6. H. sexcinctus differs from H. scabiosae in that males have longer, reddish antennae, and females lack the basal hair bands on tergites 2-4.[8]
In eusocial nests, queens show aggressive behavior, and a fight to the death can occur if another female tries to usurp the foundress. However, in communal nests, aggression between females is little to non-existent, and foundresses will continuously join the colony during the founding period from late May to early June. Depending upon the social organization of a particular nest, female workers show a range of behavior, from complete selfishness to eusocial helping. H. sexcinctus has been very important in the understanding of the evolution of eusociality. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that H. sexcinctus has a social ancestor, and that solitary populations are an example of evolutionary reversal.
Halictus sexcinctus are commonly found across Europe, and can be found as far north as southern Sweden[5] and as far east as Turkey and Iraq. They are solitary in the northern part of the range and social in their southern range.[4] They live in very large aggregations in central Europe, despite being solitary in this part of their range.[4] H. sexcinctus prefers to nest in sandy or loamy soil.[5] They use their mandibles to dig nests in the ground or even on vertical substrates if it is made of earth. Their nests consist of a main tunnel dug diagonally into the ground, with several short side chambers off of it leading to brood cells. One egg is laid per cell on top of a nectar-pollen mixture.[7] Females primarily collect pollen from plants of the family Asteraceae, and tend to forage in plant species with wide-open flowers.[5] Examples of plants they forage pollen and nectar from are asters, daisies, and sunflowers.[7]
It takes about 4.5–5 weeks for a newly laid H. sexcinctus egg to develop into an adult. Foundresses will on average lay 9.6 eggs in their first brood. The colony cycle lasts around 10–12 weeks, constrained on either side by a winter hibernation.[4]
Females hibernate inside their nests in the winter after mating. From the end of May to the beginning of June, they will begin to build new nests, in which they store foraged pollen and nectar. These food reserves in the new nest are used to feed the larvae. The next generation emerges from their pupae (eclose) from July to August, and the females of the previous generation typically die at this time. The newly eclosed females remain in the nest, while the males leave in order to mate with unrelated females in other nests. The males then die in Autumn after mating, while the females enter hibernation, meaning males have a comparatively short lifespan.[3]
Females from the first brood are called workers, while females of the second brood are called gynes.[4] The workers can be either reproductive or sterile.[6] As soon as the workers emerge, provisioning for the second brood begins. There is overlap between foundress and daughter generations during production of the second brood, and because both daughters and foundresses lay eggs in the second brood, this type of colony cycle is called “partially bivoltine”.[4] Some workers will leave their maternal nest before overwintering so that they can become foundresses in the spring. In one southern Greek population, up to three quarters of females were observed to disappear from their colonies by spring. While some will die, many likely will become foundresses of eusocial colonies. In this Greek population, only about 50% of foundresses survived to the eclosion of the first brood, so it is probably necessary that workers lay many of the second-brood eggs.[6]
There is a difference between communal and eusocial organization in halictine bees. Communal colonies do not have castes, but rather multiple females of the same generation work together with relatively little reproductive skew and aggression. These females may or may not be related. Eusocial colonies have a queen (the foundress) and reproductive castes with high reproductive skew and aggression, typically directed from the queen to workers. This type of society is formed when the queen’s progeny become workers.[9] H. sexcinctus has the strongest polymorphic social behavior discovered in sweat bees so far.[6] The social polymorphism they exhibit is one where either a solitary female founds a nest, and sociality emerges in the next generation of females, or several females from the same generation will cofound a new colony.[2] Solitary and communal behavior is seen in the northern range, while populations in the southern range exhibit communal and eusocial structure.[6] It is fairly unusual to find both communal and eusocial behavior exhibited by the same species outside of the halictine bees.[2] H. sexcinctus was the first example of a definite eusocial/communal polymorphism in halictine bees, and may possibly be the most extreme example of intraspecific social polymorphism among insects.[9]
Communal females range in size from that of a worker to a eusocial queen, but all of them have proportionally shorter wings than those of solitary and eusocial females, indicating that they follow a different developmental pathway.[2] The morphological differences between communal and eusocial individuals represents a novel preimaginal developmental difference, implying that their behavioral differences also have a preimaginal origin. This difference might be brought on by environmental factors during the larval period, such as differential feeding by queens.[9] It has not yet been determined whether the different social organizations arise from phenotypic plasticity brought on by an environmental switch (a trait commonly seen in halictine bees),[9] or based upon genetic differences. Genetic differences could not cause relative sterility because genes for such a trait would not be passed on. We do not fully understand the mechanism behind the morphological differences seen between the social strategies.[2]
Reproduction between foundresses is shared fairly equally in communal nests, and there is almost no aggression between the females.[2] In all socialites, foundresses tend to show higher levels of ovarian development than workers and are also more likely to mate. Sometimes, workers will actually have more developed ovaries than foundresses. Compared to other Halictus species, H. sexcinctus has a high rate of worker ovarian development. In eusocial colonies there is a reproductive skew favoring queens, but workers still have quite a lot of opportunity for mated reproduction. Unlike many bees, insemination status does not determine which females are queens and which females are workers, though of course only mated females can produce daughters, a necessary requirement of being a queen.[4]
The majority of offspring produced in the first brood are female, ranging from 74-81% of the offspring. Only about 50% of foundresses survive to the production of the second brood. This means that some unmated workers will produce offspring, which leads to more male offspring being produced in the second brood than in the first. Therefore, the ratio of males produced in the second brood most likely depends upon whether the foundress does or does not survive. Very rarely, foundresses will not mate and thus produce an all-male brood, which therefore means they will not produce a second brood. Less pollen is needed in order to produce males, because they are smaller than gynes. When resources are scarce, the sex ratio may be shifted towards males.[4]
Foundresses tend to show more wear than workers do on their mandibles and wings, suggesting they participate in more work, such as constructing brood cells, maintaining the nest, and provisioning the brood. Workers show “reproductive opportunism,” where their level of altruism can range from entirely altruistic to entirely selfish. It is unclear how exactly this flexibility is possible or how this individual behavior leads to spreads throughout the population.[4] Sterile workers typically show more wear on their wings and mandibles than reproductive workers. This is most likely due to sterile workers performing more work than reproductive workers. This suggests that infertile workers are more altruistic in order to gain inclusive fitness through kin selection, due to the fact that they are unable to produce their own offspring. Some reproductive workers are somewhat altruistic and will help to raise the broods of their sisters and mother. Some, however, are not altruistic and seem only to take care of their own brood, essentially making them parasites to the colony.[6] One reason that communal/eusocial polymorphisms are so rare could be because communal strategies are unstable due to their vulnerability to cheating.[9]
A new species of mites, Histiostoma halicticola, was discovered to parasitize H. sexcinctus in a study by Fain et al. In this study, the new species of mite was observed only in the deutonymphal stage. The bees harboring these mites were found in the Döberitzer Heide nature reserve, nearby Berlin, Germany. The mites were found on both males and females. On females, the mites are found in a deep, bristly furrow on the second tergite. This site protects the mites and makes them hard to remove. When a female H. sexcinctus had more than thirty mites on its body, the mites were then found in other areas lacking specific shelter. This shows that the furrow is the preferred spot, and the mites will only settle elsewhere if the furrow is already full. Males lack this particular furrow, so the mites are found on the smooth, concave ventral surface of the thorax between the coxae. H. sexcinctus was also found to harbor mites of the families Pygmephoridae and Scutacaridae.[3]
With the rise of antibiotic resistant bacteria, the need to find antimicrobial substances that function differently than current antibiotics is incredibly important. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are commonly found in the venom of arthropods, and these proteins function by breaking up bacterial cell membranes. However, these AMPs will often also damage eukaryotic cells, typically red blood cells. A substance that damages human red blood cells will be less valuable as an antibiotic for obvious reasons. AMPs that damaged red blood cells at low rates were found in the venom of several species of bees, leading to a study of the venom of H. sexcinctus. Two newly isolated peptides from the venom were found to be significantly different in structure to any other AMPs in the antimicrobial peptide database. These new proteins showed effective antimicrobial activity against four strains of bacteria (B. subtilis, S. aureus, E. coli, and P. aeruginosa) and a yeast pathogen (C. albicans). While these proteins isolated from H. sexcinctus venom show good antimicrobial properties, they also show found to damage red blood cells (hemolysis), reducing their therapeutic potential. However, when their structures were modified a few analogs with slightly lower hemolytic activity were discovered, meriting further study.[5]
Sweat bees are important model organisms for studying the evolution of social behavior, because they show a wide variety of social strategies.[2] H. sexcinctus behavior is important in understanding the evolution of eusociality because it was previously thought that a communal social organization was a transitional step to eusociality. However, because these communal and eusocial strategies exist separately without transition in this species, the data do not support that theory.[2] As shown by phylogenetics, communal behavior may actually be a transition step between eusocial behavior and the reversion to solitary behavior.[6]
Halictus sexcinctus, commonly referred to as the six-banded furrow bee, is a species of sweat bee found throughout Europe and as far east as Asian Turkey and Iraq.The H. sexcinctus can be easily confused with the closely related species, Halictus scabiosae, due to very similar morphological features. H. sexcinctus show a social polymorphism in which different colonies can exhibit solitary, communal, or eusocial structure. Due to this large variance in social organization, it was suspected that it was not one species at all, but rather multiple, cryptic species. However, genetic analysis was able to confirm these varying populations as one species. H. sexcinctus will forage from multiple flower species, but prefers plant species with wide-open flowers. Their nests can be found dug into the ground in loamy or sandy soil.
De zesbandgroefbij (Halictus sexcinctus) is een vliesvleugelig insect uit de familie Halictidae. De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1775 door Fabricius.[1]
Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
Sexbandbi (Halictus sexcinctus)[3][4] är en biart som först beskrevs av Fabricius 1775. Sexbandbi ingår i släktet bandbin, och familjen vägbin.[5][6][7] Inga underarter finns listade.[5]
Mellankroppen har gles, kort, i början gulbrun behåring på sidorna. Honan har svart bakkropp med gråvita hårremmar baktill på de fyra främre tergiterna (ovansidans bakkroppssegment). Hanens bakkropp är mera svartbrun, och med breda, blekgula hårremmar. Hanen är dessutom mer långsträckt än honan, och den sista tergiten är krokaktigt bakåtböjd. Biet är stort; honan blir 14 till 15 mm lång, hanen mellan 13 och 16 mm.[8]
Sexbandbiet förekommer i habitat som skogsbryn, sandområden, torrängar, sluttningar samt sand-, grus- och lertag. Det går inte särskilt högt, utan håller sig normalt under 500 m. Arten flyger från slutet av april till början av juli; honorna övervintrar dock, se nedan. Arten är generalist vad gäller födosöket, och besöker blommor från korgblommiga växter, vindeväxter, väddväxter och vallmoväxter.[9] Den tycks dock föredra storblommiga korgblommiga växter som klintarter, tistlar, fibblor och åkervädd som nektarkällor samt pollen från maskrosor[8].
Honorna bygger oftast sina bon i kala, mer eller mindre branta sydsluttningar med sandig jord, men kan även välja plana ytor. Arten är solitär, men flera honor bygger gärna sina bon tillsammans i kolonier. Boets gångsystem når 15 till 22 cm ner i jorden. Honan är långlivad, och övervintrar tillsammans med sina ungar. Det är vanligt att hanarna inte bara väntar ut de nykläckta honorna ovan jord som många andra arter av solitära bin, utan också försöker para sig med honorna nere i deras bon.[8] Bona parasiteras ibland av blodbina skogsblodbi (Sphecodes gibbus), troligtvis också av storblodbi (Sphecodes albilabris), vars larver dödar ägget eller värdlarven, och sedan lever på den insamlade födan.[9]
Sexbandbiet finns från Iberiska halvön till norra Tyskland, och österut till Kreta, Ural[9] och Främre Orienten[8]. I Sverige är arten rödlistad som nationellt utdöd ("RE"). Den har tidigare funnits i Västergötland, men observerades för sista gången omkring 1820, och har sannolikt dött ut redan på 1800-talet.[1] I övriga Skandinavien förekommer den endast mycket sällsynt i Danmark[8].
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Sexbandbi (Halictus sexcinctus) är en biart som först beskrevs av Fabricius 1775. Sexbandbi ingår i släktet bandbin, och familjen vägbin. Inga underarter finns listade.
{{Taxobox | image = | image caption = | regnum = Animalia | phylum = Arthropoda | classis = Insecta | ordo = Hymenoptera | familia = Halictidae | subfamilia = Halictinae | tribus = Halictini | genus = Halictus | species = H. sexcinctus | binomial = Halictus sexcinctus | binomial_authority = Fabricius, 1775 De Halictus sexcinctus (tên tiếng Anh: zesbandgroefbij) là một loài Hymenoptera trong họ Halictidae. Loài này được Fabricius mô tả khoa học năm 1775.[1]
Bài viết về phân họ ong Halictinae này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
{{Taxobox | image = | image caption = | regnum = Animalia | phylum = Arthropoda | classis = Insecta | ordo = Hymenoptera | familia = Halictidae | subfamilia = Halictinae | tribus = Halictini | genus = Halictus | species = H. sexcinctus | binomial = Halictus sexcinctus | binomial_authority = Fabricius, 1775 De Halictus sexcinctus (tên tiếng Anh: zesbandgroefbij) là một loài Hymenoptera trong họ Halictidae. Loài này được Fabricius mô tả khoa học năm 1775.
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