This bee's nest architecture is described by Sakagami and Michener (1962): Nest architecture is Type IIIb: Lateral burrows are very short or absent such that cells are almost attached to the burrow walls at a right angle. The cells are not spatially concentrated in any part of the burrow. Flat ground is the only or typical substrate used for nesting.
Die Verkannte Goldfurchenbiene (Halictus confusus) ist eine Wildbienenart aus der Familie Halictidae.
Halictus confusus ist 6 bis 9 mm lang, mit hellen, breiten Haarbinden, grünlichgolden, Endränder der Tergite dunkel. Die Weibchen sind nur schwer von Halictus tumulorum zu unterscheiden. Bei dieser ist die Haarbinde am Ende des dritten Tergites verschmälert und bei H. confusus sind die Kopfseiten hinter den Augen stärker abgeschrägt.[1][2]
H. confusus ist holarktisch verbreitet, das heißt, die Art kommt sowohl in der Paläarktis (Europa und Asien, bis Ostasien) als auch in der Nearktis (Alaska, Kanada, USA) vor. Sie ist in Mitteleuropa in den geeigneten Lebensräumen (blütenreiche Sandgebiete) weit verbreitet und mäßig häufig. Sie kann sowohl im Flachland als auch im Gebirge bis zur subalpinen Höhenstufe nisten.[3]
H. confusus nistet im Sandboden in selbstgegrabenen Hohlräumen. Die Nester werden vorzugsweise auf kahlen oder schütter bewachsenen Flächen in Sand- oder Lössboden, ausnahmsweise in Lehmboden angelegt. Die Weibchen sammeln Pollen von ganz verschiedenen Pflanzen, sind also polylektisch.[2][3]
Während die Goldfurchenbiene in Europa meistens solitär nistet haben die meisten nordamerikanischen Populationen eine soziale Lebensweise. Dabei kann die Zugehörigkeit zur Kaste auch erst im adulten Stadium festgelegt werden und die Determination als Königin oder Arbeiterin kann situationsbedingt auch wechseln. Innerhalb einer Population können auch solitäre und soziale Lebensweisen gemischt vorkommen.[2][3][4]
In Mitteleuropa fliegen die Weibchen, die überwintert haben, ab März oder April, die Männchen fliegen von Juli bis September.[2][3]
Parasiten: vermutlich Sphecodes cristatus, sowie Fächerflügler der Gattung Halictoxenus.[3]
Halictus confusus gehört zur Untergattung Seladonia.
Die Art wird in mehrere Unterarten gegliedert[3]:
Die Verkannte Goldfurchenbiene (Halictus confusus) ist eine Wildbienenart aus der Familie Halictidae.
Halictus confusus, the southern bronze furrow bee or confused sweat bee, is a species of sweat bee in the family Halictidae. It is a primitively eusocial bee species found in open habitats in Eurasia and North America.
Halictus confusus is 7 millimetres (0.28 in) in length,[1] the forewing is 5.5 millimetres (0.22 in) long.[2] Females have a greenish head and thorax, darkening to blackish on the clypeus and black on the abdomen, with metallic greenish highlights. The legs are blackish, becoming reddish distally. The head is slightly broader than long, with the eyes slightly converging ventrally and the clypeus obviously protruding. The wings are hyaline, with yellow venation, and the tegulae are yellowish anteriorly and otherwise reddish. Males are generally similar, but the mandibles, labrum, and outer third of the clypeus are yellow, the wing venation is more reddish, and the legs have a narrow outer yellowish stripe on the tibia and yellowish tarsi.[1] In Britain and Europe this species could easily be confused with Halictus tumulorum and can only be reliably separated by examining the genitalia of the males; more subtle features are that fresh female H. confusus have wider pale banding on tergites 3 and 4 while males have more yellow on the joints of the hind and middle legs.[2]
Halictus confusus is widely distributed in Europe, Asia and North America. A number of subspecies have been described, among which are:[1]
In Great Britain this species has a southerly distribution from Dorset east to Kent and north to Norfolk.[7] In North America its distribution extends from Nova Scotia to North Dakota southwards into Florida and Texas.[1]
Halictus confusus in Britain shows a strong association with sandy areas, such as sandy heaths and sand pits,[7] but in other areas this species appears to be more generalist in its habitat choices, given its wide range.[5] It is a polylectic bee which feeds on a wide variety of flowers, visiting a variety throughout the season. In one study in North America, spring beauty (Claytonia virginica) was favoured by the newly emerged queens, while the toothwort Cardamine concatenata was used to a lesser extent. When these woodland flowers faded in April the bees switched to dandelions as their main food source. These early plants were mainly used to immediately feed the newly active bees. When the wintercress (Barbarea vulgaris) began to flower abundantly in meadows and orchards this species became the main plant used, and the bees collected this pollen for provisioning their nests. When flowers became scarce in late May the bees still foraged but widened their choice of flowers visited, until they closed the nests off in June and remained in the nests with the developing brood. When the first brood of workers emerged, these and subsequent broods foraged on clover. In late summer, the last brood fed on other species of flower as the clovers faded, including Lespedeza lineata and Symphyotrichum ericoides. These late bees were reproductive females and males, the females of which would overwinter after mating.[8]
Halictus confusus nests in aggregations and exhibits a primitive form of eusociality, with castes that are behaviorally distinct but not morphologically different. The nests have the potential to develop into a matriarchy with a mother queen and daughter workers.[9]A queen will found a new nest each Spring which has a horizontal entrance tunnel beneath a mound, this entrance is guarded by the bees.[10] In this species, as in related species, the workers may become reproductively capable, and the queen's ability to prevent this depends on the size of the colony and the difference in size between the queen and the workers.[11]
Foraging adults are preyed on by crab spiders and predatory bugs while ants are the main predators of the nests, especially unguarded nests, although they may attack guarded nests by overcoming the guard bee. The main parasites of the adult females are flies of the family Conopidae, while flies of the family Phoridae will lay eggs within the nests, tailgating returning workers to get past the guards. The parasitic beetle Ripiphorus walshi is a larval parasite and its triungulin larvae attach themselves to the adults when they visit flowers and are transported back to the nest. Other parasites include fungi and nematodes.[9]
Halictus confusus, the southern bronze furrow bee or confused sweat bee, is a species of sweat bee in the family Halictidae. It is a primitively eusocial bee species found in open habitats in Eurasia and North America.
De heidebronsgroefbij (Halictus confusus) is een vliesvleugelig insect uit de familie Halictidae. De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1853 door Smith.[1]
Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
Kustbandbi (Halictus confusus)[6][7] är en biart som beskrevs av Smith 1853. Inga underarter finns listade.[2] Arten finns över en stor del av norra halvklotet.
Ett tämligen litet, grön- till bronsglänsande bi med buken täckt av tät, mattvit päls. [8][9]
Kustbandbiet förekommer främst på sandmarker som sandiga hedar och sandtäkter[8], även om det också kan återfinnas på grövre jordar[9]. Flygtiden varar från maj till september i gamla världen,[8] april till oktober i Nordamerika[10]. När det gäller pollenkällor är arten generalist, och besöker ett flertal blommande växter.[8] I Nordamerika är arten en viktig pollinatör av spanskpeppar, tomat, jordgubbar och vattenmelon[10]. Nektar hämtar kustbandbiet från växter som bland andra björnbär, veronikor, ljung, gula korgblommiga växter, gåsört och blodrot[8].
Arten anses vara primitivt eusocial, det vill säga flera honor delar på skötseln av samma bo. Detta grävs ut på glesbevuxen mark i varma, soliga lägen. Det göms ofta undan i en grästuva eller vid basen av någon växt.[8] Som för andra bandbin grundläggs boet troligtvis av en enda hona, vars döttrar sedan börjar hjälpa till med skötseln av boet.[11]
I den gamla världen förekommer arten från södra England till asiatiska Ryssland, samt från Spanien[8] till mellersta Fennoskandien[12][1]. Dessutom är den vitt spridd i Kanada och USA[10]. I Sverige förekommer den i Götaland, på Öland, osäkert på Gotland, i Dalarna, Hälsingland, Gästrikland samt Uppland.[1] Enligt den svenska rödlistan är den nära hotad ("NT") i Sverige, och förekomsten är endast säker i centrala till östra Skåne och lokalt på Öland.[9][1] I Finland har den observerats i de södra delarna av landet, upp till Norra Savolax i öster. Den är rödlistad som sårbar ("VU") i Finland.[12] Generellt sett är kustbandbiet tämligen sällsynt i Eurasien[8], men vanligt i Nordamerika[10]
Kustbandbi (Halictus confusus) är en biart som beskrevs av Smith 1853. Inga underarter finns listade. Arten finns över en stor del av norra halvklotet.
Halictus confusus là một loài Hymenoptera trong họ Halictidae. Loài này được Smith mô tả khoa học năm 1853.[1]
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Bài viết về phân họ ong Halictinae này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
Halictus confusus là một loài Hymenoptera trong họ Halictidae. Loài này được Smith mô tả khoa học năm 1853.
