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北美黑莓的圖片
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北美黑莓

Rubus ursinus Cham. & Schltdl.

Associations ( 英語 )

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In Great Britain and/or Ireland:
Foodplant / parasite
effuse, hypophyllous colony of Peronospora rubi parasitises leaf of Rubus ursinus

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Broad-scale Impacts of Plant Response to Fire ( 英語 )

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More info for the terms: frequency, severity

Fire severity and intensity can influence the rate of postfire recovery
in California blackberry regardless of whether regeneration occurs
vegetatively or through seedling establishment. The following response
has been observed in western redcedar/queencup beadlily habitat types of
Idaho [52]:

mean frequency of occurrence
burn age in years

severity 1 2 3 4 5 15
low 33 82 71 74 98 0
high 71 80 68 74 100 0
書目引用
Tirmenstein, D. 1989. Rubus ursinus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Common Names ( 英語 )

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California blackberry
California dewberry
California grapeleaf dewberry
Douglasberry
Pacific blackberry
書目引用
Tirmenstein, D. 1989. Rubus ursinus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Cover Value ( 英語 )

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More info for the term: cover

California blackberry provides important cover for a wide variety of
wildlife species [14]. Dense thickets of blackberries form good nesting
sites for many small birds including, thrashers, jays, pigeons, northern
mockingbird, sparrows, tanagers, and towhees [10,13]. The endangered
least Bell's vireo frequently nests in California blackberry thickets
along willow (Salix spp.)-cottonwood (Populus spp.)-oak (Quercus spp.)
ecotones in certain riparian areas of California [23]. Mammals such as
rabbits, red squirrel, black bear, and beaver utilize blackberry
thickets for cover in many areas [64].
書目引用
Tirmenstein, D. 1989. Rubus ursinus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Description ( 英語 )

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More info for the terms: fruit, perfect, shrub

California blackberry is a low-growing, California or climbing, native
evergreen shrub [9,27,55]. This mound-building shrub can grow to 15 or
20 feet (5-6 m) in length [6,13,55]. The densely prickled stems are
greenish when young but turn brown at maturity [9]. The somewhat
prickly, deeply-lobed, alternate leaves are palmate and a lighter green
color beneath [9,13,27].

The stems of most blackberries are biennial. Sterile first-year stems,
known as primocanes, develop from buds at or below the ground surface
and produce only leaves. Lateral branches, or floricanes, develop in
the axils of the primocanes during the second year and bear both leaves
and flowers [24].

Perfect flowers of California blackberry develop in clusters of 2 to 15
near the ends of leafy branches [9,13,55]. Fruit is red and hard when
immature but shiny black when ripe [6]. Fruit is oblong or conical,
somewhat bristly, and up to 0.8 inches (2 cm) in length [9,55].
Aggregates of druplets, commonly referred to as "berries," are sweet and
flavorful at maturity [9,27].
書目引用
Tirmenstein, D. 1989. Rubus ursinus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Distribution ( 英語 )

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California blackberry grows from British Columbia to northern California
and eastward to central Idaho [6,27,36]. It is particularly common from
the Cascades to the Pacific Coast [27]. California blackberry extends
through southern California into Mexico [9,55]. The subspecies
macropetalus occurs from British Columbia and Idaho southward into
northern California [36].
書目引用
Tirmenstein, D. 1989. Rubus ursinus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Fire Ecology ( 英語 )

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More info for the terms: duff, fire regime, forest, fruit, seed

California blackberry is a common invader on recently burned sites in the
Pacific Northwest [16,39,53]. Populations are capable of dramatic and
rapid expansion on disturbed sites [25,66] through sprouting or seedling
establishment [9,16]. Belowground regenerative structures are generally
well protected from the harmful effects of heat and permit rapid
recovery where California blackberry plants were present in the preburn
community. Seedbanking is also an important postfire regenerative
strategy [52]. Seeds accumulate in the soil or duff, remaining viable
long after this seral species has been eliminated from mature forest
communities. Seeds commonly germinate in great abundance after fire.
The relatively large, sweet, succulent fruit of blackberries amply
"reward" animal dispersers [40], and some postfire dispersal of seed
from off-site is probable.

FIRE REGIMES :
Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this
species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under
"Find FIRE REGIMES".
書目引用
Tirmenstein, D. 1989. Rubus ursinus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Fire Management Considerations ( 英語 )

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More info for the terms: cover, forest

Timber harvest and slash burns: California blackberry commonly invades
logged and slash burned sites in the Douglas-fir zone of the Pacific
Northwest [39,61]. Reestablishment is rapid and can occur by the second
season after treatment [53]. In early postfire years, cover of California
blackberry is frequently as much as 3 times higher on slash burned sites
than in adjacent undisturbed stands [15]. California blackberry remains
prominent until suppressed by the closure of the forest canopy [25].
Schoonmaker and McKee [59] reported the following cover values after
clearcutting and broadcast burning in the Cascades of western Oregon:

yrs. since
tmt. 2 5 10 15 20 30 40 old growth

cover(%) 2.28 2.18 1.11 9.7 20.52 7.35 0.66 0.18

Stewart [61] observed similar increases after clearcutting and broadcast
burns in Coastal Oregon:

years preburn 1 3 4

cover (%) .20 .90 2.40 .20

Competition: California blackberry is favored by fire and can
aggressively compete with conifer seedlings in some postfire
communities.

Wildlife: Species which consume large amounts of blackberries are often
benefited by fire [45].
書目引用
Tirmenstein, D. 1989. Rubus ursinus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Growth Form (according to Raunkiær Life-form classification) ( 英語 )

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More info for the term: hemicryptophyte

Hemicryptophyte
書目引用
Tirmenstein, D. 1989. Rubus ursinus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Habitat characteristics ( 英語 )

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More info for the terms: fresh, shrubs

The California blackberry occurs across a wide range of sites from warm,
open areas to dense woodlands [27,36]. It is particularly common in
prairies, clearings, waste places, and canyons [36,55]. California
blackberry frequently assumes prominence on sites which have been burned
or logged [16,27,36] and on river terraces or gravel bars dominated by
red alder (Alnus rubra) [19].

Soils: Blackberries (Rubus spp.) grow well on a variety of barren,
infertile soils [6]. These shrubs tolerate a wide range of soil texture
and pH but require adequate soil moisture for good growth [10].
California blackberry appears to be tolerant of periodic flooding by
brackish or fresh water [65].

Elevation: California blackberry grows from sea level along the Pacific
Coast to middle elevations farther inland [27,36]. Generalized
elevational ranges for given locations are as follows [9,13]:

< 2,000 feet (610 m) in the Santa Monica Mtns., CA
< 3,000 feet (914 m) in southern California
書目引用
Tirmenstein, D. 1989. Rubus ursinus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Habitat: Cover Types ( 英語 )

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This species is known to occur in association with the following cover types (as classified by the Society of American Foresters):

210 Interior Douglas-fir
211 White fir
221 Red alder
222 Black cottonwood - willow
223 Sitka spruce
224 Western hemlock
225 Western hemlock - Sitka spruce
226 Coastal true fir - hemlock
227 Western redcedar - western hemlock
228 Western redcedar
229 Pacific Douglas-fir
230 Douglas-fir - western hemlock
232 Redwood
234 Douglas-fir - tanoak - Pacific madrone
246 California black oak
249 Canyon live oak
書目引用
Tirmenstein, D. 1989. Rubus ursinus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Habitat: Ecosystem ( 英語 )

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This species is known to occur in the following ecosystem types (as named by the U.S. Forest Service in their Forest and Range Ecosystem [FRES] Type classification):

FRES20 Douglas-fir
FRES23 Fir - spruce
FRES24 Hemlock - Sitka spruce
FRES25 Larch
FRES27 Redwood
FRES28 Western hardwoods
書目引用
Tirmenstein, D. 1989. Rubus ursinus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Habitat: Plant Associations ( 英語 )

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This species is known to occur in association with the following plant community types (as classified by Küchler 1964):

More info for the term: forest

K001 Spruce - cedar - hemlock forest
K002 Cedar - hemlock - Douglas-fir forest
K003 Silver fir - Douglas-fir forest
K004 Fir - hemlock forest
K006 Redwood forest
K012 Douglas-fir forest
K014 Grand fir - Douglas-fir forest
K029 California mixed evergreen forest
書目引用
Tirmenstein, D. 1989. Rubus ursinus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Immediate Effect of Fire ( 英語 )

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More info for the terms: duff, seed, severity, shrub

California blackberry is described as "rather tolerant" of fire [25].
Although it may be top-killed [52], underground regenerative portions of
this shrub generally survive [9,52,61]. Fires of relatively high
severity or intensity, with the potential to harm belowground
regenerative structures, appear to be the most damaging to California
blackberry [52].

Most California blackberry seed stored on-site in the soil or duff is
probably unharmed by fire [52].
書目引用
Tirmenstein, D. 1989. Rubus ursinus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Importance to Livestock and Wildlife ( 英語 )

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More info for the terms: cover, fruit, shrubs

Wildlife: California blackberry provides food and cover for many wildlife
species [9,14]. Blackberries are eaten by numerous birds, including the
ruffed grouse, northern bobwhite, sharp-tailed grouse, California quail,
ring-necked pheasant, blue grouse, gray (Hungarian) partridge,
band-tailed pigeon, American robin, yellow-breasted chat, pine grosbeak,
gray catbird, and summer tanager [3,10,64]. Jays, pigeons, northern
mockingbird, sparrows, tanagers, thrashers, and towhees, consume the
fruit of California blackberry and nest in its tangled branches [13].
Mammals, such as the coyote, common opossum, skunks, gray fox, red fox,
raccoon, squirrels, chipmunks, and black bear, consume the fruit of
blackberries [10,64].

Black-tailed deer feed on the stems and foliage of California blackberry
[13], and in some parts of California it is considered a preferred
browse [14]. In the Coast Range of western Oregon, leaves are selected
by deer in all seasons except summer, when a wide variety of other foods
are present [34]. In many areas California blackberry is particularly
important to deer during the fall and winter [12,35]. Deer often feed
heavily on the foliage until the leaves are covered by snow [12]. The
young leaves, which develop earlier than those of most other associated
shrubs, provide an important food source when forage supplies are lowest
and deer are threatened with malnutrition [34]. Hines and Land [35]
report that California blackberry browse is a preferred winter food of
black-tailed deer inhabiting Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) forests
of the Oregon Coast Ranges. In this area it supplied nearly 50 percent
of the total deer forage at the beginning of winter. In other winter
feeding trials, deer reduced the leaves and twigs of California blackberry
by as much as 80 to 89 percent [34].

Elk feed on California blackberry through much of the year in parts of
California, although utilization appears to be highest during the fall
and winter [30]. Rabbits, porcupines, mountain beaver, and beaver
occasionally consume the stems, leaves, and cambium of blackberries
[10,64].

Livestock: Blackberries, in general, provide only minimal browse for
domestic livestock. In some locations, California blackberry is
moderately grazed by domestic sheep but is rarely used by cattle [37].
書目引用
Tirmenstein, D. 1989. Rubus ursinus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Key Plant Community Associations ( 英語 )

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More info for the terms: codominant, natural, shrub

California blackberry is well represented in a wide variety of plant
communities [9,54,55]. It has been identified as a codominant with
Columbia brome (Bromus vulgaris) and Shasta red fir (Abies magnifica
var. shastensis) in certain plant communities of the Cascades [8].
California blackberry is listed as a codominant in the following
publication:

Natural vegetation of Oregon and Washington [21]

Associated species: California blackberry grows as an understory species
with Shasta red fir, Pacific silver fir (A. amabilis), spruce (Picea
spp.), Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), white fir (A. concolor),
grand fir (A. grandis), western redcedar (Thuja plicata), western
hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla), bigleaf maple (Acer macrophyllum), and red
alder (Alnus rubra) [1,19,21,32,56]. California blackberry also occurs in
many West Coast riparian communities dominated by willows (Salix spp.)
or cottonwoods (Populus spp.) [23.42,62], as a codominant with
salmonberry (Rubus spectabilis) and thimbleberry (R. parviflorus), and
in baccharis (Baccharis spp.) shrub communities of the northern
California coast [31]. Common understory associates include Oregon
oxalis (Oxalis oregana), sweetscented bedstraw (Galium triflorum),
elderberry (Sambucus spp.), and other blackberries, raspberries, or
brambles (Rubus spp.) [21].
書目引用
Tirmenstein, D. 1989. Rubus ursinus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Life Form ( 英語 )

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More info for the term: shrub

Shrub
書目引用
Tirmenstein, D. 1989. Rubus ursinus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Management considerations ( 英語 )

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More info for the terms: cover, shrub

Competition: California blackberry quickly assumes prominence on burned
or logged sites. After disturbance it can compete aggressively with
conifer seedlings in many locations. California blackberry frequently
makes up a large proportion of the shrub cover on scarified plots in
brushfields of coastal Oregon [43] and has been described as a principal
understory species in recently clearcut Douglas-fir forests of the
Olympic Mountains of Washington [19]. This highly competitive shrub
also becomes prominent on cutover sites in many coniferous forests of
both northeastern Oregon and northern Idaho [8].

Chemical control: Many chemicals including glyphosate, triclopyr, and
roundup, have proven effective in controlling California blackberry
[8,49]. Fifty to 80 percent control has been achieved with roundup in
some locations [49].
書目引用
Tirmenstein, D. 1989. Rubus ursinus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Nutritional Value ( 英語 )

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The specific food value of California blackberry browse has not been
documented, but it is considered to be good nutritionally [35]. In
feeding trials conducted by Hines [34], it was the only native browse
species capable of maintaining the weight of deer over winter. The food
value of California blackberry was found to vary seasonally, with the
crude fat content of the leaves peaking in the fall. Only slight
seasonal changes were noted in the crude fiber content of the leaves
[34].
書目引用
Tirmenstein, D. 1989. Rubus ursinus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Occurrence in North America ( 英語 )

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AZ CA ID OR BC MEXICO
書目引用
Tirmenstein, D. 1989. Rubus ursinus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Other uses and values ( 英語 )

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More info for the terms: fresh, fruit, vines

Fruits of the California blackberry are sweet and edible [27]. The
commercially grown loganberry, youngberry, and boysenberry were
originally derived from this species [54].

Native Americans historically ate fresh blackberries in summer. Fruit
was dried and combined with meat to make cakes which were eaten in
winter [13]. Unripened berries were soaked in water to make a cool
refreshing drink, and leaves or vines were used in making teas. Roots
were boiled in water to make various medicinal preparations [9]. The
fruit and stems of many blackberries have also been used to produce
various tonics or medicines [6].
書目引用
Tirmenstein, D. 1989. Rubus ursinus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Palatability ( 英語 )

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More info for the term: shrub

Berries: Fruits of the California blackberry are sweet and succulent at
maturity [9]. Berries are palatable to many species of birds and
mammals.

Browse: California blackberry has been described as a relatively
unpalatable shrub [49]. However, in parts of California and presumably
elsewhere, deer exhibit a marked preference for the stem and foliage of
this plant. Most blackberries are relatively unpalatable to domestic
livestock.
書目引用
Tirmenstein, D. 1989. Rubus ursinus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Phenology ( 英語 )

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More info for the terms: fruit, phenology, seed

Seasonal development of the California blackberry varies according to
geographic and climatic factors. Phenology has been documented as
follows [6,9,13,27]:

location flowering fruit ripening seed dispersal

-- April-June June-August July-September
-- April-Aug. -- --
Santa Monica Mts.,CA Feb.-June -- --
s CA March-July -- --

California blackberry remains dormant during the winter [12].
書目引用
Tirmenstein, D. 1989. Rubus ursinus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Plant Response to Fire ( 英語 )

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More info for the terms: cover, density, fuel, herbaceous, seed, severity, shrub

Vegetative response: California blackberry is capable of vegetative
regeneration following fire through nonrhizomatous basal sprouts or root
"suckers" [9,52]. Basal sprouting is believed to be of primary
importance, and often results in a large number of sprouts [51]. This
low-growing shrub can also root at the stem nodes [37,65] and can
presumably spread quickly where portions of the aboveground stem remain
undamaged. Vegetative spread is generally both vigorous and rapid.
Stewart [61] observed an average of approximately 1,520 sprouts (plus
some surviving original stems) per acre (3,762/ha) within 2 year after
fire. Prior to the fire, an average of only 40 original California
blackberry stems had been counted within the same area. Evidence
suggests that all forms of sprouting may be favored after fires of
relatively low severity or intensity which are unlikely to damage
belowground regenerative structures [52]. Expansion of California
blackberry may be delayed on heavily burned sites [25,50]. Comparative
cover and density values of sprouts on a 2-year-old burn in western
redcedar/pachistima and western redcedar/queencup beadlily habitat types
in northern Idaho are as follows [50]:

low severity high severity

% cover 32.5 16.0
density 1.7 1.8


Seedling establishment: Seedbanking is reportedly an important means of
postfire reestablishment for the California blackberry [50].
High-severity fires, which burn to mineral soil, frequently create a
favorable seedbed for buried blackberry seed, and seedlings sometimes
germinate in abundance [52]. However in several instances, researchers
have observed decreased seedling establishment after unusually hot fires
with "much fuel consumption" [52,64]. Other factors, such as site
characteristics or climatic conditions, may have contributed to the
variable responses. Seedling establishment of California blackberry can
also occur through seed transported from off-site by birds and mammals.

Rate of postfire recovery: Sprouting produces the most rapid early
growth, as plants draw upon portions of previously established root
systems [52]. In many locations California blackberry has exhibited the
most rapid postfire expansion of any residual species [25]. This shrub
can dominate the herbaceous layer within 2 to 5 years after fire
[25,53,66]. Peak cover values have been reported from 0 to 5 years
after fire [25,51]. California blackberry is characterized by a
relatively long (> 5 years) period of postfire abundance and generally
persists until suppressed by canopy closure [25]. California blackberry
cover occasionally exhibits a temporary decline after rapid early growth
as one or a few stems attain dominance over many initial sprouts [50].
In western redcedar habitat types of northern Idaho, Morgan and
Neuenschwander [52] observed highest cover values in the third and fifth
years after fire, with California blackberry disappearing by the fifteenth
year. However, California blackberry frequently remains abundant for 11
to 16 years or more after fire in the Cascade Mountains of western
Oregon [59,60]. Halpern [25] reported that it remained prominent for at
least 20 years after fire in seral Douglas-fir forests of western
Oregon.
書目引用
Tirmenstein, D. 1989. Rubus ursinus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Post-fire Regeneration ( 英語 )

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More info for the terms: geophyte, ground residual colonizer, rhizome, root crown, shrub

Tall shrub, adventitious-bud root crown
Rhizomatous shrub, rhizome in soil
Geophyte, growing points deep in soil
Ground residual colonizer (on-site, initial community)
Initial-offsite colonizer (off-site, initial community)
書目引用
Tirmenstein, D. 1989. Rubus ursinus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Regeneration Processes ( 英語 )

由Fire Effects Information System Plants提供
More info for the terms: apomixis, duff, fruit, seed, stratification

California blackberry exhibits vigorous vegetative regeneration but also
commonly reproduces through seed. Reproductive versatility is common in
the Rubus genus, with sexual reproduction, parthenogenesis (development
of the egg without fertilization), pseudogamy (a form of apomixis in
which pollination is required), and parthenocarpy (production of fruits
without fertilization) occurring widely. The following types of
reproduction have been documented in blackberries: (1) sexual
reproduction, (2) nonreduction at meiosis on the female, male, or both
sides, (3) apomixis (seed contains embryo of maternal rather than sexual
origin) with segregation, (4) apomixis without segregation, and (5)
haploid parthenogenesis [11]. These modes of asexual reproduction
contribute to the aggressive, vigorous spread of blackberries.

Vegetative regeneration: Most species within the Rubus genus are
capable of vigorous sprouting from root or stem suckers, or rooting stem
tips [24]. California blackberry sprouts readily from "suckers"
(presumably root suckers), or "nonrhizomatous sprouts" after fire or
mechanical disturbance [9,52,61]. It is also capable of spreading
rapidly from trailing stems which root at the nodes [37,65]. These
modes of vegetative spread occur even in the absence of disturbance.

Seed production: Most blackberries produce good seed crops nearly every
year [6]. During the first year of development, blackberries grow from
perennial rootstocks or creeping stems and produce sterile vegetative
shoots known as primocanes [24]. Lateral branches which produce both
leaves and flowers (floricanes) develop in the axils during the second
year [24]. Black shiny drupelets are produced on the floricanes of
California blackberry [6]. Fruit is oblong to conical, and up to 0.8
inches (2 cm) in length [55]. 384,000 per pound (845,814/kg) [6].

Germination: Blackberry seeds have a hard, impermeable coat and dormant
embryo; consequently, germination is often slow. Most blackberries
require, as a minimum, warm stratification at 86 to 68 degrees F (30 to
20 degrees C) for 90 days, followed by cold stratification at 36 to 41
degrees F (2 to 5 degrees C) for an additional 90 days [6]. These
conditions are frequently encountered naturally as seeds mature in
summer and remain in the soil throughout the cold winter months.
Laboratory tests indicate that exposure to sulfuric acid solutions or
sodium hyperchlorite prior to cold stratification can enhance
germination [3].

Seed dispersal: Fruit of the California blackberry is readily dispersed
by many small birds and mammals [27]. After they mature, the sweet,
succulent berries rarely remain on the plant for long [6].

Seedbanking: The seeds of most blackberries remain viable for at least
several years after being buried in the soil or duff [6]. Although the
precise length of viability has not been determined for the California
blackberry, Morgan and Neuenschwander [52] regard it as a species which
relies heavily on seedbanking for postfire regeneration. Average seed
densities of 290 per foot square (27 per m sq) have been reported in
western redcedar (Thuja plicata)/pachistima and western redcedar/
queencup beadlily (Clintonia uniflora) habitat types in coniferous
forests of northern Idaho [55].
書目引用
Tirmenstein, D. 1989. Rubus ursinus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Regional Distribution in the Western United States ( 英語 )

由Fire Effects Information System Plants提供
More info on this topic.

This species can be found in the following regions of the western United States (according to the Bureau of Land Management classification of Physiographic Regions of the western United States):

1 Northern Pacific Border
2 Cascade Mountains
3 Southern Pacific Border
5 Columbia Plateau
8 Northern Rocky Mountains
書目引用
Tirmenstein, D. 1989. Rubus ursinus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Successional Status ( 英語 )

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More info on this topic.

More info for the terms: climax, cover, eruption, forest, herbaceous, shrub

California blackberry is a vigorous competitor which commonly invades
disturbed sites created by logging, fire, or other types of disturbance
[16,39]. It is particularly well represented following "catastrophic
disturbance" in Douglas-fir forests of the Pacific Northwest [25], and
readily established on mudflows and other harsh microsites following the
eruption of Mount St. Helens. California blackberry typically increases
rapidly on disturbed sites, persisting until suppressed by canopy
closure [26]. It occurs in stands of all ages but reaches greatest
abundance in early seral communities [16,37,44]. Although primarily an
early seral species, California blackberry can sometimes persist in low
densities as a residual species in mature forest communities [16,59].
California blackberry was observed in initial postdisturbance, early
immature, late immature, mature, and old growth stands in coniferous
forests of southwestern British Columbia [44]. This shrub increases
rapidly and can dominate the herbaceous layer as early as 2 to 5 years
after disturbance [25]. In many western hemlock-western redcedar or
Douglas-fir forests of the Pacific Northwest, this shrub remains
dominant for at least 20 years after disturbance [2,25]. Bailey [2]
found that California blackberry increased to 50 percent cover 4 years
after disturbance, fluctuated between 25 and 50 percent cover for 20
years, and declined to 1 percent cover in climax stands. Maximum cover
values were reached 15 to 30 years after logging and fire in Douglas-fir
plantations in western hemlock-Douglas-fir habitats of western Oregon
[59].

California blackberry is present in red alder communities, which on
certain upland sites, appear to represent early seral stages of western
hemlock forests. Where these communities occur along streambanks,
periodic flooding can maintain species such as salmonberry and red alder
in long-lived, disclimax situations. California blackberry is considered
a major dominant in early successional stages of these communities [33].
書目引用
Tirmenstein, D. 1989. Rubus ursinus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Synonyms ( 英語 )

由Fire Effects Information System Plants提供
Rubus macropetalus
Rubus ursinus var. macropetalus
Rubus vitifolius
Rubus ursinus var. medusae
Rubus ursinus var. sirbenus
Rubus ursinus var. ursinus
Rubus sirbenus
Rubus vitifolius ssp. ursinus
書目引用
Tirmenstein, D. 1989. Rubus ursinus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Taxonomy ( 英語 )

由Fire Effects Information System Plants提供
The scientific name of California blackberry is Rubus
ursinus Cham. and Schlecht. Recognized subspecies and varieties are as
follows [43]:

Rubus ursinus subsp. macropetalus (Dougl. ex Hook.) Taylor and MacBryde
Rubus ursinus subsp. ursinus

Many commercially grown cultivars have been derived from the
California blackberry [54].
書目引用
Tirmenstein, D. 1989. Rubus ursinus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Value for rehabilitation of disturbed sites ( 英語 )

由Fire Effects Information System Plants提供
More info for the term: seed

Blackberries, because of their ability to grow well on infertile soils,
may be valuable in preventing soil erosion on some sites [6,64].
California blackberry has been used to at least a limited extent in
rehabilitation projects in the West. Expected mortality was estimated
at approximately 50 percent following plantings in southern California.
Planting densities of 66 per acre (163/ha) were recommended for best
results [29]. Plants may be propagated vegetatively, transplanted, or
seeded onto disturbed sites. Seed which has been scarified can be
successfully planted in late summer or early fall [6]. Brinkman [6]
reports that cold treatment is not required for fall plantings.
Previously stratified and scarified seed can be planted in spring. Good
results have been obtained after seeds were planted with a drill and
covered with 1/8 to 3/16 inch (0.3-0.5 cm) of soil.
書目引用
Tirmenstein, D. 1989. Rubus ursinus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Comprehensive Description ( 英語 )

由North American Flora提供
Rubus ursinus Cham. & Schlecht. Linnaea 2 : 11. 1827
Rubus Menziesii Hook. Fl. Bor. Am. 1: 179. 1832. Parmena Menziesii Greene, Leaflets 1 : 244, in part. 1906.
Stems biennial, climbing or trailing, finely and softly villous, sometimes almost tomentose, rarely glabrate the second year, armed with slender straight prickles; leaves of the turions ternate or unifoliolate; stipules subulate, small; petioles, petiolules, and midveins villoustomentose and armed with slender prickles; petioles 1-5 cm. long; leaflets of the ternate leaves broadly ovate, 3-6 cm. long, acute at the apex, obtuse or rounded at the base, green and short-hirsute above, paler and densely villous, at first almost white-tomentose beneath, coarsely double-serrate, with ovate teeth; blades of the unifoliolate leaves deltoid, 4-10 cm. long, cordate at the base, often 3-lobed, with the middle lobe larger; leaves of the floral branches ternate or the upper unifoliolate, similar to those of the young shoots, but with more rounded leaflets or lobes, often obtusish and broader above the middle, usually smaller; inflorescence corymbose, terminal and in the upper axils, as well as the hypanthium densely and finely villous-tomentose, usually copiously prickly, rarely very glandular; sepals tomentose on both sides, ovate, abruptly caudate-acuminate, 8-12 mm. long; petals of the staminate flowers oval or elliptic, 8-12 cm. long, white, those of the essentially pistillate flowers 6-8 mm. long, oval; fruit slightly elongate, about 10-12 mm. long, 8-10 mm. thick; drupelets numerous, tomentose; putamen faintly reticulate.
Type locality: San Francisco Bay, California. Distribution: California.
書目引用
Per Axel Rydberg. 1913. ROSACEAE (pars). North American flora. vol 22(5). New York Botanical Garden, New York, NY
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Rubus ursinus ( 亞塞拜然語 )

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Rubus ursinus (lat. Rubus ursinus) - gülçiçəyikimilər fəsiləsinin moruq cinsinə aid bitki növü.

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Rubus ursinus: Brief Summary ( 亞塞拜然語 )

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Rubus ursinus (lat. Rubus ursinus) - gülçiçəyikimilər fəsiləsinin moruq cinsinə aid bitki növü.

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Rubus ursinus ( 加泰隆語 )

由wikipedia CA提供

Rubus ursinus és una espècie del gènere de l'esbarzer nativa de l'oest d'Amèrica del Nord, en anglès rep els noms comuns de California blackberry/dewberry i Pacific blackberry/dewberry. Les seves branques tenen punxes. Quan està florit es distingeix d'altres esbarzers pel fet de tenir els pètals més estrets. És dioic. Els fruits són comestibles, dolços i molt aromàtics de color porpra fosc a negres i d'un 2 cm de llargada. Una teoria diu que aquesta espècie és l'ancestre del 'Loganberry', i un parent del 'Boysenberry'.

Comercialment es considera com un superfruit.

Enllaços externs

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Rubus ursinus: Brief Summary ( 加泰隆語 )

由wikipedia CA提供

Rubus ursinus és una espècie del gènere de l'esbarzer nativa de l'oest d'Amèrica del Nord, en anglès rep els noms comuns de California blackberry/dewberry i Pacific blackberry/dewberry. Les seves branques tenen punxes. Quan està florit es distingeix d'altres esbarzers pel fet de tenir els pètals més estrets. És dioic. Els fruits són comestibles, dolços i molt aromàtics de color porpra fosc a negres i d'un 2 cm de llargada. Una teoria diu que aquesta espècie és l'ancestre del 'Loganberry', i un parent del 'Boysenberry'.

Comercialment es considera com un superfruit.

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Rubus ursinus ( 英語 )

由wikipedia EN提供

Rubus ursinus is a North American species of blackberry or dewberry, known by the common names California blackberry, California dewberry, Douglas berry, Pacific blackberry, Pacific dewberry and trailing blackberry.

Description

Rubus ursinus is a wide, mounding shrub or vine, growing to 0.61–1.52 metres (2–5 feet) high, and more than 1.8 m (6 ft) wide.[3] The prickly branches can take root if they touch soil, thus enabling the plant to spread vegetatively and form larger clonal colonies.

The leaves usually have 3 leaflets but sometimes 5 or only 1, and are deciduous. The plant is dioecious, with male and female plants on separate plants, also unusual for the genus. As with other Rubus, the canes are typically vegetative the first year, and reproductive in the second.

The flowers are white with narrower petals than most related species, and have a fragrance.[4] The sweet, very aromatic, edible fruits are dark purple, dark red, or black and up to 2 centimetres (34 inch) in length.[5]

Taxonomy

Subspecies and varieties

Current or recent subspecies and varieties include:

  • Rubus ursinus subsp. macropetalus — all of distribution range[6]
  • Rubus ursinus subsp. ursinus — California and Oregon[7]
  • Rubus ursinus var. sirbenusendemic to California[8]
  • Rubus ursinus var. ursinus — California and Oregon[9]

Cultivars

A cultivar of this species named the 'Aughinbaugh' blackberry was a parent of the loganberry. R. ursinus is also a second-generation parent of the boysenberry and the marionberry, or 'Marion' blackberry.[10]

'Wild Treasure' has the fruit size and flavor of the wild species, but without prickles, and the berries are machine harvestable. It was released by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Agricultural Research Service in 2010, and is a hybrid between a selection of R. ursinus and 'Waldo' (another cultivar that is a second-generation descendant of the marionberry that has no prickles).

Etymology

The name is from rubus for "bramble" and ursinus for "bear".[10]

Distribution

The plant is native to western North America, found in British Columbia (Canada); California, Idaho, Montana, Oregon, and Washington (Western U.S.); and Baja California state (Mexico).[11][12]

Cultivation

Berries of subsp. macropetalus

The plant is cultivated for its fruit, and also ornamental plant qualities.[10][13] It is planted in home, native plant, and wildlife gardens, and in natural landscaping projects.[3][14] It can be espaliered or trained on fences and trellising.[10] When mature/established, the plant is effective in stabilizing creek banks and edges of bioswales.[13]

To set large fruit, the plant needs consistent amounts of moisture.[14] Otherwise it is moderately drought tolerant when established. Seed size seems to be related to fruit "cell" size, and the smallest fully formed berries (about 1 cm or 38 in) are most highly prized. These are sometimes called "little wild blackberries".

Uses

Diverse wildlife eat the berries, including songbirds, deer, bear, and other large and small mammals.[3] It is of notable pollinator and nesting material value for native bee and bumble bee species.[3] This blackberry species is a larval food source for Papilio rutulus (the western tiger swallowtail butterfly), Nymphalis antiopa (the mourning cloak butterfly), Strymon melinus (the gray hairstreak butterfly), and Celastrina ladon (the spring azure butterfly).[13]

Native Americans such as the Kumeyaay, Maidu, Pomo and Salish peoples used R. ursinus as a fresh and dried fruit source and as a traditional medicinal plant.[15] The Concow tribe calls this plant Gol-lē' in the Konkow language.[16]

Rubus ursinus crosses

Red Antwerp
Raspberry
Rubus ursinus
Pacific Blackberry
cultivar: Aughinbaugh
Crandall
Eastern Blackberry
Cuthbert
Red Raspberry
Rubus ursinus
Pacific Blackberry
LoganberryBlack LoganPhenomenal Santiam

References

  1. ^ a b The Plant List, Rubus ursinus
  2. ^ "Rubus ursinus". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 22 December 2017.
  3. ^ a b c d Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Native Plant Information Network−NPIN: Rubus ursinus (California blackberry, California dewberry, Western blackberry)
  4. ^ Ecoplexity.org: Rubus ursinus; description + images.
  5. ^ Flora of North America, Rubus ursinus Chamisso & Schlechtendal, 1827. California or Pacific or creeping blackberry
  6. ^ USDA: Rubus ursinus subsp. macropetalus
  7. ^ USDA: Rubus ursinus subsp. ursinus
  8. ^ USDA: Rubus ursinus var. sirbenus
  9. ^ USDA: Rubus ursinus var. ursinus
  10. ^ a b c d L.A. Weekly: "Rubus Ursinus, A Guide to the Elusive Pacific Blackberry"; published 15 March 2012; by Emily Green; accessed 9.9.2015.
  11. ^ Biota of North America Program 2014: Rubus ursinus by U.S. county distribution map
  12. ^ Calflora taxon report, University of California; Rubus ursinus Cham. & Schldl.; (California blackberry, Pacific blackberry)
  13. ^ a b c Las Pilitas Horticulture Database: Rubus ursinus
  14. ^ a b CNPS−California Native Plant Society.org: Rubus ursinus (California Blackberry−Pacific Blackberry)
  15. ^ University of Michigan at Dearborn: Native American Ethnobotany of Rubus ursinus
  16. ^ Chesnut, Victor King (1902). Plants used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California. Government Printing Office. p. 408. Retrieved 24 August 2012.

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Rubus ursinus: Brief Summary ( 英語 )

由wikipedia EN提供

Rubus ursinus is a North American species of blackberry or dewberry, known by the common names California blackberry, California dewberry, Douglas berry, Pacific blackberry, Pacific dewberry and trailing blackberry.

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Rubus ursinus ( 西班牙、卡斯蒂利亞西班牙語 )

由wikipedia ES提供

Rubus ursinus o zarza de California o californianas es una especie de zarzamora o zarza pajarera conocida por los nombres comunes zarza pacífica o zarza de California. Es nativa del occidente de América del Norte.

 src=
Flor
 src=
Vista de la planta

Descripción

Es un arbusto que se dispersa ampliamente a través de ramas espinosas. Sus flores blancas se pueden distinguir entre las demás variedades de zarzas por sus pétalos delgados. La especie es dioica con plantas masculinas y femeninas. Al igual que con otros Rubus , las cañas son típicamente vegetativas el primer año, y reproductivas en la segunda. Los dulces frutos son comestibles, muy aromáticos de color púrpura oscuro a negro y de hasta 2 centímetros de longitud.

Se necesitan cantidades constantes de humedad para establecer la fruta grande. En las zonas costeras del estado de Washington se les llama "pequeñas moras salvajes".

Una planta seleccionada de esta especie llamada blackberry 'Aughinbaugh' fue uno de los padres de la frambuesa . La especie es también un antepasado de la mora , y el marionberry (también llamado el blackberry 'Marion'). 'Wild Tesoro', publicado por el USDA-ARS en 2010, es un híbrido entre una selección de R. ursinus y 'Waldo' (otra variedad que es un descendiente de segunda generación de 'Marion' que no tiene espinas); que tiene el tamaño de la fruta y el sabor de las especies silvestres, pero sin espinas, y el fruto es cosechable a máquina.

Taxonomía

Rubus ursinus fue descrita por Cham. & Schltdl. y publicado en Linnaea 2(1): 11–12. 1827. [1]

Etimología

Ver: Rubus

ursinus: epíteto latíno que significa "de los osos"[2]

Variedades
Sinonimia
  • Parmena menziesii (Hook.) Greene
  • Rubus menziesii Hook.
  • Rubus ursinus var. glabratus C.Presl
  • Rubus ursinus var. menziesii (Hook.) Focke
  • Rubus ursinus subsp. ursinus
  • Rubus ursinus var. ursinus
  • Rubus vitifolius subsp. ursinus (Cham. & Schltdl.) Abrams[3]

Referencias

  1. «Rubus ursinus». Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. Consultado el 27 de septiembre de 2014.
  2. En Epítetos Botánicos
  3. «Rubus ursinus». The Plant List. Consultado el 27 de septiembre de 2014.

Bibliografía

  1. Hickman, J. C. 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California 1–1400. University of California Press, Berkeley.
  2. Munz, P. A. 1974. Fl. S. Calif. 1–1086. University of California Press, Berkeley.
  3. Scoggan, H. J. 1978. Dicotyledoneae (Saururaceae to Violaceae). 3: 547–1115. In Fl. Canada. National Museums of Canada, Ottawa.

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Rubus ursinus: Brief Summary ( 西班牙、卡斯蒂利亞西班牙語 )

由wikipedia ES提供

Rubus ursinus o zarza de California o californianas es una especie de zarzamora o zarza pajarera conocida por los nombres comunes zarza pacífica o zarza de California. Es nativa del occidente de América del Norte.

 src= Flor  src= Vista de la planta
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Rubus ursinus ( 越南語 )

由wikipedia VI提供
 src=
Quả của R. ursinus

Rubus ursinus là một loài thực vật có hoa thuộc chi Mâm xôi, thường được biết đến với các tên gọi như mâm xôi California, mâm xôi Thái Bình Dương, mâm xôi leo. Loài này có nguồn gốc từ miền tây Bắc Mỹ, được tìm thấy ở British Columbia (Canada); California, Idaho, Montana, OregonWashington (Hoa Kỳ); Baja California (Mexico)[1].

Cái tên ursinus có nghĩa là "mang, đeo"[2].

Mô tả

R. ursinus là một cây bụi thấp, bò leo, cao khoảng 3 - 6 mét và lan rộng hơn 1,8 mét. Thân có gai, khá mảnh; thân non có màu xanh lục. Các nhánh cây phủ đầy gai có thể bắt rễ tạo cây mới nếu chúng chạm đất, tương tự với một số thành viên trong chi Mâm xôi, do đó giúp cây lan thành bụi lớn. Lá thường có 3 hoặc 5 thùy, rụng lá vào mùa thu, có răng cưa, dài 3 – 7 cm, mặt dưới của lá có màu xanh nhạt hơn mặt trên và nhiều lông tơ hơn. Hoa trắng phớt hồng, cánh hẹp, mọc thành cụm từ 2 tới 15 bông, có mùi thơm. Hoa của loài này rất đặc biệt, không giống họ hàng của nó trong chi, với mỗi hoa mang một giới tính riêng biệt, cánh hoa đực dài 10 mm, trong khi hoa cái chỉ dài 6 – 8 mm. Quả dài 2,5 cm, ngọt, rất thơm, có màu tía đậm, đỏ sẫm hoặc đen bóng khi chín[3][4][5][6].

Sử dụng

R. ursinus là nơi lý tưởng để các loài ong bản địa làm tổ[5]. Quả mọng là nguồn thực phẩm của các loài chim thú[5], ấu trùng một số loài sâu bướm[7], kể cả con người. Các tộc người Mỹ bản địa, như Kumeyaay, Maidu, Pomo và Salish, đã sử dụng các bộ phận của R. ursinus để làm thuốc và trà thảo mộc (lá)[8][9].

Chú thích

  1. ^ “Calflora taxon report, University of California; Rubus ursinus Cham. & Schldl.; (California blackberry, Pacific blackberry)”.
  2. ^ Emily Green (2012), L.A. Weekly: "Rubus Ursinus, A Guide to the Elusive Pacific Blackberry"
  3. ^ Rubus ursinus - University of Washington
  4. ^ “Landscape Plants: Rubus ursinus.
  5. ^ a ă â “Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Native Plant Information Network−NPIN: Rubus ursinus (California blackberry, California dewberry, Western blackberry)”.
  6. ^ “Flora of North America, Rubus ursinus Chamisso & Schlechtendal, 1827. California or Pacific or creeping blackberry”.
  7. ^ “Las Pilitas Horticulture Database: Rubus ursinus.
  8. ^ “Plants For A Future: Rubus ursinus - Cham.&Schltdl.”.
  9. ^ University of Michigan at Dearborn: Native American Ethnobotany of Rubus ursinus
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Rubus ursinus: Brief Summary ( 越南語 )

由wikipedia VI提供
 src= Quả của R. ursinus

Rubus ursinus là một loài thực vật có hoa thuộc chi Mâm xôi, thường được biết đến với các tên gọi như mâm xôi California, mâm xôi Thái Bình Dương, mâm xôi leo. Loài này có nguồn gốc từ miền tây Bắc Mỹ, được tìm thấy ở British Columbia (Canada); California, Idaho, Montana, OregonWashington (Hoa Kỳ); Baja California (Mexico).

Cái tên ursinus có nghĩa là "mang, đeo".

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wikipedia VI

Ежевика медвежья ( 俄語 )

由wikipedia русскую Википедию提供
Царство: Растения
Подцарство: Зелёные растения
Отдел: Цветковые
Надпорядок: Rosanae
Порядок: Розоцветные
Семейство: Розовые
Подсемейство: Розановые
Триба: Rubeae
Род: Рубус
Подрод: Ежевика
Секция: Ursini Focke, 1902
Вид: Ежевика медвежья
Международное научное название

Rubus ursinus Cham. & Schltdl., 1827

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ITIS 25073NCBI 75100EOL 244332GRIN t:32482IPNI 741021-1TPL rjp-4270

Ежеви́ка медве́жья (лат. Rúbus ursínus) — вид растений из Северной Америки, входящий в род Рубус семейства Розовые (Rosaceae).

Ботаническое описание

 src=
Тычиночный цветок

Двудомный листопадный кустарник. Стебли в первый год опушённые, затем оголяющиеся, ползучие и укореняющиеся, сильно ветвистые, покрытые изогнутыми шипами. Листья разделены на три листочка, прилистники срастаются с черешком. Боковые листочки узкояйцевидной формы, с дважды-зубчатым краем, 3—7 см длиной, центральный листочек до 10 см длиной, более глубоко зубчатый, иногда вовсе разделённый на три доли.

Цветоносы образуются на побегах двухлетнего возраста, многочисленные, не поникающие, 10—30 см длиной, иногда более длинные. На каждом цветоносе имеются несколько листьев и одиночный цветок, либо же соцветие-щиток с 4—10 цветками. Цветоножка сиреневатая, железистая. Чашечка волосисто-опушённая, изредка мелкошиповатая, разделена на 5 ланцетовидных чашелистиков 7—11 мм длиной. Лепестки тычиночных цветков узкоэллиптические, 12—18 мм длиной, лепестки пестичных цветков более короткие и широкие, 8—12 мм длиной. Тычинки в количестве 75—100, в пестичных цветках с недоразвитыми пыльниками. Пестики многочисленные, голые.

Многокостянка продолговатая, реже почти шаровидная, до 2,5 см длиной и около 1 см в диаметре. Косточки 2,5—3 мм длиной, с заметными углублениями, образующими подобие сеточки.

Диплоидный набор хромосом — 2n = 42, 56, 84.

Ареал

Охранный статус NatureServe
Status TNC G5 ru.svg

Находящиеся в надёжном состоянии
Secure: Rubus ursinus

Ежевика медвежья распространена на северо-западе Северной Америке. Встречается вдоль побережья континента, от Калифорнии до Британской Колумбии. На восток заходит в Монтану, где достаточно редка.

Обычные растения-спутники — Anaphalis margaritacea, Epilobium angustifolium, Gaultheria shallon, Kindbergia oregana, Mahonia nervosa и Pteridium aquilinum.

Значение

Имеет значение для селекции сортов ежевики, поскольку устойчива к грибкам рода Verticillium.

Индейцы северо-запада употребляли плоды в пишу в свежем и сушёном виде, незрелые плоды использовались для лечения небольших ран. Также растение использовалось в ритуалах «очищения».

Плоды ежевики обладают приятным сладким вкусом. Листья пригодны к завариванию в чай.

Таксономия

Внутривидовое деление

Синонимы

  • Parmena menziesii (Hook.) Greene, 1906
  • Rubus helleri Rydb., 1913
  • Rubus macropetalus Douglas ex Hook., 1832
  • Rubus menziesii Hook., 1830
  • Rubus myriacanthus Douglas ex Hook., 1832, nom. inval.
  • Rubus sirbenus L.H.Bailey, 1941
  • Rubus ursinus var. glabratus C.Presl, 1851
  • Rubus ursinus var. macropetalus (Douglas ex Hook.) S.W.Br., 1943
  • Rubus ursinus var. menziesii (Hook.) Focke, 1914
  • Rubus vitifolius subsp. ursinus (Cham. & Schltdl.) Abrams, 1944

Примечания

  1. Об условности указания класса двудольных в качестве вышестоящего таксона для описываемой в данной статье группы растений см. раздел «Системы APG» статьи «Двудольные».
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Ежевика медвежья: Brief Summary ( 俄語 )

由wikipedia русскую Википедию提供

Ежеви́ка медве́жья (лат. Rúbus ursínus) — вид растений из Северной Америки, входящий в род Рубус семейства Розовые (Rosaceae).

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