Bluegill are abundant in their native range. Many individuals are raised in aquaculture facilities and used to stock waterways.
US Federal List: no special status
CITES: no special status
State of Michigan List: no special status
Males change color during breeding season so it seems likely that visual cues are important either to other males or to females. Grunting is involved in courtship.
Communication Channels: visual ; acoustic
Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical
Several countries where this species has been introduced report that it causes ecological problems. Bluegill overcrowd and stunt the growth of other fish and may even be responsible for causing extinction of a native fish in Panama. It is considered a pest in its introduced range.
This is an important game fish in the United States. Bluegill are fairly easy to catch and are good to eat. They are also used to stock rivers and lakes with food for largemouth bass, another important game fish.
Positive Impacts: food ; ecotourism
Bluegill are an important prey species for larger fish predators. They also impact insect populations by eating aquatic larvae.
The very small mouth of this fish is an adaptation to eating small animals. Bluegills are carnivores, primarily eating invertebrates such as snails, worms, shrimp, aquatic insects, small crayfish, and zooplankton. They can also consume small fish such as minnows and plant material such as algae. Young bluegill eat worms and zooplankton, staying under cover while adults feed more in the open.
Animal Foods: fish; insects; mollusks; aquatic or marine worms; aquatic crustaceans; zooplankton
Plant Foods: algae
Primary Diet: carnivore (Eats non-insect arthropods)
This species is native to lakes and streams in the St. Lawrence, Great Lakes, and Mississippi River systems.
Thus, it ranges from Quebec to northern Mexico. However, it has been introduced widely in places such as Hawaii, Africa, Asia, South America, and Europe.
Biogeographic Regions: nearctic (Native ); palearctic (Introduced ); oriental (Introduced ); ethiopian (Introduced ); neotropical (Introduced ); oceanic islands (Introduced )
Bluegill prefer to live in lakes and slow-moving, rocky streams. They can often be found in deep beds of weeds. In Hawaii they primarily inhabit reservoirs. Though they are freshwater fish, they can tolerate salinities up to 18% and are present in tributaries of the Chesapeake Bay.
Habitat Regions: temperate ; freshwater
Aquatic Biomes: lakes and ponds; rivers and streams
Wetlands: marsh
Bluegill typically live 4 to 6 years but can reach 8 to 11 years old in captivity.
Range lifespan
Status: captivity: 8.0 to 11.0 years.
Typical lifespan
Status: wild: 4.0 to 6.0 years.
Like other sunfish, bluegill have very deep and highly compressed bodies. In other words, they are "tall" and "flat." They have a small mouth on a short head. The dorsal fin is continuous, with the front part spiny and the back part soft and round with a dark smudge at the base. The tail fin is slightly forked but rounded. The body is mainly olive green with yellowish underneath. Their name "bluegill" comes from the iridescent blue and purple region on the cheek and gill cover (opercle). A close look reveals six to eight olive-colored vertical bars on the sides.
Typically, adults are between 10 and 15 cm but they can grow as large as 41 cm.
Young bluegill are a paler version of the adults, usually silver with a slight purple sheen.
Range mass: 2.2 (high) kg.
Range length: 41.0 (high) cm.
Other Physical Features: ectothermic ; heterothermic ; bilateral symmetry
Sexual Dimorphism: sexes alike
Bluegill travel in schools and come into shallow water only at night. During the day they try to remain hidden.
Known Predators:
Males make nests in colonies with from 20 to 50 other males in shallow water less than 1 m deep. The nests are circular shallow depressions, about 20 to 30cm in diameter, in sand or fine gravel from which the male has fanned all debris (Murdy et al., 1997).
Once his nest is made, a male waits in it and grunts to attract females. When one enters, both male and female swim in circles. Eventually they stop and touch bellies, the male in an upright posture and the female leaning at an angle. They release eggs and sperm and then start the process again by swimming in circles.
A female deposits her eggs into several nests, and a male's nest may be used by several females (Williams, 1996).
Mating System: polygynandrous (promiscuous)
Spawning occurs when water is between 17 and 31 degrees C; in the Chesapeake Bay area it can begin when water temperatures reach 12 degrees C. Females can carry up to 50,000 eggs which take several days to hatch. After a week, young leave the nest.
Breeding season: Breeding occurs from May to September (Chesapeake Bay).
Average number of offspring: 50000.0.
Average gestation period: 3.0 days.
Average : 7.0 days.
Average time to independence: 3 days.
Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 1.0 to 2.0 years.
Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 1.0 to 2.0 years.
Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; fertilization (External ); oviparous
Males guard nests both before and after females lay eggs. Paternal care involves fanning the eggs and chasing away predators.
Parental Investment: pre-fertilization (Provisioning, Protecting: Female); pre-hatching/birth (Protecting: Male)
Die blouwang-sonvis (Lepomis macrochirus) is 'n varswatervis wat natuurlik voorkom in Noord-Amerika en is in 1938 in Suid-Afrika losgelaat. In Suid-Afrika kom hulle voor in die kusriviere van die Wes-Kaap, Oos-Kaap, middel van KwaZulu-Natal, Mpumalanga en die Noord-Vrystaat. In Engels staan die vis bekend as die Bluegill sunfish.
Die vis se lyf is diep en rond, met 'n dorsale vin wat oor bykans die hele rug strek. Die sylyn strek oor die hele lyf. Die stertvin is gevurk, die mond klein en die oë groot. Daar is 'n swart vlek op die boonste punt van die kieudeksel. Die kleur van die vis word beïnvloed deur sy omgewing en habitat. Gewoonlik is die vis groen-blou met dowwe vertikale bane op die lyf. Die pektorale vinne het 'n geel voorkoms. Die mannetjie se bors word oranjekleurig gedurende broeityd. Die vis word tot 200 mm lank en die Suid-Afrikaanse hengelrekord is 1.12 kg.
Die vis leef in stil water vol plantegroei in damme en riviere. Hulle vreet ongewerweldes en klein vissies. Die spesie broei in die somer. Die mannetjie bou 'n pieringvormige nes waarop die wyfie die eiers lê. Die eiers is taai en klou aan die nes vas en word deur die mannetjie opgepas. Die spesie neig om neste bymekaar te bou in dieselfde area. Die vis kan ouer as 10 jaar word.
Die vis word as 'n plaag beskou aangesien hulle neig om onbeheersd aan te teel en op die inheemse spesies jag te maak. Die vis is ook nie 'n gewilde hengelvis nie.
Die blouwang-sonvis (Lepomis macrochirus) is 'n varswatervis wat natuurlik voorkom in Noord-Amerika en is in 1938 in Suid-Afrika losgelaat. In Suid-Afrika kom hulle voor in die kusriviere van die Wes-Kaap, Oos-Kaap, middel van KwaZulu-Natal, Mpumalanga en die Noord-Vrystaat. In Engels staan die vis bekend as die Bluegill sunfish.
Lepomis macrochirus és una espècie de peix pertanyent a la família dels centràrquids[4] present a les conques del riu Sant Llorenç, els Grans Llacs d'Amèrica del Nord i el riu Mississipí des del Quebec fins al nord de Mèxic.[5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19] Ha estat introduït a les illes Verges Nord-americanes,[20] Cuba, Mèxic,[21][22] el Marroc,[23] Puerto Rico (l'any 1915),[24][25][26] Swazilàndia (1939), Zimbabwe (1940),[27] Maurici (1944), Filipines (1950),[28] Madagascar (1954),[29] Panamà (1955), el Japó (1960),[30][31][32] Corea (1969)[33][34][35] i, probablement també, a l'Iran,[36] Malawi i Veneçuela (1955-1959).[37][38][39][40][41][42][43]
Pot arribar a fer 41 cm de llargària màxima (normalment, en fa 19,1) i 2,150 g de pes. Té el Cap curt i boca petita. El dors dels adults és de color verd oliva amb una brillantor blava o morada al llarg dels flancs. Groguenc per sota. Els juvenils són una versió més pàl·lida dels adults, generalment platejats i amb una brillantor de color porpra clar. Té franges tènues i verticals al llarg dels costats. Taca fosca i destacada a la base de l'aleta dorsal i a prop de la cua. L'aleta de la cua és arrodonida i lleugerament forcada. Presenta com una mena d'orella de color blau fosc o negre i que és una extensió de l'opercle llamada pestanya opercular. Els mascles reproductors poden tindre una coloració més blava i ataronjada als flancs.[44][45][46][47][48][49][50]
És un peix d'aigua dolça, bentopelàgic i de clima subtropical (1 °C-36 °C; 50°N-25°N), el qual viu en llacs, llacunes, embassaments i rius de corrent lent.[51][52] Tot i que és un peix d'aigua dolça, pot tolerar salinitats de fins a un 18%.[45][53][54]
Els adults mengen caragols, crancs petits, insectes, cucs i peixets, mentre que els juvenils es nodreixen de crustacis, insectes i cucs.[51][55]
Als Estats Units és depredat pel llobarro atlàntic ratllat (Morone saxatilis), el lluç de riu (Esox lucius), el luci masquinongi (Esox masquinongy) i la truita comuna (Salmo trutta),[56] mentre que al Japó és presa de la perca americana (Micropterus salmoides). També és depredat per Cichla ocellaris, el bernat americà (Ardea herodias), Cercyle alcyon i l'ós rentador (Procyon lotor).[57][58]
Els mascles s'agrupen en colònies de fins a 20-50 individus i fan nius en aigües de menys d'1 m de fondària. Els nius són circulars, de 20–30 cm de diàmetre i excavats en fons de sorra o de grava fina. Un cop el niu està fet, el mascle s'hi espera i emet sons per a atreure les femelles i aparellar-s'hi. Una femella pot dipositar els seus ous en diferents nius i el niu d'un mascle pot ésser emprat per diverses femelles. La fresa té lloc quan la temperatura de l'aigua és de 17-31 °C (encara que a la badia de Chesapeake pot començar als 12 °C) i les femelles dipositen fins a 50.000 ous, els quals desclouen al cap d'uns dies. Les larves deixen el niu després d'1 setmana. Els mascles protegeixen els nius abans i després de la posta efectuada per les femelles i les seues tasques inclouen oxigenar els ous i espantar els depredadors.[53]
La seua esperança de vida és de 10 anys.[59] És inofensiu per als humans, actiu principalment durant el capvespre i la primera claror del dia i una plaga potencial en alguns països on s'ha introduït car és apreciat pels afeccionats a la pesca esportiva.[45]
Lepomis macrochirus és una espècie de peix pertanyent a la família dels centràrquids present a les conques del riu Sant Llorenç, els Grans Llacs d'Amèrica del Nord i el riu Mississipí des del Quebec fins al nord de Mèxic. Ha estat introduït a les illes Verges Nord-americanes, Cuba, Mèxic, el Marroc, Puerto Rico (l'any 1915), Swazilàndia (1939), Zimbabwe (1940), Maurici (1944), Filipines (1950), Madagascar (1954), Panamà (1955), el Japó (1960), Corea (1969) i, probablement també, a l'Iran, Malawi i Veneçuela (1955-1959).
Slunečnice velkoploutvá nebo také slunečnice obecná (Lepomis macrochirus) je druh sladkovodní ryby z čeledi okounkovitých.
Tato značně rozšířená ryba je patrně nejčastěji loveným druhem v Severní Americe. Upřednostňuje klidné a zarostlé toky. Průměrná hmotnost ryby je 113 g, může však výjimečně dosáhnout i přes 1,8 kg.
Je to velmi invazivní rybí druh.
Slunečnice velkoploutvá nebo také slunečnice obecná (Lepomis macrochirus) je druh sladkovodní ryby z čeledi okounkovitých.
Tato značně rozšířená ryba je patrně nejčastěji loveným druhem v Severní Americe. Upřednostňuje klidné a zarostlé toky. Průměrná hmotnost ryby je 113 g, může však výjimečně dosáhnout i přes 1,8 kg.
Je to velmi invazivní rybí druh.
Der Blaue Sonnenbarsch (Lepomis macrochirus), englisch Bluegill[1], ist eine Barschart aus der Familie der Sonnenbarsche (Centrarchidae) und gehört zu den Barschverwandten (Percomorphaceae). Der Blaue Sonnenbarsch ist seit 1986 der Staatsfisch des US-Bundesstaates Illinois[2].
Lepomis macrochirus ist in Nordamerika beheimatet und lebt in langsam fließenden Strömen, Flüssen, Seen (u. a. Sankt-Lorenz-Strom, Große Seen und Mississippi-Flusssystem[3]) und Teichen. Vor allem findet man ihn östlich der Rocky Mountains. Sein Verbreitungsgebiet dehnt sich von Virginia bis Florida, dem westlichen Texas und nördlichen Mexiko, vom westlichen Minnesota bis ins westliche New York aus. Bekannte Gewässer finden sich im Santee-Cooper-Flusssystem in South Carolina, Tennessee Valley, Kentucky und Texas. Der Blaue Sonnenbarsch, der einen Salzgehalt bis 1,8 % toleriert, wurde auch im Brackwasser der Chesapeake Bay gefunden.
Blaue Sonnenbarsche wurden in Europa, Südafrika, Zimbabwe, Asien, Südamerika und in Teilen von Ozeanien eingeführt. In einigen Ländern wie Deutschland oder Japan wurde Lepomis macrochirus als invasive Spezies eingestuft. In Japan wurden Exemplare dieser Fischart 1960 dem Kronprinzen Akihito vom Bürgermeister Chicagos, Richard J. Daley, als Geschenk mitgebracht.[4] [5] Von dort aus wurden sie in nationale Einrichtungen der Fischereiforschung verbracht und entkamen in die Freiheit. Insbesondere im Biwa-See richteten sie große Schäden an, indem sie einheimische Arten verdrängten.
Der Blaue Sonnenbarsch ist hochrückig, seitlich abgeflacht und trägt gezahnte Ctenoidschuppen. Der Fisch hat ein oberständiges Maul und fleischige Lippen. Er kann zwischen 30 bis 40 Zentimeter lang und bis zu zwei Kilo schwer werden. 1950 wurde im Ketona Lake bei Birmingham (Alabama) ein Ausnahmefisch von 2,15 Kilogramm gefangen. Typisch für den Blauen Sonnenbarsch ist seine farbenprächtige Zeichnung mit einem intensiven Blau, Violett, Purpurrot über einem schwarzen Fleck auf dem Kiemendeckel und einem olivdunklen Band entlang der Seitenlinie. Der Bauchbereich ist häufig gelb bis orange gefärbt. Die Farbzeichnung wird auf neuronaler Basis (physiologischer Farbwechsel) von Chromatophoren kontrolliert. Der Blaue Sonnenbarsch ähnelt damit seinen nahen Verwandten, dem Orangeflecken-Sonnenbarsch (Lepomis humilis) und dem Rotohr-Sonnenbarsch (Lepomis microlophus).
Lepomis macrochirus ist ein Allesfresser und frisst eine Vielzahl von Nahrung, welche von der Größe her gerade in sein Maul passt. Dazu gehören kleine Wasserinsekten und Kleinfische, häufig Jungfische. Sie spielen in der Nahrungskette nordamerikanischer Gewässer eine wichtige Schlüsselrolle und dienen ihrerseits wiederum als Beutefisch für andere größere Barscharten (Schwarzbarsche, Forellenbarsche u. a.), Hechte, Muskellunge, Zander und Forellen. Darüber hinaus werden sie von Fischreihern, Eisvögeln, Schnappschildkröten und Fischottern bejagt. Ihre hochrückige Körperform und ihre stachelige Rückenflosse können jedoch Probleme beim Verschlucken verursachen.
Der tagaktive Blaue Sonnenbarsch lebt häufig in Bodennähe und sucht Unterwasserstrukturen wie versunkene Baumstämme, Totholz oder Wasserpflanzenfelder als Deckung und Versteckmöglichkeit auf. Im Verlauf des Tages und der Jahreszeit hält er sich in unterschiedlichen Wassertiefen auf. Er bevorzugt flache Gewässer mit Temperaturen zwischen 16 und 27 °C. Hohe Wassertemperaturen machen ihnen wenig aus; sie meiden aber in der Regel direkte Sonneneinstrahlung. Adulte Tiere schweben häufig auf der Suche nach Plankton und anderen Wasserlebewesen direkt unter der Wasseroberfläche. In Schulen von zehn bis 20 Tieren mischen sie sich häufig mit anderen Sonnenbarscharten wie Gemeinen Sonnenbarschen/Kürbiskernbarschen (Lepomis gibbosus), Orangegefleckten Sonnenbarschen (Lepomis humilis), Schwarzflecken-Sonnenbarschen (Pomoxis nigromaculatus) und anderen.
Jungfische ernähren sich von Kleinstlebewesen wie Wasserflöhen, Köcherfliegen, Libellenlarven, Krebstieren, Blutegeln, Wasserschnecken und Fischbrut. Bei Nahrungsknappheit fressen Blaue Sonnenbarsche auch pflanzliche Nahrung oder den eigenen Nachwuchs. Wie bei vielen anderen Fischarten finden die Hauptfressphasen bei guter Sichtbarkeit überwiegend in den Morgen- und Abendstunden statt. Blaue Sonnenbarsche saugen ihre Nahrung aktiv, durch Verwendung des Pharynx, mit dem Wassersog ein, so dass die Beute nur 1,75 Zentimeter vom Maul entfernt sein muss. Blaue Sonnenbarsche können mit ihren Flossenbewegungen hohe Geschwindigkeiten erreichen, rückwärts schwimmen und sind in der Lage, gut zu manövrieren. Diese Fluchten helfen ihnen in vielen Situationen, ihren Räubern zu entkommen.
Die Laichzeit für Bluegills beginnt Ende Mai und erstreckt sich bis in den August hinein mit einem Höhepunkt im Juni bei Wassertemperaturen von 19 bis 27 °C. Der Laichvorgang findet im flachen Wasser über einem Laichbett statt, welches von den Männchen verteidigt wird. Ihr Territorialverhalten ist so stark ausgeprägt, dass sie auch Taucher mit Drohgebärden zu vertreiben suchen. Sportfischer machen sich dieses Verhalten zu Nutze, indem sie den Fischen in dieser Zeit Kunstköder anbieten, die von den Männchen heftig attackiert werden. Weibliche Tiere werden mit kreisenden Bewegungen und Grunzlauten ins Laichbett gelockt. Dabei zeigt das Männchen auch dem Weibchen gegenüber ein dominant-aggressives Verhalten. Kleinere Weibchen können circa 1000 Eier produzieren, während größere, gesunde Weibchen bis zu 100.000 Eier produzieren können. Das Wachstum der Jungfische verläuft in den ersten drei Jahren rasant, verlangsamt sich dann zunehmend wieder.[6] Die Fische können zwischen fünf und acht, im Extremfall bis zu elf Jahren alt werden.
Blaue Sonnenbarsche sind in den USA populäre „Pfannenfische“ (engl. „Panfish“), die wegen ihrer weiten Verbreitung und ihrer relativ leichten Fängigkeit bei Sportfischern sehr beliebt sind.[7][8] Sie können mit lebenden Naturködern wie Würmern, Grillen, Heuschrecken, Maden, kleinen Fröschen, Garnelenstückchen, aber auch Brot, Mais und anderen Lebensmitteln gefangen werden. Bei Morgen- und Abendlicht reagieren sie auf Kunstköder mit stark leuchtenden Farben wie Rot, Orange, Gelb oder Grün. In einigen Gewässern wie zum Beispiel dem kanadischen Lake Scugog haben sie sich an menschliche Gegenwart gewöhnt, sind zutraulich und können leicht angelockt werden. Da der Blaue Sonnenbarsch in den Sommermonaten bis zu einem Sechsfachen des eigenen Körpergewichtes fressen kann, spielt er bei der Bewirtschaftung von Teichen eine Rolle, indem er unerwünschte Krebse und Insekten vertilgt. Lepomis macrochirus kann auch in größeren Aquarien gehalten werden.
Der Blaue Sonnenbarsch (Lepomis macrochirus), englisch Bluegill, ist eine Barschart aus der Familie der Sonnenbarsche (Centrarchidae) und gehört zu den Barschverwandten (Percomorphaceae). Der Blaue Sonnenbarsch ist seit 1986 der Staatsfisch des US-Bundesstaates Illinois.
The bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus), sometimes referred to as "bream", "brim", "sunny", or "copper nose" as is common in Texas,[3] is a species of North American freshwater fish, native to and commonly found in streams, rivers, lakes, ponds and wetlands east of the Rocky Mountains. It is the type species of the genus Lepomis (true sunfish), from the family Centrarchidae (sunfishes, crappies and black basses) in the order Perciformes (perch-like fish).
Bluegills can grow up to 12 in (30 cm) long and about 4+1⁄2 lb (2.0 kg). While their color can vary from population to population, they typically have a very distinctive coloring, with deep blue and purple on the face and gill cover, dark olive-colored bands down the side, and a fiery orange to yellow belly. They are omnivorous and will consume anything they can fit in their mouth, but mostly feed on small aquatic insects and baitfishes. The fish are important prey for bass, other larger sunfish, northern pike and muskellunge, walleye, trout, herons, kingfishers, snapping turtles and otters, and play a key role within the food chain of its freshwater ecosystem.
A popular panfish among anglers, bluegill usually hide around and inside old tree stumps in swamps and other underwater structures (e.g. snags), and can live in either deep or very shallow water. Bluegills also like to find shelter among aquatic plants and in the shade of trees along banks, and will often move from one cover to another depending on the time of day or season.
The bluegill is noted for the black spot (the "ear") that it has on each side of the posterior edge of the gills and base of the dorsal fin. The sides of its head and chin are commonly a dark shade of blue. The precise coloration will vary due to the presence of neurally controlled chromatophores under the skin.[4] The fish usually displays 5–9 vertical bars on the sides of its body immediately after being caught as part of its threat display.[5] It typically has a yellowish breast and abdomen, with the breast of the breeding male being a bright orange.[6] The bluegill has three anal spines, ten to 12 anal fin rays, six to 13 dorsal fin spines, 11 to 12 dorsal rays, and 12 to 13 pectoral rays. They are characterized by their deep, flattened bodies. They have a terminal mouth, ctenoid scales, and a lateral line that is arched upward anteriorly.[7] The bluegill typically ranges in size from about four to 12 inches, and reaches a maximum size just over 16 inches. The largest bluegill ever caught was 4 lbs. 12 oz. in 1950.[8]
The bluegill is most closely related to the orangespotted sunfish and the redear sunfish, but different in a distinct spot at or near the base of the soft dorsal fin.[6]
The bluegill occurs naturally in the United States east of the Rocky Mountains from coastal Virginia to Florida, west to Texas and northern Mexico, and north to western Minnesota and western New York. Today they have been introduced to almost everywhere else in North America, and have also been introduced into Europe, South Africa, Zimbabwe,[9] Asia, South America, and Oceania. Bluegills have also been found in the Chesapeake Bay, indicating they can tolerate up to 1.8% salinity.[6]
In some locations where they have been transplanted, they are considered pests: trade in the species is prohibited in Germany and Japan. In the case of Japan, bluegills were presented to the then-crown prince, Akihito in 1960 as a gift by Richard J. Daley, mayor of Chicago. The prince, in turn, donated the fish to fishery research agencies in Japan, from which they escaped and became an invasive species that has wreaked havoc with native species, especially in Lake Biwa in Shiga Prefecture. Akihito has since apologized.[10]
Bluegill live in the shallow waters of many lakes and ponds, along with streams, creeks, and rivers. They prefer water with many aquatic plants, and seclude themselves within or near fallen logs, water weeds or any other structure (natural or manmade) that is under water. They can often be found around weed beds, where they search for food or spawn.[11] In the summer, adults move to deep, open water where they suspend just below the surface and feed on plankton and other aquatic creatures. Bluegill try to spend most of their time in water from 60 to 80 °F (16 to 27 °C), and tend to have a home range of about 320 square feet (30 m2) during nonreproductive months. They enjoy heat, but do not like direct sunlight – they typically live in deeper water, but will linger near the water surface in the morning to stay warm.[6] Bluegill are usually found in schools of 10 to 20 fish, and these schools will often include other panfish, such as crappie, pumpkinseeds, and smallmouth bass.[12]
Young bluegills' diet consists of rotifers, copepods,[13] water fleas, and insects (mainly chironomids).[13] The adult diet consists of aquatic insect larvae (mayflies, caddisflies, dragonflies), but can also include terrestrial insects,[13] zooplankton,[14] shrimp,[14] crayfish, leeches, other worms,[13] snails, and other small fish (such as minnows[13]).[15] If food is scarce, bluegill will also feed on aquatic vegetation and algae,[14] and if scarce enough, will even feed on their own eggs or offspring. As bluegill spend a great deal of time near the surface of water, they can also feed on surface bugs. Most bluegills feed during daylight hours, with a feeding peak being observed in the morning and evening (with the major peak occurring in the evening).[12] Feeding location tends to be a balance between food abundance and predator abundance. Bluegill use gill rakers and bands of small teeth to ingest their food. During summer months, bluegills generally consume 3.2 percent[16] of their body weight each day. To capture prey, bluegills use a suction system in which they accelerate water into their mouth. Prey comes in with this water. Only a limited amount of water is able to be suctioned, so the fish must get within 1.75 centimeters of the prey.[15]
In turn, bluegill are prey to many larger species, including largemouth bass, smallmouth bass, striped bass,[14] trout, muskellunge, turtles, northern pike, yellow perch, walleye, catfish, and even larger bluegill. Herons, kingfishers,[14] and otters have also been witnessed catching bluegill in shallow water. However, the shape of the fish makes them hard to swallow.[12] Raccoons are also believed to be among their predators.[14]
Bluegills have the ability to travel and change directions at high speeds by means of synchronized fin movements. They use notched caudal fins, soft dorsal fins, body undulations, and pectoral fins to move forward. Having a notched caudal fin allows them to accelerate quickly. The speed of their forward motion depends on the strength of which they abduct or adduct fins. The flat, slender body of the bluegill lowers water resistance and allows the bluegills to cut effectively through water. The large, flexible pectoral fins allow the fish to decelerate quickly. This superior maneuverability allows the bluegill to forage and escape predators very successfully. Bluegills have a lateral line system, as well as inner ears, that act as receptors for vibration and pressure changes. However, bluegills rely heavily on sight to feed, especially in their foraging. Optimal vision occurs in the daylight hours. The mouth of the bluegill is very small and requires the use of the pharynx to suck in prey.[17]
The bluegill sunfish relies heavily on the flexibility of its fins to maintain maneuverability in response to fluid forces. The bluegill's segmentation in its pectoral fin rays mitigates the effects of fluid forces on the fish's movement.[18] The bluegill has a variety of unusual adaptations that allow it to navigate different environments. In conditions where the bluegill is deprived of its various sensory abilities, it utilizes its pectoral fins in navigation.[19] If the bluegill's visual input or lateral line input were to be compromised, its pectoral fins are then able to be utilized as mechanosensors[20] through the bending of the fin(s) when the fish comes into contact with its environment.[19] In standard swimming the bluegill sunfish relies on its caudal (tail) fin, dorsal fin, and anal fin.[21] The bluegill's caudal fin muscles are important in the fish's slow swimming and also important in the beginning stages of the fish increasing its swimming speed.[21] The dorsal and anal fins are two types of median fins that work in parallel to balance torque during steady swimming.[22]
When swimming backwards, the bluegill utilizes a plethora of fin muscles located in various parts of its body.[23] Backward swimming in the bluegill is more complex than steady swimming, as it is not just the reversal of forward swimming. The fish utilizes its pectoral fins to provide a rhythmic beat while the dorsal and anal fins produce momentum to drive the fish backwards.[23] The pectoral fins' rhythmic beat is asymmetric and aids the fish's balance in its slow, backward movement.[23]
The bluegill, amongst a wide array of other fishes,[24][25] exhibits the C-start escape response, which is generated by large neurons called Mauthner cells.[26] Mauthner cells operate as a command center for the escape response and respond quickly once the neural pathway has been activated by an initial stimulus.[26] The cells trigger a contraction of muscle that bends the fish body into a 'C' to then aid in the propulsion away from a predator.[26] The C-start trajectory is highly variable, allowing the fish to alter its escape response each time.[27] Because of this high variability, predators have a lower chance of learning a successful predation technique to capture the fish.[28] The C-start escape response produces other advantages, including the ability to move quickly and unpredictably to capture prey.[26]
Hydrodynamically, the bluegill exhibits specific flow patterns that accompany its C-start escape response.[29] The caudal (tail) fin is a main source of momentum in typical kinematic models of the C-start escape response but the bluegill draws a majority of its momentum from the body bending associated with the response, as well as its dorsal and anal fins.[29] The dorsal and anal fins' roles as propulsors during escape response suggest that the size of the fins could lead to an evolutionary advantage when escaping predators.[29]
Spawning season for bluegills starts late in May and extends into August. The peak of the spawning season usually occurs in June in waters of 67 to 80 °F (19 to 27 °C). The male bluegills arrive first at the mating site. They will make a spawning bed of six to 12 inches in diameter in shallow water, clustering as many as 50 beds together. The males scoop out these beds in gravel or sand. Males tend to be very protective and chase everything away from their nests, especially other male bluegills. Some bluegills, regardless of their small size, will even attack snorkelers if they approach the edge of the nest. As a female approaches, the male will begin circling and making grunting noises. The motion and sound of the males seem to attract the females. Females are very choosy and will usually pick males with larger bodies and "ears", making larger size a desirable trait for males to have. If the female enters the nest, both the male and female will circle each other, with the male expressing very aggressive behavior toward the female. If the female stays, the pair will enter the nest and come to rest in the middle. With the male in an upright posture, the pair will touch bellies, quiver, and spawn. These actions are repeated at irregular intervals several times in a row. Once the spawning is done, the male will chase the female out of the nest and guard the eggs.[12] The fertilization process is entirely external. The male's sperm combines with the female's eggs in the water. Smaller males will often hide in nearby weeds and dart into the nest as they attempt to fertilize the eggs. They then quickly dart away.[6] The size of the female plays a large role in how many eggs will be produced. A small female can produce as few as 1,000 eggs, and a large, healthy female can produce up to 100,000 eggs. The male continues to watch over the nest until the larvae are able to hatch and swim away on their own. The bluegill generally begins its spawning career at one year of age, but has been found to spawn as early as four months of age under favorable conditions.[30] Anglers find spawning season to be a very successful time to fish for bluegills, as they aggressively attack anything, including a hook, that comes near.[12]
The growth of the bluegill is very rapid in the first three years, but slows considerably once the fish reaches maturity. Many fish reach five to eight years old, and in extreme cases, can live 11 years.[12]
Occasionally a bluegill may spawn with another member of its genus, though this is rare. This tends to happen in bodies of water that are fairly isolated and have a decent population of bluegill in close proximity to another, smaller, population of lepomid species such as green sunfish. Limited nesting grounds can also factor in hybridization causing the females of one species to prefer the nest of another.[31] Bluegill can theoretically hybridize with all other species in the genus lepomis, though the most common hybrid is the Greengill.[32] The hybrid fish are aggressive and have larger mouths than their Bluegill parent. These fish also grow faster than other small mouth fish due to its bigger mouth. Greengills or hybrid Bluegills are the most efficient in growth and can reach approximately 2 lbs or 0.91 kg in one year.[1]
The bluegill is the state fish of Illinois.[33]
At Lake St. Helen, Michigan, an annual "Blue Gill Festival" is held in July.[34]
Bluegills are popular panfish, caught with live bait such as worms, crickets, grasshoppers, flies, minnows, maggots or small frogs, as well as small shrimp bits, processed bait, bread, corn, other table scraps,[35] small crankbaits, spinners, fake worms, or even a bare hook. They mostly bite on vibrant colors like orange, yellow, green, or red, chiefly at dawn and dusk. They are noted for seeking out underwater vegetation for cover; their natural diet consists largely of crickets, water bugs, larvae, and very small fish. The bluegill itself is also occasionally used as bait for larger game fish species, such as blue catfish, flathead catfish and largemouth bass.[36]
Fishermen are sometimes able to use polarized sunglasses to see through water and find bluegills' spawning beds.[37] Bluegill have a rather bold character; many have no fear of humans, eating food directly dropped into the water, and a population in Canada's Lake Scugog will even allow themselves to be stroked by human observers. Because of their size and the method of cooking them, bluegills are often called panfish.[38]
The IGFA all tackle world record for the species stands at 2.15 kg (4 lb 12oz) caught from Ketona lake in Alabama in 1950.[39]
Bluegill populations are notably vulnerable to effects of angling and harvest, particularly in size-structure.[40] Large males appear to be especially vulnerable to effects of fishing because of their tendency to guard nests in the center of colonies.[41] Populations with large males are increasingly difficult to find, and are usually only found in remote locations without angling pressure[36] or in more southern regions where growth rates are high. Reduced bag limits appear to show potential for improving size-structure in over-fished populations.[42]
Bluegills play an important role in pond and lake management to keep crustacean and insect populations low, as a single bluegill population may eat up to six times its own weight in just one summer.[17]
The bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus), sometimes referred to as "bream", "brim", "sunny", or "copper nose" as is common in Texas, is a species of North American freshwater fish, native to and commonly found in streams, rivers, lakes, ponds and wetlands east of the Rocky Mountains. It is the type species of the genus Lepomis (true sunfish), from the family Centrarchidae (sunfishes, crappies and black basses) in the order Perciformes (perch-like fish).
Bluegills can grow up to 12 in (30 cm) long and about 4+1⁄2 lb (2.0 kg). While their color can vary from population to population, they typically have a very distinctive coloring, with deep blue and purple on the face and gill cover, dark olive-colored bands down the side, and a fiery orange to yellow belly. They are omnivorous and will consume anything they can fit in their mouth, but mostly feed on small aquatic insects and baitfishes. The fish are important prey for bass, other larger sunfish, northern pike and muskellunge, walleye, trout, herons, kingfishers, snapping turtles and otters, and play a key role within the food chain of its freshwater ecosystem.
A popular panfish among anglers, bluegill usually hide around and inside old tree stumps in swamps and other underwater structures (e.g. snags), and can live in either deep or very shallow water. Bluegills also like to find shelter among aquatic plants and in the shade of trees along banks, and will often move from one cover to another depending on the time of day or season.
Sinilõpuseline päikeseahven (Lepomis macrochirus) on ahvenaliste seltsi kuuluv Põhja-Ameerika mageveekogudes elav röövkala.
Ta võib kasvada 41 cm pikkuseks ja kaaluda kuni 2,15 kg. Eluiga vabas looduses on 4–6 aastat, vangistuses võib elada 11-aastaseks.
Tema iseloomulik tunnus on tumesinine kõrvakujuline lõpuskaane väljakasv.[2]
Sinilõpuseline päikeseahven on maitsva lihaga ja populaarne sportkalastajate seas.
Sinilõpuseline päikeseahven (Lepomis macrochirus) on ahvenaliste seltsi kuuluv Põhja-Ameerika mageveekogudes elav röövkala.
Ta võib kasvada 41 cm pikkuseks ja kaaluda kuni 2,15 kg. Eluiga vabas looduses on 4–6 aastat, vangistuses võib elada 11-aastaseks.
Tema iseloomulik tunnus on tumesinine kõrvakujuline lõpuskaane väljakasv.
Sinilõpuseline päikeseahven on maitsva lihaga ja populaarne sportkalastajate seas.
Lepomis macrochirus Lepomis generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Centrarchidae familian sailkatzen da.
Lepomis macrochirus Lepomis generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Centrarchidae familian sailkatzen da.
Lepomis macrochirus
Le crapet arlequin (Lepomis macrochirus) est une espèce de poissons d'eau douce de la famille des Centrarchidés.
Lepomis macrochirus (denominato volgarmente in lingua inglese bluegill) è una specie di pesci di acqua dolce appartenente alla famiglia dei Centrarchidae.
Originario del Nordamerica, vive nelle correnti, fiumi, laghi e stagni. Lo si trova comunemente ad est delle Montagne Rocciose. Abitualmente si cela attorno, e dentro, vecchi ceppi d'albero ed altre strutture subacquee. Esso può vivere sia in acque profonde che in acque basse e muove spesso in avanti o all'indietro. Trova spesso rifugio tra le piante acquatiche ed all'ombra di alberi lungo le rive.
Può crescere fino a 30 cm di lunghezza e ad oltre 2 kg di peso. Il suo colore lo distingue bene: blu scuro e porpora sul muso e sulla copertura delle branchie, bande color oliva scuro ai lati e un ventre di arancione o giallo vivi. Si tratta di animali onnivori che mangiano ogni cosa che possa essere inghiottita dalla loro bocca. Si cibano prevalentemente di piccoli insetti acquatici e pesciolini e costituiscono un ruolo chiave nella catena alimentare, essendo preda di altri pesci quali muskie, valleye, spigole e uccelli quali aironi, martin pescatori ed altri predatori quali tartarughe serpentine e lontre. Possono anche vivere in acque salmastre, tollerando fino a 1,8% di salinità.[1]
Sono stati trasferiti anche in altri continenti, ma in alcuni paesi, come Germania e Giappone, sono considerati pesci infestanti.
Lepomis macrochirus (denominato volgarmente in lingua inglese bluegill) è una specie di pesci di acqua dolce appartenente alla famiglia dei Centrarchidae.
Originario del Nordamerica, vive nelle correnti, fiumi, laghi e stagni. Lo si trova comunemente ad est delle Montagne Rocciose. Abitualmente si cela attorno, e dentro, vecchi ceppi d'albero ed altre strutture subacquee. Esso può vivere sia in acque profonde che in acque basse e muove spesso in avanti o all'indietro. Trova spesso rifugio tra le piante acquatiche ed all'ombra di alberi lungo le rive.
Può crescere fino a 30 cm di lunghezza e ad oltre 2 kg di peso. Il suo colore lo distingue bene: blu scuro e porpora sul muso e sulla copertura delle branchie, bande color oliva scuro ai lati e un ventre di arancione o giallo vivi. Si tratta di animali onnivori che mangiano ogni cosa che possa essere inghiottita dalla loro bocca. Si cibano prevalentemente di piccoli insetti acquatici e pesciolini e costituiscono un ruolo chiave nella catena alimentare, essendo preda di altri pesci quali muskie, valleye, spigole e uccelli quali aironi, martin pescatori ed altri predatori quali tartarughe serpentine e lontre. Possono anche vivere in acque salmastre, tollerando fino a 1,8% di salinità.
Sono stati trasferiti anche in altri continenti, ma in alcuni paesi, come Germania e Giappone, sono considerati pesci infestanti.
Lepomis macrochirus is een straalvinnige vis uit de familie van zonnebaarzen (Centrarchidae), uit de orde van baarsachtigen (Perciformes). De volwassen vis is gemiddeld 19 cm, maar kan maximaal 41 cm lang en 2150 gram zwaar worden. De hoogst geregistreerde leeftijd is 10 jaar.
Lepomis macrochirus komt voor in zoet- en brakwater. Het natuurlijke verspreidingsgebied is Noord-Amerika, van de grens tussen Canada en de Verenigde Staten tot en met het noorden van Mexico. De soort komt voor in plassen, (kunstmatige) meren en traagstromende rivieren.
Volwassen vissen foerageren op slakken, kleine kreeftjes, waterinsecten, wormen en kleine vissoorten. De jonge vis leeft van kreeftachtigen, waterinsecten en wormen.
De vis is vaak geïntroduceerd door de mens, of ontsnapt, en is daardoor veel te vinden in de wateren van Afrika, Azië, Oceanië, Zuid-Amerika en de rest van Noord-Amerika. Probleem daarbij is dat L. macrochirus, net als de bekendere groene zonnebaars, zich vrij snel kan voortplanten en daardoor een potentiële concurrent is voor de inheemse vissoorten en daarmee een bedreiging kan zijn voor de inheemse natuur. In aantal gevallen blijkt dit al het geval te zijn, volgens de diverse bronnen. Duitsland kent ook restricties op deze vissoort.[bron?]. Overigens komt deze vissoort niet voor op de lijst van in Nederland schadelijke exoten van de werkgroep exoten.[2]
Lepomis macrochirus is voor de beroepsvisserij van weinig belang. Er wordt wel op de vis gehengeld. De soort wordt verder gevangen voor commerciële aquaria en kan worden bezichtigd in sommige publiek toegankelijke aquaria.
Deze vis is de officiële state fish van de staat Illinois.[3]
Voor deze vissoort zijn de volgende wetenschappelijke synoniemen bekend[1]:
Lepomis macrochirus is een straalvinnige vis uit de familie van zonnebaarzen (Centrarchidae), uit de orde van baarsachtigen (Perciformes). De volwassen vis is gemiddeld 19 cm, maar kan maximaal 41 cm lang en 2150 gram zwaar worden. De hoogst geregistreerde leeftijd is 10 jaar.
Bass niebieski[3], bass pręgowany[4], bass błękitnoskrzelny[4] (Lepomis macrochirus) – gatunek ryby z rodziny bassowatych (Centrarchidae).
Ameryka Północna od Rzeki Św. Wawrzyńca i Wielkich Jezior na północy przez dorzecze Missisipi po południowy Meksyk. Introdukowany w wielu krajach, ma niekorzystny wpływ na ekosystemy.
Żyje w jeziorach, stawach, zbiornikach zaporowych i wolno płynących rzekach, najchętniej w silnie zarośniętych wodach o temperaturze 1-36 °C.
Osiąga średnio długość 20 cm (maksymalnie 41 cm i 2,150 kg masy ciała).
Ubarwienie ciała oliwkowozielone z niebieskim lub fioletowym połyskiem, na bokach mogą występować lekkie, ciemne, poprzeczne pręgi. Przednia część brzucha czerwona, przechodząca ku tyłowi w pomarańcz. Na tylnym krańcu pokryw skrzelowych granatowe lub czarne "ucho". W tylnej części płetwy grzbietowej duża, ciemna plama. Samce oraz osobniki hodowane w niewoli mogą mieć intensywniejsze czerwone i niebieskie ubarwienie.
Młode osobniki zjadają skorupiaki, owady i robaki. Dorosłe żywią się ślimakami, niewielkimi rakami, owadami, robakami i niewielkimi rybami. Gatunek aktywny głównie w nocy i o świcie.
W Indianie trze się w VI i VII.
Łowiony przez wędkarzy, hodowany w akwariach. W Niemczech handel nim jest zakazany.[potrzebny przypis]
Bass niebieski, bass pręgowany, bass błękitnoskrzelny (Lepomis macrochirus) – gatunek ryby z rodziny bassowatych (Centrarchidae).
Blågälad solabborre (Lepomis macrochirus) är en sötvattensfisk i familjen solabborrfiskar, som är vanligt förekommande i stora delar av Nordamerika.
En fisk med hög, från sidorna sammantryckt kropp. Ryggen är olivfärgad till brun med blågröna sidor som neråt övergår i brunorange till skärt och på buken gulvitt. Huvudet är blåaktigt, med ett gulaktigt bröst som övergår till kopparfärg hos hanen under parningstiden. Fenorna är olivfärgade och gällocket är vanligtvis svart, ibland med en metalliskt blå framkant.[2] Huvudet är kort med en liten mun, medan ryggfenan är lång och består av en taggstrålig och en mjukstrålig, sammanväxt del. Den mjuksträliga, bakre delen är avrundad och har en svag svart fläck på bakkanten. Även bröstfenorna är långa och spetsiga. Stjärtfenan är svagt urgröpt och rundad.[3] Arten kan bli 41 cm lång och väga upptill 2,15 kg.[4]
Den blågälade solabborren fanns ursprungligen i centrala och östra Nordamerika[5] från Québec till norra Mexiko, men har sedan introducerats i områden som Hawaii, Afrika, Asien, Sydamerika och Europa.[3]
Den blågälade solabborren lever i sjöar, dammar och långsamma vattendrag, gärna med klippbotten. I Hawaii förekommer den främst i vattenreservoarer.[3] Den föredrar varmt vatten med en temperatur från 18 till 21 C och med skydd i form av växtlighet och trädstockar. Den lever normalt på tämligen grunt vatten, men när temperaturen stiger under sommaren drar den sig ner på större djup.[5] Främsta aktivitetsperioderna är gryning och kväll[4] under vilka de vuxna fiskarna fångar snäckor, små kräftor, insekter, maskar och småfisk, medan ungarna tar mycket små kräftdjur, insekter och maskar.[4] Vattenväxter ingår också i dieten för både vuxna och ungar. Födan tas framför allt från bottnen.[5]
Den blågälade solabborren lever normalt i 4 till 6 år i det fria, men kan uppnå 8 till 11 år i fångenskap.[3]
Arten blir könsmogen vid 1 till 2 års ålder.[3] Den leker under sen vår till tidig sommar, när vattentemperaturen når över 18 C[5] Lokalt kan den leka vid ännu lägre temperaturer. Hanarna gräver ut grunda bon i sand- eller grusbottnar på grunt vatten (under 1 m) i form av kolonier, som kan rymma mellan 20 och 50 andra hanar. När hanen är färdig med sitt bo, lockar han på en hona genom att avge grymtande ljud. Paret simmar sedan i cirklar över boet, innan de avger sperma respektive ägg. Äggen kläcks efter 3 till 7 dagar, och efter ytterligare omkring 3 dagar lämnar ynglen boet. Under denna tid vaktas de av hanen. Arten är promiskuös; hanen kan befrukta flera honors ägg, och en hona kan besöka flera hanars bon. Under en lekperiod kan en hona avge omkring 50 000 ägg.[3]
Arten anses som en god matfisk och är populär bland sportfiskare. Den kan konkurrera med andra bottenlevande fiskar om födan,[5] och kan därför uppfattas som ett skadedjur i vissa områden.[4]
Blågälad solabborre (Lepomis macrochirus) är en sötvattensfisk i familjen solabborrfiskar, som är vanligt förekommande i stora delar av Nordamerika.
Сонячний окунь синьозябровий (Lepomis macrochirus) — риба родини Центрархових, ряду окунеподібних. Поширена в Північній Америці в басейнах річок Сен-Лоран, Міссісіпі, також в басейні Великих Озер; від Квебеку до північної Мексики. Широко відомий як вселенець (в країнах Африки і Південної Америки). Прісноводна субтропічна риба, до 41 см довжиною.
Сонячний окунь синьозябровий (Lepomis macrochirus) — риба родини Центрархових, ряду окунеподібних. Поширена в Північній Америці в басейнах річок Сен-Лоран, Міссісіпі, також в басейні Великих Озер; від Квебеку до північної Мексики. Широко відомий як вселенець (в країнах Африки і Південної Америки). Прісноводна субтропічна риба, до 41 см довжиною.
Cá Thái Dương xanh (Danh pháp khoa học: Lepomis macrochirus) là một loài cá nước ngọt trong họ Cá Thái dương (Centrarchidae) thuộc Bộ Cá vược Perciformes có nguồn gốc ở Mỹ, chúng có ở các vùng sông, suối, thác, hồ. Chúng là loài cá câu thể thao nổi tiếng và cũng là loài xâm lấn, chúng là loài có tính xâm lấn mạnh. Loài cá này là linh vật của bang Illinois, chúng được gọi là Bluegill hay cá Thái dương mang xanh.
Chúng có thể dài đến 12 inch (30 cm) và nặng khoảng 4,5 pounds, trung bình khoảng 20 cm. Thân cá màu sẫm, có đốm vảy màu xanh, dưới bụng có phất phơ màu vàng cam nhạt, vây trên rất sắc và cứng. Miệng đầy răng sắc nhọn, mang cá màu đen, trông giống cá rô phi. Chúng ăn thịt tất cả những loài cá khác, kể cả ăn thịt đồng loại. Cá này ăn được, nhưng thịt không ngon lắm. Chúng có khả năng sinh sản mạnh, do đó rất dễ nuôi.
Đầu mùa xuân là thời điểm tốt nhất để câu cá, nhiệt độ nước tốt nhất để câu cá thái dương bluegill là 50 độ. Thỉnh thoảng có thể thay đổi 52-53 độ. Khi nhiệt độ nước đến một nhiệt độ thích hợp cá thái dương bluegill sẽ di chuyển từ khu vực trú đông đến những vùng nước cạn hơn, nằm gần những vật thể giúp bảo vệ chúng, ở những khu vực nước ấm nhất. Cá thái dương đầu mùa xuân thường có xu hướng tụ tập ở những nơi này. Đối với cá thái dương, việc tìm kiếm môi trường sống được nó chú ý dù trong mùa nào trong năm, đặc biệt mùa xuân.
Mặc dù là loài cá ăn thịt các loài khác nhưng cá thái dương cũng lo bị những loài khác ăn thịt, vì nhiều loài như: cá chó, cá măng, cá trê hoặc các loài cá vược lớn có thể ngoạm được con cá thái dương dài khoảng 20 cm dễ dàng. Cá thái dương đều sẽ không thể thấy nếu mồi ở quá xa. Chúng có thể bơi chậm lại để tấn công mồi, Đa số cá thái dương muốn tấn công những loài cá nhỏ vì vậy ít hoặc thậm chí không di chuyển. Thông thường mồi câu sử dụng câu cá thái dương vào mùa xuân là mồi sống như: mồi giun, những loài bò sát thái nhỏ và dế, con đĩa cỡ nhỏ vì cá thái dương cũng là một trong những bậc thầy trong việc mổ chúng ra.
Loài cá này du nhập vào Trung Quốc năm 1999. Ban đầu, chúng được nuôi để làm cảnh và làm mồi câu cá, chủ yếu ở các tỉnh phía nam như Quảng Tây, Quảng Đông và là lần đầu tiên chúng xuất hiện ở khu vực sông miền núi Trung Quốc. Hiện, Cá Thái dương xanh đang thống trị dòng sông ở Trung Quốc, loài cá Thái Dương có nguồn gốc từ Mỹ chiếm lĩnh vùng sông dài 800 m ở núi Đại Biệt, tỉnh An Huy.
Chúng có ở môi trường sinh thái lưu vực sông Tụy, phía bắc núi Đại Biệt. Khi đi dọc xuống hạ lưu con sông thì nhận thấy sông chỉ có mỗi loài cá này. Các hộ nuôi trồng thủy sản quanh sông Tụy thì loài cá này xuất hiện gần hai năm nay. Chúng chiếm lĩnh dòng sông, cá nuôi đều bị ăn thịt sạch. Trong hai năm, mỗi lần tháo nước khỏi ruộng nuôi, đều trơ lại dưới đáy loài cá này, sau khi vệ sinh sạch sẽ, sang năm thứ hai chúng lại tiếp tục xuất hiện, không thể diệt nổi.
Cá Thái Dương xanh (Danh pháp khoa học: Lepomis macrochirus) là một loài cá nước ngọt trong họ Cá Thái dương (Centrarchidae) thuộc Bộ Cá vược Perciformes có nguồn gốc ở Mỹ, chúng có ở các vùng sông, suối, thác, hồ. Chúng là loài cá câu thể thao nổi tiếng và cũng là loài xâm lấn, chúng là loài có tính xâm lấn mạnh. Loài cá này là linh vật của bang Illinois, chúng được gọi là Bluegill hay cá Thái dương mang xanh.
Lepomis macrochirus Rafinesque, 1819
Охранный статусСинежаберный солнечник[1], или длиннопёрый солнечник[1] (лат. Lepomis macrochirus) — вид североамериканских рыб из семейства центрарховые (Centrarchidae). Является самым распространённым видом в озёрах влажного субтропического климата, являясь фактически американским аналогом привычного жителям Евразии карася.
Синежаберный солнечник встречается в озёрах и мелководных водоёмах юго-востока США: восточнее Скалистых гор до прибрежных регионов Виргинии и Флориды, на севере до штата Миннесота, а на юге — в Техасе и севере Мексики.
Позднее рыба была завезена в Европу, Южную Африку, Азию и Южную Америку, став интродуцированным видом, который признан вредителем в Германии и Японии[2].
Размеры синежаберного солнечника от 10 до 30 см, и средним весом в полкилограмма, а максимальным — 2 кг[3].
Икрометание проходит в марте—июле, когда вода прогревается до самых высоких значений.
Молодые солнечники держатся стайками по 20—30 особей, иногда вместе с другими рыбами — краппи, обыкновенный солнечник, малоротый окунь.
Более взрослые особи держатся на бо́льшей глубине, чтобы избежать пищевой конкуренции, и держат под контролем территорию в 30 м².
Синежаберный солнечник является объектом спортивной рыбалки. Его достаточно легко поймать с берега на живую приманку: мух, червей, сверчков, а также на кукурузу, хлеб, сыр и даже на голый крючок.
Самого солнечника также используют как приманку для более крупных рыб: синего сома, плоского сома и окуня.
Синежаберный солнечник, или длиннопёрый солнечник (лат. Lepomis macrochirus) — вид североамериканских рыб из семейства центрарховые (Centrarchidae). Является самым распространённым видом в озёрах влажного субтропического климата, являясь фактически американским аналогом привычного жителям Евразии карася.
藍鰓太陽魚(學名:Lepomis macrochirus),輻鰭魚綱鱸形目太陽魚科的其中一個種。
本魚分布於北美洲聖勞倫斯河五大湖區與密西西比河流域至墨西哥北部間的溪流及湖泊中。
本魚為棕色帶淺藍色,身上有許多垂直條紋,兩條紋之間有淺色線隔開。鰓蓋邊緣有淺藍色,因此而得名。「耳蓋」為黑色;尾柄與腹鰭之間的腹部顏色較淺;腰部為黃色。大多數鰭為黃中戴藍色,有少許深色圖案。體長可達41公分。
本魚棲息在湖、池塘、水庫與緩動性的溪流中。活躍的時間在薄暮與破曉的時候。屬肉食性,成魚以蝸牛、小龍蝦、昆蟲、蠕蟲與魚類等為食。幼魚則捕食甲殼動物,昆蟲與蠕蟲。
為重要的遊釣魚,做為觀賞魚及食用魚,具商業價值。並引入某些國家,但造成當地的生態破壞。
ブルーギル(英: Bluegill、 学名Lepomis macrochirus) は、サンフィッシュ科に属する淡水魚の一種。北アメリカ原産だが、同サンフィッシュ科のブラックバス、本種に形態が似たもののカワスズメ科のティラピア同様、日本でも分布を広げた特定外来生物である。
本種の標準和名は「ブルーギル」である。通称として単に「ギル」と呼ばれることもある。"gill"とは英語で「えら」を意味するため、特定種の魚の呼称とするには不適切といえるが、日本語でえらをギルと呼ぶことはほとんど無く、混乱は生じていない。原産地のアメリカ合衆国やカナダでは"bluegill"または"bluegill sunfish"と称され、"gill"と称されることはない。
サンフィッシュ類は北米大陸に広く分布し、現地では多くの種が生息し、ごく一般的な淡水魚であるため、文学作品にもしばしば登場する。しかしマンボウの英名が"ocean sunfish"で、こちらも単に"sunfish"とも呼ばれるため、英語圏の文学書を日本語に翻訳した際に、淡水産のサンフィッシュ類をマンボウと誤訳していることがある。
成魚の体長は多くの場合20cm前後。日本に生息する個体群の場合最大でも25cm。一方原産地の北アメリカで大規模河川や湖沼では、40cm近くに成長した個体がみられる。体型や色彩に若干の地域変異が認められる。日本に生息するのはアイオワ産(後述)の個体群15尾の子孫である。
フライパンに収まりやすい魚=“パンフィッシュ”と呼び習わされるLepomis 属の中でもさらに最も体高があるため側面形は円形に近く、体幅は左右に強く側扁する。この体高は成長が進んでから顕著となり、1歳令までは細長い体型をしている。口内、唇内側には細かい鋸歯状の歯が並ぶ。
体型に加え胸びれが小さいため直線的な遊泳力はやや弱いが、背鰭、腹鰭、尻鰭はよく発達して細かく体の向きを変える能力に富む。
成長した個体、特にオスは額と下顎-胸部にかけての肉厚が発達する。体色は変異があるが、およそ若い個体が淡い青緑褐色で、成体になると黒に近い青紫色になることが多い。腹面は黄色みを帯び、群の中で地位の高いオスはさらに胸部がレッドブレストサンフィッシュやピラニア・ナッテリー等がそうであるように赤く染まる。
体側に細い横しまが10本前後ある。左右の鰓蓋の上部に突出した皮弁があり(若い個体にはほとんどない)、その部分が紺色になっている。この部分に由来して"Bluegill sunfish"(ブルーギル・サンフィッシュ : 青い鰓蓋のサンフィッシュ)、略してブルーギルと呼ばれる。また水面から本種を見ると鰭が鈍い光沢のある青色に見える事もある。背鰭、腹鰭、尻鰭に鋭い棘条があり、不用意につかむとささり、出血することもある。
原産地は北米大陸東部。淡水性。湖や池といった止水域や流れのごく緩やかな河川に生息する。山上湖〜河口、汽水域まで、生存可能な水温水質の幅は広く、溶存酸素が不足していなければ水質汚濁にも比較的強い。身を隠すのに適し水流を遮ってくれるような障害物や複雑な水中地形の場所を特に好み、そのような環境では多くの個体が密集する。若い小型個体は表層近くで活発に動き回るが、よく成熟した大型個体は深い位置であまり動き回らずにいる傾向にある。捕食者としてはブラックバス、ナマズ、カワセミなどがいると考えられ、稚魚はドンコに食べられる可能性もあると考えられている。
悪食で水生昆虫・甲殻類・貝類・小魚・魚卵、昆虫、ミミズなどいろいろな小動物を捕食するが、餌料生物が少ないときには水草も食べる。大型個体はブラックバスの巣を襲い、親魚の隙を突いて卵や仔魚を捕食することもある。
繁殖期は春〜夏。この時期になるとオスは縄張り意識と闘争性が極度に高まるとともに、水底の砂泥を口で掘って浅いすり鉢状の巣を作り、メスを呼びこんで産卵させる。産卵・受精が終わった後もオスは巣に残り、卵に新鮮な水を送ったり、ゴミを取り除いたり、卵を狙う他の動物を追い払ったりして卵を守る[1]。仔魚が孵化した後もしばらくは仔魚の保護を行う。仔魚の生存率は4パーセントほど[要出典]。ムギツクに巣を襲われ、托卵されることもある。
ブルーギルはもともと北アメリカの中部・東部に広く分布する魚だが、移入された先々に定着し、世界各地に分布している。
小動物から水草まで食性は幅広く、汚染などにも適応力がある。さらに卵と稚魚は親が保護しているため捕食者は手を出せない。これらの習性からブルーギルは短期間で個体数を増やすことができ、各地で分布を拡げている。韓国やイギリスでは生きた個体の持ち込みが禁止されている[2]。当初は食用として各地の試験場に配布され、養殖試験なども行われたが、成長が遅く養殖には適さないことが判明した。
日本への移入は、1960年に当時の皇太子明仁親王(今上天皇)が外遊の際、アイオワ州グッテンバーグで捕獲されたミシシッピ川水系原産の15尾をシカゴ市長から寄贈され、日本に持ち帰った15匹が最初である[3]。
その後15匹は水産庁淡水区水産研究所が食用研究対象として飼育したのち、1966年に静岡県伊東市の一碧湖に放流した。このことは、2009年に三重大学生物資源学部が発表したミトコンドリアDNAの解析結果により、全都道府県の56ヶ所で採取した1,398体全ての標本の塩基配列が、米国13地点で採取したサンプルのうちグッテンバーグで採取したものと完全に一致したことで証明された[4]。
食用としても釣りの対象としても利用価値が低いブルーギルが日本国内に広く拡散したことについては、1980年代以降のバス釣りブームの際に、バス釣り業界の関係者や愛好家の手によりブラックバスの餌と称して各地の湖沼から別の湖沼へ放流されたものが繁殖し、日本中に分布を広げるに至った、という指摘が2000年代にあったが、根拠となる資料は充分ではなかった[2][5]。
2014年に発表された研究では、1960年代から1970年代前半にかけての状況を、当時の内水面漁業や釣り関係の文献で詳細に調査しており、オオクチバスに付随する形ではなく、ブルーギル単独の野外放流や逸出が明らかになっている。この研究では、水産試験場の関わったケースとして、大阪府の水産試験場がため池への放流試験を行ったこと、滋賀県の水産試験場が関与する中で琵琶湖にブルーギルが生息するようになったと水産試験場職員が当時示唆していることが示されている。さらに、釣り具メーカーや当時発行されていた釣り雑誌の主幹であった釣り人と水産行政関係機関が共に関わる放流があったことも示されている。また、これらの放流や逸出は、先行研究で言及されているよりも広い範囲であるとしている[6]。
移入経緯に拠り、「ブルーギルはおめでたいプリンスフィッシュである」と称されて各地に放流されたという記録がある[7]。ブルーギルが今や外来種として深刻な問題を起こしていることについて、天皇即位後の2007年第27回全国豊かな海づくり大会において今上天皇は「ブルーギルは50年近く前、私がアメリカから持ち帰り、水産庁の研究所に寄贈したもの。食用魚として期待が大きく養殖が開始されましたが、今このような結果になったことに心を痛めています」と発言した[8]。
ブルーギルの繁殖力と生命力、捕食力、餌の競合[9]、在来魚種の卵や稚魚の捕食などの点で、日本の池や湖の生態系には十分脅威で、生態系維持と漁業の観点から日本中の湖沼でその存在数はかなりの問題とされている[2][5]。さらに生活廃水で汚れた水でも生息できるため、個体を減らすことは難しい。一方、ブルーギルへの大きな懸念を過剰反応とするむきもあるが、実際に目につく魚類の大半がブルーギルといった場所も増えている。
また漁獲対象魚種への圧迫のみならず、鰓蓋や鰭の棘条が網に絡みやすいことから、網にかかったブルーギルを外す際に背びれが手に刺さるため、漁師も本種を嫌う。
滋賀県の瀬田月輪大池で1984年から1995年まで行われた調査によれば、ブルーギルの移入後にモツゴが絶滅した。なお、瀬田月輪大池にはオオクチバスも移入されたが、モツゴの減少に対してはブルーギルの方が影響が大きかったとされている[10]。なお、ブルーギルとオオクチバスが生息魚種の大半を占める水域では、ブルーギルとオオクチバスの生息数は逆相関の関係を保ちながら変動し推移するとした研究結果がある[10]。
日本では本種はオオクチバスと並んで外来生物法により特定外来生物に指定されており、各地で導入の阻止や駆除が進められている[2][11]。防除を行っている代表的な水域として、霞ヶ浦、琵琶湖、深泥池、五稜郭、皇居外苑濠などがある[2]。
駆除の主な方法としては成魚を捕獲する方法と卵の孵化を阻害する方法がある。捕獲の場合、一般的に網などの漁具、電気ショッカー、減水させ捕獲などで駆除が行なわれる[2]。他に駆除策として漁業従事者からの買い上げのほか、人工産卵床を浅瀬に設置し、産卵後に卵ごと撤去するという方法も試みられている。
小規模な溜池では水抜きによって捕獲した魚類からブラックバスやブルーギルとそれ以外の魚を分け、外来魚を除去した後、在来魚を戻すという方法がある[12]。水位調節が比較的自由に行える農業用のため池やダムでは、産卵後から孵化までの期間に減水させ産卵床を露出することで稚魚の孵化を阻止することも可能である[13]。
湖沼ではウグイがブルーギルの卵や稚魚を捕食する為、増殖抑制に有効である可能性が示されている[1]。更に、タニシ、カワニナなどの底棲巻き貝類がブルーギルの産卵床周辺で高頻度で見つかり、巻き貝がブルーギルの卵を餌としている可能性が指摘されている[14]。
釣り上げた際に再放流しないことが推奨されるが、投棄するとブルーギルはその場で腐り、烏などの餌になってカラスを増やす原因になったり、夏は異臭や害虫を増やす結果になり周辺環境を悪化させる。琵琶湖に関しては持ち帰るか設置された回収ボックスに入れることになっている。実際に再リリース禁止はブルーギルの生息数の抑制に効果があるとする研究がある[15]。滋賀県庁が発行している「ブルーギル ブラックバスのリリースは禁止です」というチラシによると、「外来魚を釣り人の手で取り除くことは相当の効果が期待できます」と明記されている。理由として「琵琶湖では年間21万人の釣り人がある。釣りは水路や沿岸部、障害物の近くなど大規模な漁具を入れられない場所にいる外来魚をきめ細かく取り除く事ができ、駆除事業を補完する効果がある」と表記されている。
国内では2005年6月に施行された特定外来生物による生態系等に係る被害の防止に関する法律(外来生物法)で特定外来生物に指定されたため、愛がん・鑑賞の目的で新たに飼養することは禁止されている。研究や教育などの目的で飼養する場合には主務大臣から許可を受けなければならない。
一般的に日本では臭くて食べられないというイメージが強いが、実際の食味は淡泊で美味しい。食感はしまりはないが軟らかい。
調理方法は塩焼き、煮付けなど和風料理の他、ムニエルやアクアパッツア等の洋風料理でも食べられる。原産地の北米では大型のものが釣れ、体が丸くフライパンにすっぽりと収まり、バター焼きなどに適することからパンフィッシュ ("Pan fish") と称され食べられている。
上述のように日本ではあまり食用とはされていない。理由として早期に捕獲するため大型にならず身が薄い一方、骨が多く調理や食べる際に手間がかかる[要出典]点、ぬめりがひどく、棘条も多数ありささると痛く、また腸の内容物の量が多く[要出典]、悪臭の強い内容物が身に付着してしまうと風味を損ねるため、小さい個体は食材としては調理しにくいといった点が挙げられる。
滋賀県では琵琶湖のブルーギルをビワコブナという名称で鮒寿司の材料であるニゴロブナの代用魚として利用したり、揚げ物などの材料としたものが作られており、県のサイトでも調理方法を公開している。[16]また大型の個体を食用に供する釣客もいる。事実、滋賀県農政水産部水産課が発行している「遊漁の手帖」では「大型のものは塩焼きにして食べる」[17]と、食用利用にも適していることが明記されている。
中国では、1987年に観賞魚として移入された後、食用に転用された。一般に、英語名を直訳した藍鰓太陽魚(ランサイタイヤンユー、lánsāi tàiyángyú)、または、単に太陽魚と呼ばれ、湖北省、広東省などで養殖が行われている。中国での養殖には主に顆粒の配合飼料が使われ、臭みも少ないことから、蒸し魚としての利用が多い。
魚粉として肉骨粉の代わりに畜産(養鶏・養豚など)飼料や魚類の養殖飼料や有機肥料として利用される。外来魚駆除の取り組みとして地産地消品として有効利用されている。
ブルーギルの釣魚としての価値は低く、本種を専門に狙う釣り人はあまり多くはない。しかし、先述のように原産地アメリカにおいて本種を含め“パンフィッシュ”の名で親しまれるLepomisは、簡単な仕掛けで初心者でも容易に釣ることができる。このため、家族連れがキャンピング、ハイキングを楽しむ際等に、水遊びの相手として馴染み深い魚である。
日本国内のブルーギルの場合、市販の釣り餌以外にも米粒や魚肉ソーセージ、パン、カステラ、イカの塩辛等の固形の人間の食品、はては雑草をちぎったものや落ちているプラスチックワームの切れ端など固形物で口に入る大きさのエサと認識したものであればなんでも釣れる。また、小型ルアーを使うフライフィッシングやルアーフィッシングでも良く釣れる。また水面近くで群れている場合には摂食行動など興味深い行動を観察できることも可能であり、こちらも釣る事ができる。