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Phellodon melaleucus (Sw. ex Fr.) P. Karst. 1881

Biology ( 英語 )

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Fungi are neither plants nor animals but belong to their own kingdom. They are unable to produce their own food through the process of photosynthesis, as plants do; instead, they acquire nutrients from living or dead plants, animals, or other fungi, as animals do. In many larger fungi (lichens excepted) the only visible parts are the fruit bodies, which arise from a largely unseen network of threads called 'hyphae'. These hyphae permeate the fungus's food source, which may be soil, leaf litter, rotten wood, dung, and so on, depending on the species. With the exception of the earpick fungus Auriscalpium vulgare, all stipitate hydnoid fungi are ectomycorrhizal species; they form close symbiotic relationships with trees, and derive some of their nutrients from the tree's roots. This aids them in obtaining nutrients on poor quality soil, and means that are always found in association with trees (1). Like Hydnellum, Phellodon species are often surprisingly free of invertebrate damage. It is thought that they may contain defensive chemicals that repel invertebrates and possibly even mammalian grazers (1).
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Conservation ( 英語 )

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The UK Biodiversity Action Plan (UK BAP) has produced a Group Action Plan for the 14 species of stipitate hydnoid fungi that occur in the UK (2). A number of sites that support this species, including the New Forest, are Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs) or reserves (2). The grey tooth fungus is afforded general protection under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981, but it is not one of the four species of fungi given special protection under Schedule 8. Much more research on these fungi is needed if they are to be conserved (1); it is unfortunate that fungi are truly 'the forgotten kingdom' when it comes to conservation action (8).
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Description ( 英語 )

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The grey tooth fungus belongs to a group known as the stipitate hydnoid fungi. These fungi share some morphological characters, but are not naturally related (1). They are 'tooth fungi', fungi that release their spores from tooth-like structures. The fruit bodies are terrestrial and have a short stalk or 'stipe', hence the name 'stipitate' (1). The teeth are on the underside of the fruit body (1). The flesh of all members of the genus Phellodon is tough and somewhat leathery; it becomes 'corky' when it dries (1) and develops a distinct spicy smell (4). The caps may fuse together to form one mass with a number of stipes, and may grow around and even engulf blades of grass and twigs. The outer margin of the fruit body is the area of growth, and is paler in colour than the rest of the cap, which is brown with striations radiating out from the centre (4). This area of growth is wider in young specimens; the cap may change as it ages in terms of colour, shape and texture (1), but confusion can arise as the downy surface of the cap can darken greatly when it rains (4). WARNING: many species of fungus are poisonous or contain chemicals that can cause sickness. Never pick and eat any species of fungus that you cannot positively recognise or are unsure about. Some species are deadly poisonous and can cause death within a few hours if swallowed.
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Habitat ( 英語 )

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This species is associated with a wide range of host trees including oak, sweet chestnut, birch, pine, and spruce (1). It occurs on sandy soils, typically on bare or mossy ground, and its distribution indicates that it prefers warm areas (1).
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Range ( 英語 )

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Widespread in Europe and North America. Rather than 'vulnerable', the status of this species is more realistically described as 'local and not uncommon' (7). It is known from southern England, Scotland, Wales (10), and western Ireland (4); it is one of the most widespread of the stipitate hydnoids in England, but seems to be fairly rare in Scotland (1). In Europe it is rare in Scandinavia but becomes widespread towards the south (1).
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Status ( 英語 )

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Provisionally classified as Vulnerable in Great Britain (2). Digging up fungi without permission could also constitute theft under the Theft Act of 1968 (3).
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Threats ( 英語 )

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All species of stipitate hydnoid fungi are vulnerable to the effects of atmospheric pollution (1), soil eutrophication, soil disturbance (eg by timber management) and competition from vascular plants (1).
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Associations ( 英語 )

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Foodplant / mycorrhiza / ectomycorrhiza
fruitbody of Phellodon melaleucus is ectomycorrhizal with live root of Pinus sylvestris
Remarks: Other: uncertain

Foodplant / mycorrhiza / ectomycorrhiza
fruitbody of Phellodon melaleucus is ectomycorrhizal with live root of Betula
Remarks: Other: uncertain

Foodplant / mycorrhiza / ectomycorrhiza
fruitbody of Phellodon melaleucus is ectomycorrhizal with live root of Castanea sativa
Remarks: Other: uncertain

Foodplant / mycorrhiza / ectomycorrhiza
fruitbody of Phellodon melaleucus is ectomycorrhizal with live root of Fagus
Remarks: Other: uncertain

Foodplant / mycorrhiza / ectomycorrhiza
fruitbody of Phellodon melaleucus is ectomycorrhizal with live root of Quercus
Remarks: Other: uncertain

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Phellodon melaleucus ( 英語 )

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Phellodon melaleucus, commonly known as the grey tooth,[2] is a species of tooth fungus in the family Bankeraceae. It was originally described by Elias Magnus Fries in 1815 as a species of Hydnum.[3] In 1881, Petter Karsten included it as one of the original three species in his newly circumscribed genus Phellodon.[4] The fungus is widely distributed in Europe and North America, where it associates mycorrhizally with a wide range of host trees. It is considered vulnerable in Switzerland.[5]

Description

The grey tooth is a small to medium-sized fungus with a leathery or corky fruiting body. On the underside it has pale grayish-brown spines from which spores are released rather than from gills. It may look like a convoluted single fruiting body but in fact each part has a blackish stem, and several caps can fuse together. The cap tends to be concentrically zoned with a reddish-brown to blackish-brown centre and a pale edge. The flesh is greyish-brown, darker near the base of the stem, and smells of fenugreek.[6]

Distribution and habitat

This species occurs in various parts of Europe and has been recorded in North America.[7] It is uncommon in the United Kingdom and very rare in Ireland. This is an ectomycorrhizal species that forms a symbiotic relationship with the roots of various plants, usually trees; the hyphae of the fungus wrap round the rootlets of the host tree, and there is an exchange of nutrients between the two.[8] It is typically found growing on the ground on mossy banks in the vicinity of its hosts. In the British Isles it is associated with various trees including oak, beech, sweet chestnut, birch, Scots pine and spruce.[6]

References

  1. ^ "GSD Species Synonymy: Phellodon melaleucus (Sw. ex Fr.) P. Karst". Species Fungorum. CAB International. Retrieved 2015-09-18.
  2. ^ "Recommended English Names for Fungi in the UK" (PDF). British Mycological Society. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-16.
  3. ^ Fries EM. (1815). "Observationes mycologicae" (in Latin). 1. Copenhagen: Gerhard Bonnier: 134. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  4. ^ Karsten PA. (1881). "Enumeratio Hydnearum Fr. Fennicarum, systemate novo dispositarum". Revue mycologique, Toulouse (in Latin). 3 (9): 19.
  5. ^ Senn-Irlet B, Bieri G, Egli S (2007). Lista Rossa Macromiceti. Lista Rossa delle specie minacciate in Svizzera. UV-0718-I (Report) (in Italian). Bern: Ufficio federale dell’ambiente.
  6. ^ a b Allen & Mellon Environmental Ltd. "Phellodon melaleucus – grey tooth". Northern Ireland Priority Species. Retrieved 7 March 2020.
  7. ^ "Phellodon melaleucus (Sw. ex Fr.) P. Karst. - Grey Tooth". First Nature. Retrieved 7 March 2020.
  8. ^ Dighton, J. (2009). "Mycorrhizae." Encyclopedia of Microbiology. pp. 153–162.

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Phellodon melaleucus: Brief Summary ( 英語 )

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Phellodon melaleucus, commonly known as the grey tooth, is a species of tooth fungus in the family Bankeraceae. It was originally described by Elias Magnus Fries in 1815 as a species of Hydnum. In 1881, Petter Karsten included it as one of the original three species in his newly circumscribed genus Phellodon. The fungus is widely distributed in Europe and North America, where it associates mycorrhizally with a wide range of host trees. It is considered vulnerable in Switzerland.

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Korkoząb ciemny ( 波蘭語 )

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Phellodon melaleucus 264419.jpg
Phellodon melaleucus G3.JPG

Korkoząb ciemny (Phellodon melaleucus (Sw. ex Fr.) P. Karst. ) – gatunek grzybów należący do rodziny kolcownicowatych (Bankeraceae)[1].

Systematyka i nazewnictwo

Pozycja w klasyfikacji według Index Fungorum: Phellodon, Bankeraceae, Thelephorales, Incertae sedis, Agaricomycetes, Agaricomycotina, Basidiomycota, Fungi[1].

Po raz pierwszy takson ten zdiagnozowali w 1815 roku Olof Swartz i Elias Fries nadając mu nazwę Hydnum melaleucum. Obecną, uznaną przez Index Fungorum nazwę nadał mu w 1881 roku Petter Karsten, przenosząc go do rodzaju Phellodon[1].

Niektóre synonimy:[2].

  • Calodon alboniger (Peck) Seeler 1942
  • Calodon graveolens (Pers.) Quél. 1886
  • Hydnellum albonigrum (Peck) Ragab 1953
  • Hydnellum graveolens (Delastre) P. Karst. 1879
  • Hydnellum melaleucum (Fr.) P. Karst. 1879
  • Hydnum albonigrum Peck 1898
  • Hydnum delicatum Schwein. 1832
  • Hydnum ellisianum (Banker) Sacc. & Trotter 1912
  • Hydnum fuscum Berk.
  • Hydnum graveolens (Pers.) Fr. 1838
  • Hydnum leptopus var. graveolens Pers. 1825
  • Hydnum melaleucum Sw. ex Fr. 1815
  • Hydnum pygmaeum Yasuda 1921
  • Phellodon alboniger (Peck) Banker 1906
  • Phellodon brunneoroseus Snell, E.A. Dick & H.A.C. Jacks. 1956
  • Phellodon delicatus (Schwein.) Banker (1906)
  • Phellodon ellisianus Banker 174 (1906)
  • Phellodon graveolens (Pers.) P. Karst. (1882)
  • Phellodon niger var. alboniger (Peck) K.A. Harrison(1961)
  • Sarcodon pygmaeus (Yasuda) S. Ito (1955)

Nazwę polską podali Barbara Gumińska i Władysław Wojewoda w 1983 r[3]. W checklist W. Wojewody z 2003 jest opisany pod błędną nazwą Phellodon connatus[4] (według Index Fungorum P. connatus to synonim Phellodon tomentosus).

Morfologia

Kapelusz

Pojedynczy ma średnicę 1-4 cm, jest okrągły, cienki i lejkowato wklęsły. Często kapelusze jednak zrastają się z sobą. Taka zrośnięta grupa owocników może od góry wyglądać jak jeden duży owocnik, ale pod spodem ma wiele trzonów. Powierzchnia błyszcząca, naga i pofałdowana lub chropowata i niewyraźnie koncentrycznie strefowana. Ma kolor czerwono-brązowy, czarno-brązowy, szaroczarny, u starszych okazów granatowo-czarny lub niemal czarny. Często przyjmuje fioletowy odcień. Zewnętrzna, szeroka strefa przyrostu jest biała, wyraźnie kontrastująca z ciemnym środkiem[5][6].

Hymenofor

W postacie białych lub szarych kolców o długości 1-2 mm[6].

Trzon

Wysokość 1-2 cm, grubość 1-5 mm, walcowaty lub spłaszcz ony. Powierzchnia gładka lub pokryta drobnymi włókienkami, brązowo-czarna[6].

Miąższ

O lekko gorzkim smaku i słabym zapach kozieradki[6]. Pod wpływem KOH barwi się na oliwkowo-zielono[5].

Wysyp zarodników

Biały. Zarodniki niemal kuliste o rozmiarach 3,5-4,5 × 3-4 μm[6].

Występowanie

Występuje w Europie i jest rzadki[6], w Irlandii np. znany jest tylko z 3 stanowisk[5]. W Polsce gatunek bardzo rzadki. W polskiej literaturze mykologicznej do 2003 r. opisano 10 jego stanowisk, ale niektóre są z końca XIX w. i pierwszej połowy XX w[4]. W nowszych (lata 2008-2011), amatorskich doniesieniach hobbystów-grzybiarzy opisano i udokumentowano 7 innych stanowisk tego gatunku[7]. Znajduje się na Czerwonej liście roślin i grzybów Polski. Ma status E – gatunek wymierający[8]. Znajduje się na listach gatunków zagrożonych także w Niemczech, Danii, Wielkiej Brytanii, Norwegii, Holandii[4].

Rośnie w lasach świerkowych i sosnowych, szczególnie na podłożu piaszczystym, często wśród mchów. Owocniki wytwarza od sierpnia do listopada[3][4].

Znaczenie

Saprotrof, grzyb niejadalny.

Gatunki podobne

Dwa inne występujące w Polsce gatunki korokozębów (korkoząb pozrastany Phellodon confluens i korkoząb kieliszkowaty Phellodon tomentosus) odróżniają się jaśniejszymi owocnikami o brązowym odcieniu. Odróżnienie korkozębu ciemnego od najbardziej podobnego korkozębu czarnego (Phellodon niger) jest trudne, obydwa te gatunki mają bowiem czarniawe odcienie i zapach kozieradki. Korkoząb czarny ma jednak bardziej ciemny miąższ. Odróżnienie starych okazów tych dwóch gatunków grzybów jest morfologicznie właściwie niemożliwe. Pomaga badanie odczynnikiem KOH; miąższ k. ciemnego wybarwia się na oliwkowo-zielony kolor, k. czarnego nie[5].

Przypisy

  1. a b c Index Fungorum (ang.). [dostęp 2013-03-05].
  2. Species Fungorum (ang.). [dostęp 2013-04-15].
  3. a b Barbara Gumińska, Władysław Wojewoda: Grzyby i ich oznaczanie. Warszawa: PWRiL, 1985. ISBN 83-09-00714-0.
  4. a b c d Władysław Wojewoda: Checklist of Polish Larger Basidiomycetes. Krytyczna lista wielkoowocnikowych grzybów podstawkowych Polski. Kraków: W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, 2003. ISBN 83-89648-09-1.
  5. a b c d Northern Ireland Priority species. [dostęp 2013-06-05].
  6. a b c d e f Rogers Mushroom. [dostęp 2013-06-05].
  7. Atlasa grzybów. [dostęp 2013-06-05].
  8. Zbigniew Mirek: Red list of plants and fungi in Poland = Czerwona lista roślin i grzybów Polski. Kraków: W. Szafer Institute of Botany. Polish Academy of Sciences, 2006. ISBN 83-89648-38-5.
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Korkoząb ciemny: Brief Summary ( 波蘭語 )

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Phellodon melaleucus 264419.jpg Phellodon melaleucus G3.JPG

Korkoząb ciemny (Phellodon melaleucus (Sw. ex Fr.) P. Karst. ) – gatunek grzybów należący do rodziny kolcownicowatych (Bankeraceae).

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Phellodon melaleucus ( Szl )

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Phellodon melaleucus je grzib[20], co go nojprzōd ôpisoł Sw. ex Fr., a terŏźnõ nazwã doł mu Petter Adolf Karsten 1881. Phellodon melaleucus nŏleży do zorty 'Phellodon' i familije Bankeraceae.[21][22] Żŏdne podgatōnki niy sōm wymianowane we Catalogue of Life.[21]

Przipisy

  1. K.A. Harrison (1961), In: Publs Dep. Agric. Can. 1099:22
  2. Snell, E.A. Dick & H.A.C. Jacks. (1956), In: Lloydia 19:171
  3. S. Ito (1955), In: Mycol. Fl. Japan 2(4):184
  4. Ragab (1953), In: Mycologia 45:944
  5. Seeler (1942), In: Rhodora 44:168
  6. Yasuda (1921), In: Bot. Mag., Tokyo 35:??
  7. Sacc. & Trotter (1912), In: Syll. fung. (Abellini) 21:372
  8. Banker, H.J. (1906), In: Mem. Torrey bot. Club 12:173
  9. Banker, H.J. (1906), In: Mem. Torrey bot. Club 12:167
  10. Banker, H.J. (1906), In: Mem. Torrey bot. Club 12:174
  11. Peck (1898), In: Ann. Rep. N.Y. St. Mus. 50:110
  12. Quél. (1886), In: Enchir. fung. (Paris):191
  13. P.A. Karsten (1882), In: Bidr. Känn. Finl. Nat. Folk 37:96
  14. 14,0 14,1 P.A. Karsten (1879), In: Meddn Soc. Fauna Flora fenn. 5:41
  15. E.M. Fries (1838), In: Epicr. syst. mycol. (Upsaliae):509
  16. Schwein. (1832), In: Trans. Am. phil. Soc., New Series 4(2):161
  17. Pers. (1825), In: Mycol. eur. (Erlanga) 2:171
  18. E.M. Fries (1815), In: Observ. mycol. (Havniae) 1:141
  19. CABI databases. [dostymp 24 stycznia 2013].
  20. P.A. Karsten (1881), In: Revue mycol., Toulouse 3(9):19
  21. 21,0 21,1 Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (red.): Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2019 Annual Checklist.. Species 2000: Naturalis, Leiden, the Netherlands., 2019. [dostymp 24 września 2012].
  22. Species Fungorum. Kirk P.M., 2010-11-23

Galeryjŏ fotografiji

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Phellodon melaleucus: Brief Summary ( Szl )

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Phellodon melaleucus je grzib, co go nojprzōd ôpisoł Sw. ex Fr., a terŏźnõ nazwã doł mu Petter Adolf Karsten 1881. Phellodon melaleucus nŏleży do zorty 'Phellodon' i familije Bankeraceae. Żŏdne podgatōnki niy sōm wymianowane we Catalogue of Life.

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