Rhizocarpon is a genus of crustose, saxicolous (or sometimes lichenicolous), lecideoid lichens in the family Rhizocarpaceae. The genus is common in arctic-alpine environments, but also occurs throughout temperate, subtropical, and even tropical regions. They are commonly known as map lichens because of the prothallus forming border-like bands between colonies in some species, like the common map lichen (Rhizocarpon geographicum).
Taxonomy and phylogeny
Together with three small genera (Catolechia, Poeltinula and Epilichen), Rhizocarpon constitutes the family Rhizocarpaceae.[2][3][4] Historically, ca 389 names have been used.[5] However, many species concepts are ill-defined, many names have been synonymized[6] and new species are regularly being described,[7][8][9][10] so true number of species is not entirely clear as of now, but is estimated to be around 200.[9][10][11][12] In molecular work, the genus has also been shown to be paraphyletic, with closely related genera being nested within Rhizocarpon.[3][13]
Common traits
With so many species in a morphologically diverse genus it is difficult to say something general about morphology and anatomy and there will inevitably be some exceptions. However, they do share some key traits. They are all crustose and mostly saxicolous (rock-living), with some being lichenicolous (lichen parasites) on other saxicolous lichens. They are all lecideoid, meaning they have apothecia without a thallus margin containing algae.
Ascus and ascospores
The genus has a distinct type of ascus, the Rhizocarpon-type,[14] which is bitunicate with the inner ascus-wall being slightly apically thickened. Ascospores are considered important characters for determining species within the genus. They are either 2-celled (1-septate) or multi-celled (muriform) and are either hyaline or pigmented (green or brown), often with a characteristic halo (or “perispore”) visible when viewed in a microscope. Asci contain eight, two or rarely one spore.[6][8][11][13]
Species
As of October 2022, Species Fungorum (in the Catalogue of Life) accepts 75 species of Rhizopogon.[15]
Gallery
Rhizocarpon sp. on a mountain Zlatibor, Serbia
Rhizocarpon pycnocarpoides
References
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^ "Synonymy. Current Name: Rhizocarpon Ramond ex DC., in Lamarck & de Candolle, Fl. franç., Edn 3 (Paris) 2: 365 (1805)". Species Fungorum. Retrieved 31 October 2022.
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^ Hafellner, J. (1984). "Studien in Richtung einer naturlicheren Gliederung der Sammelfamilien Lecanoraceae und Lecideaceae". Nova Hedwigia. 79: 242–366.
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^ a b Miadlikowska, J., Kauff, F., Högnabba, F., Oliver, J. C., Molnár, K., Fraker, E., ... & Otálora, M. A. (2014). "A multigene phylogenetic synthesis for the class Lecanoromycetes (Ascomycota): 1307 fungi representing 1139 infrageneric taxa, 317 genera and 66 families". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 79: 132–168. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.04.003. PMC 4185256. PMID 24747130.
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^ Lücking, R., Hodkinson, B. P., & Leavitt, S. D. (2017). "The 2016 classification of lichenized fungi in the Ascomycota and Basidiomycota–Approaching one thousand genera". The Bryologist. 119 (4): 361–416. doi:10.1639/0007-2745-119.4.361. S2CID 90258634.
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^ "Rhizocarpon". MycoBank. Retrieved 2020-03-29.
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^ a b Timdal, E., Holtan-Hartwig, J. (1988). "A Preliminary Key tro Rhizocarpon in Scandinavia". Graphis Scripta. 2: 41–54.
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^ McCune, B., Timdal, E., & Bendiksby, M. (2016). "Rhizocarpon quinonum, a new anthraquinone-containing species from the Alaska Peninsula". The Lichenologist. 48 (5): 367–375. doi:10.1017/S0024282916000347. S2CID 89195796.
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^ a b Davydov, E. A., & Yakovchenko, L. S. (2017). "Rhizocarpon smaragdulum, a new monosporic yellow-thalline species and some additional species of the genus Rhizocarpon from the Altai Mountains (Siberia)". The Lichenologist. 49 (5): 457–466. doi:10.1017/S0024282917000469. S2CID 89823559.
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^ a b Fryday, A. M., & Kantvilas (2012). "Rhizocarpon austroamphibium (Rhizocarpaceae, lichenized Ascomycota), a new species from Tasmania". Australasian Lichenology. 71: 12–17.
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^ a b McCarthy, P.M., Elix, J.A., Kantvilas, G. (2020). "New species and new records of the lichen genus Rhizocarpon from Tasmania, with a key to the Australian taxa". Australasian Lichenology. 86: 36–62.
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^ a b Roca-Valiente, B., Hawksworth, D. L., Perez-Ortega, S., Sancho, L. G. & Crespo, A. (2016). "Type studies in the Rhizocarpon geographicum group (Rhizocarpaceae, lichenized Ascomycota)". The Lichenologist. 48 (2): 97–110. doi:10.1017/S002428291500050X. S2CID 90906637.
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^ Rhizocarpon dinothetes new to Scandinavia, R. Haugan, "Graphis Scripta" Volym 3 (1) 1990
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^ a b Ihlen, P. G., & Ekman, S. (2016). "Outline of phylogeny and character evolution in Rhizocarpon (Rhizocarpaceae, lichenized Ascomycota) based on nuclear ITS and mitochondrial SSU ribosomal DNA sequences". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. Oxford Academic. 77 (4): 535–546. doi:10.1046/j.1095-8312.2002.00127.x.
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^ Honegger, R. (1980). "The ascus apex in lichenized fungi II. The Rhizocarpon-type" (PDF). The Lichenologist. 12 (2): 157–172. doi:10.1017/S002428298000014X. S2CID 84207315.
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^ Source dataset. Species Fungorum Plus: Species Fungorum for CoL+. "Rhzicarpon". Catalog of Life Version 2022-10-20. Retrieved 31 October 2022.
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^ a b McCarthy, P.M.; Elix, J.A.; Kantvilas, G. (2020). "New species and new records of the lichen genus Rhizocarpon from Tasmania, with a key to the Australian taxa". Australasian Lichenology. 86: 36–61.
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^ Fryday, Alan M.; Kantvilas, Gintaras (2012). "Rhizocarpon austroamphibium (Rhizocarpaceae, lichenized Ascomycota): a new species from Tasmania". Australasian Lichenology. 71: 12–17.
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^ Elix, J.A.; McCarthy, P.M. (2019). "Rhizocarpon bicolor (lichenized Ascomycota, Rhizocarpaceae), a new species from south-eastern Australia". Australasian Lichenology. 85: 51–57.
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^ Fryday, Alan M. (2002). "A revision of the species of the Rhizocarpon hochstetteri group occurring in the British Isles". The Lichenologist. 34 (6): 451–477. doi:10.1006/lich.2002.0416. S2CID 85965514.
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^ Vainio, E.A. (1922). Lichenographia Fennica. II. Baeomyceae et Lecideales. Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica (in Latin). Vol. 53. p. 279.
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^ Alstrup, V.; Hansen, E.S. (2001). "New lichens and lichenicolous fungi from Greenland". Graphis Scripta. 12 (2): 41–50.
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^ Magnusson, A.H. (1948). "New or interesting Swedish lichens. XIII". Botaniska Notiser. 1948: 401–412.
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^ a b McCarthy, P.M.; Elix, J.A. (2014). "The lichen genus Rhizocarpon in mainland Australia". Telopea. 16: 195–211. doi:10.7751/telopea20148124.
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^ Spribille, Toby; Fryday, Alan M.; Pérez-Ortega, Sergio; Svensson, Måns; Tønsberg, Tor; Ekman, Stefan; Holien, Håkon; Resl, Philipp; Schneider, Kevin; Stabentheiner, Edith; Thüs, Holger; Vondrák, Jan; Sharman, Lewis (2020). "Lichens and associated fungi from Glacier Bay National Park, Alaska". The Lichenologist. 52 (2): 61–181. doi:10.1017/S0024282920000079. PMC 7398404. PMID 32788812.
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^ Räsänen, V. (1943). "Bestimmungsschlüssel für die gelben Rhizocarpon-Arten, -Varietäten und Formen". Feddes Repertorium Specierum Novarum Regni Vegetabilis (in German). 52: 127–136.
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^ Malme, G.O.A. (1914). "Västra Jämtlands Rhizocarponariei". Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift. 8 (3): 273–294.
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^ Fryday, Alan M. (2019). "Eleven new species of crustose lichenized fungi from the Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)". The Lichenologist. 51 (3): 235–267. doi:10.1017/S0024282919000185. S2CID 196649792.
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^ McCune, Bruce; Timdal, Einar; Bendiksby, Mika (2016). "Rhizocarpon quinonum, a new anthraquinone-containing species from the Alaska Peninsula". The Lichenologist. 48 (5): 367–375. doi:10.1017/s0024282916000347. S2CID 89195796.
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^ Davydov, Evgeny A.; Yakovchenko, Lidia S. (2017). "Rhizocarpon smaragdulum, a new monosporic yellow-thalline species and some additional species of the genus Rhizocarpon from the Altai Mountains (Siberia)". The Lichenologist. 49 (5): 457–466. doi:10.1017/s0024282917000469. S2CID 89823559.
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^ Hansen, E.S. (2007). "Lichens from Upernavik island, NW Greenland". Willdenowia. 37 (1): 353–362. doi:10.3372/wi.37.37125. S2CID 85183953.
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^ Fryday, Alan (2000). "On Rhizocarpon obscuratum (Ach.) Massal., with notes on some related species in the British Isles". The Lichenologist. 32 (3): 207–224. doi:10.1006/lich.2000.0269. S2CID 85411459.
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^ Kondratyuk, S.Y.; Lőkös, L.; Halda, J.P.; Farkas, E.; Upreti, D.K.; Thell, A.; Woo, J.-J.; Oh, S.-O.; Hur, J.-S. (2018). "New and noteworthy lichen-forming and lichenicolous fungi 7" (PDF). Acta Botanica Hungarica. 60 (1–2): 115–184. doi:10.1556/034.60.2018.1-2.8.
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^ Ihlen, Per G.; Fryday, Alan M. (2002). "Rhizocarpon timdalii, a new lichen species from north-west Europe and north-east North America". The Lichenologist. 34 (2): 95–100. doi:10.1006/lich.2002.0379. S2CID 86445685.
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^ Inoue, M. (2001). "Taxonomic notes on Rhizocarpon growing in solfatara fields in Japan". Bulletin of the National Science Museum Tokyo. 27 (1): 11–21.
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