La Heliconius erato, ye una especie de lepidópteru perteneciente a la familia Nymphalidae. Ye de los neotrópicos, dende'l norte de Brasil, per América Central, hasta Méxicu, dacuando llega hasta Texas.[1][2][3]
La especie ye bien variable en color y forma. Dependiendo del allugamientu, y les sos distintes apariencies puede ser malo d'estremar de les demás especies de Heliconius como Heliconius sara. Particularmente malo d'estremar col rellacionáu Heliconius melpomene, qu'asonsaña casi toles formes de color de Heliconius erato , les formes de color tán sincronizaes ente los dos a lo llargo del so hábitat común.[4] Al igual que Heliconius charithonia, la H. Erato ye una de les poques caparines que recueye y dixer el polen, confiriendo una llonxevidá considerable a los adultos (dellos meses). Los adultos posen en grupos, tornando al mesmu llugar cada nueche.[5]
Un estudiu recién, utilizando'l conxuntu de datos de los Polimorfismos nel llargor de fragmentos amplificaos (AFLP) y ADN mitocondrial (ADNmt), asitia los oríxenes de la especie H. Erato en 2,8 millones d'años.[6] H. Erato tamién amuesa l'agrupación de los AFLPs pola xeografía que revela que H. Erato aniciose nel oeste d'América del Sur.
DatosAutor James Scott
.La Heliconius erato, ye una especie de lepidópteru perteneciente a la familia Nymphalidae. Ye de los neotrópicos, dende'l norte de Brasil, per América Central, hasta Méxicu, dacuando llega hasta Texas.
Der Kleine Kurier (Heliconius erato), zuweilen auch Kleiner Postbote genannt, ist ein Schmetterling (Tagfalter) aus der Gattung Heliconius in der Familie der Edelfalter (Nymphalidae). Carl von Linné benannte die Art in seiner Systema Naturae nach Erato, einer Muse aus der Griechischen Mythologie.
Die Falter erreichen eine Flügelspannweite von 67 bis 80 Millimetern.[1] Ihre Flügel sind auffallend lang und schmal. Die Grundfarbe ist meist schwarz, über jede Vorderflügeloberseite verläuft ein rotes Band von der Mitte des Vorderrandes bis zum Innenwinkel. Auf den Hinterflügeln erstreckt sich eine breite weiße Linie parallel zum Vorderrand. Die Zeichnung der Vorderseiten scheint auf die Flügelunterseiten hindurch. Die Färbung der Falter ist außergewöhnlich variabel und es treten regionale Unterarten auf, bei denen die Bänder- und Linienzeichnung vermindert ist oder fehlt. Auch gibt es Exemplare mit ausgedehnten braunen oder weißen Farbelementen.
Die meisten Falter des Großen Kuriers (Heliconius melpomene) sind äußerlich vom Kleinen Kurier praktisch nicht zu unterscheiden. Die Imagines beider Arten zeigen eine außerordentlich ähnliche Flügelzeichnung, die sich im Laufe der Evolution immer weiter angeglichen hat. Umfangreiche Vergleiche unter Zuhilfenahme der Methodik der Künstlichen Intelligenz sowie mathematischer Modelle besagen, dass die Ähnlichkeit der Flügelmuster zwischen den beiden Arten sogar stärker ausgeprägt ist, als zwischen den Faltern innerhalb der einzelnen Art.[2] Es handelt sich hierbei um ein Beispiel des von Johann Friedrich Theodor Müller gegründeten Prinzips der Müller′schen Mimikry, die besagt, dass unterschiedliche Arten, die für Fressfeinde giftig sind, ein ähnliches Aussehen mit einer Warnfarbe annehmen (Aposematismus) und von diesen deshalb gemieden werden.
Das Ei des Kleinen Kuriers hat eine gelbe Farbe, ist kegelförmig und mit vielen gezackten Längsrippen versehen. Kurz vor dem Schlüpfen der Raupe nimmt es eine orange Färbung an. Es wird einzeln an der Wirtspflanze abgelegt.[3]
Die Raupen sind oberseits cremeweiß und unterseits dunkelbraun gefärbt, über die gesamte Körperoberfläche schwarz punktiert und mit langen, schwarzen, leicht verzweigten Dornen versehen. Der Kopf ist strohgelb.
Die hellbraun gefärbte Puppe zeigt einen hervorstehenden Sattel, am Hinterleib einige Tuberkel und Dornen sowie zwei lange flanschartige Kopfanhänge. Zuweilen gibt sie schwache Geräusche von sich.[3]
H. erato amazona
H. erato chestertonii
Flügelunterseite H. erato petiverana
Raupe, lateral
Raupe, ventral
Der Kleine Kurier kommt in Mittel- und Südamerika verbreitet, im Süden von Texas lokal vor. Die Art besiedelt in erster Linie tropische Regenwälder, ist jedoch auch in Kaffeeplantagen sowie in Gärten und Parkanlagen zu finden. Die Höhenverbreitung reicht vom Meeresspiegel bis in Höhenlagen von 1800 Metern.[4]
Die Falter fliegen das ganze Jahr hindurch in fortlaufenden Generationen mit schwerpunktmäßigem Vorkommen im Juli und August sowie im Dezember und Januar.[5] Sie besuchen zur Nektaraufnahme gerne Blüten von Wandelröschen-, Hamelia- oder Palicourea-Arten.[4] Vornehmlich die Weibchen nehmen auch Pollen auf. Die Pollen von Psiguria-, Citrullus- und Gurania-Blüten enthalten Aminosäuren, die nicht aus Nektar gewonnen werden können. Sie tragen in hohem Maße zur Langlebigkeit der Schmetterlinge bei, die teilweise bis zu neun Monate leben.[4] Nachts versammeln sich Falter des Kleinen Kuriers an Übernachtungsplätzen, zuweilen in Gruppen von bis zu zehn Tieren.[4] Die Raupen ernähren sich von verschiedenen Passionsblumenarten (Passiflora). Sie werden, ebenso wie später die Falter durch die aus diesen Pflanzen aufgenommenen Giftstoffe für Fressfeinde ungenießbar.[6]
Die Art ist weit verbreitet und gebietsweise nicht selten. In der Roten Liste gefährdeter Arten gibt es noch keinen Eintrag.
In den einzelnen Vorkommensgebieten werden derzeit 29 Unterarten geführt.[7]
Der Kleine Kurier (Heliconius erato), zuweilen auch Kleiner Postbote genannt, ist ein Schmetterling (Tagfalter) aus der Gattung Heliconius in der Familie der Edelfalter (Nymphalidae). Carl von Linné benannte die Art in seiner Systema Naturae nach Erato, einer Muse aus der Griechischen Mythologie.
Heliconius erato, or the red postman, is one of about 40 neotropical species of butterfly belonging to the genus Heliconius. It is also commonly known as the small postman, the red passion flower butterfly, or the crimson-patched longwing. It was described by Carl Linnaeus in his 1758 10th edition of Systema Naturae.[1]
H. erato exhibits Müllerian mimicry with other Heliconius butterflies such as Heliconius melpomene in order to warn common predators against attacking, which contributes to its surprising longevity.[2][3] It also has a unique mating ritual involving the transfer of anti-aphrodisiacs from males to females.[4]
Recent field work has confirmed the relative abundance of this butterfly.[5]
H. erato is a neotropical species, found from southern Texas to northern Argentina and Paraguay, and resides on the edges of tropical rainforests.[6][7] It is philopatric, having a particularly restricted home range.[8] In areas of dense population in Trinidad, some home ranges are only separated by 30 yards, but H. erato rarely travels to neighboring home ranges.[9][6]
Larvae feed on the host plant, first consuming the terminal bud. After they have exhausted the resources of the plant they have hatched on, later instars may move to another plant.[7]
H. erato is a pollen-feeding species, collecting from the Lantana camara flower. They do not spend much time or energy collecting nectar (only remaining for a few seconds). Instead, they collect pollen in a mass on the ventral side of their proboscis. They then agitate the pollen by coiling and uncoiling their proboscis in order to release its nutrients. H. erato is then able to extract nitrogenous compounds in a clear liquid, including amino acids like arginine, leucine, lysine, valine, proline, histidine, isoleucine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, and tryptophan. Females typically carry larger loads of pollen than males as females require more amino acids for egg production.[2]
Previous studies have shown that host plants, such as Passiflora, have coevolved with Heliconius butterflies. Passiflora plants are usually found in low densities with even less plants in fruiting or flower conditions due to caterpillar feeding.[10] To increase chances of survival and cross-pollination, Passiflora plants synthesize toxins in leaves to deter Heliconius. Passiflora species produce different toxins, leading to different preferences for oviposition among Heliconius species. This leads to a lower chance of herbivore damage for individual Passiflora species and thus helps protect Passiflora plants. Chemical composition of toxins in such plants have not been studied widely. Studies have identified cyanogenic glycosides and alkaloids as potential chemicals that drive distasteful reactions among Heliconius.[11][12] Toxin variation among Passiflora is one of the reasons for host specificity among Heliconius butterflies.
Studies have shown that H. erato species that feed on specific Passiflora species tend to spend more time on the host plant and are thus exposed to the toxins for a longer period.[12][13] Accumulation of toxins such as cyanogenic glycosides leads to a low survival rate among H. erato larvae. Increasing exposure to parasitoids due to longer time spent on the host plant also contributes to the high mortality rate. One recent study showed that mortality increased among H. erato larvae which fed on cyanide-releasing Passiflora. Survived butterflies were capable of excreting higher levels of cyanides, suggesting a defense mechanism in H. erato.[14] H. erato species with more mechanisms to detoxify and secrete ingested toxins are the result of genetic differences among H. erato subspecies.[13] Toxin excretion, from previous studies, results in changes in wing pattern and body size. Consequences include decreased fecundity, egg size, and survival rate.[15][16]
Nectar excretion from Passiflora has also been studied as one factor which contributes to coevolution. Passiflora nectar is known to produce aggressive behaviors among ants, wasps, and egg parasitoids. Ehrlich and Gilbert have estimated that parasitoids are capable of destroying most Heliconius eggs under nectar influence.[17] Therefore, host plants such as Passiflora are believed to have self-defense mechanisms that utilize predators against Heliconius butterflies.[10]
H. erato subspecies have innate, localized host plant preferences for oviposition. These predilections do not vary based on one's own larval host plant or with experimental conditioning. Adult females have been observed to oviposit on the meristem of their host species. Individual plant choice is based on internode length, terminal bud presence, shoot size, and leaf area, in order to confer greater larval survival advantage. In H. erato phyllis, plant choice is contingent upon terminal bud presence and condition. However, selection by quality generally depends on host plant abundance and availability.[7]
Host plants include a wide variety of passion flower (Passiflora) vines, including:
The red postman returns to a communal roost every night that contains members of the same species and of other heliconids.[6] The roost is typically situated about 2–10 meters from the ground on twigs and tendrils and is occupied by a small group of butterflies.[8] Adults who have just emerged from the pupa typically roost alone for a few days before roosting with others.[6]
The red postman has been observed to live in the wild for at least 20 days.[6] In captivity, they live for more than a month and have been recorded to live up to 186 days.[2] This is significantly longer than other temperate and tropical butterflies, which live for a month at best in captivity. H. erato's longevity can be explained by its benign climate and undoubted unpalatability, as well as the benefits from digesting pollen.[6]
The H. erato female lays one to four yellow eggs a day that average 1.5 mm in height and 0.9 mm in diameter.[8][4] The eggs have a unique texture, with about 16 vertical and 11 horizontal ridges. Some plants mimic this in order to discourage females from ovipositing on them.[8]
The caterpillar appearance is very discrete when young and has a small, dark prothoracic plate. As it matures, its appearance grows more colorful. Caterpillars of H. erato chestertonii have a unique dark stripe on their side. In its fifth instar, it has a white body with black and orange spots, black spikes, and a yellow head.[8]
Pupae reside on the stem of host plants. Heliconius pupae are usually camouflaged and have defensive spikes. Pupae may be light or dark.[8]
Adult males have androconial scales on the subcostal region of their hindwings and on their median membrane.[8] Adult wingspans range from about 6.7 to 8.0 cm.
Adults have a variety of phenotypes, all with red coloration. These include: dennis-ray pattern ("dennis" refers to a red patch on the forewing; "ray" refers to red lines on the hindwing);[19] red on the forewing with yellow on the hindwing; yellow on the forewing and red on the hindwing; and white or yellow on the hindwing and forewing.[8] H. erato chestertonii is the only subspecies without any red markings, instead displaying blue.
H. erato is preyed on by birds, lizards, monkeys, and mantids, but is relatively safe due to its unpalatability and protective coloration.[9][6]
H. erato is particularly distasteful to predators. Subspecies have evolved as Müllerian mimics, sharing aposematic patterns with other species in order to deter common predators. They typically co-mimic with other species of Heliconius, most often H. melpomene, which matches with at least 20 of the 27 subspecies.[2][3] Subspecies have region-specific patterns that correspond to their regional mimics. H. erato chestertonii is unique as it displays blue on its wings while most other subspecies have red markings. It is the only subspecies that lacks a H. melpomene co-mimic: instead, its pattern corresponds with a subspecies of H. cydno, H. cydno gustavi.[9]
Variations from the geographical phenotype of subspecies are penalized by increased predation. In one study, researchers painted H. erato petiverana in Costa Rica to look like H. erato chestertonii from Colombia. These two subspecies successfully warn predators in their own regions with Müllerian patterns with H. melpomene rosina and H. cydno gustavi, respectively. However, the painted H. erato petiverana subjects suffered from increased predation: the H. erato chestertonii phenotype was found to be unfavorable in Costa Rica. This is because their markings did not match the Müllerian pattern of the area, so predators could not recognize their distastefulness.[9]
Listed alphabetically:[1]
H. e. chestertonii
H. e. petiverana
Costa Rica
_underside.jpg)
H. e. petiverana
Panama
The optix gene encodes the complex red coloration of Heliconius wings. An approximately 50-kb area in the intergenic region near the gene is shared by H. erato and other Heliconius, which contains cis-regulatory elements that control expression of optix.[19]
The clade containing Heliconius erato radiated before Heliconius melpomene, establishing the wing pattern diversity found in both species of butterfly.[3]
A genetic divide exists between the subspecies on either side of the Andes mountains, resulting in two distinct clades. The eastern clade is from Amazonia, southeastern Brazil, and Guiana, and consists of the subspecies dingus, emma, lativitta, phyllis, notabilis, favorinus, erato, hydara, and venustus. The western clade is from Central America and the Pacific slope of South America and consists of petiverana, hydara, venus, guarica, and cyrbia. This distinction is confirmed by sequence divergence: there is more divergence between the clades and less divergence within each clade. In addition, while there are similar haplotypes between the clades, they result in drastically different phenotypes - likely due to changes in genetic pathways for wing pattern during independent evolution. Mitochondrial DNA invariability also suggests recent radiation of these clades, probably within the last 200,000 years. These findings are consistent with the Pleistocene refugia hypothesis: in the late Pleistocene epoch, climate change reduced once widespread habitable forest areas, resulting in allopatric speciation.[3]
Males scout out females during the day and often mate with females as they emerge from the chrysalis.[8] Many males sit at female pupae waiting for them to emerge and are undisturbed by any commotion. Females mate with only one male at a time and can reproduce throughout life.[4] All subspecies can potentially mate across subspecies, but interspecies offspring are not common. These offspring only survive well in extremely specific hybrid regions and are unsuccessful elsewhere because their unusual recombinant phenotype attracts more predators.[3]
Adult males have androconial scales which disseminate pheromones to attract mates.[8] Males transfer an anti-aphrodisiac to females during copulation, which repulses and repels other potential mates from the female. It smells similar to phenylcarbylamine, or witch hazel. It emanates from two external protrusions on the abdomen of the female, which are adjacent to yellow glands that are thought to store the pheromone. The pheromone is rarely detected in males as they store it internally. The odor on females can last for weeks, even months, and is advantageous as neither sex wastes time or risks injury in subsequent matings. H. erato chestertonii has an odor distinct from other subspecies. No other Lepidoptera exhibit this behavior.[4]
H. erato has compound eyes, meaning that each eye consists of many individual photoreceptor units. H. erato eyes are unique in that they have at least five different kinds of photoreceptors and are sexually dimorphic, despite having sexually monomorphic wing patterns. (Butterflies with sexually dimorphic eyes typically have sexually dimorphic wing patterns.) The males lack protein expression of one of the SW (short-wave) opsins, which are light-sensitive proteins found in the retina. The UV discrimination conferred by this missing protein may cause males to mistake female co-mimics of other species. While inefficient, this option may have evolved because it is less costly than producing and using the UV machinery. Females, on the other hand, use this ability discriminate H. erato males from other co-mimics because they eventually invest more into egg production and can only mate with a few males.[21]
One study used amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) data sets to place the origins of H. erato at 2.8 million years ago. H. erato also shows clustering of AFLPs by geography revealing that H. erato originated in western South America.[22]
H. erato caterpillar
Cluster of H. erato butterflies
H. erato
_male_(28386690132).jpg)
H. erato
_in_flight_Guatemala.jpg)
H. e. petiverana in flight, Guatemala Heliconius erato, or the red postman, is one of about 40 neotropical species of butterfly belonging to the genus Heliconius. It is also commonly known as the small postman, the red passion flower butterfly, or the crimson-patched longwing. It was described by Carl Linnaeus in his 1758 10th edition of Systema Naturae.
H. erato exhibits Müllerian mimicry with other Heliconius butterflies such as Heliconius melpomene in order to warn common predators against attacking, which contributes to its surprising longevity. It also has a unique mating ritual involving the transfer of anti-aphrodisiacs from males to females.
Recent field work has confirmed the relative abundance of this butterfly.
Heliconius erato es una especie de lepidóptero de la familia Nymphalidae. Es de los Neotrópicos, desde el norte de Brasil, por América Central, hasta México, ocasionalmente llega hasta Texas.[1][2]Mide 0,47 y pesa 0,003
La especie es muy variable en color y forma. Dependiendo de la ubicación, y sus diferentes apariencias puede ser difícil de distinguir de las demás especies de Heliconius como Heliconius sara. Particularmente difícil de distinguir con el relacionado Heliconius melpomene, que imita casi todas las formas de color de Heliconius erato , las formas de color están sincronizadas entre las dos a lo largo de su hábitat común.[3] Al igual que Heliconius charithonia, H. Erato es una de las pocas mariposas que recoge y digiere el polen, confiriendo una longevidad considerable a los adultos (varios meses). Los adultos se posan en grupos, regresando al mismo lugar cada noche.[4]
Un estudio reciente, utilizando el conjunto de datos de los Polimorfismos en la longitud de fragmentos amplificados (AFLP) y ADN mitocondrial (ADNmt), sitúa los orígenes de la especie H. Erato en 2,8 millones de años.[5] H. Erato también muestra la agrupación de los AFLPs por la geografía que revela que H. Erato se originó en el oeste de América del Sur.
Datos: Q2427227
Multimedia:
Especies: Heliconius erato
Heliconius erato es una especie de lepidóptero de la familia Nymphalidae. Es de los Neotrópicos, desde el norte de Brasil, por América Central, hasta México, ocasionalmente llega hasta Texas.Mide 0,47 y pesa 0,003
Sulokaposiipi (Heliconius erato) on Keski- ja Etelä-Amerikassa tavattava täpläperhosten (Nymphalidae) heimoon kuuluva päiväperhonen. Lajin siipien kärkiväli on noin 5,5–8,2 cm. Väriltään se on punamusta.
Sulokaposiipi (Heliconius erato) on Keski- ja Etelä-Amerikassa tavattava täpläperhosten (Nymphalidae) heimoon kuuluva päiväperhonen. Lajin siipien kärkiväli on noin 5,5–8,2 cm. Väriltään se on punamusta.
Tämä eläimiin liittyvä artikkeli on tynkä. Voit auttaa Wikipediaa laajentamalla artikkelia.Le Heliconius erato est une espèce de lépidoptère appartenant à la famille des Nymphalidae, à la sous-famille des Heliconiinae et au genre Heliconius.
C'est un très grand papillon noir qui présente de fortes différences suivant les sous-espèces avec des ornementations variables. Tous présentent des ailes allongées et arrondies noires ou marron foncées avec des ornementations identiques sur les deux faces.
Les antérieures sont barrées d'une bande rouge ou cuivre, ou orange ou de taches blanches.
Les postérieures sont soit totalement noires (ou marron) soit barrées d'une bande blanche ou jaune ou marron et cuivre.
Heliconius erato présente pas d'irisé bleuté ce qui le différencie de Heliconius melpomene
accouplement
ponte sur une passiflore.
Les chenilles sont blanches avec des marques et des épines noires[1].
Il vole toute l'année.
Les plantes hôtes sont des Passiflora ou passiflore, dont Passiflora coreacea et Passiflora talamancensis[2].
Il réside au Mexique, en Amérique centrale et dans presque toute l'Amérique du Sud, le bassin amazonien Panama, Costa Rica, Bolivie, Pérou, Équateur, Nicaragua Colombie, Venezuela, Surinam, Guyane française, Guyana et Bolivie, Brésil, Pérou, Paraguay et Argentine[2].
Son habitat est la forêt tropicale et les deux versants des Andes.
L'espèce Heliconius erato a été décrite par le naturaliste suédois Carl von Linné en 1758 sous le nom initial de Papilio erato[3].
Papilio erato Linné, 1758 Protonyme
Il se nomme Crimson-patched Longwing ou Red Postman en anglais.
Heliconius erato phyllis ♂ (Mato Grosso, Brésil)
Le Heliconius erato est une espèce de lépidoptère appartenant à la famille des Nymphalidae, à la sous-famille des Heliconiinae et au genre Heliconius.
Heliconius erato adalah salah satu dari 40 spesies kupu-kupu neotropis yang termasuk dalam genus Heliconius.
Heliconius erato adalah salah satu dari 40 spesies kupu-kupu neotropis yang termasuk dalam genus Heliconius.
Helconius erato is een vlinder, die voorkomt van het zuiden van Brazilië en de Amazonebekken tot in Mexico. De soort komt voor in een groot aantal ondersoorten en kleurvariaties, wat vergelijkbaar is met Heliconius melpomene.
De spanwijdte is 5,5 tot 8 cm.
De vrouwtjesvlinders leggen per waardplant één ei. De rupsen eten de eitjes van andere soorten op om concurrentie uit te schakelen. De rupsen zijn wit met zwarte stippen en doorns. Het larvale stadium duurt twee tot drie weken, waarna de rups zich verpopt. Het duurt acht tot twaalf dagen voordat de volwassen vlinder uit de pop tevoorschijn komt. Als de vrouwtjesvlinders uitkomen staat er al een mannetje klaar om te paren.
De volwassen vlinders voeden zich met nectar van planten uit de geslachten Lantana, Psiguria en Gurania. De vlinders rusten 's nachts in grote groepen.
Waardplanten voor de rupsen zijn onder andere Passiflora biflora en Passiflora coriacea.
Mediabestanden die bij dit onderwerp horen, zijn te vinden op de pagina Heliconius erato op Wikimedia Commons. Helconius erato is een vlinder, die voorkomt van het zuiden van Brazilië en de Amazonebekken tot in Mexico. De soort komt voor in een groot aantal ondersoorten en kleurvariaties, wat vergelijkbaar is met Heliconius melpomene.
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