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馬列蘭櫟樹的圖片
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馬列蘭櫟樹

Quercus marilandica (L.) Münchh.

Comments ( 英語 )

由eFloras提供
Evidence suggests that small trees from the western portion of the range (primarily Texas and Oklahoma) should be recognized as Quercus marilandica Münchhausen var. ashei Sudworth (D. M. Hunt 1989). These trees are characterized by 50-70 × 40-60 mm leaf blades with abaxial surfaces gray-tomentose in vein axils.

Quercus marilandica reportedly hybridizes with Q . buckleyi and Q . falcata (E. J. Palmer 1948); and with Q . georgiana , Q . ilicifolia (= Q . × brittoni W. T. Davis), Q . imbricaria [= Q . × tridentata (A. de Candolle) Engelmann], Q . incana , Q . nigra , Q . phellos ( Q . × rudkini Britton), and Q . velutina (= Q . × bushii Sargent). D. M. Hunt (1989) cited evidence of hybridization also with Q . arkansana , Q . hemisphaerica , Q . laevis , Q . laurifolia , Q . myrtifolia , Q . palustris , and Q . rubra .

The Choctaw used Quercus marilandica to ease cramps and to aid in childbirth (D. E. Moerman 1986).

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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
書目引用
Flora of North America Vol. 3 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
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Flora of North America Editorial Committee
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Description ( 英語 )

由eFloras提供
Trees , deciduous, to 15 m. Bark almost black, with irregular or rectangular blocks, inner bark orangish. Twigs ashy brown, (1-)2-4(-5) mm diam., pubescent to tomentose. Terminal buds conic or narrowly ovoid-ellipsoid, 5-10 mm, noticeably 5-angled in cross section, tawny pubescent. Leaves: petiole 5-20 mm, densely to sparsely pubescent. Leaf blade obovate to obtrullate, (50-)70-200 × (40-)70-200 mm, base rounded or cordate, blade not decurrent, margins with 3-5 shallow, often very broad lobes and 3-10 awns, apex acute to obtuse, rarely rounded; surfaces abaxially scurfy or with scattered pubescence, adaxially glossy, glabrous, secondary veins raised on both surfaces. Acorns biennial; cup turbinate, 6-10 mm high × 13-18 mm wide, covering 1/3 nut, outer surface puberulent, inner surface pubescent, scale tips loose, especially at margin of cup, acute or acuminate; nut broadly ovoid or ellipsoid, 12-20 × 10-18 mm, often striate, glabrate, scar diam. 5-8 mm. 2 n = 12. [R. C. Friesner 1930. J. W. Duffield (1940) suggested that Friesner was counting bivalents; if so, then 2 n = 24, consistent with all other reports for Quercus .]
許可
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
版權
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
書目引用
Flora of North America Vol. 3 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
來源
Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
編輯者
Flora of North America Editorial Committee
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eFloras.org
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Distribution ( 英語 )

由eFloras提供
Ala., Ark., Del., D.C., Fla., Ga., Ill., Ind., Iowa., Kans., Ky., La., Md., Miss., Mo., Nebr., N.J., N.Y., N.C., Ohio, Okla., Pa., S.C., Tenn., Tex., Va., W.Va.
許可
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
版權
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
書目引用
Flora of North America Vol. 3 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
來源
Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
編輯者
Flora of North America Editorial Committee
專題
eFloras.org
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Flowering/Fruiting ( 英語 )

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Flowering spring.
許可
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版權
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
書目引用
Flora of North America Vol. 3 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
來源
Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
編輯者
Flora of North America Editorial Committee
專題
eFloras.org
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Habitat ( 英語 )

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Poor shallow soils of glades, barrens and flatwoods, disturbed fields, rocky outcrops, and dry ridges; 0-900m.
許可
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
版權
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
書目引用
Flora of North America Vol. 3 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
來源
Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
編輯者
Flora of North America Editorial Committee
專題
eFloras.org
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Brief Summary ( 英語 )

由EOL authors提供

The Blackjack Oak (Quercus marilandica) is a low to medium-sized scrubby tree with thick, glossy, leathery, shallow-lobed leaves that are brownish-scaly or with rusty hairs beneath. The club-shaped leaves account for the common name. The dark trunk bark is broken into squarish blocks. Blackjack Oaks grow in dry or sterile, especially sandy, soil with clay subsoils from southern New York to southern Iowa south to Florida and Texas (U.S.A.). This species may be found up to around 300 m elevation.

As is the case for many oak species, the acorns of the Blackjack Oak, which are borne singly or in pairs on short stalks, mature in two seasons on the previous year's branchlets. Dead branches may remain on the tree for years. This is one of the major species of the New Jersey Pine Barrens and is also often found in association with Post Oak (Q. stellata) in the "Post Oak savannah" that is a transition between the forests of the eastern United States and the western prairie. The Blackjack Oak hybridizes with the Bear Oak (Q. ilicifolia), forming a vegetatively persistent and often locally abundant hybrid known as Q. X brittonii W.T. Davis

(Elias 1980; Petrides 1988; Gleason 1991; Sibley 2009)

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Leo Shapiro
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Broad-scale Impacts of Fire ( 英語 )

由Fire Effects Information System Plants提供
More info for the terms: density, forest, fuel, litter, prescribed fire

Blackjack oak associated with eastern redcedar is more likely to be
top-killed by fire because eastern redcedar is highly flammable and
fires tend to be hot.  A severe fire in a post oak-eastern redcedar
community in the Wichita Mountains of Oklahoma top-killed 92 percent of
all trees (post oak, blackjack oak, and eastern redcedar) greater than 3
inches (7.6 cm) in d.b.h.; only 13.5 percent of the top-killed blackjack
oaks and post oaks sprouted.  In the adjacent post oak-blackjack oak
forest, only 66 percent of trees greater than 3 inches (7.6 cm) were
top-killed by the fire, and 70 percent of these sprouted [40].

There is disagreement in the literature as to whether blackjack oak is
more susceptible to fire in a savanna or in a forest.  A March fire in a
central Oklahoma oak savanna top-killed most oaks smaller than 1.6
inches (4 cm) in d.b.h. and top-killed or severely damaged some trees up
to 3.5 inches (9 cm) in d.b.h.  In the adjacent post oak-blackjack oak
forest, however, few woody stems larger than 1 inch (2.5 cm) in d.b.h.
were top-killed.  In the savanna, all litter was consumed, whereas only
45 percent of the litter in the adjacent forest burned.  The authors
suggest that lack of grass under a closed-canopy forest results in a
much cooler fire [23].

However, an investigation of the effects of a prescribed fire in March
in a savanna and adjacent blackjack oak-black hickory forest in central
Illinois showed the opposite effect:  savanna blackjack oaks were less
affected by fire than blackjack oaks in the adjacent closed-canopy
forest.  Patterns of fuel consumption around isolated mature blackjack
oaks in the savanna showed that fire never reached the base of the
trees.  A few trees had slightly scorched lower branches, but all trees
survived the fire.  In the closed-canopy forest, mortality of trees
[stems larger than 3.5 inches (9 cm) in d.b.h.] was high.  Three years
after the fire, the density of blackjack oak had decreased from a
prefire density of 179 trees per acre (443 trees/ha) to 74 trees per
acre (183 trees/ha).  In essence, the fire converted the closed-canopy
forest to an open-canopy forest.  Seventy-five percent of top-killed
trees had basal sprouts 1 year after the fire [2].

The difference in fire effects on blackjack oak in the Illinois savanna
and forest was attributed to the difference in fuel load.  Estimated
average fuel load was 2.5 ounces per square foot (840 g/m sq) in the
savanna and 8.0 ounces per square foot (2,671 g/m sq) in the forest.  In
the savanna, fuel load was further reduced under mature blackjack oaks
because grass growth was less in the shade created by the down-sweeping
branches, and the wind removed excess leaf litter.  In the closed-canopy
forest, understory fuels built up over time [3].

The results of these two studies indicate that the effect of fire on
blackjack oak is dependent on surface fuel load.
書目引用
Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus marilandica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Broad-scale Impacts of Plant Response to Fire ( 英語 )

由Fire Effects Information System Plants提供
More info for the terms: fire use, prescribed fire

The Research Project Summary Early postfire response of southern
Appalachian
Table Mountain-pitch pine stands to prescribed fires in North Carolina and
Virginia

provides information on prescribed
fire use and postfire response

of plant community species, including blackjack
oak, that was not available

when this species review was originally written.
書目引用
Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus marilandica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Common Names ( 英語 )

由Fire Effects Information System Plants提供
blackjack oak
black jack oak
black oak
jack oak
scrub oak
barren oak
書目引用
Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus marilandica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Description ( 英語 )

由Fire Effects Information System Plants提供
More info for the terms: tree, xeric

Blackjack oak is a small to medium-sized, slow-growing, native,
deciduous tree.  It is often shrubby with a low, rounded crown.  The
contorted, down-sweeping branches remain on the tree several years after
they die [46].  Leaves are tenacious after having turned brown, often
clinging to the tree throughout the winter [50].  The acorns are about
0.4 inches (1 cm) long [41].  On poor xeric sites or in drier climates,
blackjack oak is rarely taller than 30 feet (9 m) [49,50].  On better
sites, it grows 45 to 50 feet (14-15 m) in height [15,49].  Blackjack
oak has lived to be as old as 230 years in Oklahoma [23].

Dwarfed forms of blackjack oak exist on Buzzard's Roost, Missouri, and
in the Pine Plains of New Jersey.  In Missouri, the trees are extremely
stunted (4.5 feet [1.4 m] tall), leaves and acorns are miniature, and
there is rosetting of the leaves [44].  In the New Jersey Pine Plains,
the dwarfed blackjack oaks are multistemmed with large, irregularly
shaped stools that are considerably older than the current stems.  The
height is usually less than 11 feet (3.4 m) [33].  Blackjack oak in the
Pine Plains exhibit rosetting of leaves and buds in stems roughly 10
years old or older [58].
書目引用
Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus marilandica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Distribution ( 英語 )

由Fire Effects Information System Plants提供
Blackjack oak occurs in the central and eastern United States from Long
Island, New York, New Jersey, and southeastern Pennsylvania; south to
northwestern Florida; west to central Texas, western Oklahoma and
eastern Kansas; and north to southern Iowa, central Illinois, southern
Indiana, and southern Ohio [27,28].
書目引用
Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus marilandica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Fire Ecology ( 英語 )

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More info for the terms: fire frequency, fire regime, fire tolerant, frequency, root crown, seed, xeric

Blackjack oak is nearly as fire tolerant as turkey oak [43] and more
fire tolerant than post oak and black oak [19].  Smaller blackjack oaks
are easily top-killed by fire, but sprout vigorously from the root crown
[59].

Recurring fires at 6- to 8-year intervals in the Pine Plains of New
Jersey have produced and maintained a dwarfed community of pitch pine,
blackjack oak, and bear oak [19,33].  Most arborescent oak species are
restricted from the Pine Plains because they do not bear viable seed at
a young enough age to reproduce effectively at this high fire frequency.
Blackjack oak tolerates these frequent fires by sprouting vigorously
after being top-killed and by producing viable seed on the sprouts in 3
to 4 years [29,30].

In xeric sandhill communities of blackjack oak, post oak, and bluejack
oak, grass and other fuels are rare and fires only occasional.  When
fires do reach these communities, these oaks may be top-killed, but they
sprout from the root crown and the community is maintained [56].

Under a normal fire regime (fire occurring every few years), a savanna
is maintained because grass grows back faster than the woody sprouts
after a hot fire.  In the absence of fire, blackjack oak spreads and
the grass dies back [23].

FIRE REGIMES :
Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this
species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under
"Find FIRE REGIMES".
書目引用
Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus marilandica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Fire Management Considerations ( 英語 )

由Fire Effects Information System Plants提供
More info for the terms: fire suppression, forest, prescribed fire

Many present-day post oak-blackjack oak stands were former savannas.  In
the Wichita Forest Reserve in Oklahoma, the average age of stands
coincides with the advent of fire suppression in the reserve [13].
Forests may or may not revert back to savannas with prescribed burning
[23,58]. 
Prescribed fire, in conjunction with herbicides, may be
effective at eliminating blackjack oak [52].  Prescribed fire in 4-year
rotations may be effective at preventing blackjack oak expansion into
prairies [59].
書目引用
Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus marilandica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Growth Form (according to Raunkiær Life-form classification) ( 英語 )

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More info on this topic.

More info for the term: phanerophyte

  
   Phanerophyte
書目引用
Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus marilandica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Habitat characteristics ( 英語 )

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More info for the terms: herbaceous, mesic, serpentine soils, xeric

A semixeric species, blackjack oak is found on xeric sand deposits and
on extremely dry upper slopes and ridges [56].  It generally occurs on
southerly or westerly aspects [34].  Blackjack oak is found to about
2,500 feet (760 m) in the Appalachian Mountains [16,57].

Blackjack oak typically occurs on dry, nutrient-poor soils [12].  Soils
are sandy, gravelly, or clayey, and may contain a fragipan subhorizon
[7,49].  Blackjack oak usually occurs in sand only if it is heavily
impregnated with clay or shallowly overlies clay [35].  In the Piedmont,
blackjack oak occurs on serpentine soils which are typically eroded,
shallow, and stony [7,22].  The stunted condition of blackjack oaks in a
plant community on Buzzard's Roost in Missouri [see General Botanical
Characteristics] is thought to be caused by the poor soil conditions
which include low pH, very low calcium and magnesium, and high aluminum
[44].

Blackjack oak occurs on sites too dry for southern red oak, northern red
oak, or white oak (Quercus alba) [37,44].  It often survives on more
xeric sites than post oak [14].  In Oklahoma, blackjack oak seedlings
occupied the xeric end of the moisture gradient, whereas on more mesic
sites, blackjack oak, post oak, and eastern redcedar (Juniperus
virginiana) seedlings codominated the seedling layer [13].  However,
during a severe drought in Oklahoma, there was higher mortality of
mature blackjack oak than post oak [46].  The dominance of blackjack oak
on less favorable sites may be due to its tolerance of soil infertility
rather than to its drought tolerance [23,46].

Overstory associates not mentioned in Distribution and Occurrence
include pignut hickory (Carya glabra), black hickory (C. texana),
mockernut hickory (C. tomentosa), scarlet oak (Q. coccinea), shingle
oak, winged elm (Ulmus alata), blackgum (Nyssa sylvatica), and sourwood
(Oxydendrum arboreum).  Understory associates include blueberry
(Vaccinium spp.), huckleberry (Gaylussacia spp.), mountain-laurel
(Kalmia latifolia), sumac (Rhus spp.), and hawthorn (Crataegus spp.).
Herbaceous plant associates include bluestems (Andropogon spp.), little
bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium), and sedges (Carex spp.) [7,16,58].
書目引用
Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus marilandica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Habitat: Cover Types ( 英語 )

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More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in association with the following cover types (as classified by the Society of American Foresters):

    40  Post oak - blackjack oak
    43  Bear oak
    45  Pitch pine
    46  Eastern redcedar
    52  White oak - black oak - northern red oak
    66  Ashe juniper - redberry (Pinchot) juniper
    68  Mesquite
    70  Longleaf pine
    71  Longleaf pine - scrub oak
    72  Southern scrub oak
    75  Shortleaf pine
    76  Shortleaf pine - oak
    78  Virginia pine - oak
    79  Virginia pine
    81  Loblolly pine
    83  Longleaf pine - slash pine
    84  Slash pine
   110  Black oak
書目引用
Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus marilandica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Habitat: Ecosystem ( 英語 )

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More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in the following ecosystem types (as named by the U.S. Forest Service in their Forest and Range Ecosystem [FRES] Type classification):

   FRES12  Longleaf - slash pine
   FRES13  Loblolly - shortleaf pine
   FRES14  Oak - pine
   FRES15  Oak - hickory
   FRES32  Texas savanna
   FRES39  Prairie
書目引用
Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus marilandica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Habitat: Plant Associations ( 英語 )

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More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in association with the following plant community types (as classified by Küchler 1964):

More info for the term: forest

   K082  Mosaic of K074 and K100
   K083  Cedar glades
   K084  Cross Timbers
   K086  Juniper - oak savanna
   K087  Mesquite - oak savanna
   K089  Black Belt
   K100  Oak - hickory forest
   K110  Northeastern oak - pine forest
   K111  Oak - hickory - pine forest
   K112  Southern mixed forest
書目引用
Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus marilandica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Immediate Effect of Fire ( 英語 )

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More info for the terms: crown fire, top-kill

In general, low-severity fires top-kill small blackjack oaks, and more
severe fires top-kill larger trees and may kill rootstocks as well.  In
the New Jersey Pine Plains, where flame heights are high enough to
ignite and sustain a crown fire, nearly all stems smaller than 9.8 to 13
feet (3-4 m) tall are top-killed [58].

Acorns on the ground surface are usually killed by surface fires [11].
書目引用
Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus marilandica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Importance to Livestock and Wildlife ( 英語 )

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More info for the term: cover

Blackjack oak provides cover and habitat, and acorns are an important
food source for mammals and birds [50].
書目引用
Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus marilandica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Key Plant Community Associations ( 英語 )

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More info for the terms: codominant, forest, mesic, natural, tree, xeric

Blackjack oak occurs as a dominant tree in savannas and in forests
adjacent to grasslands.  It forms mixed stands with post oak (Quercus
stellata) in the prairie transition area of central Oklahoma and Texas,
where the eastern deciduous forests grade into the drier western
grasslands [23,47].

Blackjack oak shares dominance with bluejack oak and sand post oak (Q.
stellata var. margaretta) on the slightly more mesic midslopes of
sandhills, downslope from the xeric ridges that support turkey oak (Q.
laevis) [11].

The Pine Plains of New Jersey are characterized by a community of
dwarfed blackjack oak, bear oak, and pitch pine (Pinus rigida) [33].

The following published classifications list blackjack oak as a dominant
or codominant species:

Eastern deciduous forest [55]
The natural communities of South Carolina [36]
Forest vegetation of the lower Alabama Piedmont [20]
Forest vegetation of the Big thicket, southeast Texas [32]
The natural forests of Maryland:  an explanation of the vegetation map
    of Maryland [7]
書目引用
Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus marilandica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Life Form ( 英語 )

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More info for the term: tree

Tree
書目引用
Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus marilandica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Management considerations ( 英語 )

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More info for the terms: competition, fuel, hardwood

Blackjack oak is probably susceptible to most insects and diseases that
attack eastern oak species.  Twolined chestnut borer (Agrilus
bilineatus) and the canker fungus, Hypoxylon atropunctatum, have been
associated with dead blackjack oaks [21].

Hardwood competition in pine plantations and hardwood expansion into
grasslands are often controlled with herbicides.  Tebuthiuron and
triclopyr are effective in killing blackjack oak in grasslands of the
Cross Timbers area of Oklahoma [52].  Velpar L, Garlon 3A, and Krenite
were tested on blackjack oak that ranged between 4 and 9 inches
(10.1-22.9 cm) in d.b.h.  Velpar L was effective at killing blackjack
oak at all injection spacings (3, 5, and 7 inches [7.6, 12.7, and 17.8
cm]) in both May and December.  Garlon 3A was effective only in May at
all spacings, and Krenite was effective only at the 3-inch (7.6 cm)
spacing in May [10].

Blackjack oak expands into prairies where heavy cattle grazing has
reduced the grass fuel load.  Fires, which usually prevent blackjack oak
expansion, are cooler because of the reduced fuel load and not as
effective at killing woody species [23].
書目引用
Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus marilandica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Nutritional Value ( 英語 )

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Blackjack oak acorns are generally high in fat and low in protein.
Percent nutrient values compiled by Reid and Goodrum [45] from the
literature are given below:

location      protein     fat        crude fiber   calcium    phosphorus

Texas         8.07        26.41      11.55
Louisiana     5.1          5.6       22.8
Mississippi   6.29        10.66      20.94          0.37      0.09
Missouri      5.75        17.73      21.79          0.36      0.09        
書目引用
Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus marilandica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Occurrence in North America ( 英語 )

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     AL  AR  DE  FL  GA  IL  IN  IA  KS  KY
     LA  MD  MS  MO  NJ  NY  NC  OH  OK  PA
     SC  TN  TX  VA  WV
書目引用
Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus marilandica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Palatability ( 英語 )

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Among 12 southeastern oak species, blackjack oak acorns ranked fourth in
preference to the fox squirrel [38].

Blackjack oak browse is unpalatable [5].
書目引用
Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus marilandica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Phenology ( 英語 )

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More info on this topic.

Blackjack oak flowers from March to May depending on latitude and
elevation.  Acorns ripen from September to November of the second
growing season after flowering, drop in the fall, and germinate in the
spring [15,41,50].
書目引用
Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus marilandica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Plant Response to Fire ( 英語 )

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More info for the terms: root crown, wildfire

If top-killed by fire, blackjack oak sprouts vigorously from the root
crown [59]. 

Because of sprouting, fire tends to increase the number of understory
blackjack oak stems.  Eight annual fires in Tennessee resulted in 470
stems per acre (1160 stems/ha) compared to 20 stems per acre (49
stems/ha) in the control.  Two periodic fires separated by 5 years
resulted in 70 stems per acre (173 stems/ha) [53].

Frequent fire in the Pine Plains of New Jersey has resulted in
multistemmed blackjack oaks.  Two months after a May wildfire, there
were to 3,949 genetically defined blackjack oak and bear oak individuals
per acre (9,750 genets/ha) and 50,422 sprouts per acre (124,500
sprouts/ha).  Oaks averaged 13 sprouts per root crown [8].

In a study in Oklahoma, blackjack oak seedlings were more prevalent in
recently burned areas, suggesting blackjack oak seedlings may increase
after fire.  The authors did not speculate on whether the acorns were
buried on-site before the fire or were disseminated postfire by off-site
sources [13].
書目引用
Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus marilandica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Post-fire Regeneration ( 英語 )

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More info for the term: tree

   Tree with adventitious-bud root crown/root sucker
書目引用
Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus marilandica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Regeneration Processes ( 英語 )

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More info for the terms: hypogeal, monoecious, root crown

Sexual:  Blackjack oak is monoecious [50].  It bears seeds at a younger
age than many associated arborescent oaks.  In a study in West Virginia,
acorn crops of blackjack oaks that averaged 0.87 inch (2.2 cm) d.b.h.
failed 2 out of 4 years [39].

Dissemination is by gravity and animals.  Germination is hypogeal.
Blackjack oak grows more slowly than many associated trees, including
post oak [51].  Average annual height growth of seedlings in Missouri
during a 6-year period was 1.7 inches (4.3 cm) [26].

Excessive soil moisture and inundation cause severe stress and often
high mortality of blackjack oak seedlings [9].

Vegetative:  If top-killed or cut, blackjack oak sprouts vigorously from
the root crown [59].  Sprouts grow faster than seedlings.  Average
annual height growth of sprouts in Missouri during a 6-year period was
4.4 inches (11.2 cm) [26].  Root crown sprouts as young as 3 to 4 years
old can produce mature acorns [30].
書目引用
Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus marilandica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Regional Distribution in the Western United States ( 英語 )

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More info on this topic.

This species can be found in the following regions of the western United States (according to the Bureau of Land Management classification of Physiographic Regions of the western United States):

   14  Great Plains
書目引用
Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus marilandica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Successional Status ( 英語 )

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More info on this topic.

More info for the terms: association, climax, competition, xeric

Facultative Seral Species

Blackjack oak is shade intolerant [15].  Because of slow growth, it is
probably overtopped by other species, including most oaks.  It probably
persists and becomes dominant on sites too poor for faster growing
species.

Blackjack oak is common in the understory of pine (Pinus spp.)-hardwood
forests.  In the absence of fire, blackjack oak may become dominant
depending on site conditions and competition from associated species
[17].  In upland longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) savannas and longleaf
pine sandhills in the west Gulf Coastal Plain, blackjack oak, along with
post oak, bluejack oak, and black hickory, become dominant and
eventually replace longleaf pine [6].

Blackjack oak, along with post oak, will expand into adjacent prairies
in the absence of fire [17].  The post oak-blackjack oak association may
be an edaphic climax on dry sites [16].  Because of its longevity,
blackjack oak may be found as a dominant in climax oak-hickory forests
[46].

In a study in central Illinois, dry sandy sites were dominated by
blackjack oak and black oak.  The two species also dominated the
seedling and sapling layers.  However, an influx of shade tolerant,
mesophytic species such as American elm (Ulmus americana) and hackberry
(Celtis occidentalis) in the seedling strata suggest that at least a
partial takeover is likely in the continued absence of fire.  The xeric
nature of the site will probably prevent complete takeover [1].
書目引用
Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus marilandica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Synonyms ( 英語 )

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Quercus neoashei Bush
書目引用
Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus marilandica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Taxonomy ( 英語 )

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The currently accepted scientific name of blackjack oak is Quercus
marilandica Muenchh. [28]. Blackjack oak has been placed within the
subgenus Erythrobalanus, or red (black) oak group [49]. There are no
recognized subspecies, varieties, or forms.

Blackjack oak hybridizes with the following species [28]:

x Q. falcata (southern red oak)
x Q. geogiana (Georgia oak): Q. X smallii Trel.
x Q. ilicifolia (bear oak): Q. X brittonii W. T. Davis
x Q. imbricaria (shingle oak): Q. X tridentata (A. DC.) Engelm.
x Q. incana (bluejack oak): Q. X cravenensis Little
x Q. nigra (water oak): Q. X sterilis Trel.
x Q. phellos (willow oak): Q. X rudkinii Britton
x Q. rubra (northern red oak)
x Q. shumardii (Shumard oak): Q. X hastingsii Sarg.
x Q. velutina (black oak): Q. X bushii Sarg.
x Q. laurifolia (laurel oak): Q. X diversiloba Tharp ex A. Camus
書目引用
Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus marilandica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Wood Products Value ( 英語 )

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More info for the term: fuel

Blackjack oak is not a preferred timber species [48].  The wood is hard,
heavy, and strong with a wide, light sapwood.  It is used mainly for
fence posts, railroad ties, and fuel [50].
書目引用
Carey, Jennifer H. 1992. Quercus marilandica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Quercus marilandica ( 亞塞拜然語 )

由wikipedia AZ提供


Quercus marilandica (lat. Quercus marilandica) - fıstıqkimilər fəsiləsinin palıd cinsinə aid bitki növü.

Mənbə


Bu şablona bax Palıd cinsinə aid növlər Q. griseaQ. oblongifoliaQ. acerifoliaQ. acutaQ. acutissimaQ. afaresQ. agrifoliaQ. albaQ. albocintaQ. alienaQ. alnifoliaQ. arizonicaQ. arkansanaQ. aucheriQ. austrinaQ. basaseachicensisQ. benthamiiQ. berberidifoliaQ. bicolorQ. boyntoniiQ. brandegeeiQ. brenesiiQ. brevilobaQ. buckleyiQ. bumelioidesQ. calliprinosQ. canariensisQ. castaneifoliaQ. cedrosensisQ. cerrioidesQ. cerrisQ. chapmaniiQ. chrysolepisQ. coahuilensisQ. cocciferaQ. coccineaQ. convallataQ. conzattiiQ. copeyensisQ. cornelius-mulleriQ. corrugataQ. costaricensisQ. cubanaQ. deliquescensQ. dentataQ. depressaQ. depressipesQ. deviaQ. diversifoliaQ. douglasiiQ. dumosaQ. durataQ. ellipsoidalisQ. emoryiQ. engelmanniiQ. excelsaQ. fagineaQ. falcataQ. flagelliferaQ. frainettoQ. fulvaQ. fusiformisQ. galeanensisQ. gambeliiQ. garryanaQ. georgianaQ. germanaQ. glaucaQ. glaucoidesQ. graciliformisQ. gravesiiQ. gulielmitreleaseiQ. havardiiQ. hemisphaericaQ. hintoniiQ. hintoniorumQ. humboldtiiQ. hypoxanthaQ. ibericaQ. ilexQ. ilicifoliaQ. imbricariaQ. invaginataQ. john-tuckeriQ. kelloggiiQ. laceyiQ. laevisQ. lamellosaQ. laurifoliaQ. libaniQ. liebmanniiQ. lobataQ. lusitanicaQ. lyrataQ. macdonaldiiQ. macdougalliiQ. macrantheraQ. macrocarpaQ. macrolepisQ. marilandicaQ. martineziiQ. michauxiiQ. miquihuanensisQ. mohrianaQ. mongolicaQ. muehlenbergiiQ. myrsinifoliaQ. nigraQ. oglethorpensisQ. oleoidesQ. pacificaQ. pagodaQ. palmeriQ. palustrisQ. peninsularisQ. perpallidaQ. petraeaQ. phellosQ. planipoculaQ. polymorphaQ. ponticaQ. praecoQ. praineanaQ. prinoidesQ. prinusQ. pubescensQ. pungensQ. purulhanaQ. rapurahuensisQ. roburQ. robustaQ. rubraQ. rugosaQ. rysophyllaQ. sadlerianaQ. sebiferaQ. shumardiiQ. skinneriQ. skutchiiQ. stellataQ. suberQ. subspathulataQ. tardifoliaQ. texanaQ. tomentellaQ. tonduziiQ. toumeyiQ. trojanaQ. turbinellaQ. undataQ. uxorisQ. vacciniifoliaQ. variabilisQ. velutinaQ. vincentensisQ. wislizeniQ. xalapensisQ. zempoaltepecanaQ. × alvordiana Inula britannica.jpeg İkiləpəlilər ilə əlaqədar bu məqalə qaralama halındadır. Məqaləni redaktə edərək Vikipediyanı zənginləşdirin.
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Quercus marilandica: Brief Summary ( 亞塞拜然語 )

由wikipedia AZ提供


Quercus marilandica (lat. Quercus marilandica) - fıstıqkimilər fəsiləsinin palıd cinsinə aid bitki növü.

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Quercus marilandica ( 加泰隆語 )

由wikipedia CA提供

Quercus marilandica, anomenat pel nom en anglès (Blackjack oak), és un petit roure, que pertany a la família de les fagàcies dins de la secció dels roures vermells, però bastant aïllat dels altres. És originària del sud i centre dels Estats Units, amb una població a partir de la costa oriental nord de Long Island.[1]

 src=
Fulles del Quercus marilandica
 src=
Soca del Quercus marilandica, aprox. 75 anys d'edat

És un arbre caducifoli que creix fins a 15 m d'alçada, amb l'escorça esquerdada en plaques rectangulars de color negre amb estretes fissures ataronjades. Les fulles són de 7-20 cm de llarg i ample, i normalment tenen a partir d'una base cònica a una forma de campana ampla de tres lòbuls amb incisions poc profundes. Són de color verd fosc i brillant per sobre, pubescents per sota, i sovint romanen adherides a les branques durant l'hivern després de complir els colors de vermell a marró a la tardor. Les glans són petites, 12-20 mm de llarg i 10-18 mm d'ample, igual que altres roures vermells, i maduren al cap de 18 mesos.

Hàbitat i distribució

Quercus marilandica creix en sòls pobres, prims i secs, rocosos o arenosos; on poques plantes llenyoses poden prosperar, en general en terrenys baixos, des del nivell del mar fins als 900 m d'altitud. No té la forma bella de molts roures, però tanmateix és un arbre valuós per créixer en llocs problemàtics. De vegades és un arbre de sotabosc en boscos de pi en monticles de sorra al sud-est dels Estats Units. Al llarg de la plana costanera de Nova Jersey la probabilitat de trobar aquesta espècie s'incrementa en àrees obertes relativament assolellades, com les maresmes costaneres més properes. Sovint es troba a prop de Quercus coccinea i de Quercus stellata, així com Pinus rigida, s'inclouen com a companys de sotabosc Rhus copallina, les falgueres del gènere Pteridium, Comptonia i Myrica.

Una varietat de Quercus marilandica Münchhausen var. ashei Sudworth (D. M. Hunt 1989), creix en les parts occidentals de l'àrea nord de Texas, Oklahoma i al sud de Kansas. En aquesta zona, Quercus marilandica, juntament amb Quercus stellata, forma una zona de semisabana integrat per franges boscoses entremesclats amb clarianes de prats d'herba al llarg de la riba oriental de les Grans Planes del sud. Aquesta semisabana és coneguda com a Cross Timbers. Dominen en formes de matollar de Q. marilandica en moltes clarianes de roques sedimentàries (cherts) juntament amb Q. stellata a l'altiplà d'Ozark d'Arkansas.[2]

Quercus marilandica pot créixer al Cross Timbers de 15 a 18 m d'altura amb un diàmetre de tronc de 41 cm, però poques vegades arriben a més de 12 m. Les fulles són de 10 a 25 cm de longitud i aproximadament la mateixa d'amplada. Les glans proporcionen aliment tant per al cérvol cua blanca com per al gall dindi salvatge. Però Quercus marilandica pot causar l'enverinament per àcid tànnic en el bestiar.

Usos

La fusta és molt densa i produeix una flama calenta quan es crema, que funciona com una excel·lent font de calor per a les barbacoes i estufes de llenya. Tanmateix, la fusta no és desitjable per a les xemeneies de fusta, doncs la calor la fa esclatar, augmentant així el risc d'incendis a la llar.

Bibliografia

Referències

  1. «"Quercus marilandica Range Map"». United States Geological Survey. [Consulta: 5 març 2008].
  2. C.Michael Hogan. 2012

Enllaços externs

 src= A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Quercus marilandica Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata


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Quercus marilandica: Brief Summary ( 加泰隆語 )

由wikipedia CA提供

Quercus marilandica, anomenat pel nom en anglès (Blackjack oak), és un petit roure, que pertany a la família de les fagàcies dins de la secció dels roures vermells, però bastant aïllat dels altres. És originària del sud i centre dels Estats Units, amb una població a partir de la costa oriental nord de Long Island.

 src= Fulles del Quercus marilandica  src= Soca del Quercus marilandica, aprox. 75 anys d'edat

És un arbre caducifoli que creix fins a 15 m d'alçada, amb l'escorça esquerdada en plaques rectangulars de color negre amb estretes fissures ataronjades. Les fulles són de 7-20 cm de llarg i ample, i normalment tenen a partir d'una base cònica a una forma de campana ampla de tres lòbuls amb incisions poc profundes. Són de color verd fosc i brillant per sobre, pubescents per sota, i sovint romanen adherides a les branques durant l'hivern després de complir els colors de vermell a marró a la tardor. Les glans són petites, 12-20 mm de llarg i 10-18 mm d'ample, igual que altres roures vermells, i maduren al cap de 18 mesos.

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Dub marylandský ( 捷克語 )

由wikipedia CZ提供

Dub marylandský (Quercus marilandica) je nevysoký opadavý strom, pocházející z východních a jihovýchodních oblastí USA. V Česku je vzácně pěstován jako parková dřevina.

Charakteristika

Dub marylandský je opadavý strom dorůstající výšky asi 6 až 15 metrů. Koruna je kulovitá, s nepravidelným okrajem. Borka je tlustá, téměř černá, rozpukaná na nepravidelné až hranaté bloky. Vnitřní borka je oranžová. Letorosty jsou v prvním roce plstnaté, ve druhém popelavě hnědé a lysé, asi 2 až 4 mm tlusté. Vrcholové pupeny jsou kuželovité až úzce vejčité, 5 až 10 mm dlouhé, v průřezu zřetelně pětihranné, hnědavě chlupaté. Listy jsou obvejčité až obkosníkovité, v horní části se 3 až 5 mělkými laloky, s 7 až 20 cm dlouhou a stejně širokou čepelí, na bázi srdčité až zaoblené, na vrcholu špičaté až tupé. Na okraji listu je 3 až 10 vrcholků zakončených osinkami. Listy jsou na líci tmavě zelené, lysé a lesklé, na rubu zvláště podél žilnatiny rezavě chlupaté, šupinaté nebo pýřité. Řapíky jsou 5 až 20 mm dlouhé, řídce až hustě chlupaté. Žaludy dozrávají druhým rokem, vyrůstají po 1 až 2, jsou široce vejcovité až eliptické, 12 až 20 mm dlouhé a 10 až 18 mm široké, často žíhané, asi z 1/3 až 1/2 kryté kuželovitou číškou. Číška je na vnitřní straně chlupatá, na vnějším povrchu pýřitá.[2][3]

Rozšíření

Dub marylandský je rozšířen ve východních a jihovýchodních oblastech USA. Roste na chudých mělkých půdách bez vápníku na mýtinách, pustých místech a záplavových územích, na narušených stanovištích, suťoviskách a suchých hřbetech kopců v nadmořských výškách do 900 metrů.[2] Je to pomalu rostoucí dřevina.[4] V západní části areálu se vyskytují stromy menšího vzrůstu s listy 5 až 7 cm dlouhými a na rubu v paždí žilek šedě plstnatými. Bývají rozlišovány jako Quercus marilandica var. ashei.[2]

V oblastech společného výskytu se dub marylandský kříží s jinými duby ze sekce Lobatae, zejména s dubem srpovitým (Q. falcata), dubem cesmínolistým (Q. ilicifolia), dubem celokrajným (Q. imbricaria), dubem vrbolistým (Q. phellos), dubem černým (Q. nigra), dubem sametovým (Q. velutina) a druhy Q. buckleyi a Q. incana.[2]

Význam

Dub marylandský je v Česku zřídka pěstován jako parková dřevina. Byl zaveden do Evropy v roce 1739.[4] Je uváděn ze sbírek Pražské botanické zahrady v Tróji, z Arboreta Žampach[5], z pražské Stromovky a Arboreta Kostelec nad Černými lesy.[3]

Reference

  1. Červený seznam IUCN 2018.1. 5. července 2018. Dostupné online. [cit. 2018-08-10]
  2. a b c d Flora of North America: Quercus marilandica [online]. Dostupné online.
  3. a b Dendrologie online: Quercus marilandica [online]. Dostupné online.
  4. a b Oaks of the World: Quercus marilandica [online]. Dostupné online.
  5. Florius - katalog botanických zahrad [online]. Dostupné online.

Externí odkazy

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Dub marylandský: Brief Summary ( 捷克語 )

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Dub marylandský (Quercus marilandica) je nevysoký opadavý strom, pocházející z východních a jihovýchodních oblastí USA. V Česku je vzácně pěstován jako parková dřevina.

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Schwarz-Eiche ( 德語 )

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Die Schwarz-Eiche (Quercus marilandica) ist ein Laubbaum aus der Gattung der Eichen. Ihr natürliches Verbreitungsgebiet befindet sich im Osten der Vereinigten Staaten.

Beschreibung

Die Schwarz-Eiche ist ein kleiner, sommergrüner, etwa 10 m bis selten 15 m hoher, langsam wachsender und knorriger Baum oder Strauch. Ihre Borke ist schwarzgrau, rau, dick und in kleine Felder zerrissen. Die innere Rinde ist orangefarben. Junge Zweige sind im ersten Jahr filzig behaart, im zweiten Jahr kahl und braun. Die Blätter sind breit verkehrt-eiförmig, meist 7 bis 20 Zentimeter lang und ebenso breit, derb mit stumpfer Spitze und abgerundeter Basis. Das obere Drittel ist flach drei- bis fünflappig. Die Lappen sind abgerundet und häufig mit einer kurzen, borstigen Granne versehen. Die Blattoberseite ist glänzend dunkelgrün und anfangs mit Sternhaaren bedeckt, die Blattunterseite ist heller und rostfarben behaart. Der Blattstiel ist 1 bis 2 Zentimeter lang. Die Blätter färben sich im Herbst braun oder gelb. Die Früchte sind länglich eiförmig etwa 2 Zentimeter lang und sitzen einzeln oder zu zweien auf einem dicken, kurzen und behaarten Stiel. Sie sind etwa zu einem Drittel bis zur Hälfte vom behaarten und mit breiten, angedrückten Schuppen versehenen Fruchtbecher umgeben. Die Schwarz-Eiche blüht im Frühling, die Früchte reifen im zweiten Jahr nach der Blüte.[1][2]

Verbreitung und Ökologie

Das Verbreitungsgebiet der Schwarz-Eiche liegt im Osten der USA und erstreckt sich vom Nordosten bis nach Florida und in die Präriestaaten. Dort wächst sie in artenarmen Wäldern und Gehölzgruppen auf mäßig trockenen bis frischen, sauren bis neutralen und sandigen Böden an sonnigen bis lichtschattigen Standorten in Höhen von bis zu 900 Metern[2]. Man findet sie jedoch nicht auf kalkhaltigen Böden.[3] Die Art ist wärmeliebend und frostempfindlich.[1]

Systematik und Forschungsgeschichte

 src=
Blätter

Die Schwarz-Eiche (Quercus marilandica) ist eine Art aus der Gattung der Eichen. Sie wurde durch Otto von Münchhausen 1770 im fünften[2] Band seines sechsbändigen Werks Der Hausvater erstbeschrieben.[4] Synonyme der Art sind Quercus nigra Wangh. non L. und Quercus firruginea Michx.[3]

Verwendung

Das Holz wird selten und meist nur als Brennholz[3] verwendet, doch ist die Art aufgrund der bemerkenswerten Herbstfärbung attraktiv.[1] Die Choctaw benutzen Teile des Baums gegen Krämpfe und zur Unterstützung der Geburt.[2]

Literatur

  • Andreas Roloff, Andreas Bärtels: Flora der Gehölze. Bestimmung, Eigenschaften und Verwendung. Mit einem Winterschlüssel von Bernd Schulz. 3., korrigierte Auflage. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2008, ISBN 978-3-8001-5614-6, S. 503.
  • Schütt, Schuck, Stimm: Lexikon der Baum- und Straucharten. Nikol, Hamburg 2002, ISBN 3-933203-53-8, S. 429.

Einzelnachweise

  1. a b c Roloff et al.: Flora der Gehölze, S. 503
  2. a b c d Quercus marilandica. In: Flora of North America Vol. 3. www.eFloras.org, abgerufen am 4. Juni 2011 (englisch).
  3. a b c Schütt et al.: Lexikon der Baum- und Straucharten, S. 429
  4. Quercus marilandica. In: Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). United States Department of Agriculture, abgerufen am 4. Juni 2011 (englisch).
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Schwarz-Eiche: Brief Summary ( 德語 )

由wikipedia DE提供

Die Schwarz-Eiche (Quercus marilandica) ist ein Laubbaum aus der Gattung der Eichen. Ihr natürliches Verbreitungsgebiet befindet sich im Osten der Vereinigten Staaten.

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Quercus marilandica ( 英語 )

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Quercus marilandica, the blackjack oak, is a small oak, one of the red oak group Quercus sect. Lobatae. It is native to the eastern and central United States.

Description

Quercus marilandica is a small deciduous tree growing to 15 meters (49 feet) tall, with bark cracked into rectangular black plates with narrow orange fissures. The leaves are 7–20 centimeters (3–8 inches) long and broad, and typically flare from a tapered base to a broad three-lobed bell shape with only shallow indentations. They are dark green and glossy above, pubescent underneath, and often remain attached to the twigs through the winter after turning colors from red to brown in the fall. The acorn is small, 12–20 millimeters (1234 in) long and 10–18 mm (3834 in) broad; like those of other red oaks, it takes 18 months to mature.[5]

Blackjack oaks in the Cross Timbers can grow from 15 to 18 m (50 to 60 ft) high but seldom reach more than 12 m (40 ft), with a trunk diameter of 41 cm (16 in). The leaves are from 10 to 25 cm (4 to 10 in) in length and about the same width.

Distribution and habitat

The blackjack oak can be found from Long Island to Florida, west as far as Texas, Oklahoma, and Nebraska. There are reports of a few isolated populations in southern Michigan, but these appear to represent introductions.[6][7]

The species grows in poor, thin, dry, rocky or sandy soils where few other woody plants can thrive, usually on low ground, from sea level up to approximately 850 m (2,800 ft) in altitude. Some sources say that it does not have the beautiful form of many oaks, but is nonetheless a valuable tree for growing in problem sites.[8] Some say that the tree is "tough but ugly", but also underappreciated.[9][10] At times the tree has even been actively eradicated to provide room for trees deemed to be more commercially valuable.[11]

It is sometimes an understory tree in pine stands on sandy knolls in the southeastern US. Along the coastal plain of New Jersey the probability of finding this species is increased in relatively sunny, open areas such as those near coastal salt marshes. It often occurs near scarlet and post oaks as well as pitch pine; understory companions include winged sumac, bracken, sweetfern, and bayberry, and can be found as far north as parts of Ohio[12] and New York.

A variety, Quercus marilandica Münchhausen var. ashei Sudworth,[5] grows in the western portions of its range – northern Texas, Oklahoma, and into southern Kansas. In this area, blackjack and post oak form a semi-savanna area composed of forested strips intermixed with prairie grass glades along the eastern edge of the southern Great Plains. This semi-savanna is known as the Cross Timbers.[13][14][15] Scrub forms of Q. marilandica dominate on many chert glades along with Q. stellata in Arkansas's Ozark plateau.[16]

Ecology

Blackjack oak sometimes hybridizes with bear oak (Q. ilicifolia), forming a hybrid known as Q. × brittonii.[17]

Blackjack acorns provide food for both whitetail deer and wild turkey. Blackjacks may, however, cause tannic acid poisoning in cattle.

Uses

The wood is very dense and produces a hot flame when burned, which functions as an excellent source of heat for barbecues and wood-burning stoves. However, the wood is not desirable for wood fireplaces because the heat causes popping, thereby increasing the risk of house fires.[18]

Traditionally blackjack wood is used as both a fuel and smoke wood for barbecue in Oklahoma.

References

  1. ^ Wenzell , K.; Kenny, L. (2015). "Quercus marilandica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T194195A2303635. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T194195A2303635.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  2. ^ Münchhausen, Otto von (1770). "Verzeichniß der Bäume und Stauden, welche in Deutschland fortkommen". Der Hausvater. Vol. 5. Hannover: Försters und Sohns Erben. pp. 253: diagnosis in Latin, description in German in Teutonic script.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  3. ^ "Quercus marilandica (L.) Münchh". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 31 October 2017 – via The Plant List. Note that this website has been superseded by World Flora Online
  4. ^ "Quercus marilandica Münchh". Tropicos. Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved 31 October 2017.
  5. ^ a b Nixon, Kevin C. (1997). "Quercus marilandica". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). Vol. 3. New York and Oxford. Retrieved 31 October 2017 – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
  6. ^ "Quercus marilandica Range Map" (PDF). United States Geological Survey. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 2008-03-05.
  7. ^ "Quercus marilandica". County-level distribution map from the North American Plant Atlas (NAPA). Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 2014. Retrieved 31 October 2017.
  8. ^ Liming, Franklin G. (1 March 1942). "Blackjack Oak in the Missouri Ozarks". Journal of Forestry. Society of American Foresters. 40 (3): 249–252.
  9. ^ Klingaman, Gerald (September 22, 2000). "Plant of the Week: Blackjack Oak". Extension News. University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture. Retrieved 31 October 2017.
  10. ^ Nelson, John (12 January 2017). "Blackjack oak grows in hardscrabble habitat". Tallahassee Democrat. Tallahassee, Florida. Retrieved 31 October 2017.
  11. ^ Clark, F. Bryan; Liming, Franklin G. (December 1953), Sprouting of Blackjack Oak in the Missouri Ozarks, Technical Paper No. 137, Division of Forest Management, Central States Forest Experiment Station
  12. ^ "Blackjack Oak". What Tree Is It?. Ohio Public Library Information Network and The Ohio Historical Society. 1997.
  13. ^ Oklahoma Biological Survey (2016). "Ancient Cross Timbers". University of Oklahoma. Retrieved 31 October 2017.
  14. ^ Oklahoma Forestry Services. "Oklahoma's Forests> Oklahoma's Major Forest Types> Post Oak-Blackjack Forest". Oklahoma Department of Agriculture, Food, and Forestry. Retrieved 31 October 2017.
  15. ^ Engle, David M. (18 March 1997). "Oak ecology". Stillwater, Oklahoma: Division of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Oklahoma State University. Retrieved 31 October 2017.
  16. ^ Hogan, C. Michael (26 November 2012). "Oak". In Dawson, A.; Cleveland, C.J. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Earth. Washington DC: National Council for Science and the Environment. Archived from the original on May 23, 2013.
  17. ^ Shapiro, Leo (28 September 2012). "Quercus marilandica – Blackjack Oak". Encyclopedia of Life. Biodiversity Heritage Library. Retrieved 31 October 2017.
  18. ^ Hatch, Stephan L.; Pluhar, Jennifer, eds. (1999). Texas Range Plants. College Station, Texas: Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 0-89096-538-2.

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Quercus marilandica: Brief Summary ( 英語 )

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Quercus marilandica, the blackjack oak, is a small oak, one of the red oak group Quercus sect. Lobatae. It is native to the eastern and central United States.

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Quercus marilandica ( 西班牙、卡斯蒂利亞西班牙語 )

由wikipedia ES提供

Quercus marilandica, es una especie del género Quercus dentro de la familia de las Fagaceae. Está clasificada en la Sección Lobatae; del roble rojo de América del Norte, Centroamérica y el norte de América del Sur que tienen los estilos largos, las bellotas maduran en 18 meses y tienen un sabor muy amargo. Las hojas suelen tener lóbulos con las puntas afiladas, con cerdas o con púas en el lóbulo.

Distribución y hábitat

Es originaria del sur y centro de Estados Unidos, con poblaciones siguiendo la costa este hasta el norte de Long Island.[1]

 src=
Hojas
 src=
Árbol con 75 años de edad
 src=
Ilustración
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Bellota

Descripción

Se trata de un pequeño árbol de hoja caduca que alcanza un tamaño de hasta 15 m de altura, con la corteza agrietada en placas negras rectangulares con fisuras estrechas de color naranja. Las hojas son de 7-20 cm de largo y ancho, y por lo general surgen desde una base cónica a una amplia forma de campana de tres lóbulos con sólo hendiduras poco profundas. Son de color verde brillante y oscuro por encima, pubescentes por debajo, y con frecuencia se mantienen asociadas a las ramas durante el invierno después de cumplir los colores de rojo a marrón en el otoño. La bellota es pequeña, de 12-20 mm de largo y 10-18 mm de ancho; al igual que otros robles rojos, tarda 18 meses para madurar.

Hábitat y distribución

Quercus marilandica crece en suelos pobres, finos, secos, rocosos o arenosos donde pocas plantas leñosas pueden prosperar, por lo general en la tierra baja, desde el nivel del mar hasta los 900 m de altitud. No tiene la hermosa forma de muchos robles, pero es sin embargo un árbol valioso para crecer en sitios con problemas. A veces es un árbol de sotobosque en rodales de pino en las lomas de arena en el sudeste de los EE. UU. A lo largo de la llanura costera de Nueva Jersey la probabilidad de encontrar esta especie se incrementa en áreas relativamente abiertas y soleadas, como las cercanas a las marismas costeras. A menudo se produce cerca de Quercus coccinea y Quercus stellata, así como de Pinus rigida; compañeros del sotobosque incluyen Rhus copallinum, helechos, Comptonia peregrina y arrayán.

Descripción

Quercus marilandica pueden crecer desde 15 a 18 m de altura con un diámetro de tronco de 41 cm, pero rara vez llegan a más de 12 m. Las hojas son de 10 a 25 cm de largo y alrededor de la misma anchura. Ofrecen comida para el venado cola blanca y el pavo salvaje. Sin embargo, pueden causar por el ácido tánico envenenamiento en el ganado.

Usos

La madera es muy densa y produce una llama caliente cuando se quema, que funciona como una excelente fuente de calor para barbacoas y estufas de leña. Sin embargo, la madera no es deseable para chimeneas, porque el calor la hace estallar, lo que aumenta el riesgo de incendios en el hogar.

Taxonomía

Quercus marilandica fue descrita por Otto von Münchhausen y publicado en Der Hausvater 5(1): 253. 1770.[2]

Etimología

Quercus: nombre genérico del latín que designaba igualmente al roble y a la encina.

marilandica: epíteto

Sinonimia
  • Quercus cuneata Wangenh.
  • Quercus dilatata Raf.
  • Quercus ferruginea F.Michx.
  • Quercus neoashei Bush
  • Quercus nigra var. integrifolia Marshall
  • Quercus nigra var. marilandica L.
  • Quercus nigra var. A.DC.
  • Quercus nobilis Mast.[3][4]

Referencias

  1. «"Quercus marilandica Range Map"». United States Geological Survey. Consultado el 5 de marzo de 2008.
  2. «Quercus marilandica». Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. Consultado el 17 de julio de 2014.
  3. «Quercus marilandica». Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Consultado el 17 de julio de 2014.
  4. «Quercus marilandica». The Plant List. Consultado el 17 de julio de 2014.

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Quercus marilandica: Brief Summary ( 西班牙、卡斯蒂利亞西班牙語 )

由wikipedia ES提供

Quercus marilandica, es una especie del género Quercus dentro de la familia de las Fagaceae. Está clasificada en la Sección Lobatae; del roble rojo de América del Norte, Centroamérica y el norte de América del Sur que tienen los estilos largos, las bellotas maduran en 18 meses y tienen un sabor muy amargo. Las hojas suelen tener lóbulos con las puntas afiladas, con cerdas o con púas en el lóbulo.

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Quercus marilandica ( 法語 )

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Chêne du Maryland

Quercus marilandica, le Chêne du Maryland, est une espèce d'arbustes à feuilles caduques du sous-genre Quercus et de la section Lobatae. L'espèce, originaire de l'est et du centre de l'Amérique du Nord, est présente aux États-Unis, de Long Island à la Floride. Elle prospère à l'ouest jusqu'au Texas, à l'Oklahoma et au Nebraska. On a signalé des populations isolées dans le sud du Michigan, mais il s'agirait en fait d'introductions[4],[5].

Quercus marilandica peut atteindre une taille de 15 mètres. Son tronc se craquelle en plaques rectangulaires sombres, séparées par des fissures orange. Les feuilles, plutôt larges et dont la base est évasée, sont longues de 20 cm, et sont trilobées avec des indentations peu profondes. D'un vert foncé, elles sont duveteuses en surface, pubescentes en dessous, et après avoir viré au rouge puis au jaune au cours de l'automne, demeurent attachées à leur hampe tout l'hiver. Le gland est de petite taille (entre 12 et 20 mm de long, 10 à 18 mm de diamètre) ; comme les autres chênes, il lui faut 18 mois pour arriver à maturation[6].

Habitat et distribution

Le chêne du Maryland s’épanouit dans les sols pauvres, légers et secs, ou rocheux, qui lui évitent la compétition avec d'autres feuillus. On le trouve généralement dans les plaines, depuis la côté jusqu'à l'altitude de 900 mètres. Quoiqu'il n'ait pas le port majestueux des autres chênes, c'est une essence intéressante pour la restauration des sites difficiles. Elle occupe parfois la strate inférieure des pinèdes de collines sableuses du sud-est des États-Unis. Le long de la plaine côtière du New Jersey, il colonise de préférence les endroits ensoleillés, découverts à proximité des mangroves. Il est souvent associé au Chêne écarlate et au chêne étoilé ainsi qu'au Pin rigide ; en strate inférieure des bois, il voisine avec le sumac, les fougères, les comptonies et les myrtes.

L'une de ses varietés, Quercus marilandica Münchhausen var. ashei Sudworth (D. M. Hunt 1989), pousse à l'extrême ouest de son aire de répartition, au nord du Texas, Oklahoma, et Kansas méridional. Là, tout le long de la lisière orientale du sud des Grandes Plaines, il forme avec le chêne étoilé une semi-savane alternant bois et prairies herbues : cet écosystème est appelé les Cross Timbers. À travers les clairières de chaille du plateau d'Ozark, dans l'Arkansas, ces deux essences d'arbustes sont dominantes[7].

La taille des chênes du Maryland des Cross Timbers peut atteindre 17 voire 20 m, avec un tronc d'un diamètre de 40 cm, mais elle dépasse à vrai dire rarement 12 m. Les feuilles, aussi larges que longues, ont une taille comprise entre 10 et 25 cm. Les glands constitue l'une des sources d'alimentation du Cerf de Virginie et du Dindon sauvage ; mais l'acide tannique des feuilles est toxique pour le bétail.

Notes et références

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Quercus marilandica: Brief Summary ( 法語 )

由wikipedia FR提供

Chêne du Maryland

Quercus marilandica, le Chêne du Maryland, est une espèce d'arbustes à feuilles caduques du sous-genre Quercus et de la section Lobatae. L'espèce, originaire de l'est et du centre de l'Amérique du Nord, est présente aux États-Unis, de Long Island à la Floride. Elle prospère à l'ouest jusqu'au Texas, à l'Oklahoma et au Nebraska. On a signalé des populations isolées dans le sud du Michigan, mais il s'agirait en fait d'introductions,.

 src=

Feuilles du chêne du Maryland.

 src=

Coupe d’un chêne du Maryland, âgé d'approx. 75 ans.

Quercus marilandica peut atteindre une taille de 15 mètres. Son tronc se craquelle en plaques rectangulaires sombres, séparées par des fissures orange. Les feuilles, plutôt larges et dont la base est évasée, sont longues de 7 à 20 cm, et sont trilobées avec des indentations peu profondes. D'un vert foncé, elles sont duveteuses en surface, pubescentes en dessous, et après avoir viré au rouge puis au jaune au cours de l'automne, demeurent attachées à leur hampe tout l'hiver. Le gland est de petite taille (entre 12 et 20 mm de long, 10 à 18 mm de diamètre) ; comme les autres chênes, il lui faut 18 mois pour arriver à maturation.

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Drottningareik ( 冰島語 )

由wikipedia IS提供

Drottningareik (fræðiheiti: Quercus marilandica) er smávaxin eikartegund sem er ættuð frá austur og mið Bandaríkjunum, frá Long Island til Flórída, vestur til Texas, Oklahoma, og Nebraska.[3]

 src=
Blackjack oak leaves
 src=
Blackjack oak stump, approx. 75 years old

Tilvísanir

  1. Wenzell, K.; Kenny, L. (2015). „Quercus marilandica“. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015. Sótt 18. nóvember 2017.
  2. Münchhausen, Otto von (1770). „Verzeichniß der Bäume und Stauden, welche in Deutschland fortkommen“. Der Hausvater. 5. Hannover: Försters und Sohns Erben. bls. 253: diagnosis in Latin, description in German in Teutonic script.
  3. Quercus marilandica County-level distribution map from the North American Plant Atlas (NAPA). Biota of North America Program (BONAP).
  • Andreas Roloff, Andreas Bärtels: Flora der Gehölze. Bestimmung, Eigenschaften und Verwendung. Mit einem Winterschlüssel von Bernd Schulz. 3., korrigierte Auflage. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2008, ISBN 978-3-8001-5614-6, S. 503.
  • Schütt, Schuck, Stimm: Lexikon der Baum- und Straucharten. Nikol, Hamburg 2002, ISBN 3-933203-53-8, bls. 429.
Wikimedia Commons er með margmiðlunarefni sem tengist
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 src= Þessi líffræðigrein er stubbur. Þú getur hjálpað til með því að bæta við greinina.
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Drottningareik: Brief Summary ( 冰島語 )

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Drottningareik (fræðiheiti: Quercus marilandica) er smávaxin eikartegund sem er ættuð frá austur og mið Bandaríkjunum, frá Long Island til Flórída, vestur til Texas, Oklahoma, og Nebraska.

 src= Blackjack oak leaves  src= Blackjack oak stump, approx. 75 years old
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Quercus marilandica ( 波蘭語 )

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Commons Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons

Quercus marilandica (L.) Münchh. – gatunek roślin z rodziny bukowatych (Fagaceae Dumort.). Występuje naturalnie w środkowych, południowych i wschodnich Stanach Zjednoczonych – w Alabamie, Arkansas, Dystrykcie Kolumbii, Delaware, na Florydzie, w Georgii, Iowa, Illinois, Indianie, Kansas, Kentucky, Luizjanie, Marylandzie, Missouri, Missisipi, Karolinie Północnej, Nebrasce, New Jersey, stanie Nowy Jork, Ohio, Oklahomie, Pensylwanii, Karolinie Południowej, Tennessee, Teksasie, Wirginii oraz Wirginii Zachodniej[3][4][5].

Morfologia

 src=
Korona drzewa
Pokrój
Zrzucające liście drzewo dorastające do 15 m wysokości. Kora jest szorstka i ma czarną barwę[5].
Liście
Blaszka liściowa ma odwrotnie jajowaty kształt. Mierzy 7–20 cm długości oraz 7–20 cm szerokości, jest z 3–5 szerokimi klapami na brzegu, ma nasadę od zaokrąglonej do sercowatej i zaokrąglony wierzchołek. Ogonek liściowy jest owłosiony i ma 5–20 mm długości[5].
Owoce
Orzechy zwane żołędziami o kształcie od jajowatego do elipsoidalnego, dorastają do 12–20 mm długości i 10–18 mm średnicy. Osadzone są pojedynczo w miseczkach mierzących 6–10 mm długości i 13–18 mm średnicy. Orzechy otulone są w miseczkach do 35% ich długości[5].

Biologia i ekologia

Rośnie w zaroślach oraz na skalistych stokach. Występuje na wysokości do 900 m n.p.m.[5]

Przypisy

  1. Stevens P.F.: Angiosperm Phylogeny Website (ang.). 2001–. [dostęp 2017-03-03].
  2. a b Quercus marilandica (L.) Münchh. (ang.). The Plant List. [dostęp 3 marca 2017].
  3. Discover Life: Point Map of Quercus marilandica (ang.). Encyclopedia of Life. [dostęp 3 marca 2017].
  4. Comprehensive Report Species - Quercus marilandica (ang.). NatureServe. [dostęp 3 marca 2017].
  5. a b c d e Quercus marilandica (fr.). Plantes & botanique. [dostęp 3 marca 2017].
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Quercus marilandica: Brief Summary ( 波蘭語 )

由wikipedia POL提供

Quercus marilandica (L.) Münchh. – gatunek roślin z rodziny bukowatych (Fagaceae Dumort.). Występuje naturalnie w środkowych, południowych i wschodnich Stanach Zjednoczonych – w Alabamie, Arkansas, Dystrykcie Kolumbii, Delaware, na Florydzie, w Georgii, Iowa, Illinois, Indianie, Kansas, Kentucky, Luizjanie, Marylandzie, Missouri, Missisipi, Karolinie Północnej, Nebrasce, New Jersey, stanie Nowy Jork, Ohio, Oklahomie, Pensylwanii, Karolinie Południowej, Tennessee, Teksasie, Wirginii oraz Wirginii Zachodniej.

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Quercus marilandica ( 越南語 )

由wikipedia VI提供

Quercus marilandica là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Cử. Loài này được (L.) Münchh. miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1770.[1]

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

  1. ^ The Plant List (2010). Quercus marilandica. Truy cập ngày 4 tháng 6 năm 2013.

Tham khảo


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Quercus marilandica: Brief Summary ( 越南語 )

由wikipedia VI提供

Quercus marilandica là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Cử. Loài này được (L.) Münchh. miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1770.

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wikipedia VI