Poa bulbosa is a mesophytic grass, a feature which can help to distinguish it from the xerophytic Poa sinaica, and forms a large part of the available pasture in high alpine meadows. 1000-3700 m.
There are very few studies that compare bulbous bluegrass abundance on unburned and burned sites. Of the
few fire studies available, most fail to provide prefire or unburned comparison data and/or fire season
or severity information. While bulbous bluegrass is often present on burned sites, without more
information on postfire recovery, inferences regarding the effects of fire season and severity on bulbous
bluegrass abundance are difficult to make. Discussion of bulbous bluegrass's response to fire is also
made difficult because of its often low frequency and/or cover and patchy distribution relative to
disturbed sites. Without prefire data and land use history on burned and unburned sites, the validity of
comparisons is unknown.
Bulbous bluegrass is often present on recently burned sites [44,52,62]. Three to four years after a
wildfire in a forage kochia (Bassia prostrata)-dominated community near Ephraim Canyon in central
Utah, researchers indicated that bulbous bluegrass was "not materially affected by fire". The
assessment was based on transect data from burned and adjacent unburned sites, but abundance of bulbous
bluegrass was not reported [52]. In the fourth postfire growing season after a severe sagebrush-mixed
grass fire on West Mountain in Utah, bulbous bluegrass cover averaged 4.5% on the burned site but was
absent from the unburned site [62]. Bulbous bluegrass was present only on early-spring grazed and burned
sites when burned and unburned, summer and spring grazed purple needlegrass (Nassella pulchra)
grasslands at the Jepson Prairie Preserve in Solano, California, were compared. "High intensity,
short duration" grazing by domestic sheep occurred in March to early April or in August from 1988
to 1990. The fire burned in September when temperatures were 75 to 82 °F (24-28 °C), relative humidity was
47% to 61%, and wind speeds were 10 to 25 km/hour with gusts of up to 40 km/h [44].
While some report increased bulbous bluegrass abundance with time since fire [68], others report that
time since fire may not affect abundance [11,23,46]. It is likely that postfire growing conditions
and/or fire severity would affect recovery over time. Bulbous bluegrass cover averaged 6.7% on burned
sagebrush-grasslands southwest of Pocatello, Idaho, and cover was significantly (P=0.001) greater
in the 2nd postfire growing season than in the 1st. The fire burned in August in an area free of domestic
grazing for more than 35 years. No unburned or prefire data were reported, and neither
burning conditions nor fire behavior was described [68]. While bulbous bluegrass cover greatly increased after a fire
in bluebunch wheatgrass/Sandberg bluegrass (Poa secunda) grasslands near Lewiston, Idaho, cover
in the 2nd and 3rd postfire years was relatively unchanged. The fire was low severity and burned in August.
Average bulbous bluegrass cover before the fire was 0.09%. In the 2nd and 3rd postfire years, bulbous
bluegrass cover was 1.11% and 1.04%, respectively [23]. Bulbous bluegrass occurred on 1 of 6 plots before
a prescribed fire and 1 of 6 plots 1 and 2 years after a prescribed fire in big sagebrush-bluebunch
wheatgrass vegetation on the Columbia National Wildlife Refuge in Grant County, Washington. Sites burned
previously in 1993 before the early October 2002 prescribed fire. The 2002 fire was a flanking fire although
some back and head fire behavior occurred [46]. When 2- to 3-year-old and 5- to 6-year-old burned Wyoming
big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata ssp. wyomingensis)-dominated vegetation in southern Idaho
were compared, bulbous bluegrass cover averaged 0.16/m² on both sites. Both
sites burned in August. Prefire or unburned bulbous bluegrass cover was not reported [11].
The following Research Project Summaries provide information on prescribed
fire and postfire response of many plant species including bulbous bluegrass:
This description provides characteristics that may be relevant to fire ecology, and is not meant for identification. Keys for identification are available (e.g., [12,21,30,31,41,56,76]).
Aboveground description: Bulbous bluegrass is a nonnative tuft- or sod-forming grass [26,56]. It is described as a perennial [26,29,66], an annual [38], and as an annual with "perennial tendencies" [36]. Because bulbous bluegrass grows new roots each season [63,81] and has a relatively short life span [61,86], its life history is easily confused. Bulbous bluegrass stems and culms are erect, attach to bulbous bases, and measure 6 to 28 inches (15-70 cm) tall [29,31,76,86]. Culms are hollow and smooth [25]. Basal leaves are flat to involute, 1 to 3 mm wide, and 2 to 6 inches (5-15 cm) long [31,41,67].
The aboveground pear-shaped bulbs are approximately 1 cm long [86] and consist of a thick, solid internode that is surrounded by scale-like leaves [26]. Studies of bulbous bluegrass in its native habitats showed that bulbs were common in regions that experienced a periodic dry season but not in moist areas. When bulbous bluegrass was planted in moist areas, basal bulbs were not produced. The researcher indicated that although bulbous bluegrass basal bulbs were structurally similar to those of lilies and irises, they stored primarily water and not starch or sugar [32].
On its 1- to 4.5-inch (3-12 cm) long, one-sided panicle, bulbous bluegrass produces 2 types of spikelets: one typically has 3 to 6 normal florets; the other is a viviparous bulbil or bulblet without pistils or stamens [26,31,41,51]. Bulbils are more common than true florets in most US populations [28,29,31,56,86]. However, plants with both bulbils and true florets do occur [26,67]. Bulbils are transformed florets with all the necessary tissue to propagate a new plant, and measure 5 to 15 mm long [26,67].
Belowground description: Bulbous bluegrass develops a fairly limited root system. Five to twenty roots attach to the basal bulb. These roots range from 0.4 to 4 inches (1-10 cm) long and support numerous, short, thread-like rootlets about 1 mm long [26]. On disturbed sites in Utah, bulbous bluegrass roots formed mycorrhizal associations [62].
Bulbous bluegrass, a native species in southern Asia, Europe, and northern Africa, has established outside cultivation in North America. It is much more common in the western than in the eastern United States [21,24,47,86]. From North Dakota to Oklahoma and westward, bulbous bluegrass is common [10], but in the northeastern United States, bulbous bluegrass is generally restricted to fields, lawns, and meadows [21]. Bulbous bluegrass is also reported from parts of southern Canada [41].
Bulbous bluegrass was likely a contaminant in grass and/or clover seed imported by the United States [80]. Records indicate that in early 1900s bulbous bluegrass was intentionally planted on sites near Arlington, Virginia, and Pullman, Washington [47]. In the Pacific Northwest, bulbous bluegrass dispersal was tracked through the use of herbaria records. Bulbous bluegrass originated near Portland, Oregon, an active shipping port, spread into Washington and progressed eastward to northern Idaho and western Montana between 1891 and 1980 [17]. The distribution of bulbous bluegrass in the United States and southern Canada is available from the Grass Manual on the Web.
Fire adaptations: A review of studies and literature from the Mediterranean Region suggests that bulbous bluegrass may sprout vegetatively after fire [57]. The postfire regeneration methods for North American bulbous bluegrass populations have not been described, but inferences based on its reproductive biology are possible. Postfire sprouting may depend on fire season since roots shrivel and disappear during the summer dormant period. Survival of basal bulbs and bulbils on the soil surface is likely dependent on fire severity. Buried bulbils may survive fire, and consumption of litter and humus layers may uncover bulbils enough for successful germination. (See discussion on Depth of burial). Dispersal of bulbils from adjacent unburned sites or unburned refugia into the burned area is probable.
FIRE REGIMES: In native bulbous bluegrass habitats, the prevailing fire regime in which the species evolved is unknown. It is also unclear how the presence of bulbous bluegrass may affect FIRE REGIMES in its nonnative US habitats. Kartesz [38] suggests that bulbous bluegrass may pose a fire risk when dry; however, Plummer and others [65] suggest that bulbous bluegrass establishment in cheatgrass-dominated areas may decrease fire risk. Because stems and culms often shrivel and detach from basal bulbs during drought conditions, bulbous bluegrass establishment in cheatgrass-dominated areas can break up the continuity of available fine fuels. Decreased fuel availability could lead to decreased ignition and/or fire spread potential.
The distribution of bulbous bluegrass in the western United States is described, while its distribution throughout the rest of the United States is not. Below is a list of habitats containing species that bulbous bluegrass is associated with in the West. Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under "Find FIRE REGIMES".
Fire regime information on vegetation communities in which bulbous bluegrass may occur. For each community, fire regime characteristics are taken from the LANDFIRE Rapid Assessment Vegetation Models [43]. These vegetation models were developed by local experts using available literature, local data, and/or expert opinion as documented in the .pdf file linked from each Potential Natural Vegetation Group listed below. Cells are blank where information is not available in the Rapid Assessment Vegetation Model. Pacific Northwest California Southwest Great Basin Northern Rockies Pacific Northwest Vegetation Community (Potential Natural Vegetation Group) Fire severity* Fire regime characteristics Percent of fires Mean intervalBulbous bluegrass is primarily described in disturbed, dry to moist habitats throughout its range. Low- to mid-elevation pastures, abandoned fields, and roadsides near low elevation chaparral, oak, sagebrush, pinyon-juniper, mixed conifer, meadow, and streambank communities are typical bulbous bluegrass habitat [25,28,56,66,86]. Growth is considered best on sites with moderately fertile soils that experience cool, moist growing seasons [81].
Climate: Bulbous bluegrass tolerates drought and cold [82] and grows best in climates with dry summers and mild, moist winters. Big sagebrush-bluebunch wheatgrass communities in Grant County, Washington, where bulbous bluegrass occurs, experience a semiarid climate. Annual precipitation averages 8 inches (203 mm), and most precipitation comes in the fall and winter [46]. Near Pocatello, Idaho, bulbous bluegrass occurs in big sagebrush/mixed grasslands that average 10.9 inches (276 mm) of precipitation annually, most of which is delivered as snow in the winter and rain in the spring [68]. In bulbous bluegrass habitats in Tooele County, Utah, average annual precipitation was 12.9 inches (328 mm) for a 30-year period. In the same period, the maximum annual precipitation was 19 inches (483 mm), and the minimum was 6.8 inches (173 mm). Temperature extremes for the 30-year period were 102 °F (39 °C) and -22 °F (-30 °C) [19].
Available moisture can affect bulbous bluegrass abundance. In big sagebrush- and low sagebrush-dominated communities in Washington County, Idaho, bulbous bluegrass cover averaged 23% to 37% during a cool, wet spring and summer. When conditions were hot and dry in the spring and summer months, bulbous bluegrass cover averaged 13% to 22% [71].
Summer dormancy/drought avoidance: Bulbous bluegrass avoids drought conditions by senescing roots and green tissue. Tissues regrow from the bulb when growing conditions are favorable. Experiments conducted in Davis, California, revealed that bulbous bluegrass exhibited summer dormancy even when supplied with summer moisture [45]. Volaire and Norton [83] determined that summer dormancy was triggered by increasing day lengths and temperatures and that mature tissues within the bulbs remain dormant for at least 4 weeks. Regrowth from bulbs was rapid.
Elevation: Based on plantings of bulbous bluegrass in the Intermountain Region, Plummer [63] indicates that bulbous bluegrass establishes well in the lower foothills but typically does not survive at "high" elevation sites. Elevational tolerances in other western US habitats are provided below.
Elevational tolerances for bulbous bluegrass by state or region State/region Elevation California below 6,600 feet [29] southern California below 5,000 feet [56] northern Colorado 5,000-8,000 feet [28] Nevada 4,300-7,200 feet [38] Utah 3,000-7,000 feet [61] Intermountain West low to middle elevations [10]Soils: Bulbous bluegrass occurs on sandy, gravelly, silty, loamy, and clayey soils and tolerates salty, shallow, and low-fertility conditions [61,82]. Bulbous bluegrass is adapted to shallow, coarse-textured soils in northeastern Oregon [87]. Bulbous bluegrass is also common on shallow scabland soils with cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum) [24]. In a 320,000-acre (130,000 ha) study area that included parts of Napa, Lake, and Colusa counties in California, bulbous bluegrass occurred on nonserpentine but not on serpentine soils [20]. On Fire Island in Suffolk County, New York, bulbous bluegrass was rare and occurred on dry, ruderal sands [13].
Impacts: There was little literature devoted to the impacts or control of bulbous bluegrass in native plant communities, suggesting that to date (2007) bulbous bluegrass impacts are small and/or unnoticed. In a ranking of nonnative plants' "invasiveness" in Eastern Region National Forests, bulbous bluegrass was categorized as a "common" nonnative species that is restricted to disturbed sites. It was considered "not especially invasive in undisturbed natural habitats" [78].
Control: There are few recommendations for bulbous bluegrass control in the available literature. Prevention of dispersal by cleaning equipment when moving between infested and uninfested sites, planting seed free of bulbous bluegrass, and maintaining perennial and native species were suggested as control methods by Locke and Burrill [47]. On Curlew National Grasslands, fall burning, deep plowing, disking, and drill seeding were used to control bulbous bluegrass, but when treatment areas were visited 9 years later, the researcher suggested that control treatments were "questionable at best" [85].
Elk, deer, domestic sheep, game birds, deer mice, and ground squirrels consume bulbous bluegrass. Due to the rapid development and senescence of bulbous bluegrass, it is only available for part of the growing season. Bulbous bluegrass bulbils are said to contain "appreciable amounts" of starch and some fat, making them valuable when available [47].
Large mammals: Bulbous bluegrass stems and bulbils are consumed by large mammals in the winter and spring. Deer consumed bulbil-filled panicles in early spring and green growth in the late winter in Utah rangelands [65]. Bulbous bluegrass made up 20% and 31%, respectively, of the relative densities of elk and deer feces collected from January through March on northern Utah winter range [55]. Bulbous bluegrass bulbils were "avidly" consumed by domestic sheep in crested wheatgrass pastures near Ephraim, Utah [3].
Birds: Bulbous bluegrass was important in the fall and winter diets of chukars and gray partridge in the Hells Canyon area of Idaho and Oregon. Crop analyses revealed that bulbous bluegrass made up 23.3% of the volume of gray partridge diets in 1999 and 5.8% in 2000. Chukar diets were 3.5% bulbous bluegrass by volume in 1999 and 4% in 2000 [7].
Small mammals: Deer mice and ground squirrels utilize bulbous bluegrass as a food source. Bulbous bluegrass bulbs were common in deer mouse caches in the Benmore Experimental Area of Tooele County, Utah [18], but bulbous bluegrass was not a preferred food of native deer mice fed bulbils in captivity. Bulbous bluegrass preference ranked from 12th to 15th in the list of 18 presented seeds [16].
Both Idaho and Columbian ground squirrels fed on bulbous bluegrass leaves and flowers (likely bulbils) in areas where these species overlap northwest of Council, Idaho. Feces were collected from 2 meadows. In the Huckleberry site, bulbous bluegrass made up 1.9% and 0.9% of Idaho and Columbian ground squirrel diets, respectively. In the Squirrel Valley site, diets of Idaho and Columbian ground squirrels were 21.4% and 19.6% bulbous bluegrass, respectively. Bulbous bluegrass was more abundant in Squirrel Valley than in Huckleberry. Researchers reported that bulbous bluegrass leaves were also consumed [14].
Palatability/nutritional value: Most report that bulbous bluegrass is unavailable to grazers for a large part of the growing season; however, it is considered palatable when green in the early spring and often in the fall and winter [10,50,81,82]. Bulbils are considered "highly nutritious" [24].
Potential for use in revegetation: Bulbous bluegrass has many characteristics that make it attractive for use in revegetation efforts, such as ease of establishment and tolerance of stressful growing conditions [24,61,65,82]. However, often these same characteristics can cause a species to become invasive. Generally, bulbous bluegrass is not considered highly invasive. However, Hull [33] reports that bulbous bluegrass is "highly competitive" and that it can be difficult to get other species established in a "good" stand of bulbous bluegrass. Bulbous bluegrass is also a nonnative species, and the use of nonnative species in revegetation and restoration projects is often cautioned against (e.g., [5]).
The early seasonal development of bulbous bluegrass has lead to its use in "depleted rangelands" in the hopes that it may compete successfully and eventually replace less desirable, early developing weeds and annual grasses [24,50]. Bulbous bluegrass "competes successfully with cheatgrass" [81]. Seeding of bulbous bluegrass in closed and open cheatgrass communities showed that bulbous bluegrass can successfully invade but that invasion is slow [70]. In 27 of 28 unmanipulated cheatgrass-dominated plots in southern Idaho, broadcast seeding of bulbous bluegrass began to reduce cheatgrass abundance. Researchers suggested that heavy bulbous bluegrass bulbils were able to work through the litter to mineral soil and grow rapidly [74]. Establishment of bulbous bluegrass in cheatgrass-dominated sites may also serve to decrease the available late spring, summer, and early fall fuels since bulbous bluegrass biomass disappears during drought conditions [24].
Indicator species: Presence of bulbous bluegrass in grand-fir, Douglas-fir, and/or western redcedar forests in Gifford Pinchot National Forest indicates disturbance [77]. It is likely that these are not the only communities in which the presence of bulbous bluegrass indicates past disturbance.
Although bulbous bluegrass produces true florets as well as bulbils, seeds are rare [30,47,80]. Bulbous bluegrass regeneration is almost exclusively through asexual means including bulbil production [10,47], basal bulb production [47], and sometimes through culm rooting [12].
Reproduction through true floret and seed production does occur in bulbous bluegrass's native habitats. Some bulbous bluegrass populations reproduce primarily by seed, while in others reproduction is dominated by basal bulb growth and/or bulbil production. Researchers found a significant negative linear relationship (r=-0.596, P=0.02) between percentage of flowering plants and mean annual precipitation of habitats when plants were taken from field sites and grown in controlled conditions [59].
Pollination: When true florets are produced, they are wind pollinated [60].
Breeding system: Spikelets are perfect [53]. Although asexual regeneration is predominant, researchers found "surprisingly high levels of genetic diversity at the species and population level" when bulbous bluegrass bulbils were collected and grown from 10 populations in Idaho, Oregon, and Washington. An average of 26 plants were grown from each population. Researchers concluded that bulbous bluegrass was an autopolyploid and that the high levels of diversity resulted from multiple introductions and/or some past sexual reproduction [58].
Seed production: Through controlled experiments on bulbous bluegrass strains from Turkey and Afghanistan, Youngner [88] determined that floret and bulbil production were controlled by day length and temperature. Plants grown under high temperature (70-81 °F (21-27 °C)) and long day (16 hours of light) conditions produced normal florets. Plants produced bulbils when grown at lower temperatures (68 °F (<20 °C)) and exposed to shorter days (8 hours of light). Plants exposed to long day and low temperature or short day and high temperature conditions produced panicles with both florets and bulbils. The researcher recalled observations of bulbous bluegrass plants near Los Angeles, California, producing normal florets in late March, when day length exceeded 13 hours [88].
Seed dispersal: Animals, wind, and gravity are all possible dispersers of bulbous bluegrass. Small mammals cache and disperse bulbous bluegrass bulbils [24]. Because leaves and roots senesce with the dry season, it is possible that basal bulbs may be moved by wind (Sowerby cited in [26]). However, this method of dispersal is not described elsewhere, and Halperin [26] indicates he never observed this type of dispersal.
Roadsides are important dispersal corridors for bulbous bluegrass. The frequency of bulbous bluegrass was compared on sites with serpentine and nonsepentine soils at 30, 300, 3,000 feet (10 m, 100 m, and >1,000 m) from paved or improved roads. Bulbous bluegrass did not occur on serpentine soils but had 9.6% and 9.2% frequency on nonserpentine soil sites 30 feet (10 m) and 300 feet (100 m) from roads, respectively. Bulbous bluegrass was not found 3,000 feet (1,000 m) away from roads [20].
Seed banking: Studies regarding the longevity of bulbous bluegrass bulbs or bulbils are lacking. Bulbils attached to the plant that make contact with the soil can root and grow immediately without a dormancy period. Bulbils detached from the panicle lie dormant for 3 to 6 months before germinating [88]. Basal bulbs may live dormant for "several" years [24]. Basal bulbs can dry to below 10% moisture yet maintain growth potential for "extended periods" [83]. Depth of burial affects bulbous bluegrass emergence; for more on this topic, see the Depth of burial discussion.
Germination: Several studies of bulbous bluegrass germination under controlled conditions suggest that germination is best when temperatures are cool 41 to 64 °F (5-18 °C) for at least part of the day [36,58] and when seeds are uncovered or only shallowly covered with soil [63,81]. Bulbous bluegrass bulbils collected from populations in Oregon, Washington, and Idaho usually germinated within 24 hours after being chilled for 4 to 5 days at 41 °F (5 °C) [58]. Germination was 98% to 99% for bulbils collected from Moscow, Idaho, exposed to cool (50 to 64 °F (10-18 °C)) 8-hour days and cold (38 °F (3.5 °C)) nights. No bulbils germinated when exposed to 14-hour warm (79 °F (26 °C)) days and warm nights (68 °F (20 °C)). When day length was shortened to 11 hours under the warm day and night treatments germination was 18% [36].
Bulbous bluegrass bulbils from Intermountain seed suppliers germinated best under fluctuating greenhouse temperatures that ranged from 50 to 100 °F (10-40 °C), averaged 57 °F (14 °C), and closely approximated outdoor early spring conditions. Fluctuating greenhouse temperatures produced 98% germination in 14 days. Room temperature conditions that averaged 70 °F (21°C) and ranged from 66 to 73 °F (19-23 °C) produced 91% germination after 19 days. Germination was only 1% after 24 days at a constant temperature of 86 °F (30 °C) [63].
Depth of burial: Shoot emergence was delayed and reduced as bulbous bluegrass bulbil planting depths increased. Bulbils were kept moist in a greenhouse where temperatures averaged 64 °F (18 °C) and ranged daily from 54 to 90 °F (12-32 °C). Just 8% of seedlings emerged after 30 days when bulbils were planted 1.5 inches (3.8 cm) deep. Emergence was more rapid and more successful when seeds were left of the soil surface or shallowly planted. Researchers indicated that field conditions may not provide adequate moisture for successful germination of uncovered bulbils. A summary of the findings is provided below [63].
Percentage shoot emergence 5 to 30 days after planting at depths of 0 to 1.5 inches [63] Days after planting Planting depth (inches) 5 7 9 11 13 15 30 surface 26 64 85 90 93 95 96 0.25 0 6 47 71 83 87 90 0.50 0 2 26 60 68 73 77 0.75 0 0 15 49 58 62 64 1.0 0 0 0 5 15 22 28 1.5 0 0 0 1 2 5 8Seedling establishment/growth: Bulbous bluegrass plants produced the most growth in late April and May and senesced by 6 June in a mountain brush field nursery site in the Intermountain Region. The nursery occurred at 5,375 feet (1,638 m) on deep clay loam soils. Bulbils were sown in late fall, and root and shoot development was monitored periodically from 22 March to 6 June. Root and shoot growth was underway in early April. By mid-May there were 70 roots that penetrated 4.7 inches (12 cm) and spread 3.5 inches (9 cm), and shoot height reached 18 inches (46 cm). By 6 June, the approximate start of summer drought conditions, bulbous bluegrass was senescing [63].
Bulbous bluegrass root and shoot growth over the growing season [63]Sampling date
April 5 April 12 April 18 April 25 May 2 May 9 June 6 Root length (cm) 10 10 14 30 41 73 9 Shoot length (cm) 5 6 10 16 21 46 0 Number of roots 9 9 28 35 37 70 6 Number of leaves 2 3 3 7 9 18 0 Root penetration (cm) 4 4 5 6 8 12 0 Root spread (cm) 2 2 3 7 6 9 0Vegetative regeneration: Asexual or vegetative regeneration is the primary means of reproduction in US bulbous bluegrass populations. Bulbils produced in the panicle through the transformation of flowers and lemmas germinate to produce new individuals [10,22,47]. Basal bulbs that multiply and grow laterally lead to vegetative spread [47,64]. Vegetative regeneration is also possible through the rooting of decumbent culms [12].
In its native habitats, bulbous bluegrass occurs in both early- and late-seral habitats, but in the United States, it is most typical of disturbed sites and early-seral communities.
Native habitats: Bulbous bluegrass dominated late-seral pastures within open woodland habitats north of Madrid, Spain, and was not listed as a common species in early-successional pastures dominated by annual grasses [49]. In Israel, bulbous bluegrass was associated with closed and semi-open maquis vegetation and oak woodlands. In western Spain, bulbous bluegrass occurred on ploughed dehesas and persisted in later-seral shrub-dominated communities [34].
Shade tolerance: Open sites and canopy openings are preferred bulbous bluegrass habitat. Bulbous bluegrass cover and herbage production were greater in the openings than in the shrub understory in seeded sites within shrub/bunchgrass communities in south-central Idaho [54].
Disturbance-related succession: Most research and studies suggest that bulbous bluegrass establishment requires some type of disturbance. In Oregon and Washington, bulbous bluegrass is characteristic of overgrazed or disturbed western juniper/curlleaf mountain-mahogany (Juniperus occidentalis/Cercocarpus ledifolius) and riparian habitats [8,9]. In southeastern Oregon, bulbous bluegrass occurs on "severely degraded" riparian sites [15]. On the Fitzner-Eberhardt Arid Lands Ecology Reserve in Washington, bulbous bluegrass frequency was 40% to 60% in 57-year-old abandoned fields but was absent from adjacent uncultivated big sagebrush/bluebunch wheatgrass vegetation [73]. However, in bluebunch wheatgrass-dominated canyon grasslands near Lewiston, Idaho, bulbous bluegrass occurred in communities classified as early-, mid-, and late-seral. Bulbous bluegrass abundance increased after fire in all seral stages [23].
While the introduction of bulbous bluegrass is typically associated with disturbances, it established in never tilled, native shrub-steppe communities in Methow Valley, Washington. A comparison of tilled and untilled sites revealed that bulbous bluegrass abundance increased with increased time since abandonment, and cover increased over time in untilled, native shrub-steppe communities. Tilled sites spanned a 52-year chronosequence. Bulbous bluegrass cover was significantly greater on tilled than untilled (P<0.05) communities, averaging 6.6% on old fields and 1.3% in never tilled communities. Bulbous bluegrass cover was greater in untilled areas adjacent to older tilled fields than those adjacent to younger tilled fields [39].
Grazing: Bulbous bluegrass often increases on grazed sites. Bulbous bluegrass is classified as an invader of grazed sites, as its total annual production typically increases as range site conditions deteriorate, or as site dominance changes from late-seral to early-seral species [40]. In the Trout Creek Mountains of southeastern Oregon, bulbous bluegrass was typical of "severely degraded" riparian sites that received high animal use. Researchers considered bulbous bluegrass an "aggressive colonizer" [15]. Bulbous bluegrass cover typically increased as bunchgrass cover decreased with trampling and use by domestic and native grazers in Idaho fescue (Festuca idahoensis)-bluebunch wheatgrass-lupine (Lupinus spp.) and oatgrass-Wasatch desertparsley (Danthonia spp.-Lomatium bicolor var. leptocarpum) communities in eastern Oregon's Blue and Ochoco mountains [35]. In crested wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum) communities in Tooele County, Utah, bulbous bluegrass frequency increased after sites were grazed for 10 years. Before grazing, bulbous bluegrass occurred on 16% of the study plots. After grazing, bulbous bluegrass occurred on 39% of plots. Bulbous bluegrass often grew adjacent to or within crested wheatgrass crowns. Cattle grazing treatments included all possible combinations of 3 intensities (50%, 56%, and 80% utilization) and 4 systems (continuous, continuous delayed start, continuous early removal, and rotation) [19].
Cover and aboveground production of bulbous bluegrass were not significantly (P<0.05) different between an exclosure and a grazed site in the Case Creek Drainage of south-central Idaho. Before a fire in the area, sites were dominated by mountain big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata subsp. vaseyana), antelope bitterbrush (Purshia tridentata) and mixed bunchgrasses. After the fire, the area was seeded with desert wheatgrass (Agropyron desertorum), tall oatgrass (Arrhenatherum elatius), smooth brome (Bromus inermis), bulbous bluegrass, yellow sweetclover (Melilotus officinalis), and antelope bitterbrush. In 1981, cover and production were compared on unprotected sites and sites within the exclosure, constructed soon after seeding in 1942. Bulbous bluegrass cover and production were slightly greater in the exclosure [54]. Bulbous bluegrass "production and vigor" were not affected by domestic sheep grazing at an average utilization intensity of 61% in crested wheatgrass pastures near Ephraim, Utah. Grazing occurred for 7 years [3].
The scientific name of bulbous bluegrass is Poa bulbosa L. (Poaceae) [2,6,21,31,37,76].
Infrataxa:
Poa bulbosa subsp. bulbosa
Poa bulbosa subsp. vivipara [1]
La grama cebollera, Poa bulbosa, ye una yerbácea de la familia de les poácees.
Yerba perenne densamente cespitosa. Tarmos bulbosos na base, pocu foliosos, llisos de 15-40 cm d'altor. Fueyes estrechamente lineares, planes o daqué endolcaes en sentíu tresversal, envainantes, d'hasta 2 mm d'anchor. Flores en panícula de espiguines más o menos laxa y piramidal o, n'ocasiones ovoidea; espiguines ovaes, dacuando tiñíes de púrpura, con -2-6 flores fértiles hermafrodites, frecuentemente vivípares (pueden reparase plántules que surden de les espiguines). Frutu en cariopsis.[1] Floria dende finales del iviernu y hasta el branu.
Distribución Mediterránea, Macaronésica y Euroasiática. Abondosu nos praos. Tien preferencia pelos praos frecuentaos pol ganáu que los sos suelos contienen elevaes concentraciones de nitróxenu. Hemicriptófito.
Poa bulbosa foi descrita por Carolus Linnaeus y publicada en Species Plantarum 1: 70. 1753. [2]
Poa: nome xenéricu deriváu del griegu poa = (yerba, sobremanera como forraxe).[3]
bulbosa: epítetu llatín que significa "con bulbu".[4]
Númberu de cromosomes de Poa bulbosa (Fam. Gramineae) y táxones infraespecíficos: n=29. 2n=28, 42[5][6]
La grama cebollera, Poa bulbosa, ye una yerbácea de la familia de les poácees.
Das Zwiebel-Rispengras (Poa bulbosa), auch Knolliges Rispengras genannt, ist eine Pflanzenart innerhalb der Familie der Süßgräser (Poaceae). Dieses fast unscheinbare Süßgras zeichnet sich durch vegetative Organe, sogenannte Brutknospen (Bulbillen), aus, die sich häufig in den Ährchen der Blütenstände („falsche Viviparie“) und immer an der Basis der Stängel unter Beteiligung der Blattscheiden (zwiebelartige Verdickungen) bilden. Auf die basalen Verdickungen nimmt das Art-Epitheton (lat.) bulbosa für zwiebelig Bezug.
Das Knollige Rispengras ist eine überwinternd grüne, ausdauernde krautige Pflanze, die Wuchshöhen von 5 und 40 Zentimetern erreicht. Sie wächst horstförmig. Die im Querschnitt runden Halme sind dünn und wachsen aufrecht, zuweilen vom Grund an gebogen ausgebreitet. Die Stängel sind unverzweigt, mit zwei bis vier Knoten und glatt. Die Stängelbasis ist durch Blattscheiden zwiebelartig verdickt, daher der Name. Die glatten Blattscheiden sind purpurfarben gefärbt, die oberen sind grün. Die Inneren sind am Grunde vergrößert und fleischig verdickt. Sie bilden die knollige, birnenähnliche Verdickung am Grunde des vegetativen Triebes, in die Reservestoffe eingelagert werden (Brutknospen).
Die Laubblätter sind kahl. Die Blattspreiten sind sehr schmal mit kapuzenförmig zusammengezogener Spitze. Die unteren Blattspreiten sind 1 bis 10 Zentimeter lang und 1 bis 2 Millimeter breit, gefaltet oder geöffnet, an den Rändern sehr fein rau, sonst glatt. Sie vertrocknen bald und brechen ab. Die weißlich-häutigen oder grünen, länglich und spitzen Blatthäutchen sind bis zu 4 Millimeter lang.
Die Blütezeit erstreckt sich je nach geographischer Lage von März bis Juli. Der aufrechte, lockere, fein verzweigte rispige Blütenstand ist bei einer Länge von 2 und 6 Zentimetern sowie einer Breite von 1 bis 2,5 Millimetern eiförmig bis länglich. Die Rispenäste sind aufsteigend, haarähnlich und sehr fein rau. Die Stielchen sind zwischen 0,3 und 3 Millimeter lang. Die in Grün-, Purpur- und Goldtönen vielfarbigen Ährchen sind bei einer Länge von 2 bis 6 Millimetern eiförmig bis breit-länglich zusammengedrückt und enthalten drei bis sechs Blüten. Sie bringen häufig blatttragende Brutknospen hervor. Die ausdauernden und breit hautrandigen Hüllspelzen sind 2 bis 3 Millimeter lang, gekielt und dünn zugespitzt. Sie sind auf den Kielen rau. Die Unteren sind ein- bis dreinervig, die Oberen dreinervig. Die Deckspelzen überlappen sich. Sie sind lanzettlich bis lanzettlich-eiförmig. Sie sind zwischen 2,5 und 3,5 Millimeter lang, gekielt, häutig und fünfnervig. Sie tragen einen dichten Besatz aus langen, welligen Haaren am Grund. Kürzere, wellige Haare sind auf den Randnerven und auf den Kielen vorhanden. Die Vorspelzen sind so lang wie die Deckspelzen und auf den Kielen sehr fein behaart. Die Staubbeutel sind 1 bis 1,5 Millimeter lang. Die Samen werden von den Deckspelzen fest umschlossen.
Die Chromosomenzahl beträgt 2n = 14, 28, 42, 45 oder 58.[1]
Beim Knolligen Rispengras handelt es sich um einen Hemikryptophyten.
Die Bestäubung erfolgt durch den Wind.
Neben der generativen Vermehrung stehen dem Knolligen Rispengras Brutknospen (Bulbillen) zur vegetativen Verbreitung und Vermehrung zur Verfügung (Blastochorie). Nachdem die oberirdischen Pflanzenteile abgestorben sind, verbleiben die nun nicht mehr miteinander verbundenen basalen zwiebelartigen Brutknospen, in die Reservestoffe eingelagert sind. Sie können vom Wind verweht werden. Jede Brutknospe bildet dann die Grundlage für eine neue Pflanze. Ferner kommt bei dem Knolligen Rispengras häufig die „falsche Viviparie“ vor, ähnlich wie bei dem Alpen-Rispengras (Poa alpina). Dabei bilden sich in den Ährchen nach der Blütezeit Tochterpflanzen, die sich nicht aus den Samen entwickeln (Viviparie), sondern aus blatttragenden Brutknospen. Diese Jungpflanzen fallen später zu Boden oder verbleiben an der Mutterpflanze. Die Rispen biegen sich unter dem Gewicht der Jungpflanzen hinab, wo diese unmittelbar wurzeln können.
Das Knollige Rispengras ist in Eurasien und Nordafrika weitverbreitet. Sein Verbreitungsgebiet reicht von Europa bis zum nordwestlichen China, von Makaronesien bis zum Himalaja und umfasst auch die Capensis. In Nord- bis Südamerika, Australien und Neuseeland ist die Art ein Neophyt.[2]
Das Knollige Rispengras besiedelt vorwiegend sommertrockene, zuweilen ruderal beeinflusste, lückige Trocken- und Halbtrockenrasen, auf sandigen und steinigen Rainen, Mauern, Hängen sowie in lichten Trockenwäldern. Sein Schwerpunkt liegt in warmen und sonnigen, leicht beschatteten Lagen, oft in Küstennähe. Er gedeiht auf stickstoffarmen bis stickstoffärmsten, sehr trockenen und mäßig sauren, meist kalkhaltigen Böden. Es gedeiht in Mitteleuropa in Gesellschaften der Klasse Sedo-Scleranthetea, auch der Klasse Festuco-Brometea oder der Verbände Polygonion avicularis oder Cynosurion. Im Mittelmeergebiet kommt es in Gesellschaften der Klasse Thero-Brachypodietea vor.[1]
Das Knollige Rispengras ist eine Halblicht- bis Volllichtpflanze. Seine ökologischen Zeigerwerte der Pflanze nach Ellenberg lauten: L = 8, T = 7, K = 7, F = 3, R = 5, N = 2, S = 0. Die ökologischen Zeigerwerte nach Landolt et al. 2010 sind in der Schweiz: Feuchtezahl F = 1+ (trocken), Lichtzahl L = 4 (hell), Reaktionszahl R = 3 (schwach sauer bis neutral), Temperaturzahl T = 4+ (warm-kollin), Nährstoffzahl N = 3 (mäßig nährstoffarm bis mäßig nährstoffreich), Kontinentalitätszahl K = 4 (subkontinental), Salztoleranz 1 = tolerant.[3]
Man kann zwei Unterarten unterscheiden:
Das Zwiebel-Rispengras (Poa bulbosa), auch Knolliges Rispengras genannt, ist eine Pflanzenart innerhalb der Familie der Süßgräser (Poaceae). Dieses fast unscheinbare Süßgras zeichnet sich durch vegetative Organe, sogenannte Brutknospen (Bulbillen), aus, die sich häufig in den Ährchen der Blütenstände („falsche Viviparie“) und immer an der Basis der Stängel unter Beteiligung der Blattscheiden (zwiebelartige Verdickungen) bilden. Auf die basalen Verdickungen nimmt das Art-Epitheton (lat.) bulbosa für zwiebelig Bezug.
Poa bulbosa is a species of grass known by the common names bulbous bluegrass or bulbous meadow-grass. It is native to Eurasia and North Africa, but it is present practically worldwide as an introduced species. It is widespread in the United States and southern Canada. It was introduced to the eastern United States around 1906 and the western US in 1915 as a contaminant in shipments of alfalfa seed.[1] It was intentionally planted on both the east and west coasts[2] to control weeds and prevent erosion.[1] Today it is a common grass across the continent and is a noxious weed in some areas.[3] It is a sturdy, hardy, persistent, aggressive grass that easily outcompetes many other plants and becomes the dominant species in disturbed habitat types, such as overgrazed fields.[1]
This is an annual or perennial[2] grass forming dense clumps up to about 60 centimeters tall. The stems are smooth and hollow and usually have bulbous sections at their bases about a centimeter in length. The grass is more likely to have bulbous sections if it is growing in a drier area, and study has indicated the bulbous sections are mostly water.[2] If the bulbous bases are detached and replanted they can give rise to new plants.[1] The inflorescence is a wide cluster of branches bearing green leaflike spikelets with darker bases that contain bulbils. Viable seed is rarely produced, and the plant usually reproduces asexually via its basal bulbous sections and via bulbils.[2] Although the plant reproduces vegetatively (asexually) most of the time, it has been shown to possess high genetic variability.[1]
Many types of animals, including wild and domesticated ruminants, small mammals, and birds, readily consume this grass, especially the bulbils in the inflorescences, which contain some starches and fats.[2] The grass is used as a fodder and a pasture grass in parts of its native region.[4]
Poa bulbosa is a species of grass known by the common names bulbous bluegrass or bulbous meadow-grass. It is native to Eurasia and North Africa, but it is present practically worldwide as an introduced species. It is widespread in the United States and southern Canada. It was introduced to the eastern United States around 1906 and the western US in 1915 as a contaminant in shipments of alfalfa seed. It was intentionally planted on both the east and west coasts to control weeds and prevent erosion. Today it is a common grass across the continent and is a noxious weed in some areas. It is a sturdy, hardy, persistent, aggressive grass that easily outcompetes many other plants and becomes the dominant species in disturbed habitat types, such as overgrazed fields.
This is an annual or perennial grass forming dense clumps up to about 60 centimeters tall. The stems are smooth and hollow and usually have bulbous sections at their bases about a centimeter in length. The grass is more likely to have bulbous sections if it is growing in a drier area, and study has indicated the bulbous sections are mostly water. If the bulbous bases are detached and replanted they can give rise to new plants. The inflorescence is a wide cluster of branches bearing green leaflike spikelets with darker bases that contain bulbils. Viable seed is rarely produced, and the plant usually reproduces asexually via its basal bulbous sections and via bulbils. Although the plant reproduces vegetatively (asexually) most of the time, it has been shown to possess high genetic variability.
Many types of animals, including wild and domesticated ruminants, small mammals, and birds, readily consume this grass, especially the bulbils in the inflorescences, which contain some starches and fats. The grass is used as a fodder and a pasture grass in parts of its native region.
La grama cebollera (Poa bulbosa) es una herbácea de la familia de las poáceas.
Hierba perenne densamente cespitosa. Tallos bulbosos en la base, poco foliosos, lisos de 15-40 cm de altura. Hojas estrechamente lineares, planas o algo enrolladas en sentido transversal, envainantes, de hasta 2 mm de anchura. Flores en panícula de espiguillas más o menos laxa y piramidal o, en ocasiones ovoidea; espiguillas ovadas, a veces teñidas de púrpura, con -2-6 flores fértiles hermafroditas, frecuentemente vivíparas (pueden observarse plántulas que surgen de las espiguillas). Fruto en cariopsis.[1] Florece desde finales del invierno y hasta el verano.
Distribución Mediterránea, Macaronésica y Euroasiática. Abundante en los prados. Tiene preferencia por los prados frecuentados por el ganado cuyos suelos contienen elevadas concentraciones de nitrógeno. Hemicriptófito.
Poa bulbosa fue descrita por Carolus Linnaeus y publicado en Species Plantarum 1: 70. 1753.[2]
Poa: nombre genérico derivado del griego poa = (hierba, sobre todo como forraje).[3]
bulbosa: epíteto latino que significa "con bulbo".[4]
Número de cromosomas de Poa bulbosa (Fam. Gramineae) y táxones infraespecíficos: n=29.[5] 2n=28, 42[6]
La grama cebollera (Poa bulbosa) es una herbácea de la familia de las poáceas.
Sipulinurmikka (Poa bulbosa) on mätästävä, heinäkasvien heimoon kuuluva kasvilaji.
Sipulinurmikka kasvaa tavallisesti noin 15–30 cm korkeaksi. Kasvin tyvi on sipulimaisesti turvonnut ja paksujen, vanhojen, harmaankuultavien lehtituppien peittämä. Miltei rihmamaiset, ohuet lehdet ovat 3–6 cm pitkiä ja 1–1,5 mm leveitä. Lehtilapa on tasasoukka, kärki keulamainen ja lehtilavan keskisuonen molemmin puolin on vaaleanvihreä juova. Lehden kieleke on 2–3 mm pitkä ja suippo. Lehtituppi on avoin. Sipulinurmikan röyhy on 3–4 cm pitkä, kartiomainen ja kapeahko. Tähkylät ovat 2–10-kukkaisia, litteitä, puikeita tai soikeita ja tavallisesti itusilmuisia ja lopulta ruskehtavia. Kaleet ja ulkohelve ovat teräväselkäisiä. Ulkohelve on viisisuoninen ja vihneetön. Sipulinurmikka kukkii Suomessa kesäkuussa.[2][3]
Sipulinurmikan päälevinneisyysalue ulottuu Pohjois-Afrikasta, Pyreneiden niemimaalta ja Ranskasta itään läpi Etelä- ja Keski-Euroopan Turkkiin, Ukrainaan, Etelä-Venäjälle ja Keski-Aasiaan saakka. Satunnaisemmin lajia tavataan Englannissa, Skandinavian ja Suomen eteläosissa, Pohjois-Saksassa ja -Puolassa, Baltiassa ja Länsi-Venäjällä. Tulokkaana laji on levinnyt myös Yhdysvaltoihin ja Australiaan.[4]
Suomessa sipulinurmmikka on hyvin harvinainen uustulokas. Sitä on tavattu joissakin Suomenlahden ja Pohjanlahden rannikkokaupungeissa sekä Etelä-Suomessa myös sisämaassa.[5][6]
Sipulinurmikka viihtyy kuivilla kasvupaikoilla erityisesti hiekkamaalla. Suomessa sitä on tavattu satamissa, myllyillä, rautateillä ja kallioniityillä.[5]
Sipulinurmikka (Poa bulbosa) on mätästävä, heinäkasvien heimoon kuuluva kasvilaji.
Poa bulbosa, le pâturin bulbeux, est une espèce de plantes monocotylédones de la famille des Poaceae, sous-famille des Pooideae, originaire des régions tempérées de l'Ancien Monde.
Ce sont des plantes herbacées, vivaces, très cespiteuses, aux tiges pouvant atteindre de 10 à 40 cm de haut. L'espèce doit son nom à la base des tiges renflées en forme de bulbes. Il en existe une forme (variété Poa bulbosa var. vivipara Koeler) dans laquelle certains épillets, voire tous, se transforment, par un phénomène de prolifération, en bulbilles permettant une propagation végétative.
Selon World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) (25 septembre 2013)[2] :
Selon NCBI (25 septembre 2013)[3] :
Selon The Plant List (25 septembre 2013)[1] :
Selon Tropicos (25 septembre 2013)[4] (Attention liste brute contenant possiblement des synonymes) :
Poa bulbosa, le pâturin bulbeux, est une espèce de plantes monocotylédones de la famille des Poaceae, sous-famille des Pooideae, originaire des régions tempérées de l'Ancien Monde.
Ce sont des plantes herbacées, vivaces, très cespiteuses, aux tiges pouvant atteindre de 10 à 40 cm de haut. L'espèce doit son nom à la base des tiges renflées en forme de bulbes. Il en existe une forme (variété Poa bulbosa var. vivipara Koeler) dans laquelle certains épillets, voire tous, se transforment, par un phénomène de prolifération, en bulbilles permettant une propagation végétative.
Cybličkata lipnica (Poa bulbosa) je rostlina ze swójby słódkich trawow (Poaceae).
Cybličkata lipnica (Poa bulbosa) je rostlina ze swójby słódkich trawow (Poaceae).
Gumbuotoji miglė (Poa bulbosa) – miglinių (Poaceae) šeimos daugiametis žolinis augalas.
Aukštis iki 30 cm. Lapai lancetiški, lygiakraščiai, iki 10 cm ilgio, trumpomis lapamakštėmis. Žiedai smulkūs, susitelkę tankiuose, iki 7 cm ilgio žiedynuose (šluotelėse). Lietuvoje labai reta. Augalas šviesiamėgis, paprastai auga stepėse, sausose atvirose pievose[1]. Vertingas pašarinis augalas.
Gumbuotoji miglė (Poa bulbosa) – miglinių (Poaceae) šeimos daugiametis žolinis augalas.
Aukštis iki 30 cm. Lapai lancetiški, lygiakraščiai, iki 10 cm ilgio, trumpomis lapamakštėmis. Žiedai smulkūs, susitelkę tankiuose, iki 7 cm ilgio žiedynuose (šluotelėse). Lietuvoje labai reta. Augalas šviesiamėgis, paprastai auga stepėse, sausose atvirose pievose. Vertingas pašarinis augalas.
Knolbeemdgras (Poa bulbosa) is een plant uit de grassenfamilie (Poaceae). Het gras wordt tussen de 15 en 70 centimeter hoog. De onderste bladscheden zijn verdikt, en vormen een peervormige bol als van een ui, met dien verstande dat de bol boven de grond blijft. Het oppervlak van de stelen is glad en van binnen zijn de stelen hol. De grondstandige bladeren zijn tussen de vijf en vijftien centimeter lang en tussen de een en drie millimeter breed.
De soort komt vermoedelijk van oorsprong uit Centraal-Azië, en heeft zich van daar in het voetspoor van de schapenteelt westwaarts uitgebreid naar Europa, Azië en Noord-Afrika. In Nederland is de soort in het begin van de negentiende eeuw voor het eerst vastgesteld.[1] Rond het jaar 1906 is de soort door de mens geïntroduceerd in de Verenigde Staten. Ook in Zuid-Afrika en Australië is de soort inmiddels geïntroduceerd.
Knolbeemdgras (Poa bulbosa) is een plant uit de grassenfamilie (Poaceae). Het gras wordt tussen de 15 en 70 centimeter hoog. De onderste bladscheden zijn verdikt, en vormen een peervormige bol als van een ui, met dien verstande dat de bol boven de grond blijft. Het oppervlak van de stelen is glad en van binnen zijn de stelen hol. De grondstandige bladeren zijn tussen de vijf en vijftien centimeter lang en tussen de een en drie millimeter breed.
Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons Wiechlina cebulkowata (Poa bulbosa L.) – gatunek rośliny, należy do rodziny wiechlinowatych. Występuje naturalnie w Europie, w afrykańskich krajach basenu Morza Śródziemnego, w zachodniej i środkowej Azji, na południu tego kontynentu sięgając do Nepalu i północno-zachodnich Indii[2]. Zawleczony został na inne kontynenty obu półkul w strefie klimatu umiarkowanego. W Polsce roślina rozproszona na niżu.
Występuje w formie żyworodnej i tworzy mieszańce spontaniczne z wiechliną roczną. Roślina światłolubna, o charakterze stepowym. Gatunek charakterystyczny dla muraw z klasy Festuco-Brometea.
Gatunek umieszczony na polskiej czerwonej liście w kategorii NT (bliski zagrożenia)[3].
Wiechlina cebulkowata (Poa bulbosa L.) – gatunek rośliny, należy do rodziny wiechlinowatych. Występuje naturalnie w Europie, w afrykańskich krajach basenu Morza Śródziemnego, w zachodniej i środkowej Azji, na południu tego kontynentu sięgając do Nepalu i północno-zachodnich Indii. Zawleczony został na inne kontynenty obu półkul w strefie klimatu umiarkowanego. W Polsce roślina rozproszona na niżu.
Poa bulbosa é uma espécie de planta com flor pertencente à família Poaceae.
A autoridade científica da espécie é L., tendo sido publicada em Species Plantarum 1: 70. 1753.[1]
Trata-se de uma espécie presente no território português, nomeadamente em Portugal Continental e no Arquipélago da Madeira.
Em termos de naturalidade é nativa das duas regiões atrás indicadas.
Não se encontra protegida por legislação portuguesa ou da Comunidade Europeia.
Poa bulbosa é uma espécie de planta com flor pertencente à família Poaceae.
A autoridade científica da espécie é L., tendo sido publicada em Species Plantarum 1: 70. 1753.
Це багаторічна ефемероїдна дрібнодерниста рослина з тонким неглибоким мичкуватим корінням, трьома – десятьма генеративними пагонами заввишки 10–50 см, які біля основи мають дрібні бульбочкоподібні потовщення завбільшки з пшеничне зерно.
Багаторічний злак. Рослина утворює невеликі пухкі дерновини. Стебла 10-50 см заввишки, тонкі, гладкі. Листки вузькі, ниткоподібні, сірувато-зелені, в 5-10 разів коротші піхви, яка при основі пагонів потовщена і розширена, утворює цибулевидне потовщення.
Суцвіття — густа, стиснута волоть. Колоски 3,5-7 мм завдовжки, яйцеподібні, з 4-8 (12) квітками. Колоскові луски широко яйцеподібні, тонко загострені; нижня квіткова луска 2,75-3,5 мм завдовжки. Колоски зазвичай перетворені в цибулинки (вівіпарії); нижні квіткові луски з 5 жилками, в нижній частині коротковолосисті, але у вівіпарних колосків часто голі. Калус з невеликим пучком з довгих звивистих волосків. Цвіте у квітні-червні. Розмножується насінням, цибулинами і діленням кущів.
Анемофіл; апомікт. Живородяща форма відома як Poa bulbosa var. vivipara Koel. (= Poa bulbosa subsp. vivipara (Koel.) Arcang.).
Число хромосом — 2n = 14, 28, 39, 42, 45.
Тонконіг бульбистий – рослина посухостійна, витримує солонцюватість і щебінчатість ґрунтів, морозостійка. Починає відростати рано навесні, протягом 30–35 днів закінчує вегетацію і засихає. Період спокою триває до 11 місяців, якщо не йде в ріст з осені або під час м'якої зими при наявності вологи.
Батьківський ареал поширення тонконогу – сухі степи, напівпустелі та пустелі Євразії та Північної Африки, де він є одним з основних компонентів цілинних і перелогових територій. Рослина надзвичайна невибаглива до умов існування.
Росте у степах і напівпустелях, на прирічкових пісках і галечниках, на кам'янистих і щебенистих схилах.
Використовується як кормова рослина. Може використовуватися для влаштування газонів.
Poa bulbosa là một loài cỏ trong họ hòa thảo, thuộc chi poa.[1]
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Poa bulbosa L.
Мятлик луковичный (лат. Poa bulbosa) — вид травянистых растений рода Мятлик (Poa) семейства Злаки (Poaceae). Используется как кормовое растение[2].
Многолетнее травянистое растение высотой 10—50 см, образующее рыхлую дерновину. Стебли гладкие, тонкие.
Листья узкие, нитевидные, серовато-зелёные, в 5—10 раз короче влагалища. Влагалища при основании побегов расширенные, утолщённые, образующие луковицевидные утолщения[2][3].
Анемофил. Соцветие — густая сжатая метёлка яйцевидной формы. Колоски вивипарные, длиной 3,5—7 мм, с 4—12 цветками. Колосковые чешуи широко яйцевидные, тонко заострённые; нижние чешуи по килю и жилкам опушённые. Каллус с небольшим пучком извилистых волосков. Цветёт с апреля по июнь[2][3].
Число хромосом 2n = 28, 42[2].
Обитает в степях, полустепях, на песках, приречных галечниках, каменистых и щебнистых склонах[3].
В России встречается в Сибири, в Поволжье, на Кавказе и Южном Урале. За рубежом обитает в Средней Азии, Китае, Южной и Средней Европе[2]
Живородящая форма вида известна как Poa bulbosa var. vivipara (= Poa bulbosa subsp. vivipara)[2].
По данным The Plant List вид имеет следующие синонимы и инфравидовые ранги:[4]
Занесён в Красные книги Новосибирской области и Республики Татарстан. Отмечен на территории ряда особо охраняемых природных территорий России[5].
Мятлик луковичный (лат. Poa bulbosa) — вид травянистых растений рода Мятлик (Poa) семейства Злаки (Poaceae). Используется как кормовое растение.
鳞茎早熟禾（学名：Poa bulbosa）为禾本科早熟禾属下的一个种。
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