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Comments ( 英語 )

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The stems of Smilax laurifolia are viciously armed.
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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
書目引用
Flora of North America Vol. 26: 470, 475 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Description ( 英語 )

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Vines forming extensive colonies; rhizomes irregularly branched, tuberous, woody. Stems perennial, climbing, branching, terete, 5+ m × 15 mm , woody, glaucous, glabrous; prickles dark, flat, to 12 mm, rigid. Leaves evergreen, ± evenly arranged; petiole 0.5–1.5 cm; blade abaxially green, drying to pale brown to brownish green, oblong-elliptic, lance-elliptic, or, sometimes, linear or broadly ovate, not prominently reticulate, 3-veined from base, 7–13 × 1.3–4(–6) cm, coriaceous, not glaucous, glabrous or minutely pubescent abaxially, base attenuate to rounded; margins entire, often revolute, teeth absent; apex acute to rounded, often mucronate. Umbels numerous, axillary to leaves, generally on short branches, 5–12(–25)-flowered, ± open, spherical; peduncle 0.5–1.5 cm, shorter than subtending leaf. Flowers: perianth yellow, cream, or white; tepals 4–5 mm; anthers exceeding filaments; ovule 1 per locule; pedicel 0.5-1 cm. Berries black, ovoid, 5–8 mm, shining, glaucous.
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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
書目引用
Flora of North America Vol. 26: 470, 475 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Habitat & Distribution ( 英語 )

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Flowering Aug--Oct. Bays, bogs, pocosins, swamp margins, marshy banks; Ala., Ark., Del., Fla., Ga., La., Md., Miss., N.C., Okla., S.C., Tenn., Tex., Va.; West Indies (Bahamas, Cuba).
許可
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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
書目引用
Flora of North America Vol. 26: 470, 475 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Synonym ( 英語 )

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Smilax alba Pursh; S. lanceolata Linnaeus
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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
書目引用
Flora of North America Vol. 26: 470, 475 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Common Names ( 英語 )

由Fire Effects Information System Plants提供
laurelleaf greenbrier
書目引用
Van Deelen, Timothy R. 1991. Smilax laurifolia. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Description ( 英語 )

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More info for the terms: fruit, liana

Laurelleaf greenbrier is a monocotyledonous liana native to the southeastern United States. Its stems are armed with abundant to occasional, stout prickles. It frequently climbs overstory vegetation. Dead stems persist and help to form dense tangled thickets on sites where laurelleaf greenbrier grows [6,11]. Underground, the stems of laurelleaf greenbrier form thick, heavy, tuberous rhizomes. The rhizomes have reddish surfaces and are massive. They support vigorous sprouts, capable of averaging 2.5 inches (7 cm) of growth per day during the growing season [11,19]. Laurelleaf greenbrier leaves are evergreen, rounded, and leathery. Short, twisted petioles hold the leaves erect from the stems. Laurelleaf greenbrier flowers are small regular and borne in axillary umbels. The fruit is a berry which is shiny-black at maturity. The fruits ripen the second season after fruit-set and often persist into or through their second winter. Berry production is prodigious [6,9,11,19].
書目引用
Van Deelen, Timothy R. 1991. Smilax laurifolia. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Distribution ( 英語 )

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Laurelleaf greenbrier grows along the Gulf and southeastern Atlantic coastal plains of the United States. Its range extends from central New Jersey, south to southern Florida, and west to eastern Texas. Inland, its range extends north from the Gulf Coast to Arkansas, and west from the Atlantic Coast to eastern Tennessee. Laurelleaf greenbrier also grows in Cuba and the Bahamas [11].
書目引用
Van Deelen, Timothy R. 1991. Smilax laurifolia. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Fire Ecology ( 英語 )

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More info for the terms: fire regime, seed

Laurelleaf greenbrier probably survives fire by sprouting from persistent rhizomes. Animal-assisted seed dispersal and seedling establishment are probably of secondary importance. FIRE REGIMES : Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under "Find FIRE REGIMES".
書目引用
Van Deelen, Timothy R. 1991. Smilax laurifolia. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Fire Management Considerations ( 英語 )

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Heat values of fuels are basic to predicting the potential heat released during a fire. Laurelleaf greenbrier foliage yields 227,000 calories per pound (5,000 cal/g) and is 2.9 percent ash [12].
書目引用
Van Deelen, Timothy R. 1991. Smilax laurifolia. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Growth Form (according to Raunkiær Life-form classification) ( 英語 )

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More info on this topic.

More info for the term: phanerophyte

Phanerophyte
書目引用
Van Deelen, Timothy R. 1991. Smilax laurifolia. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Habitat characteristics ( 英語 )

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More info for the terms: mesic, swamp

Laurelleaf greenbrier grows in shrub-tree bogs, cypress (Taxodium spp.)-gum (Nyssa spp.) depressions, along marshy stream banks [11], and in Louisiana pitcher-plant (Sarracenia spp.) bogs [1]. It is abundant in all age classes in cypress heads, especially along the margins [21]; and is a dominant in pocosin communities [23]. In Everglades National Park, laurelleaf greenbrier is common in hammock understories and occasional in sawgrass (Cladium spp.) swamps [7]. It is characteristic of Okefenokee Swamp understories [4,5], and is common on burned or open areas in the Great Dismal Swamp [20,28], and mesic sites in North Carolina's Green Swamp [26]. Typical laurelleaf greenbrier soils are mucky, peaty, acidic organics (Histosols). They are often poorly drained [20,23]. Water regimes are saturated; sites are frequently or seasonally flooded [23]. Laurelleaf greenbrier is "almost always present on pond pine (Pinus serotina) sites" [2]. Other common overstory associates include cypress, swamp blackgum (N. sylvatica), white bay (Magnolia virginiana), loblolly bay (Gordonia lasianthus), sweet bay (Persea borbonia), red maple (Acer rubrum), Cassena (Ilex cassine), titi (Cyrilla racemiflora), and southern white cedar [5,23]. Understory associates include hurrahbush (Lyonia lucida), leucothoe (Leucothoe racemosa) sweetspire (Itea virginica), poor-man's soap (Clethra alnifolia), coral greenbrier (S. walteri), and honeycup (Zenobia pulverulenta) [5].
書目引用
Van Deelen, Timothy R. 1991. Smilax laurifolia. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Habitat: Cover Types ( 英語 )

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More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in association with the following cover types (as classified by the Society of American Foresters):

More info for the term: swamp

73 Southern redcedar
75 Shortleaf pine
81 Loblolly pine
87 Sweetgum - yellow poplar
92 Sweetgum - willow oak
97 Atlantic white-cedar
98 Pond pine
100 Pondcypress
102 Baldcypress - tupelo
103 Water tupelo - swamp tupelo
104 Sweetbay - swamp tupelo - redbay
105 Tropical hardwoods
書目引用
Van Deelen, Timothy R. 1991. Smilax laurifolia. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Habitat: Ecosystem ( 英語 )

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This species is known to occur in the following ecosystem types (as named by the U.S. Forest Service in their Forest and Range Ecosystem [FRES] Type classification):

FRES13 Loblolly - shortleaf pine
FRES15 Oak - hickory
FRES16 Oak - gum - cypress
FRES41 Wet grasslands
書目引用
Van Deelen, Timothy R. 1991. Smilax laurifolia. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Habitat: Plant Associations ( 英語 )

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This species is known to occur in association with the following plant community types (as classified by Küchler 1964):

More info for the term: forest

K080 Marl - everglades
K089 Black belt
K092 Everglades
K105 Mangrove
K111 Oak - hickory - pine forest
K113 Southern floodplain forest
K114 Pocosin
書目引用
Van Deelen, Timothy R. 1991. Smilax laurifolia. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Immediate Effect of Fire ( 英語 )

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More info for the term: top-kill

Most fires probably top-kill laurelleaf greenbrier. Presumably, its rhizomes may be killed by fires severe enough to consume or sufficiently heat the soil's organic layer.
書目引用
Van Deelen, Timothy R. 1991. Smilax laurifolia. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Importance to Livestock and Wildlife ( 英語 )

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More info for the terms: fruit, marsh, tree

Black bears and a variety of bird species feed on laurelleaf greenbrier fruit; however, it was refused by captive marsh rabbits [3,14]. The pocosins and woodlands where laurelleaf greenbrier grows are important to a variety of Southeastern wildlife including the white-tailed deer, bobcat, gray squirrel, Eastern diamond-back rattlesnake, American alligator, pine barrens tree frog, and the endangered red-cockaded woodpecker [23].
書目引用
Van Deelen, Timothy R. 1991. Smilax laurifolia. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Key Plant Community Associations ( 英語 )

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Wells [27] cites laurelleaf greenbrier as a dominant in his pocosin
community type classification system.
書目引用
Van Deelen, Timothy R. 1991. Smilax laurifolia. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Life Form ( 英語 )

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More info for the term: vine

Vine
書目引用
Van Deelen, Timothy R. 1991. Smilax laurifolia. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Management considerations ( 英語 )

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More info for the term: vines

Laurelleaf greenbrier is a silvicultural pest. On cut-over sites it
inhibits southern white cedar (Chamaecyparis thyoides) regeneration by
climbing cedar seedlings and causing physical damage from the
accumulated weight of several vines [3]. Drainage and fire caused an
increase in laurelleaf greenbrier in the Everglades Mariscus-Myrica-Ilex
type [16].
書目引用
Van Deelen, Timothy R. 1991. Smilax laurifolia. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Occurrence in North America ( 英語 )

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AL AR FL GA MD NJ NC SC TN TX
VA
書目引用
Van Deelen, Timothy R. 1991. Smilax laurifolia. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Other uses and values ( 英語 )

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As a member of pocosin plant communities, laurelleaf greenbrier helps provide essential habitat for the following endangered plants: white wickey (Kalmia cuneata), arrowleaf shieldwort (Peltandra sagittaefolia), spring-flowering golden rod (Solidago verna), and rough-leaf loostrife (Lysimachia asperulaefolia) [23].
書目引用
Van Deelen, Timothy R. 1991. Smilax laurifolia. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Phenology ( 英語 )

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Laurelleaf greenbrier shows its most pronounced growth between April and June [19]. It flowers between July and August [6,29] and its berries ripen during August and September of their second growing season [25].
書目引用
Van Deelen, Timothy R. 1991. Smilax laurifolia. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Plant Response to Fire ( 英語 )

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Laurelleaf greenbrier's well-developed rhizomes, capacity for vigorous growth [19], and early seral nature [3] suggest that it responds to fire with quick and vigorous sprouting. It was among the first to flower after a fire in a North Carolina pine-wiregrass (Aristida spp.) type [13].
書目引用
Van Deelen, Timothy R. 1991. Smilax laurifolia. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Post-fire Regeneration ( 英語 )

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Secondary colonizer - off-site seed
書目引用
Van Deelen, Timothy R. 1991. Smilax laurifolia. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Regeneration Processes ( 英語 )

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More info for the term: fruit

Laurelleaf greenbrier regenerates vegetatively by sprouting from its tuberous rhizomes [19,25]. It also regenerates sexually although the details have not been described. The nature of the fruit, its use by wildlife (see IMPORTANCE TO LIVESTOCK AND WILDLIFE), and records of seedling germination in black bear scat [3] indicate that the seeds are dispersed by animals.
書目引用
Van Deelen, Timothy R. 1991. Smilax laurifolia. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Successional Status ( 英語 )

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More info for the term: tree

Laurelleaf greenbrier is an early-seral species in the successional trend toward mature lowland forests and is a severe competitor of tree seedlings [3]. Although a common understory species, laurelleaf greenbrier apparently grows better in full sunlight. Overstory removal releases it to form dense thickets [12].
書目引用
Van Deelen, Timothy R. 1991. Smilax laurifolia. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Taxonomy ( 英語 )

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The currently accepted scientific name for laurelleaf greenbrier is
Smilax laurifolia L. There are no recognized infrataxa [11,18,19,24].
書目引用
Van Deelen, Timothy R. 1991. Smilax laurifolia. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Value for rehabilitation of disturbed sites ( 英語 )

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More info for the term: cover

Laurelleaf greenbrier may be propagated by its tuberous rhizomes [25] and once established, grows with unusual vigor [19]. It is potentially valuable for rehabilitation prescriptions calling for quick establishment of dense cover.
書目引用
Van Deelen, Timothy R. 1991. Smilax laurifolia. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Smilax laurifolia ( 德語 )

由wikipedia DE提供

Smilax laurifolia, auch Sarsaparille oder Sassaparille genannt, ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung Stechwinden (Smilax) innerhalb der Familie der Stechwindengewächse (Smilacaceae). Sie ist in den südöstlichen Vereinigten Staaten verbreitet und gedeiht entlang der Golfküste und den Atlantischen Küstenebenen von Texas bis nach New Jersey, ihr Verbreitungsgebiet im Inland bis nach Arkansas, Oklahoma und Tennessee ausdehnt.[1] Sie kommt außerdem auf Kuba und den Bahamas vor.[2][3][4][5][6] Von der TNC wird Smilax laurifolia als „sicher“ („G5“) eingestuft. Englischsprachige Trivialnamen sind: laurel greenbrier,[7] laurelleaf greenbrier, bamboo vine, blaspheme vine.

Beschreibung

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Illustration aus Aquatic and wetland plants of southwestern United States, S. 662

Vegetative Merkmale

Smilax laurifolia ist eine immergrüne, verholzende Kletterpflanze, die dickichtartige Kolonien bildet und die übrige Vegetation überwuchert. Die Sprossachsen erreichen Längen von 5 Metern und mehr. Sie sind mit Dornen, die mehr als 1 Zentimeter lang werden können, „teuflisch bewaffnet“.[4] Die Pflanzen entwickeln sich aus einem riesigen verholzten röhrenartigen Rhizom. Die Sprossachsen können bis zu 7 Zentimeter pro Tag wachsen.[3]

Die Laubblätter sind in Blattstiel und Blattspreite gegliedert. Die Blattstiele sind gedreht und bringen die Blattspreiten in eine aufrechte Position. Die einfache, lederige Blattspreite ist gerade und bei einer Länge von etwa 13 Zentimetern sowie bei einer Breite von etwa 6 Zentimetern lanzettlich oder oval.[3]

Generative Merkmale

Bis zu 25 Blüten stehen in einem seitenständigen, doldigen Blütenstand zusammen. Die zwittrigen Blüten sind dreizählig. Die weißlichen oder gelblichen Perigonblätter weisen eine Länge von etwa 0,5 Zentimetern auf.[4]

Die glänzende schwarze Beere besitzt einen wachsartigem Überzug und einen Durchmesser von 5 bis 8 Millimetern.[4]

Die Beeren reifen in der zweiten Vegetationsperiode nach der Befruchtung.[3]

Standortbedingungen

Smilax laurifolia wächst in Mooren, Brüchen und sumpfigen Gebieten. In Pocosins ist sie die dominante Art. Die Böden sind feucht bis wassergesättigt, die Standorte werden oft überschwemmt. Sie ist in den Everglades häufig und „charakteristisch“ für den Unterwuchs im Okefenokee Swamp. Mit ihr vergesellschaftet sind ist Sumpfzypresse, Schwarzer Tupelobaum (N. sylvatica), Sumpf-Magnolie (Magnolia virginiana), Gordonia lasianthus, Persea borbonia, Rot-Ahorn (Acer rubrum), Ilex cassine, Cyrilla racemiflora und Weiße Scheinzypresse (Chamaecyparis thyoides). Im Unterwuchs ist sie mit Lyonia lucida, Sommergrüner Traubenheide (Leucothoe racemosa), Amerikanischer Rosmarinweide (Itea virginica), Erlenblättriger Zimterle (Clethra alnifolia), Smilax walteri und Zenobia pulverulenta vergesellschaftet.[3]

Sämlinge von Baumarten treten in Konkurrenz zu Smilax laurifolia laurifolia und werden teilweise unterdrückt, so wie die der Weißen Scheinzypresse. An sonnigen Plätzen wächst die Pflanze besser und kann undurchdringliche Dickichte bilden. Nach Brand oder Beschädigung treibt sie kräftig neu aus dem Rhizom heraus aus.[3] Als schnell wachsende Kletterpflanze gilt sie in der Forstwirtschaft als Plage.[3]

Zahlreiche Tierarten finden in den Dickichten Unterschlupf und Lebensraum, so Weißwedelhirsch, Rotluchs, Grauhörnchen, Diamant-Klapperschlange, Mississippi-Alligator, Anderson-Laubfrosch und der bedrohte Kokardenspecht. Smilax laurifolia kommt zusammen mit einer Reihe seltener Arten wie Kalmia cuneata, Peltandra sagittaefolia, Solidago verna und Lysimachia asperulifolia vor.[3]

Nutzung

Smilax laurifolia wurde von Indianer-Gruppen für medizinische Zwecke genutzt. Die Cherokee zum Beispiel nutzten die Pflanzen bei der Behandlung von Hautpilzen und Verbrennungen. Die röhrenartigen Rhizome wurden auch gegessen; die Choctaw verwendeten sie in frittierten Kuchen und im Brot.[8]

Taxonomie

Die Erstveröffentlichung von Smilax laurifolia erfolgte 1753 durch Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum, Seite 1030.[2] Synonyme für Smilax laurifolia L. sind: Parillax laurifolia (L.) Raf., Smilax lanceolata L., Smilax virginiana Mill., Smilax alba Pursh, Smilax hastata var. lanceolata (L.) Pursh, Smilax laurifolia var. bupleurifolia A.DC.[2]

Einzelnachweise

  1. Smilax laurifolia, 2014 county distribution map. Biota of North America Program. Abgerufen am 12. Juni 2019.
  2. a b c Rafaël Govaerts (Hrsg.): Smilax laurifolia . In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) – The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, abgerufen am 14. September 2019.
  3. a b c d e f g h Timothy R. Van Deelen: Smilax laurifolia. In: Fire Effects Information System. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. 1991. Abgerufen am 25. Juni 2019.
  4. a b c d Bruce A. Sorrie, Alan S. Weakley, Gordon C. Tucker: Smilax laurifolia. In: Flora of North America @ eFloras.org. Abgerufen am 25. Juni 2019.
  5. H. Leon: Flora de Cuba, Band 1. Cultural S. A., La Habana 1946, S. 441.
  6. D. S. Correll, H. B. Correll: Flora of the Bahama Archipelago. J. Cramer, Vaduz 1982, S. 1692.
  7. Smilax laurifolia. In: Plants Database. United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. Abgerufen am 16. November 2015.
  8. Smilax laurifolia. In: Native American Ethnobotany DB. University of Michigan Ethnobotany. Abgerufen am 26. Juni 2019.
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wikipedia DE

Smilax laurifolia: Brief Summary ( 德語 )

由wikipedia DE提供

Smilax laurifolia, auch Sarsaparille oder Sassaparille genannt, ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung Stechwinden (Smilax) innerhalb der Familie der Stechwindengewächse (Smilacaceae). Sie ist in den südöstlichen Vereinigten Staaten verbreitet und gedeiht entlang der Golfküste und den Atlantischen Küstenebenen von Texas bis nach New Jersey, ihr Verbreitungsgebiet im Inland bis nach Arkansas, Oklahoma und Tennessee ausdehnt. Sie kommt außerdem auf Kuba und den Bahamas vor. Von der TNC wird Smilax laurifolia als „sicher“ („G5“) eingestuft. Englischsprachige Trivialnamen sind: laurel greenbrier, laurelleaf greenbrier, bamboo vine, blaspheme vine.

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Smilax laurifolia ( 英語 )

由wikipedia EN提供

Smilax laurifolia is a species of flowering plant in the greenbrier family known by the common names laurel greenbrier,[2] laurelleaf greenbrier, bamboo vine, and blaspheme vine. It is native to the southeastern United States, where it occurs along the Gulf and Atlantic coastal plains from Texas to New Jersey, the range extending inland to Arkansas, Oklahoma, and Tennessee.[3] It also occurs in Cuba and the Bahamas.[1][4][5][6][7]

This plant is a monocotyledonous woody vine that forms dense colonial thickets and climbs over other vegetation. The stems reach five meters or more in length. They are "viciously armed" with prickles that may be over a centimeter long.[5] The plant grows from a huge woody, tuberous rhizome. The sprouts may grow up to 7 centimeters per day.[4] The leathery evergreen leaves are linear, lance-shaped, or oval and reach 13 centimeters long by 6 wide. The petioles twist to bear the leaves in an erect position.[4] The inflorescence is an umbel of up to 25 flowers borne in the leaf axils. Each flower has whitish or yellowish tepals each about half a centimeter long. The fruit is a shiny, waxy black berry 5 to 8 millimeters long.[5] The berries mature in the second growing season after they first appear.[4]

This plant grows in bogs, swamps, and marshy areas. It is a dominant plant in pocosins. The soils are wet to saturated and the sites are often flooded. It is common in the Everglades and it is "characteristic" of the Okefenokee Swamp understory flora. It grows beneath cypress, swamp blackgum (N. sylvatica), white bay (Magnolia virginiana), loblolly bay (Gordonia lasianthus), sweet bay (Persea borbonia), red maple (Acer rubrum), cassena (Ilex cassine), titi (Cyrilla racemiflora), and southern white cedar (Chamaecyparis thyoides). In the understory it is associated with hurrahbush (Lyonia lucida), leucothoe (Leucothoe racemosa), sweetspire (Itea virginica), poor-man's soap (Clethra alnifolia), coral greenbrier (S. walteri), and honeycup (Zenobia pulverulenta).[4]

This plant competes with and inhibits tree seedlings such as those of southern white cedar. In sunny sites it grows better and can form dense thickets. When burned or damaged it resprouts vigorously from its large rhizome.[4] This rapidly climbing vine is a silvicultural pest.[4]

This plant provides habitat for many types of animals, such as white-tailed deer, bobcat, gray squirrel, Eastern diamondback rattlesnake, American alligator, pine barrens tree frog, and the endangered red-cockaded woodpecker. It grows alongside a variety of rare such as white wickey (Kalmia cuneata), arrowleaf shieldwort (Peltandra sagittaefolia), spring-flowering goldenrod (Solidago verna), and rough-leaf loostrife (Lysimachia asperulaefolia).[4]

Native American groups used this plant medicinally. For example, the Cherokee used it for sores and burns. The tuberous rhizome was also a food source; the Choctaw made it into fried cakes and bread.[8][9]

References

  1. ^ a b Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
  2. ^ USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Smilax laurifolia". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 16 November 2015.
  3. ^ Biota of North America Program 2014 county distribution map
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h Van Deelen, Timothy R. 1991. Smilax laurifolia. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory.
  5. ^ a b c Smilax laurifolia. Flora of North America.
  6. ^ Leon, H. (1946). Flora de Cuba 1: 1-441. Cultural S. A., La Habana.
  7. ^ Correll, D.S. & Correll, H.B. (1982). Flora of the Bahama Archipelago: 1-1692. J.Cramer, Vaduz.
  8. ^ "Smilax laurifolia". Native American Ethnobotany DB. University of Michigan Ethnobotany. Retrieved 26 June 2019.
  9. ^ Freedman, Robert Louis (1976). "Native North American Food Preparation Techniques". Boletín Bibliográfico de Antropología Americana (1973-1979). Pan American Institute of Geography and History. 38 (47): 127. JSTOR 43996285., s.v. Root Fritters (ahe) Choctaw

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Smilax laurifolia: Brief Summary ( 英語 )

由wikipedia EN提供

Smilax laurifolia is a species of flowering plant in the greenbrier family known by the common names laurel greenbrier, laurelleaf greenbrier, bamboo vine, and blaspheme vine. It is native to the southeastern United States, where it occurs along the Gulf and Atlantic coastal plains from Texas to New Jersey, the range extending inland to Arkansas, Oklahoma, and Tennessee. It also occurs in Cuba and the Bahamas.

This plant is a monocotyledonous woody vine that forms dense colonial thickets and climbs over other vegetation. The stems reach five meters or more in length. They are "viciously armed" with prickles that may be over a centimeter long. The plant grows from a huge woody, tuberous rhizome. The sprouts may grow up to 7 centimeters per day. The leathery evergreen leaves are linear, lance-shaped, or oval and reach 13 centimeters long by 6 wide. The petioles twist to bear the leaves in an erect position. The inflorescence is an umbel of up to 25 flowers borne in the leaf axils. Each flower has whitish or yellowish tepals each about half a centimeter long. The fruit is a shiny, waxy black berry 5 to 8 millimeters long. The berries mature in the second growing season after they first appear.

This plant grows in bogs, swamps, and marshy areas. It is a dominant plant in pocosins. The soils are wet to saturated and the sites are often flooded. It is common in the Everglades and it is "characteristic" of the Okefenokee Swamp understory flora. It grows beneath cypress, swamp blackgum (N. sylvatica), white bay (Magnolia virginiana), loblolly bay (Gordonia lasianthus), sweet bay (Persea borbonia), red maple (Acer rubrum), cassena (Ilex cassine), titi (Cyrilla racemiflora), and southern white cedar (Chamaecyparis thyoides). In the understory it is associated with hurrahbush (Lyonia lucida), leucothoe (Leucothoe racemosa), sweetspire (Itea virginica), poor-man's soap (Clethra alnifolia), coral greenbrier (S. walteri), and honeycup (Zenobia pulverulenta).

This plant competes with and inhibits tree seedlings such as those of southern white cedar. In sunny sites it grows better and can form dense thickets. When burned or damaged it resprouts vigorously from its large rhizome. This rapidly climbing vine is a silvicultural pest.

This plant provides habitat for many types of animals, such as white-tailed deer, bobcat, gray squirrel, Eastern diamondback rattlesnake, American alligator, pine barrens tree frog, and the endangered red-cockaded woodpecker. It grows alongside a variety of rare such as white wickey (Kalmia cuneata), arrowleaf shieldwort (Peltandra sagittaefolia), spring-flowering goldenrod (Solidago verna), and rough-leaf loostrife (Lysimachia asperulaefolia).

Native American groups used this plant medicinally. For example, the Cherokee used it for sores and burns. The tuberous rhizome was also a food source; the Choctaw made it into fried cakes and bread.

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Smilax laurifolia ( 西班牙、卡斯蒂利亞西班牙語 )

由wikipedia ES提供

Smilax laurifolia es una especie de planta trepadora perteneciente a la familia Smilacaceae, es originaria de Norteamérica.

 src=
Vista de la planta

Descripción

Es una enredadera leñosa que forma extensas colonias, con rizomas ramificados irregularmente, tuberosa. Tallos perennes, cilíndricos, que alcanzan los 5 + m de longitud y 15 mm de diámetro, con espinas oscuras, planas, de 12 mm, rígidas. Las hojas son perennes, ± uniformemente dispuestas; con pecíolo 0.5-1.5 cm, el envés de color verde, secadas de color marrón claro a marrón verde, oblongo-elípticas, lanceadas-elípticas, o, a veces, lineales o ovadas en términos generales, coriáceas. Las inflorescencias en umbelas numerosos, axilares a las hojas, generalmente en ramas cortas, de 5-12 (-25) flores. El perianto amarillo, crema o blanco, los pétalos de 4-5 mm. Los frutos en forma de bayas ovoides, de 5-8 mm, de color negro brillante, glaucas. Los tallos de Smilax laurifolia están brutalmente armados de espinas.[1]

Distribución y hábitat

Se encuentra en bahías, pantanos, en los márgenes de los pantanos, orillas pantanosas; en Estados Unidos y las Indias Occidentales (Bahamas, Cuba).

Taxonomía

Smilax laurifolia fue descrita por Carlos Linneo y publicado en Species Plantarum 2: 1030, en el año 1753.[2]

Etimología

Smilax: nombre genérico que recibe su nombre del mito griego de Crocus y la ninfa Smilax. Aunque este mito tiene numerosas formas, siempre gira en torno al amor frustrado y trágico de un hombre mortal que es convertido en una flor, y una ninfa del bosque que se transforma en una parra.

laurifolia: epíteto latíno que significa "con las hojas del laaurel".[3]

Sinonimia
  • Parillax laurifolia (L.) Raf.
  • Smilax alba Pursh
  • Smilax hastata var. lanceolata (L.) Pursh
  • Smilax lanceolata L.
  • Smilax laurifolia var. bupleurifolia A.DC.
  • Smilax reticulata Desv.[4]

Referencias

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Smilax laurifolia: Brief Summary ( 西班牙、卡斯蒂利亞西班牙語 )

由wikipedia ES提供

Smilax laurifolia es una especie de planta trepadora perteneciente a la familia Smilacaceae, es originaria de Norteamérica.

 src= Vista de la planta
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Smilax laurifolia ( 越南語 )

由wikipedia VI提供

Smilax laurifolia là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Smilacaceae. Loài này được Carl von Linné miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1753.[1]

Chú thích

  1. ^ The Plant List (2010). Smilax laurifolia. Truy cập ngày 20 tháng 7 năm 2013.

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wikipedia VI

Smilax laurifolia: Brief Summary ( 越南語 )

由wikipedia VI提供

Smilax laurifolia là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Smilacaceae. Loài này được Carl von Linné miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1753.

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