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Comprehensive Description ( 英語 )

由Memoirs of the American Entomological Society提供
Periplaneta fuliginosa (Serville) (Plate VII, figures 20 to 24.) 1839. Kukcrlac Juliginosa Serville, Hist. Xat. Ins., Orth., p. 70. [d^, Xorth America.]
All other North American records of the present species have been incorrectly referred to P. brunnea.^'^^ The present insect is
-'^ The records of this insect's appearance at more northern localities are given and discussed in the adventive list, p. 268.
3°" Either as brunnea or Iruncata { = brunnea), frequently as "variety a," of Saussure and Zehntner. Those authors in the Biologia have evidently confused material of one of the unicolorous species of the genus under truncata, designating such material as variety a. Without examination of the material, it is impossible to determine whether or not this material represents P. Juliginosa. Biol. Cent.-Amer., Orth., i, p. 74, (1893). the only uniformly dark colored species of the genus found in North America, and it is widely distributed in the southern States from central coastal Texas eastward. It is the only species of the genus found in these regions which is not known from other portions of the world.
Close relationship is found to the Japanese P. picea Shiraki,'"'^ the tw^o species agreeing in color, size^°and even in numerous features of the genitalia. In Juliginosa the shape of the male supra-anal plate is different, the projection of its meso-ventral specialization is divided, not rectangulate, while the apical portion of the sinistral concealed genital process is shorter.
Characters of Male. — (Jacksonville, Florida.) Size large, forni stout, about intermediate between that of P. hniniiea and P. australasiae. Head much as in hrunnea but proportionately not as large, with interocular space about one and one-quarter millimeters in width. Pronotum much as in australasiae. Tegmina and wings elongate and fully developed, about as broad as in hrunnea. Dorsal surface of abdomen with median segment specialized as in brminea, but with sulcus distinctly deeper and silky hairs of mesal tuft shorter, though not as short as in australasiae. Supra-anal plate entirely chitinous, much as in australasiae, but with distal margin weaklemarginate, and mesad at the apex of this emargination project from beneath 'minute, twin, rounded projections, their surfaces composed of microscopic denticulations; these projections are seen from below to extend latero-cephalad on the ventral surface of the plate as much larger callosities, with surfaces similarly microscopically denticulate (pi. V'll, fig. 22). Cerci as in australasiae. Sinistral specialized process within anal chamber of the same general type as found in australasiae, but with apical portion much more slender, no wider than the preceding curved portion, over five times as long as broad, with apex sharply rounded. Adjacent to this, dextrad, is a small, elongate, subconical, subchitinous process, covered distad with scattered, minute, subchitinous, cylindrical projections. Above, from a convolute, chitinous plate, spring two elongate, slender, adjacent, chitinous claws, directed sinistrad at the bases, but curving evenly dorsad, then dextrad. Ventro-mesad is another corneous production, bearing dorso-sinistrad a short process, shaped like a half-section of tubing, from within the base of which [jrojects a
2°' We are able to determine this from a large series of Japanese specimens of P. picea before us.
^^ Servilie's P. pallipalpis described in 1839, from Java, is apparently a smaller insect than either fidiginosa or picea. Karny's wretchedly described P. japonica and emarginala, from Japan, appearing in a superficial key in 1908, are, as far as can be determined from such incomplete work, absolute synonyms of picea. Shiraki's description of picea was received by Karny before publication, as a footnote indicates, but no effort was made to correct the key. The probability of the above synonymy is further emphasized by the fact that, in the considerable series of Japanese roaches before us, but one dark species of Periplaneta, picea, occurs. 1 90
書目引用
Hebard, M. 1917. The Blattidae of North America. Memoirs of the American Entomological Society vol. 2. Philadelphia, USA

Smokybrown cockroach ( 英語 )

由wikipedia EN提供

The smokybrown cockroach (Periplaneta fuliginosa) is a large species of cockroach, winged, and growing to a length of 32–35 millimetres (1.3–1.4 in).[1]

Characteristics

The ventral side of P. fuliginosa

Although closely related to the American cockroach (Periplaneta americana), the smokybrown cockroach is readily distinguishable from it by its uniformly light to dark brown–mahogany coloration.[1] Furthermore, unlike the P. americana, which possesses a light-rimmed pattern on its thorax, the smokybrown cockroach's thorax is dark and shiny.[1]

Diet

The smokybrown cockroach is a detritivore and can feed off a wide array of organic (including decaying) matter.[1] Like most cockroaches, it is a scavenger, whereby it feeds on many different types of foods including dry earthworms, pet food, pet waste such as feces and urine, paper, and many types of ripe fruits.[1]

Habitat and distribution

The smokybrown cockroach is very common in Japan, as well as the southern United States and tropical climates; notably, it can be found in Florida, Eastern North Carolina, Louisiana, Mississippi, Texas, and other Gulf coastal states, and along the southern Mississippi River.[1] The cockroach can also be found in Australia, such as in warmer cities like Sydney and Brisbane. Most notably in South America, these cockroaches are seen in Argentina to Paraguay geographical range.[1] The cockroach has also been recently reported in Asia, Europe, Australia, and Northern America.[1]

The smoky brown cockroach prefers warmer climates and is not cold-tolerant.[2] It may, however, be able to survive colder climates by going indoors.[1] It often lives around the perimeter of buildings especially places where these insects can feed and confine themselves.[1]

Behavior and adaptations

The smokybrown cockroach may come indoors during daylight hours to look for food and even to live; generally, however, in warm weather, it will move outdoors.[3][2] They tend to lose moisture twice as fast as their relative, Periplaneta Americana, therefore requiring environmental conditions with constant moisture to avoid drying out.[4] Their activity patterns are mostly restricted to evening hours when humidity is highest.[2] The movement to and from shelters is greatest when temperatures exceed 20 °C (68 °F) and often becomes less when temperatures are lower than 20 °C (68 °F).[2] Since adults are less susceptible than nymphs to the effects of higher temperatures, adults are more often found away from the perimeters of the house.[2] Often during reproductive periods, females ready for egg dispersal infest homes to protect their offspring and find a convenient place to oviposit.[2] This adaptation is advantageous to these cockroaches, as egg production often becomes limited when temperatures reach 15 °C (59 °F).[2]

Reproduction

Oviposition

P. fuliginosa can reproduce through sexual reproduction and in some cases through parthenogenesis, which is a form of asexual reproduction.[5] In cases where females do not have access to mates, females reproduce by parthenogenesis, however, this form of reproduction is not as commonly seen as sexual reproduction.[5] Females can oviposit an average of 10 or more oothecae in favorable environments, but this is highly dependent on the cockroaches' body fat, thereby as her body mass decreases fewer ootheca are oviposited in a season.[6] The oothecae, dark brown color, commonly ranges from 11–14 millimetres (0.43–0.55 in) in length.[1] On average female cockroaches without mates live longer, than females with a mate.[5] In a study done, it was found that on average adult females lived 117–174 days, whereas females without a mate lived to 131–236 days after reaching adulthood.[5] The higher energy costs associated with oogenesis and the prevalence of oviposition point to a shorter lifespan.[5] Furthermore, an extended oviposition period occurs, as a result, fewer eggs are formed.[5] Sexual reproduction also leads to lower instances of oothecae defects without the presence of eggs compared to reproducing asexually.[5]

Mating behaviour

Females release volatile sex pheromones stimulating the mating behavior of P. fuliginosa males, which receive the chemical signals through sensory receptors located on their antennae.[7] These pheromones are made up of synthetic Periplanone-D, which is a major sex excitatory component of the pheromone chemical composition.[7] In addition, the males often participate in perching, whereby their body conformation includes a pointing downward of the head, forelegs extended, as their antennae become aligned 45° from their vertical position.[8] Whereby, in female mate calling the cockroaches' body is up high, the dorsal end of the abdomen bend towards the ground, and wings are held at a 45° angle.[8] These male cockroaches allocate significantly more time and energy to mating behaviors than females as the production of female pheromones is costly.[8] Moreover, spending 20% of their time perching, whereby in retrospect females only spend 8% of their time mate calling.[8]

Morphology

Cuticle physiology

Temperature and levels of humidity are factors that greatly influence the smoky brown cockroaches' cuticular water loss, therefore these insects are attracted to highly humid areas to reduce the permeability of their cuticle.[9][10] The amount of lipid composition of the cockroach also directly correlates to lower body transpiration, in addition, but provides these species with a more water barrier easing the permeability of the cuticle.[9] Therefore, as the water levels drop from sun exposure, the circulation of materials in the blood is also slowly diminishing.[9][10] Over time even when restricted to certain habitats due to the physiology of their cuticle, they are able to acclimatize through homeostasis seen by decreased salivary gland production.[10] P. fuliginosa, are able to upkeep homeostasis in fluctuating moisture regions by changing their drinking habits, and the water flow rate of fecal matter, as well as cuticle transpiration.[10] The cuticle is made up of many layers where much secretion is stored between the various plates.[11] These thick layers have various glandular cells, along with pores that connect through the cuticle to secrete the sticky protein substance.[11] The secretions of the hypodermal layer play a role in the nymph male defenses towards adult cockroaches.[11]

Ecological impact

Pest status

P. fuliginosa are considered pests in many geographical areas around the world, including the Southern United States and Japan, as they are very effective at invading urban homes, restaurants, hospitals, and many other crowded places.[2] [1] With their rapid invasion into homes, they are known as sanitary pests and have adapted to toxic bait traps being ineffective at eradicating these species.[12]

Impact to humans

These species can be detrimental to human health, thereby due to their proximity of inhabitance to humans they are a vector for diseases from the parasitism of nematodes.[12] They are harmful due to humans through their ability to feed on fecal matter, which transmits parasites and many diseases.[1] The parasitic nematode, Leidynema appendiculata, is known to parasitize the smoky brown cockroach, in which they invade and live in the cockroach's gut.[12] The eggs of the nematode are passed through the cockroach's feces and spread to other hosts by cockroaches eating the excrement.[12] The invasion of homes by these cockroaches greatly increases the prevalence of asthma, pathogen exposure, and allergens seen.[13] Exposure to the cockroach's feces, the shed outer layer of the exoskeleton, and other body parts mainly cause the transfer of parasites and allergens.[1] In addition, human exposure to these parasitic nematodes can cause conditions such as colitis, and infections of the female reproductive tract.[14]

Management practices

One of the control measures to avoid these inhabitants is the use of insecticides, thereby spraying around the exterior of the house with a 3-metre (9.8 ft)-wide barrier.[1] In addition, it has also been suggested to use these insecticides every month in the cracks, around windows, and any other accessible entry points for these, cockroaches to enter.[1] New insights have been set in using virus technology to control the smoky brown cockroach.[13] The use of the densovirus is an interesting technology to use as many methods are ill-equipped to minimize the impacts of the smoky brown cockroach as they can change their sensory behavior to insecticides over time.[12][13] In a study done, when P. fuliginosa are exposed to the artificially extracted densovirus from a diseased cockroach, high mortality occurred with exposure to low doses.[13] The use of a biocontrol agent rather than insecticides is more advantageous as it is safer for humans and other organisms indirectly affected, additionally, targets P. fuliginosa directly.[13]

Additional images

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Appel, A. G., & Smith II, L. M. (2002). Biology and management of the smokybrown cockroach. Annual Review of Entomology, 47, 33–55
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h Fleet, R. R., Piper, G. L., & Frankie, G. W. (1978). Studies on the population ecology of the smokybrown cockroach, Periplaneta fuliginosa, in a Texas outdoor urban environment. Environmental Entomology, 7, 807–814.
  3. ^ Grimaldi D., Engel M.S. (2005.) Evolution of the Insects, Cambridge University Press, New York City, NY, USA.
  4. ^ Smith, L. M., Appel, A. G., Mack, T. P., & Keever, G. J. (1999). Preferred temperature and relative humidity of males of two sympatric Periplaneta cockroaches (Blattodea: Blattidae) denied access to water. Environmental Entomology, 28, 935–942.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g Xian, X. (1998). Effects of mating on oviposition, and possibility of parthenogenesis of three domestic cockroach species, the American cockroach Periplaneta americana; the smoky brown cockroach, Periplaneta fulginosa; and the German cockroach, Blattella germanica. Medical Entomology and Zoology, 49, 27–32.
  6. ^ Smith, L. M., Appel. A. G., West, M. S., Mack, T. P., & Keever, G. J. (1996). Morphology and body composition predict ovipositional history of female smokybrown cockroaches (Dictyoptera: Blattidae) in the laboratory. Journal of Medical Entomology, 33, 926–932.
  7. ^ a b Takahashi, S., Watanabe, K., Saito, S., & Nomura, Y. (1995). Isolation and biological activity of the sex pheromone of the smoky brown cockroach, Periplaneta fuliginosa Serville (Dictyoptera: Blattidae). Applied Entomology and Zoology, 30, 357–360.
  8. ^ a b c d Appel, A. G., & Rust. M. K. (1986). Time-activity budgets and spatial distribution patterns of the smokybrown cockroach, Periplaneta fuliginosa (Dictyoptera: Blattidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 79, 104–108.
  9. ^ a b c Appel, A. G., Reierson, D. A., & Rust, M. K. (1986). Cuticular water loss in the smokybrown cockroach, Periplaneta fuliginosa. Journal of Insect Physiology, 32, 623–628.
  10. ^ a b c d Appel, A. G., & Rust, M. K. (1985). Water distribution and loss in response to acclimation at constant humidity in the smokybrown cockroach, Periplaneta fuliginosa (Serville). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 80, 377–380.
  11. ^ a b c Ichinose, T., & Kishimoto, M. (1982). The comparative morphology of the caudal secretory hypodermis of three species of cockroaches, Periplaneta fuliginosa SERV., P. japonica KARNY, and P. America L. (Orthoptera: Blattidae), with regard to their development and rearing densities. Applied Entomology and Zoology, 18, 191–199.
  12. ^ a b c d e Ozawa, S., Vicente, C., Sato, K., Yoshiga, T., Kanzaki, N., & Hasegawa, K. (2014). First report of the nematode Leidynema appendiculata from Periplaneta fuliginosa. Acta Parasitogica, 59, 219–228.
  13. ^ a b c d e Jiang, H., Zhou, L., Zhang, J. M., Dong, H. F., Hu, Y. Y., & Jiang, M. S. (2008). Potential of Periplaneta fuliginosa densovirus as a biocontrol agent for smoky-brown cockroach, P. fuliginosa. Biological Control, 46, 94–100.
  14. ^ Ozawa, S., & Hasegawa, K. (2018). Broad infectivity of Leidynema appendiculatum (Nematoda: Oxyurida: Thelastomatidae) parasite of the smokybrown cockroach Periplaneta fuliginosa (Blattodea: Blattidae). Ecology and Evolution, 8, 3908–3918.
Wikispecies has information related to Periplaneta fuliginosa.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Periplaneta fuliginosa.

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Smokybrown cockroach: Brief Summary ( 英語 )

由wikipedia EN提供

The smokybrown cockroach (Periplaneta fuliginosa) is a large species of cockroach, winged, and growing to a length of 32–35 millimetres (1.3–1.4 in).

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Periplaneta fuliginosa ( 西班牙、卡斯蒂利亞西班牙語 )

由wikipedia ES提供

La cucaracha marrón ahumada o cucaracha café ahumada (Periplaneta fuliginosa) es una especie de insecto blatodeo del género Periplaneta, ubicado en la familia de los blátidos. Es una de las cucarachas que es posible encontrar habitando en derredor o dentro de viviendas en gran parte del mundo, donde causa diversos trastornos, en especial, transmite graves enfermedades a los humanos y animales domésticos y, dado su alto potencial reproductivo, su adaptación a entornos diversos y su facilidad para esconderse en pequeños espacios de difícil acceso —lo que dificulta su detección y control— es calificada como una plaga urbana.

Taxonomía

Descripción original

Esta especie fue descrita originalmente en el año 1839 por el entomólogo francés Jean Guillaume Audinet-Serville.[1]

Características

Como otras cucarachas, posee un cuerpo achatado dorsoventralmente, una cabeza hipognata, antenas filiformes multiartejadas, ojos compuestos de buen desarrollo y su aparato bucal es de tipo masticador. Las patas corredoras tienen una estructura que le permite desplazarse a gran velocidad, incluso al escalar superficies lisas. Los cercos poseen tricobotrias mecano receptoras que captan las vibraciones ambientales, detectando anticipadamente a posibles peligros.[2][3]

Es una cucaracha grande de unos 3,4 a 4 cm de largo, las alas cubren el abdomen (hay ejemplares braquípteros) y los cercos son largos, mucho más que tres veces su ancho. Los adultos de Periplaneta fuliginosa son uniformemente negros o marrón oscuro-caoba, tienen las alas y el escudo dorsal o pronoto de color oscuro homogéneo, el tórax es oscuro y brillante y, ventralmente, en la placa supra-anal hay dos crestas engrosadas. Es similar a P. americana y P. brunnea pero estas últimas son de coloración general castaño rojizo, tienen el pronoto no homogéneo, amarillo y castaño-rojizo o con borde claro en el tórax, y carecen de crestas engrosadas en la faz ventral de la placa supra-anal.[3][2][4]

Hábitos

Reproducción y ciclo de vida

 src=
Vista ventral de un adulto.
 src=
Ninfas jóvenes.

Como ocurre con otras especies de cucarachas, su ciclo de vida comprende tres etapas: huevo, ninfa (que incluye varios estadios) y adulto. Su desarrollo demanda entre 140 y 716 días (promedio: 600 días, con 9 a 12 mudas). El promedio de tiempo de vida de un adulto es de 218 días en la hembra y 215 días en el macho. Se trata de un animal ovíparo; son dispuestos en dos filas y están contenidos dentro de un estuche con forma de cápsula que se denomina ooteca, la cual es de color café oscuro a negro y exhibe su región superior aquillada. Tiene ovicámaras bien marcadas solo por indentaciones próximas a la quilla, que no se extienden a través de la ooteca; la quilla es generalmente alta, con túbulos respiratorios oblicuos bien notorios; con altura de 5 mm como mínimo; el número de dentículos en la quilla va de 20 a 26. Cada hembra ovipone 10 ootecas, cuya longitud ronda los 10 mm; hay en promedio 20 huevos por ooteca. Es depositada o firmemente pegada en la superficie de áreas protegidas. La incubación demanda entre 24 y 70 días (promedio 45 días). Al concluir se abre y quedan liberados los juveniles, los que son similares a los adultos, pero aún carecen de alas.[2][3][4]

Costumbres

En todas las etapas de su vida tiene la facultad de convivir sin problemas con los de su especie (gracias a que segrega una hormona de agregación), aunque técnicamente es un insecto solitario. Es un insecto de requerimientos megatérmicos, ya que prefiere ambientes tropicales y subtropicales, con temperaturas de entre 21 y 33 °C y alta humedad. En climas fríos solo sobrevive manteniéndose siempre dentro de construcciones humanas (casas, edificios, galpones, invernaderos, etc.).[2]​ Es una gran voladora. Posee hábitos netamente nocturnos, ya que huye ante la presencia de luz. Al anochecer, sale a caminan en búsqueda de alimento; con las primeras luces del día, se oculta en sus refugios; si se encuentra dentro de viviendas, estos suelen ser cálidos, húmedos y con pobre ventilación, como huecos dentro de paredes o de bloques, áticos, etc.[3]​ Sin embargo, cuando el clima lo permite, prefiere ser peridomiciliaria, viviendo en parques y jardines arbolados y oscuros, refugiándose en agujeros de árboles, en composteras, entre leña, rocas, bajo troncos, etc., entrando a las viviendas para buscar alimento y, en especial, en épocas de bajas temperaturas, ya que el frío le es letal.[5]​ Tiende a perder más humedad que otras cucarachas, por lo que es más es exigente en humedad, ya que debe beber cada 2 a 3 días para no deshidratarse.[6]

Hábitos alimenticios

Posee una dieta omnívora muy amplia, alimentándose de detritus, excrementos, cadáveres de cualquier animal (incluidos los de su propia especie), materiales que contengan almidón y cualquier tipo de producto comestible para los humanos —incluso en descomposición—, objetos a los que contamina mientras los consume ya que, por intervalos, regurgita porciones parcialmente digeridas y al mismo tiempo que defeca, arrojando también secreciones por su boca y por aberturas glandulares que posee su cuerpo, impregnando así con su típico y persistente olor a los alimentos y objetos que toca.[2][3]

Distribución e importancia sanitaria

Si bien su origen geográfico es incierto, gracias a la diseminación antrópica al transportar de un lugar a otro, muebles, aparatos domésticos, cajas y otros objetos,[7]​ esta cucaracha se ha vuelto muy común en áreas urbanas de zonas templado-cálidas y cálidas de todo el mundo,[8]​ siendo abundante desde Japón hasta Australia y desde los estados del sudeste de Estados Unidos[9]​ hasta Argentina.[3]

Este insecto representa una amenaza para la salud humana. Luego de caminar donde se deposita basura, cámaras sépticas, letrinas o pozos ciegos, pasa a hacerlo sobre alimentos expuestos o que logra alcanzar, siendo un reservorio y vector de bacterias, hongos, helmintos, protozoarios y virus, acarreando gérmenes patógenos transmisibles al hombre y a los animales domésticos, que se mantienen viables —por varios días o semanas— sobre la superficie de su cuerpo, en el tubo digestivo o en sus heces, y que terminan siendo depositados en la comida y en los diversos utensilios de cocina sobre los que transita. Entre las enfermedades más comunes que produce están las de tipo digestivo, como diversas formas de gastroenteritis. Sus excrementos y mudas contienen numerosos alérgenos que inciden sobre nuestros ojos y piel, produciendo además síndromes de asma infantil.[10][11][3][2]

Véase también

Referencias

  1. Audinet-Serville, J. G. (1839). Histoire naturelle des insectes: orthoptčres. (Vol. 1). Encyclopedique de Roret.
  2. a b c d e f Ponce, Gustavo; Pedro C. Cantú, Adriana Flores, Mohamed Badii, Artemio Barragán, Raúl Zapata, & Ildefonso Fernández (2005). Cucarachas: Biología e importancia en salud pública. RESPYN Revista Salud Pública y Nutrición, 6(3).
  3. a b c d e f g Crespo, Francisco A. & Alejandra del Carmen Valverde (2005). Capítulo 16 Blattaria - Cucarachas, en: Artrópodos de Interés Médico en Argentina. 1a ed., Buenos Aires: Fundación Mundo Sano. 120 P. ISBN 987-20421-5-2.
  4. a b Cochran, D. G., and World Health Organization (1999). Cockroaches: their biology, distribution and control (N°. WHO/CDS/CPC/WHOPES/99.3). World Health Organization. Ginebra, 1999. Cornwell, 1968, 1976.
  5. Grimaldi, David and Michael S. Engel (2005). Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press, New York City, NY, USA.
  6. Appel, A. G., Reierson, D. A., and Rust, M. K. (1986). Cuticular water loss in the smokybrown cockroach, Periplaneta fuliginosa. Journal of insect physiology, 32(7), 623-628.
  7. Rehn, J. A. (1945). Man's Uninvited Fellow Traveler--The Cockroach. The Scientific Monthly, 265-276.
  8. Bonnefoy, X., H. Kampen, K. Sweeney. 2008. Public Health Significance of Urban Pests. Editorial World Health Organization. Copenhagen, Denmark. 567 pp.
  9. Fleet, R. R., Piper, G. L., and Frankie, G. W. (1978). Studies on the population ecology of the smokybrown cockroach, Periplaneta fuliginosa, in a Texas outdoor urban environment. Environmental Entomology, 7(6), 807-814.
  10. Harwood, R. F. and M. T. James (1993). Entomología Médica y Veterinaria. 3ª Ed. Editorial UTEHA, México. 1-615 p., ISBN: 968 18 18229.
  11. Ramírez Pérez, J. (1989). La cucaracha como vector de agentes patógenos. Boletín de la Oficina Sanitaria Panamericana (OSP), jul. 1989, 107(1):41-53.
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Periplaneta fuliginosa: Brief Summary ( 西班牙、卡斯蒂利亞西班牙語 )

由wikipedia ES提供

La cucaracha marrón ahumada o cucaracha café ahumada (Periplaneta fuliginosa) es una especie de insecto blatodeo del género Periplaneta, ubicado en la familia de los blátidos. Es una de las cucarachas que es posible encontrar habitando en derredor o dentro de viviendas en gran parte del mundo, donde causa diversos trastornos, en especial, transmite graves enfermedades a los humanos y animales domésticos y, dado su alto potencial reproductivo, su adaptación a entornos diversos y su facilidad para esconderse en pequeños espacios de difícil acceso —lo que dificulta su detección y control— es calificada como una plaga urbana.

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Periplaneta fuliginosa ( 葡萄牙語 )

由wikipedia PT提供

A barata-marrom-fuligem (nome científico: Periplaneta fuliginosa) é uma espécie de barata pertencente à família Blattidae.

Embora seja parente próxima da barata-americana (Periplaneta americana), a barata-marrom-fuligem é facilmente distinguível por sua coloração marrom-escura. Além do que, ao contrário da barata-americana, que geralmente possuí um tórax de cor clara, a espécie apresenta um tom amarronzado e brilhante na mesma região.

A espécie tem uma dieta detrítivora e por isso sua alimentação é bastante diversificada, incluindo restos podres. Como a maioria das baratas, tem um papel fundamental na manutenção da matéria orgânica morta na natureza. Costuma perder umidade corporal com facilidade e precisa se hidratar a cada dois ou três dias.

Geralmente é encontrada em locais fechados em busca de alimentos ou até mesmo para a fixar sua moradia. Entretanto, em climas quentes ela pode ser encontrada em locais abertos.[1]

Imagens

  1. Grimaldi D., Engel M.S. (2005.) Evolution of the Insects, Cambridge University Press, New York City, NY, USA.
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Periplaneta fuliginosa: Brief Summary ( 葡萄牙語 )

由wikipedia PT提供

A barata-marrom-fuligem (nome científico: Periplaneta fuliginosa) é uma espécie de barata pertencente à família Blattidae.

Embora seja parente próxima da barata-americana (Periplaneta americana), a barata-marrom-fuligem é facilmente distinguível por sua coloração marrom-escura. Além do que, ao contrário da barata-americana, que geralmente possuí um tórax de cor clara, a espécie apresenta um tom amarronzado e brilhante na mesma região.

A espécie tem uma dieta detrítivora e por isso sua alimentação é bastante diversificada, incluindo restos podres. Como a maioria das baratas, tem um papel fundamental na manutenção da matéria orgânica morta na natureza. Costuma perder umidade corporal com facilidade e precisa se hidratar a cada dois ou três dias.

Geralmente é encontrada em locais fechados em busca de alimentos ou até mesmo para a fixar sua moradia. Entretanto, em climas quentes ela pode ser encontrada em locais abertos.

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クロゴキブリ ( 日語 )

由wikipedia 日本語提供
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この記事は検証可能参考文献や出典が全く示されていないか、不十分です。
出典を追加して記事の信頼性向上にご協力ください。2015年1月
クロゴキブリ Cockroach egglaying 2.jpg
卵鞘を付けたクロゴキブリ
分類 : 動物界 Animalia : 節足動物門 Arthropoda : 昆虫綱 Insecta : ゴキブリ目 Blattaria : ゴキブリ科 Blattellidae : Periplaneta : クロゴキブリ
P. fuliginosa 学名 Periplaneta fuliginosa
Serville, 1839 和名 クロゴキブリ

クロゴキブリ(黒蜚蠊、学名Periplaneta fuliginosa)は、ゴキブリ目ゴキブリ科に属する昆虫の一種である[1]。屋内に生息するゴキブリとして代表的かつ著名。

形態[編集]

体長25-30mm。体は扁平で、体色は黒褐色で光沢がある。翅は大きく飛翔することができる。日本関東地方から奄美大島まで、台湾中国でみられる[1]

生態[編集]

本州中部の場合、一般に5-7月に羽化し、5-10月に産卵を続ける。卵鞘には22-26個の卵が入っており、27℃では41日で孵化する。孵化後300-350日後に成虫になるものが多く、成虫は25℃で200日前後生存する。雌成虫は一生で20-30個の卵鞘を産む。[2]

雑食性。各種食品、木材、パルプ、皮革など、食害対象は広範である。これらの消化は腸内バクテリアによって実現されており、35℃を超える高温環境におかれ続けるとそれらバクテリアが死滅し、消化機能不全により本種は死亡する。

不衛生で湿度の高い環境に好んで棲み、また集合フェロモンで個体間の凝集、接触が盛んである。このため、人の健康上有害な物質や病原体を媒介する衛生害虫とみられている。また、糞による汚損、汚染ももたらす[2]。1970年頃まではポリオウイルスの媒介者と見なされていたが、21世紀現在では否定されている。

耐寒性が高い。最近では北海道においてもその存在が確認されており、国内に生息する屋内性のゴキブリでは越冬可能な唯一の種である。

侵入経路[編集]

本種は日本在来の昆虫ではなく、人類の海上移動に伴い侵入してきた外来種である。原産地は中国南部であるとする説が有力。18世紀前半に南西諸島に上陸し、以後島伝いに分布を北上させたとみられている。また、日本に限らず様々な地域を渡り歩いて分布を拡げたコスモポリタンでもあり、ほぼ世界中で姿を見ることができる。

脚注[編集]

[ヘルプ]  src= ウィキメディア・コモンズには、クロゴキブリに関連するメディアがあります。  src= ウィキスピーシーズにクロゴキブリに関する情報があります。 執筆の途中です この項目は、動物に関連した書きかけの項目です。この項目を加筆・訂正などしてくださる協力者を求めていますPortal:生き物と自然プロジェクト:生物)。

 

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クロゴキブリ: Brief Summary ( 日語 )

由wikipedia 日本語提供

クロゴキブリ(黒蜚蠊、学名:Periplaneta fuliginosa)は、ゴキブリ目ゴキブリ科に属する昆虫の一種である。屋内に生息するゴキブリとして代表的かつ著名。

許可
cc-by-sa-3.0
版權
ウィキペディアの著者と編集者
原始內容
參訪來源
合作夥伴網站
wikipedia 日本語