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薩氏巨蜥

Varanus salvadorii (Peters & Doria 1878)

Behavior ( 英語 )

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In general, varanids are known have well-developed auditory and visual systems. The tongue aids in chemoreception and olfaction, bringing air into the mouth and pressing it up against the large Jacobson's organ, which contains specialized chemoreceptors. This aids them in detecting food sources. Papuan monitors communicate with each other visually (movements such as head weaving during combat), through touch (during courtship behavior), and sound, hissing for short periods throughout a broad frequency span as a warning.

Communication Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic

Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; vibrations ; chemical

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Wojtasek, G. 2013. "Varanus salvadorii" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Varanus_salvadorii.html
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Gregory Wojtasek, The College of New Jersey
編輯者
Matthew Wund, The College of New Jersey
編輯者
Jeremy Wright, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Life Cycle ( 英語 )

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There is no data regarding mating behavior or development of this species in the wild, but it has been studied in captivity. Egg clutches of 4-12 eggs are laid between August and January in a well-hidden hole (dug by the female). Most eggs are infertile in captivity; only four fertile clutches have been documented. Humidity and oxygen levels (altitude) appear to be important factors in egg development. Weight and dimension of eggs, as well as hatchlings, is widely variable (47-68 g and 42-49 cm, respectively); the reason for this is unknown.

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Wojtasek, G. 2013. "Varanus salvadorii" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Varanus_salvadorii.html
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Gregory Wojtasek, The College of New Jersey
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Matthew Wund, The College of New Jersey
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Jeremy Wright, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Benefits ( 英語 )

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Many of the animals that are prey for Papuan monitors are important to island natives for food and economic purposes. Also, attacks on cattle and other livestock are not uncommon. If disturbed by humans, these lizards are capable of doing severe physical damage.

Negative Impacts: injures humans (bites or stings)

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Wojtasek, G. 2013. "Varanus salvadorii" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Varanus_salvadorii.html
作者
Gregory Wojtasek, The College of New Jersey
編輯者
Matthew Wund, The College of New Jersey
編輯者
Jeremy Wright, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Benefits ( 英語 )

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Papuan monitors have been utilized by natives of the island for their meat and skin, which is important as clothing and as heads for ritual drums. They are not often actively hunted, due to the inherent risks associated with finding and killing these large animals, but are often caught in traps intended for other animals.

Positive Impacts: food ; body parts are source of valuable material

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Wojtasek, G. 2013. "Varanus salvadorii" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Varanus_salvadorii.html
作者
Gregory Wojtasek, The College of New Jersey
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Matthew Wund, The College of New Jersey
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Jeremy Wright, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Associations ( 英語 )

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Papuan monitors are large, powerful creatures that are the dominant predators in their ecosystem, with no known predators besides humans. They are predators of many smaller animals and their eggs, controlling the populations of these organisms. Wild caught Papuan monitors have been found to be infected with enteric parasites.

Commensal/Parasitic Species:

  • Cestodes (Class Cestoda, Phylum Platyhelminthes)
  • Mites (Class Arachnida, Phylum Arthropoda)
  • Oxyurids (Subclass Spiruria, Phylum Nematoda)
  • Strongyles (Order Rhabditida, Phylum Nematoda)
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Wojtasek, G. 2013. "Varanus salvadorii" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Varanus_salvadorii.html
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Gregory Wojtasek, The College of New Jersey
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Matthew Wund, The College of New Jersey
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Jeremy Wright, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Trophic Strategy ( 英語 )

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Papuan monitors are carnivorous, feeding on small animals. They are known to prey on both adult birds and their eggs (particularly Cacatua sp. and maleos (Macrocephalon maleo)). They are also known to eat small mammals (such as rodents), reptiles and amphibians, and insects, as well as carrion. They have long, sharp teeth and powerful jaws, and are known to swallow food items whole. Unlike many other varanids, they do not appear to adjust the ferocity of their attack based on prey size.

Animal Foods: birds; mammals; amphibians; reptiles; eggs; carrion ; insects

Primary Diet: carnivore (Eats terrestrial vertebrates, Eats eggs, Insectivore , Scavenger )

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Wojtasek, G. 2013. "Varanus salvadorii" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Varanus_salvadorii.html
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Gregory Wojtasek, The College of New Jersey
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Matthew Wund, The College of New Jersey
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Jeremy Wright, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Distribution ( 英語 )

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Papuan monitors are endemic to the island of New Guinea, both Papua New Guinea and West Papua (Indonesia).

Biogeographic Regions: australian (Native )

Other Geographic Terms: island endemic

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Wojtasek, G. 2013. "Varanus salvadorii" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Varanus_salvadorii.html
作者
Gregory Wojtasek, The College of New Jersey
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Matthew Wund, The College of New Jersey
編輯者
Jeremy Wright, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Habitat ( 英語 )

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Papuan monitors primarily reside in coastal lowland environments, mainly tropical rainforests and mangrove swamplands. Though they are typically found from sea level to 200 meters above sea level, these animals may be found in mountains up to 650 meters above sea level. They live in arboreal and terrestrial habitats, depending on availability of sunlight and prey. Since this species resides in rainforests, its optimal temperatures are high, from 29-31ºC during the day.

Range elevation: 0 to 650 m.

Habitat Regions: tropical ; terrestrial

Terrestrial Biomes: rainforest

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Wojtasek, G. 2013. "Varanus salvadorii" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Varanus_salvadorii.html
作者
Gregory Wojtasek, The College of New Jersey
編輯者
Matthew Wund, The College of New Jersey
編輯者
Jeremy Wright, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Life Expectancy ( 英語 )

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Lifespan of Papuan monitors in the wild is unknown. In captivity, they are known to survive for 12-20 years.

Typical lifespan
Status: wild:
12 to 20 years.

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Wojtasek, G. 2013. "Varanus salvadorii" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Varanus_salvadorii.html
作者
Gregory Wojtasek, The College of New Jersey
編輯者
Matthew Wund, The College of New Jersey
編輯者
Jeremy Wright, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Morphology ( 英語 )

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Papuan monitors are the largest known species of monitor lizard found on New Guinea, growing up to 2.5 m, with an average weight of 20 kg. They have long tails, typically twice their SVL (snout-vent length), which are rounded at the base and triangular distally. The skin is covered with non-overlapping scales, and body color is mostly black with specks of yellow, white, or green, with folds around the neck. They have round snouts with long, forked tongues used for chemoreception, and very long, vertical teeth, as well as strong claws. Males are generally larger than females, due to reproductive energy expenditures by femmales.

Range mass: 90 (high) kg.

Range length: 2 to 5 m.

Average length: 3 m.

Sexual Dimorphism: male larger

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Wojtasek, G. 2013. "Varanus salvadorii" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Varanus_salvadorii.html
作者
Gregory Wojtasek, The College of New Jersey
編輯者
Matthew Wund, The College of New Jersey
編輯者
Jeremy Wright, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Associations ( 英語 )

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Little is known about possible predators of Papuan monitors. As they are thought to be top predators in their habitat, humans likely pose the only regular danger to these lizards, due to deforestation and the value placed upon their skins.

Known Predators:

  • Humans (Homo sapiens)
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Wojtasek, G. 2013. "Varanus salvadorii" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Varanus_salvadorii.html
作者
Gregory Wojtasek, The College of New Jersey
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Matthew Wund, The College of New Jersey
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Jeremy Wright, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Conservation Status ( 英語 )

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This species has not been evaluated by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. It is listed in Appendix II of CITES, indicating that while they are not yet considered threatened or endangered, trade of these animals must be closely controlled.

US Federal List: no special status

CITES: appendix ii

State of Michigan List: no special status

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Wojtasek, G. 2013. "Varanus salvadorii" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Varanus_salvadorii.html
作者
Gregory Wojtasek, The College of New Jersey
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Matthew Wund, The College of New Jersey
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Jeremy Wright, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Reproduction ( 英語 )

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Male Papuan monitors are aggressive, fighting (as all vanarids do) in a ritualized fashion that involves head weaving, bipedal clinching and wrestling in order to attract females; the larger a male is, the more likely he is to succeed. After combat, males will proceed in courting the female (by licking, stroking and scratching in other varnids), followed by a forceful act of mating, with the male biting the female's neck, resulting in bleeding wounds called mating marks. The female will then either comply, lifting her tail to allow the male to insert his hemipenes (one at a time, though both are used in one mating) or flip over in order to make copulation more difficult, if not impossible. Generally, female vanarids may mate with one or several males over a period of a few days.

Mating System: polygynandrous (promiscuous)

Breeding season is unknown and this behavior has not been observed in the wild. In captivity, when a male is introduced to a female, copulation nearly always takes place and eggs result. In general, varanids may lay more than one clutch of eggs per year and captive clutches of Papuan monitors typically have 4-12 eggs (although the majority of these in captivity are infertile). Size of the female seems to be linked to clutch size, with larger females producing more eggs. In captivity, eggs laying has been observed 3-4 months after copulation, with hatching taking place 20 or so days later. Male and female Papuan monitors experience varied growth patterns that illustrate this species' level of sexual dimorphism. Upon reaching sexual maturity (within 2 years of hatching), males continue to grow, whereas growth of female individuals is halted, with energy being diverted to egg production.

Breeding interval: Female vanarids may lay multiple egg clutches in a year.

Breeding season: Breeding season is unknown for this species.

Range number of offspring: 4 to 36.

Average number of offspring: 8.

Range gestation period: 3 to 4 months.

Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; sexual ; fertilization ; oviparous

Little is known about parental involvement of Papuan monitors after eggs have been laid. Following copulation, captive females have been noted to bury their eggs, digging holes and then filling them in such that the nests are barely visible.

Parental Investment: female parental care ; pre-fertilization (Provisioning)

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Wojtasek, G. 2013. "Varanus salvadorii" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Varanus_salvadorii.html
作者
Gregory Wojtasek, The College of New Jersey
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Matthew Wund, The College of New Jersey
編輯者
Jeremy Wright, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Distribution ( 英語 )

由ReptileDB提供
Continent: Asia
Distribution: New Guinea
Type locality: œDorei, nova Guinea borealis [= Manokwari, Irian Jaya, Indonesia].
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Varan Salvadoriův ( 捷克語 )

由wikipedia CZ提供

Varan Salvadoriův (Varanus salvadorii), dříve též varan papuánský čí varan novoguinejský patří k nejdelším žijícím zástupcům ještěrů z čeledi varanovitých. Ve volné přírodě se vyskytuje na jihu Nové Guineje.

Popis

Varan dosahuje délky až 440 cm[zdroj?]. Je jediným zástupcem podrodu Papusaurus. Jeho tělo je tmavě zelené, má tupý čenich a velmi dlouhý ocas. Žije v mangrovových bažinách a pobřežním deštným pralese v jihovýchodní části ostrova, kde se přiživuje menšími savci, ptáky, jejich vejci a mršinami. K lovu má dobře přizpůsobené ostré zuby. Samice snáší 20 až 70 vajec.

Reference

V tomto článku byl použit překlad textu z článku Varanus salvadorii na anglické Wikipedii.

  1. Červený seznam IUCN 2018.1. 5. července 2018. Dostupné online. [cit. 2018-08-11]

Externí odkazy

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Varan Salvadoriův: Brief Summary ( 捷克語 )

由wikipedia CZ提供

Varan Salvadoriův (Varanus salvadorii), dříve též varan papuánský čí varan novoguinejský patří k nejdelším žijícím zástupcům ještěrů z čeledi varanovitých. Ve volné přírodě se vyskytuje na jihu Nové Guineje.

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Papuawaran ( 德語 )

由wikipedia DE提供

Der Papuawaran (Varanus salvadorii), gelegentlich auch als Baumkrokodil bezeichnet, ist eine Art der Schuppenkriechtiere (Squamata) aus der Gattung der Warane (Varanus). Mit einer Gesamtlänge von bis zu rund 2,5 m ist dieser Endemit von Neuguinea eine der größten bekannten rezenten Echsen. Da ausführliche Freilandbeobachtungen fehlen, ist die Art nur wenig erforscht.

Merkmale

 src=
Papuawaran im Zoo d'Amnéville

Der Papuawaran erreicht eine Gesamtlänge von über 2,5 m, das längste zuverlässig gemessene Exemplar war insgesamt 2,65 m lang. Zehn weitere vermessene Exemplare waren 1,16 bis 2,55 m lang und wogen 5–6,38 kg. Der Schwanz ist sehr lang, seine Länge beträgt das 2,7fache der Kopf-Rumpf-Länge. Die bis heute zitierten älteren Vermutungen und Geschichten von Einheimischen, dass der Papuawaran bis zu 4,5 m lang wird, sind offensichtliche Übertreibungen.

Der Kopf ist recht leicht gebaut, die Schnauze stumpf, die Nasenlöcher näher an der Schnauze und eher rund als schlitzförmig. Die Zähne sind seitlich abgeflacht, leicht gebogen und sehr scharf, aber nur schwach gesägt. Sie stehen nahezu aufrecht auf den Kieferknochen und sind im Vergleich zu anderen Waranen sehr lang. Der Papuawaran besitzt mehrere Gularfalten. Der Schwanz ist an der Basis im Querschnitt rund und wird weiter vom Körper weg im Querschnitt dreieckig.

Die Grundfarbe reicht von braun bis tiefschwarz, daneben zeigt die Art unregelmäßig verteilte gelbe Punkte und Augenflecken sowie Querringe um den Schwanz. Von anderen, sympatrisch vorkommenden Waranen ist er entweder durch seinen nicht seitlich abgeflachten Schwanz und seine vielen Gularfalten oder durch Merkmale in der Beschuppung zu unterscheiden.

Verbreitung

 src=
Wahrscheinliche Verbreitung des Papuawarans

Der Papuawaran bewohnt ausschließlich Neuguinea, eine genaue Zusammenstellung aller bekannten Fundorte findet sich in Horn et al. (2007). Er bewohnt die Nordküste vom äußersten Westen bis Vamingo und die komplette südliche Hälfte der Insel vom äußersten Westen auf den Inseln Sarawati und Warir über die Vogelkopf-Halbinsel bis in die Gegend um Port Moresby im Osten. Er kommt von der Küste bis in etwa 600 m Meereshöhe vor und lebt überwiegend in Regen- und Sumpfwäldern.[1]

Lebensweise

Der Papuawaran ist tagaktiv und ein Baumbewohner, der jedoch gelegentlich auch am Boden aufzufinden ist.[2] Die kräftigen Beine und die starken, gekrümmten Krallen sind Anpassungen an das Klettern, er nutzt seinen langen Schwanz, um beim Klettern und Springen von Ast zu Ast die Balance zu halten, nicht jedoch als Greifschwanz. Er ist hochagil und zeichnet sich durch enorm schnelle Fortbewegung und einen wie bei allen Waranen hohen, beim Papuawaran wahrscheinlich im unteren Leistungsbereich von Endothermie liegenden Stoffwechsel aus. In Gefangenschaft gehaltene Tiere verweilen den größten Teil des Tages sonnend auf dicken Ästen. Gelegentlich ruhen sie für längere Zeit im Wasserteil des Geheges, wahrscheinlich ein thermoregulatorisches Verhalten.

Bestätigte Informationen zur Ernährung in der Natur in Form von untersuchten Mageninhalten liegen nicht vor. Es ist davon auszugehen, dass er sich von Insekten, kleinen Säugern, Vögeln und deren Eiern ernährt; besonders Eier scheinen ein wichtiger Teil seiner Nahrung zu sein.[2] Einheimische berichteten laut Schultze-Westrum (1972), dass der Papuawaran Hirsche, Schweine und Hunde reiße; solche Beute soll dann in die Bäume getragen und gegessen werden. Dies wiederum scheint sehr unwahrscheinlich. In Gefangenschaft gehaltene Papuawarane nehmen Fleischstücke, Eier, Mäuse, Ratten, Meerschweinchen, Hamster, Fischstücke und Hundefutter an. Sie töteten lebende Ratten nicht durch warantypisches, heftiges Kopfschütteln beim Biss, sondern konnten sich offenbar allein auf ihre starke Beißkraft und die kräftigen Zähne verlassen. Zum Jagdverhalten in der Natur existieren keine Angaben.

Als Parasiten freilebender Papuawarane sind vor allem Zecken bedeutend. Flagellaten, Milben und Bandwürmer wurden als Endoparasiten bestätigt.

Zum Sozialverhalten und Fortpflanzung in der Natur liegen keine Daten vor. In Gefangenschaft können männliche Papuawarane nicht zusammengehalten werden, da die Männchen sich meist direkt nach Zusammenführung Kommentkämpfe liefern. Gelege in Gefangenschaft enthielten 4–12 Eier und wurden zwischen Oktober und Januar gelegt. Für die starken Größenunterschiede der Eier, die 43,3–60,8 g schwer sind, gibt es keine Erklärung. Die meisten in Gefangenschaft abgesetzten Gelege waren unfruchtbar, und nur viermal gelang die Nachzucht. Die Schlüpflinge waren etwa 45 cm lang, bunter (more brilliant in color) gefärbt als Alttiere und nahmen kleine Insekten und Reptilien als Futter an.

Systematik

Die Erstbeschreibung erfolgte 1878 durch Peters & Doria. Wird die Hemipenismorphologie als systematisches Merkmal genommen (Ziegler & Böhme 1997), so gehört Varanus salvadorii aufgrund seiner einzigartigen Hemipenes in die monotypische Untergattung Papusaurus, die als Schwestergruppe aller anderen indo-australischen Entwicklungslinien gilt. Laut molekularbiologischen Analysen (Ast 2001) jedoch ist Varanus salvadorii das Schwestertaxon von Varanus komodoensis; zu diesem Kladus ist wiederum Varanus varius das Schwestertaxon. Dies scheint plausibel, da Varanus varius eine ähnliche ökologische Nische wie Varanus salvadorii besetzt, womöglich von Australien Neuguinea erreichte und sich dort allopatrisch zu Varanus salvadorii entwickelte. Die gemeinsamen Merkmale von Varanus salvadorii und Varanus varius könnten jedoch auch auf konvergenter Evolution beruhen.

Papuawarane und Menschen

In Neuguinea halten die Eingeborenen den Papuawaran für „einen bösen Geist, der Bäume erklettert, aufrecht läuft, Feuer spuckt und Menschen tötet“. Laut Aussagen der Einheimischen soll er auch Menschen töten und essen; ein Beweis hierfür existiert nicht. Die Bewohner der Arfak-Berge auf der Vogelkopf-Halbinsel wiederum bejagen den Papuawaran seines Fleisches wegen.[2]

Über den Bestand des Papuawarans ist nichts bekannt, 1994 wurde die Anzahl aller jemals für Zoos und Museen exportierten Exemplare auf 30 bis 50 geschätzt. Die Bestände wurden somit bisher nur von einheimischen Menschen beeinflusst. Die Art ist im Washingtoner Artenschutzabkommen im Anhang II geführt.

Quellen

  • H.-G. Horn: Varanus salvadorii. In: E. R. Pianka, D. R. King (Hrsg.): Varanoid Lizards of the World. Indiana University Press, Bloomington/Indianapolis 2004, ISBN 0-253-34366-6, S. 234–243.
  1. H.-G. Horn, S. S. Sweet, K. M. Philipp: On the distribution of the Papuan monitor (Varanus salvadorii Peters & Doria, 1878) in New Guinea. In: Mertensiella. Band 16 (Advances in Monitor Research III), 2007, S. 25–43.
  2. a b c F. Pattiselanno, E. Rahayu, J. Wanggai: Varanus Species at The Arfak Strict Nature Reserve. In: Biodiversitas. Band 8, Nr. 1, 2007, S. 114–117.

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Papuawaran: Brief Summary ( 德語 )

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Der Papuawaran (Varanus salvadorii), gelegentlich auch als Baumkrokodil bezeichnet, ist eine Art der Schuppenkriechtiere (Squamata) aus der Gattung der Warane (Varanus). Mit einer Gesamtlänge von bis zu rund 2,5 m ist dieser Endemit von Neuguinea eine der größten bekannten rezenten Echsen. Da ausführliche Freilandbeobachtungen fehlen, ist die Art nur wenig erforscht.

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Pezmijoka cirnîs ( 庫德語 )

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Pezmijoka cirnîs, pezmijoka dirûvê cirnîsan an artîlla (Varanus salvadorii), cureyek e pezmijokên (Varanus) girs û goştxwer e ji famîleya pezmijokan (Varanidae) e ku li Gîniya Nû dijî ye.

Çavkanî

  1. The Reptile Database. www.reptile-database.org.

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Pezmijoka cirnîs: Brief Summary ( 庫德語 )

由wikipedia emerging languages提供

Pezmijoka cirnîs, pezmijoka dirûvê cirnîsan an artîlla (Varanus salvadorii), cureyek e pezmijokên (Varanus) girs û goştxwer e ji famîleya pezmijokan (Varanidae) e ku li Gîniya Nû dijî ye.

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Varanus salvadorii ( 英語 )

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Varanus salvadorii, also known as the crocodile monitor, Papuan monitor or Salvadori's monitor, is a species of monitor lizard endemic to New Guinea. It is the largest monitor lizard in New Guinea and is one of the longest lizards, verified at up to 255 cm (100 in). Its tail is exceptionally long, with some specimens having been claimed to exceed the length of the Komodo dragon, however less massive.

V. salvadorii is an arboreal lizard with a dark green body marked with bands of yellowish spots. It has a characteristic blunt snout and a very long tail. It lives among the mangrove swamps and coastal rainforests of the southeastern part of New Guinea, feeding opportunistically on everything from birds and small mammals to eggs, other reptiles, amphibians and carrion. Its large, backwards-curving teeth are better adapted than those of most monitors for seizing fast-moving prey. Like all monitors, it has anatomical features that enable it to breathe more easily when running than other lizards, and it may actually have even greater stamina than most other monitor species.

V. salvadorii is threatened by deforestation and poaching, and is protected by the CITES agreement. Little is known of its reproduction and development, as it is difficult to breed in captivity. Attempts at captive breeding have been mostly unsuccessful. In New Guinea, the lizard is sometimes hunted and skinned by tribesmen to make drums. It is described as an evil spirit that "climbs trees, walks upright, breathes fire, and kills men", yet the local people maintain that it gives warnings if crocodiles are nearby.

Taxonomy

V. salvadorii was first described as Monitor salvadorii by Wilhelm Peters and Giacomo Doria in 1878 based on a female specimen with a snout-to-vent length of 48 cm (19 in), and a 114 cm (45 in) long tail.[5] It was subordinated to the genus Varanus under the name Varanus salvadorii by George Albert Boulenger in 1885.[6]

There are no formally recognized subspecies of V. salvadorii, but the captive reptiles market distinguishes those from Sorong, Jayapura and Merauke based on the color of their snout and the overall brightness of their color pattern.[7]

Etymology

The generic name, Varanus, is derived from the Arabic waral (ورل), meaning "lizard". The term "monitor" is thought to have come about from confusion between waral and the German warnen, meaning "warning". The term "goanna" came about as a corruption of the name "iguana". The specific name, salvadorii, is derived from a Latinization of Tommaso Salvadori,[8] an Italian ornithologist who worked in New Guinea.[2]

Evolution

The evolutionary history of V. salvadorii started with the genus Varanus, which originated in Asia about 40 million years ago (Mya). Around 15 Mya, a tectonic connection between Australia and Southeast Asia allowed the varanids to spread into what is now the Indonesian archipelago.[9]

Based upon DNA sequences of three nuclear and two mitochondrial genes, cladistic analysis identifies V. salvadorii as a member of a species cluster that includes the lace monitor (V. varius) and the Komodo dragon (Varanus komodoensis).[10] Morphological considerations suggest that Varanus priscus was also a member of the group.[11] Monitors apparently colonized Australasia from Asia about 32 Mya; the varius clade then arose about 17 Mya.[10] The Torres Strait separating New Guinea from Australia is less than 90 km (56 mi) long, a distance that could have been covered fairly easily with island hopping.

Distribution

The largest of the seven species of monitors found on the island of New Guinea, V. salvadorii occurs in both the state Papua New Guinea and the Indonesian region of West Papua. It inhabits the high and low canopies of the lowland rainforests and coastal mangrove swamps, sometimes venturing out of these areas during floods in the rainy seasons. No detailed field investigation data are available for V. salvadorii, so the full extent of its range is unknown.[3][5] Its remote and generally inaccessible habitat is an obstacle to detailed study of this monitor in its natural habitat.[3][5]

Biology and morphology

Detail of bulbous snout - taken at the Cincinnati Zoo

The most characteristic feature of V. salvadorii is its blunt, bulbous snout, which makes it look different from every other monitor on New Guinea, and suggested the common name "tree crocodile".[5] The body of the lizard is dark green with rings of yellow spots.[12] The tail is banded yellow and black and is extremely long.

Its teeth are long, straight, and sharp. Its claws are prominent and strongly curved.[13] Males reach a considerably larger size than females in both weight and length, and also tend to have a more robust head.[7]

V. salvadorii is unique among extant varanid species in that the animal's tail is much longer than the snout-to-vent length in both juveniles and adults. The tail generally is 2–2.7 times the snout-to-vent length.[5][14][15]

At hatching, V. salvadorii is about 45 cm (18 in) long and they reach maturity when about 170 cm (67 in).[14] Reports of the maximal length vary greatly and are the subject of much dispute. It possibly attains the greatest length among extant species of lizards, although it is considerably less massive than the Komodo dragon.[16] V. salvadorii has been confirmed to reach up to 255 cm (100 in) in length (record by a specimen at Museum Koenig).[14][17] Some have been claimed to be much larger, including an individual from Konedobu that reportedly was 323 cm (127 in) long, one from Kikori that reportedly was 427 cm (168 in) and an individual from Port Moresby that reportedly was 475 cm (187 in) long, but these sizes are unverified.[7][16]

Claims of V. salvadorii attaining large weights also are unverified; the species is much more slender than Komodo dragons of comparable length.[16][18] The typical reported length of this species is less than 200 cm (79 in) with a matching body mass of about 20 kg (44 lb),[19][20] but such a weight is questionable for healthy (i.e., not obese) individuals of this slender, arboreal species.[7] Ten specimens were found to weigh only 5 to 6.38 kg (11.0 to 14.1 lb) at a length of 1.16 to 2.25 m (3 ft 10 in to 7 ft 5 in),[21] and a review of healthy adults in captivity found that a typical weight was up to 6 kg (13 lb).[7] The average size of V. salvadorii caught in one study was 99.2 cm (39.1 in) with a weight of 2.02 kg (4.5 lb), but these must have been young specimens.[22]

Varanus salvadorii has mammal-like aerobic abilities; a positive pressure gular pump in the animal's throat assists lung ventilation.[3][23] Unlike most lizards that cannot breathe efficiently while running, because of Carrier's constraint, the gular pump of monitor lizards enables them to overcome the effect of one lung at a time being compressed by their running gait.[23][24] The evolutionary development of the gular pump is functionally analogous to that of the diaphragm in mammals, which ventilates the lung independently of locomotion. V. salvadorii may be the species that achieves the greatest running endurance as a result of its gular pump.[3][23] Investigation supports the idea that gular breathing is an evolutionary development that masks the effect of Carrier's constraint.[23]

Behavior

A specimen of V. salvadorii at the Oklahoma City Zoo

V. salvadorii is a highly arboreal lizard. It can hang onto branches with its rear legs, and occasionally use its tail as a prehensile grip. The primary function of the tail, however, is as a counterbalance when leaping from branch to branch.[3] As in some other Varanus species, the tail also may be used for defense, as captive specimens may attempt to lash keepers with their tails.[25] This species occasionally is seen in the pet trade, but has a reputation for aggression and unpredictability.[5] Although they are known to rest and bask in trees, they sleep on the ground or submerged in water.[3]

These monitors rise up on their hind legs to check their surroundings, behavior that also has been documented in Gould's monitors (V. gouldii).[6] They are known to exhibit a warning posture, in which they carry their tails rolled up behind them. According to native belief, they give a warning call if they see crocodiles.[6] In general V. salvadorii avoids human contact, but its bite is capable of causing infection, like the Komodo dragon's.[6] One fatality was reported from a bite in 1983 when a Papuan woman was bitten and later died from an infection.[5]

Diet

The teeth of V. salvadorii do not resemble those of other monitor species, which typically are blunt, peglike, and face slightly rearward.[3] Their upper teeth are long, fang-like, set vertically in the jawbone, adapted to hooking into fast-moving prey such as birds, bats, and rodents. Their lower teeth are housed in a fleshy sheath. In the wild, V. salvadorii is the top predator in New Guinea, feeding on birds (such as Cacatua sp.), eggs, small mammals (such as rats and bandicoots), frogs, reptiles, and carrion.[13][26][27] Natives have reported that it can take down pigs, deer, and hunting dogs, and hauls its prey into the canopy to consume it.[3] Captive specimens have been known to eat fish, frogs, rodents, chickens, and dog food.[5][28]

This species has been observed hunting prey in a unique fashion for monitor lizards.[3] Rather than following its prey to ambush it from behind, V. salvadorii may stalk its prey and anticipate where it will run, meeting it headlong.[3]

Reproduction

Reproduction of V. salvadorii has only been observed in captivity, so nothing is known about its reproduction in the wild. The egg clutches, comprising four to 12 eggs, are deposited around October to January, with the eggs showing a remarkable difference in dimensions, a phenomenon for which no explanation is known. Dimensions may vary from 7.5 cm × 3.4 cm to 10 cm × 4.5 cm (3.0 in × 1.3 in to 3.9 in × 1.8 in), while weight may vary from 43.3 to 60.8 g (1.53 to 2.14 oz). Most clutches laid in captivity have been infertile, and only four successful breedings have been documented thus far. Hatchlings are about 18 in (46 cm) long and weigh around 56 g (2.0 oz). Like those of many other monitors, the hatchlings of V. salvadorii are more colorful than adults, and feed primarily on insects and small reptiles.[3][29]

Conservation

Varanus salvadorii is currently protected under the CITES Appendix II,[30] which requires an exportation permit for international trade. It is not listed as a threatened species on the IUCN Red List or on the Endangered Species Act.[31] It faces threats from deforestation and poaching, as it is hunted and skinned by native peoples, who consider the monitor an evil spirit that "climbs trees, walks upright, breathes fire, and kills men", to make drums .[5][13] In 2008, 52 individuals were maintained at 17 zoological parks in the United States, with an unknown number in private collections.[12]

References

  1. ^ Shea, G.; Allison, A.; Parker, F.; O'Shea, M.; Tallowin, O. (2016). "Varanus salvadorii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T42485775A42485784. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T42485775A42485784.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^ a b Klipfel, Meghan; Peters, Wilhelm C. H.; Bauer, Aaron M.; Günther, Rainer (1995). The herpetological contributions of Wilhelm C. H. Peters (1815-1883). Ithaca, N.Y., USA: Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles in cooperation with Deutsche Gesellschaft für Herp. ISBN 978-0-916984-35-9.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Horn, H-G. (2004). "Varanus salvadorii ". In Pianka, E.R.; King, D.; King, R.A. (eds.). Varanoid Lizards of the World. Indiana University Press. pp. 234–244. ISBN 978-0-253-34366-6.
  4. ^ "Varanus salvadorii ". The Reptile Database. www.reptile-database.org.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i Bayless, Mark K. (June 1, 1998). "The Artellia: Dragons of the Trees". Reptiles. 6 (6): 32–47.
  6. ^ a b c d Netherton, J.; Badger, D. P. (2002). Lizards: A Natural History of Some Uncommon Creatures--Extraordinary Chameleons, Iguanas, Geckos, and More. Stillwater, MN: Voyageur Press. pp. 140–141. ISBN 978-0-7603-2579-7.
  7. ^ a b c d e Reh, B., ed. (2021), Best Practice Guidelines for the Crocodile Monitor (Varanus salvadorii) (1 ed.), EAZA Reptile Taxon Advisory Group
  8. ^ Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. ISBN 978-1-4214-0135-5. (Varanus salvadorii, p. 232).
  9. ^ Ciofi, Claudio (1999). "The Komodo Dragon". Scientific American. 280 (3): 84–91. Bibcode:1999SciAm.280c..84C. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0399-84. Retrieved 2006-12-21.
  10. ^ a b Vidal, N.; Marin, J.; Sassi, J.; Battistuzzi, F.U.; Donnellan, S.; Fitch, A.J.; Fry, B.G.; Vonk, F.J.; Rodriguez de la Vega, R.C.; Couloux, A.; Hedges, S.B. (2012). "Molecular evidence for an Asian origin of monitor lizards followed by Tertiary dispersals to Africa and Australasia". Biology Letters. 8 (5): 853–855. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2012.0460. PMC 3441001. PMID 22809723.
  11. ^ Conrad, J.L.; Ast, J.C.; Montanari, S.; Norell, M.A. (2011). "A combined evidence phylogenetic analysis of Anguimorpha (Reptilia: Squamata)". Cladistics. 27 (3): 230–277. doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2010.00330.x. PMID 34875778. S2CID 84301257.
  12. ^ a b "New Guinea Crocodile Monitor". Central Florida Zoo and Botanial Gardens. Archived from the original on May 28, 2008. Retrieved 2008-08-21.
  13. ^ a b c "Crocodile Monitor". Leeward Community College's Zoology 101. Honolulu Zoo. Archived from the original on 2008-10-04. Retrieved 2008-08-21.
  14. ^ a b c Auliya, M.; Koch, A. (2020). "Visual Identification Guide to the Monitor Lizard Species of the World (Genus Varanus)". BfN-Skripten. Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, IUCN SSC Monitor Lizard Specialist Group. 552.
  15. ^ Sprackland, R. G. (1992). Giant lizards. Neptune, NJ: T.F.H. Publications. ISBN 978-0-86622-634-9.
  16. ^ a b c Wood, G. (1983). The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats. ISBN 978-0-85112-235-9.
  17. ^ Böhme, W.; Ziegler, T. (1997). "Großwarane im Museum Koenig, mit Bemerkungen zu Afrikas größter Echse". Tier und Museum. 5 (3): 65–74.
  18. ^ "ANIMAL BYTES - Crocodile Monitor". Seaworld.org. Archived from the original on 2007-12-14. Retrieved 2013-04-22.
  19. ^ Pianka, E., D. King, R. King. 2004. Varanoid Lizards of the World. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
  20. ^ Turner, F., R. Jennrich, J. Weintraub. 1969. Home ranges and body size of lizards. Ecology, 50: 1076-1081.
  21. ^ "Varanus salvadorii". Memim Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2015-06-09.
  22. ^ Iyai, D.A., Murwanto, A.G. & Killian, A.M. (2011) Hunting and Ethnozoology Systems of Monitor Lizards (Fam. Varanidae) Utilized by Yaur Tribe at National Park of Cenderawasih Gulf. Biota Vol. 16 (2): 278−286.
  23. ^ a b c d Owerkowicz, T.; Farmer, C. G.; Hicks, J. W.; Brainerd, E. L. (1999). "Contribution of Gular Pumping to Lung Ventilation in Monitor Lizards". Science. 284 (5420): 1661–1663. Bibcode:1999Sci...284.1661O. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.486.481. doi:10.1126/science.284.5420.1661. PMID 10356394.
  24. ^ Brainerd, E. (1999). "Research by UMass Amherst Biologist Suggests that Lizards Offer Evolutionary Freeze-Frame". UMass Amherst. Archived from the original on 30 June 2009. Retrieved 19 December 2008.
  25. ^ Stafford, Grey. "Aloha to three crocodile monitors". Wildlife World Zoo. Archived from the original on July 1, 2009. Retrieved 2008-08-21.
  26. ^ "Varanus salvadorii (Crocodile Monitor)". Animal Diversity Web.
  27. ^ "Varanus Salvadorii".
  28. ^ McDade, Melissa C.; Grzimek, Bernhard; Schlager, Neil; Hutchins, Michael; Trumpey, Joseph E.; Olendorf, Donna (2004). Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia. Detroit: Thomson/Gale. p. 368. ISBN 978-0-7876-5362-0.
  29. ^ Gressitt, J. Linsley (1982). Biogeography and Ecology of New Guinea. Vol. 2. Hague: W. Junk. pp. 803–813. ISBN 978-90-6193-094-5.
  30. ^ "Appendices I, II and III". Retrieved 2008-11-08.
  31. ^ "Crocodile Monitor". Archived from the original on 2007-12-14. Retrieved 2008-12-07.
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Varanus salvadorii: Brief Summary ( 英語 )

由wikipedia EN提供

Varanus salvadorii, also known as the crocodile monitor, Papuan monitor or Salvadori's monitor, is a species of monitor lizard endemic to New Guinea. It is the largest monitor lizard in New Guinea and is one of the longest lizards, verified at up to 255 cm (100 in). Its tail is exceptionally long, with some specimens having been claimed to exceed the length of the Komodo dragon, however less massive.

V. salvadorii is an arboreal lizard with a dark green body marked with bands of yellowish spots. It has a characteristic blunt snout and a very long tail. It lives among the mangrove swamps and coastal rainforests of the southeastern part of New Guinea, feeding opportunistically on everything from birds and small mammals to eggs, other reptiles, amphibians and carrion. Its large, backwards-curving teeth are better adapted than those of most monitors for seizing fast-moving prey. Like all monitors, it has anatomical features that enable it to breathe more easily when running than other lizards, and it may actually have even greater stamina than most other monitor species.

V. salvadorii is threatened by deforestation and poaching, and is protected by the CITES agreement. Little is known of its reproduction and development, as it is difficult to breed in captivity. Attempts at captive breeding have been mostly unsuccessful. In New Guinea, the lizard is sometimes hunted and skinned by tribesmen to make drums. It is described as an evil spirit that "climbs trees, walks upright, breathes fire, and kills men", yet the local people maintain that it gives warnings if crocodiles are nearby.

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Varanus salvadorii ( 西班牙、卡斯蒂利亞西班牙語 )

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El varano de Papúa o varano cocodrilo(Varanus salvadorii) es una especie de lagarto de la familia Varanidae. Es endémico de la isla de Nueva Guinea. Su rango altitudinal se encuentra entre los 0 y los 740 metros de altitud.[1]

Referencias

  1. a b Shea, G., Allison, A., Parker, F., O'Shea, M. & Tallowin, O. (2016). «Varanus salvadorii». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2022 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 1 de octubre de 2018.
  2. Klipfel, Meghan; Peters, Wilhelm C. H.; Bauer, Aaron M.; Günther, Rainer (1995). The herpetological contributions of Wilhelm C. H. Peters (1815-1883). Ithaca, N.Y., USA: Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles in cooperation with Deutsche Gesellschaft für Herp. ISBN 0-916984-35-4.
  3. Uetz, P. & Jirí Hošek (ed.). «Varanus salvadorii». Reptile Database (en inglés). Reptarium. Consultado el 1 de octubre de 2018.

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Varanus salvadorii: Brief Summary ( 西班牙、卡斯蒂利亞西班牙語 )

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El varano de Papúa o varano cocodrilo(Varanus salvadorii) es una especie de lagarto de la familia Varanidae. Es endémico de la isla de Nueva Guinea. Su rango altitudinal se encuentra entre los 0 y los 740 metros de altitud.​

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Varanus salvadorii ( 巴斯克語 )

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(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Varanus salvadorii: Brief Summary ( 巴斯克語 )

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Varanus salvadorii Varanus generoko animalia da. Narrastien barruko Varanidae familian sailkatuta dago.

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Krokotiilivaraani ( 芬蘭語 )

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Krokotiilivaraani eli salvadorinvaraani[2] (Varanus salvadorii) on pitkähäntäinen varaanilaji. Aikuisten krokotiilivaraanien pituus on yleensä alle 3 metriä, mutta suurin mitattu yksilö oli jopa 4,75 metriä pitkä. Epätavallisen pitkän häntänsä ansiosta ruumiinpituudeltaan 1,2-metrisen varaanin häntä kasvaa jopa 2,7 metriä pitkäksi.[3][4] Krokotiilivaraani on siten myös maailman pisimmäksi kasvava lisko, muttei raskasrakenteisempaa komodonvaraania suurempi.[5]

 src=
Krokotiilivaraani Cincinnatin eläintarhassa.

Krokotiilivaraani on harvinainen laji, jota tavataan Papua-Uuden-Guinean vuoristojen sademetsälaaksoissa. Lajin tarkkaa levinneisyyttä ei tiedetä. Ravinnoksi krokotiilivaraani käyttää hyönteisiä, etanoita, pikkunisäkkäitä ja sammakoita. Krokotiilivaraani munii munia, yleensä noin 15–35 kappaletta kerralla.

Lähteet

  1. Shea, G., Allison, A., Parker, F., O'Shea, M. & Tallowin, O.: Varanus salvadorii IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2017.3. 2016. International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN, Iucnredlist.org. Viitattu 17.5.2018. (englanniksi)
  2. Palmén, Ernst & Nurminen, Matti (toim.): Eläinten maailma, Otavan iso eläintietosanakirja. 2. Iilimato–Leopardit, s. 513. Helsinki: Otava, 1974. ISBN 951-1-01422-6.
  3. Badger, D. & Netherton, J. 2006. Lizards: A Natural History of Some Uncommon Creatures. Voyageur Press. s. 140. ISBN 0760325790
  4. Glenday, Craig (päätoim.): Guinness World Records 2015, s. 55. Helsinki: Sanoma Media Finland, 2014. ISBN 978-951-32-3988-6.
  5. Draconian.com
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Krokotiilivaraani: Brief Summary ( 芬蘭語 )

由wikipedia FI提供

Krokotiilivaraani eli salvadorinvaraani (Varanus salvadorii) on pitkähäntäinen varaanilaji. Aikuisten krokotiilivaraanien pituus on yleensä alle 3 metriä, mutta suurin mitattu yksilö oli jopa 4,75 metriä pitkä. Epätavallisen pitkän häntänsä ansiosta ruumiinpituudeltaan 1,2-metrisen varaanin häntä kasvaa jopa 2,7 metriä pitkäksi. Krokotiilivaraani on siten myös maailman pisimmäksi kasvava lisko, muttei raskasrakenteisempaa komodonvaraania suurempi.

 src= Krokotiilivaraani Cincinnatin eläintarhassa.

Krokotiilivaraani on harvinainen laji, jota tavataan Papua-Uuden-Guinean vuoristojen sademetsälaaksoissa. Lajin tarkkaa levinneisyyttä ei tiedetä. Ravinnoksi krokotiilivaraani käyttää hyönteisiä, etanoita, pikkunisäkkäitä ja sammakoita. Krokotiilivaraani munii munia, yleensä noin 15–35 kappaletta kerralla.

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Varanus salvadorii ( 法語 )

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Le Varan-crocodile ou parfois Varan de Salvadori (Varanus salvadorii) est un varan encore mal étudié vivant dans les mangroves et les forêts humides côtières du sud de la Nouvelle-Guinée[1]. C'est un animal arboricole avec un corps vert foncé taché de jaunâtre et surtout muni d'une très longue queue. Dans la nature, il se nourrit d'oiseaux, de petits mammifères, d’œufs et de charognes.

Décrit pour la première fois en 1878, V. salvadorii semble être l'un des plus longs varans au monde, atteignant jusqu'à 300 cm de long. Il est menacé par la déforestation et le braconnage, et est protégé par la convention CITES. Le varan est chassé et écorché vif par les tribus locales pour faire des tambours de leur peau et qui considèrent l'animal comme un esprit mauvais qui « monte aux arbres, marche debout, respire le feu et tue les hommes ».

Taxonomie et étymologie

V. salvadorii a été décrit pour la première fois en tant que Monitor salvadorii par Wilhelm Peters et Giacomo Doria en 1878 à partir d'un spécimen femelle mesurant 48 cm de longueur naso-anale et une queue mesurant 114 cm.

Le nom spécifique est dérivé d'une latinisation de Tommaso Salvadori, un ornithologue italien qui avait travaillé en Nouvelle-Guinée[2]. Plus tard, en 1885, il a été rebaptisé Varanus salvadorii par George Albert Boulenger. Les varans les plus proches sont le Dragon de Komodo (V. komodoensis) et le Varan bigarré (V. varius)[3]. Le Varan-crocodile est parfois confondu avec le Varan malais (V. salvator) en raison de leurs noms scientifiques assez similaires[4].

V.salvadorii a été regroupé dans un même sous-groupe que le Varan bigarré et le Dragon de Komodo. Ce regroupement s'est fait sur l'analyse de l'ADN mitochondrial et d'autres méthodes d'analyses complémentaires[5]. Une théorie a été élaborée suggérant que ces espèces ont divergé d'un ancêtre commun lors de la formation du détroit de Torres séparant la Nouvelle-Guinée de l'Australie, détroit dont la largeur est inférieure à 90 km et qui aurait pu être occupé par une chaîne d'îles maintenant disparues au cours des derniers 120 000 ans[5]. Mais les similitudes entre V. salvadorii et V. varius peuvent aussi être simplement un exemple d'évolution convergente[5].

Répartition

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répartition

Cette espèce est endémique de Nouvelle-Guinée. Elle se rencontre en Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guinée et en Nouvelle-Guinée occidentale en Indonésie. C'est la plus grande des sept espèces de varans vivant sur l'île de Nouvelle-Guinée.

Habitat

Il vit dans les forêts tropicales de plaine et les mangroves côtières, s'aventurant parfois hors de ces zones pendant les inondations de la saison des pluies. Il n'existe aucune enquête détaillée sur son implantation exacte sorte que son aire de répartition n'est pas connue avec précision[2],[3]. Son habitat dans des zones très difficilement accessibles est une des principales raisons de cette méconnaissance[2],[3].

Description

Le corps du lézard est vert foncé avec des anneaux jaunes[6]. La queue porte des bandes jaunes et noires. Il a un museau bulbeux qui lui vaut le nom de "crocodile des arbres". Il a les dents longues et de griffes courbes. Il n'y a pas de dimorphisme sexuel externe[7]

Fait unique parmi les varanidés vivants, l'animal a la queue deux fois plus longue que le reste du corps aussi bien chez les jeunes que chez les adultes[2]. L'herpétologue Robert Sprackland donne la longueur de la queue comme étant 210% de la longueur du corps[8]. À la naissance, V. salvadorii mesure environ 45 cm de longueur, tandis qu'à la maturité sexuelle, les femelles peuvent atteindre 150 cm. Le plus long spécimen mesuré faisait 244 cm de longueur[9], mais on pense qu'il n'avait pas atteint sa taille définitive[8],[10]. Même si V. salvadorii peut atteindre des longueurs proches de celles du dragon de Komodo (V. komodoensis), ce dernier est beaucoup plus lourd et plus long en moyenne, ce qui en fait le plus grand varan du monde[11].

Mode de vie

V. salvadorii est un varan arboricole. Il passe ses journées dans les arbres en se tenant en équilibre sur les branches et en se bloquant grâce à ses pattes arrière. Il peut aussi de temps en temps utiliser sa queue préhensile pour enserrer une branche. L'usage principal de sa queue, cependant, est de contrebalancer son poids quand il saute d'une branche à l'autre[3]. La queue peut également être utilisée pour se défendre, certains spécimens en captivité ont tenté de frapper leurs gardiens d'un coup de queue[12]. On peut trouver cette espèce quelquefois chez les marchands d'animaux exotiques, mais ils ont la réputation d'être agressifs et imprévisibles[2]. Même s'ils se reposent et se prélassent dans les arbres, ils dorment sur le sol ou immergés dans l'eau[3].

Ces varans "surveillants" ("monitors" en anglais) se dressent sur leurs pattes postérieures pour observer leur environnement, un comportement qui a également été documenté chez les varans de Gould (V. gouldii). Selon les croyances, ils lancent un cri d'avertissement s'ils voient des crocodiles[4]. En général les V. salvadorii évitent le contact humain, mais leurs morsures sont capables de provoquer des infections, comme celles du dragon de Komodo. Un décès a été signalé en 1983, quand une femme papoue a été mordue par un varan et est décédée quelques jours plus tard d'une septicémie[2].

Alimentation

Les dents supérieures de V. salvadorii sont longues et crochues, conçues pour saisir des proies rapides ou à plumes telles que les oiseaux, les chauves-souris et les rongeurs. Ses dents inférieures sont logés dans une gaine de chair. Dans la nature il est le premier prédateur de Nouvelle-Guinée, se nourrissant d'oiseaux, d'œufs, de petits animaux et de charognes[7]. Il existe également des rapports d'habitants autochtones de la région rapportant qu'ils peuvent attraper des porcs, des chevreuils et des chiens de chasse. Ils emmèneraient leur proie dans la canopée pour la consommer[3]. Son seul concurrent en Nouvelle-Guinée est le chien chanteur. Les spécimens en captivité se nourrissent de poissons, de grenouilles, de rongeurs, de poulets et d'aliments pour chiens[2],[13].

Reproduction

Les seuls exemples de reproduction connus ont été observés en captivité et on ne sait rien au sujet de sa reproduction dans la nature. Les pontes vont de quatre à douze œufs et ont lieu d'octobre à janvier, avec des œufs montrant une différence notable dans leurs dimensions, un phénomène pour lequel aucune explication n'est connue. Les dimensions varient de 7,5 × 3,4 cm à 10 × 4,5 cm tandis que le poids varie de 43,3 à 60,8 g. La plupart des œufs pondus à ce jour sont restés stériles et il n'y a que quatre succès documentés à ce jour. Les nouveau-nés mesurent environ 45 cm de long et pèsent environ 56 grammes. À l'instar de ceux de nombreux autres varans, les nouveau-nés de V. salvadorii sont plus colorés que les adultes et se nourrissent principalement d'insectes et de petits reptiles[3],[14]

Statut

V. salvadorii est actuellement protégé en vertu de la Convention sur le commerce international des espèces de faune et de flore sauvages menacées d'extinction (CITES) Annexe II[15], mais n'est pas répertorié dans la loi sur les espèces menacées d'extinction. Il est pourtant menacé par la déforestation et le braconnage car il est chassé et écorché vif par les tribus locales qui le considèrent comme un esprit mauvais qui "monte dans les arbres, se promène en position verticale, respire le feu et tue des hommes"[2],[7]. L'espèce est élevée dans 17 parcs zoologiques du monde entier. Les États-Unis en possèdent 52 individus en captivité dans différents zoos et en ont un nombre inconnu dans des collections privées[6].

Publication originale

  • Peters & Doria, 1878 : Catalogo dei retilli e dei batraci raccolti da O. Beccari, L. M. D'Alberts e A. A. Bruijn. nella sotto-regione Austro-Malese. Annali del Museo Civico de Storia Naturale di Genova, ser. 1, vol. 13, p. 323-450 (texte intégral)

Notes et références

  1. (fr+en) Référence ITIS : Varanus salvadorii
  2. a b c d e f g et h Mark K. Bayless, « The Artellia : Dragons of the Trees », Reptiles, Mission Viejo, California, Norman Ridker, vol. 6,‎ 1er juin 1998, p. 32-47
  3. a b c d e f et g (en) Ruth Allen King, Eric R. Pianka, Dennis King, Varanoid Lizards of the World, Bloomington, Indiana University Press, 2004, 588 p. (ISBN 0-253-34366-6)
  4. a et b John Netherton et David P. Badger, Lizards : A Natural History of Some Uncommon Creatures--Extraordinary Chameleons, Iguanas, Geckos, and More, Stillwater, MN, Voyageur Press, 2002 (ISBN 0-7603-2579-0), p. 140-141
  5. a b et c King, Pianka (2004) p. 235
  6. a et b (en) « New Guinea Crocodile Monitor », Central Florida Zoo and Botanial Gardens (consulté le 21 août 2008)
  7. a b et c (en) Leeward Community College's Zoology 101, « Crocodile Monitor », Honolulu Zoo (consulté le 21 août 2008)
  8. a et b Robert George Sprackland, Giant lizards, Neptune, NJ, T.F.H. Publications, 1992 (ISBN 0-86622-634-6)
  9. (en) « Varanus salvadorii » (consulté le 31 octobre 2008)
  10. Claire Folkard, Guinness World Records 2003, Guinness World Records Ltd, 2003, 288 p. (ISBN 1-892051-17-6), p. 87
  11. (en) Claudio Ciofi, « The Komodo Dragon », Scientific American, 3 janvier 1999 (consulté le 21 août 2008)
  12. (en) Grey Stafford, « Aloha to three crocodile monitors », Wildlife World Zoo (consulté le 21 août 2008)
  13. Melissa C. McDade, Bernhard Grzimek, Neil Schlager, Michael Hutchins, Joseph E. Trumpey, Donna Olendorf, Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia, Détroit, Thomson/Gale, 2004 (ISBN 0-7876-5362-4), p. 368
  14. (en) J. Linsley Gressitt, Biogeography and Ecology of New Guinea, vol. 2, The Hague/Boston/London, W. Junk, 1982, 983 p. (ISBN 90-6193-094-4), p. 803-813
  15. (en) « Appendices I, II and III » (consulté le 21 août 2008)
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Varanus salvadorii: Brief Summary ( 法語 )

由wikipedia FR提供

Le Varan-crocodile ou parfois Varan de Salvadori (Varanus salvadorii) est un varan encore mal étudié vivant dans les mangroves et les forêts humides côtières du sud de la Nouvelle-Guinée. C'est un animal arboricole avec un corps vert foncé taché de jaunâtre et surtout muni d'une très longue queue. Dans la nature, il se nourrit d'oiseaux, de petits mammifères, d’œufs et de charognes.

Décrit pour la première fois en 1878, V. salvadorii semble être l'un des plus longs varans au monde, atteignant jusqu'à 300 cm de long. Il est menacé par la déforestation et le braconnage, et est protégé par la convention CITES. Le varan est chassé et écorché vif par les tribus locales pour faire des tambours de leur peau et qui considèrent l'animal comme un esprit mauvais qui « monte aux arbres, marche debout, respire le feu et tue les hommes ».

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Biawak Papua ( 印尼語 )

由wikipedia ID提供

Biawak Papua, Varanus salvadorii (juga disebut Biawak Salvadori, Biawak Buaya, atau Artelia) adalah biawak yang hidup di pulau Nugini. Biawak ini dapat ditemui di rawa-rawa mangrove, dan hutan hujan pantai di bagian tenggara pulau. Terdapat rumor bahwa Biawak Papua dapat tumbuh sekitar 4.75 meter, yang membuatnya menjadi kadal terpanjang di dunia, tetapi catatan terpanjang hanya 2.44 meter.

Morfologi

Fitur yang paling khas dari biawak ini adalah moncong tumpul bulat, yang membuat spesies ini terlihat berbeda dari setiap biawak lain di Papua dan meminjamkan untuk nama umum yang pohon buaya Tubuh biawak berwarna hijau gelap dengan cincin bintik-bintik kuning. Ekor terbalut kuning dan hitam. Gigi lurus dan cakar melengkung menonjol. Unik di antara spesies varanid yang hidup, ekor hewan ini lebih panjang dari badannya. Pada saat lahir panjang biawak ini adalah sekitar 45 cm (18 inch), sementara betina dewasa dapat tumbuh hingga 150 cm (4,9 kaki). Spesimen yang tercatat terpanjang adalah 244 cm (8.01 ft). Varanus salvadorii memiliki fisiologi yang disebut mamalia seperti aerobik yaitu bernapas dan berjalan bersamaan, hal ini dicapai dengan cara tekanan positif pompa gular di tenggorokan hewan untuk membantu ventilasi paru. Mayoritas kadal tidak dapat berjalan dan bernapas di saat yang sama karena kendala Carrier, tapi biawak pengecualian tidak demikian. Perkembangan ini pompa ventilasi analog dengan evolusi diafragma pada mamalia, yang ventilates paru-paru secara independen gerak, ilmuwan tempat Varanus salvadorii sebagai spesies dengan daya tahan tertinggi dalam hal ini.

Referensi

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Biawak Papua: Brief Summary ( 印尼語 )

由wikipedia ID提供

Biawak Papua, Varanus salvadorii (juga disebut Biawak Salvadori, Biawak Buaya, atau Artelia) adalah biawak yang hidup di pulau Nugini. Biawak ini dapat ditemui di rawa-rawa mangrove, dan hutan hujan pantai di bagian tenggara pulau. Terdapat rumor bahwa Biawak Papua dapat tumbuh sekitar 4.75 meter, yang membuatnya menjadi kadal terpanjang di dunia, tetapi catatan terpanjang hanya 2.44 meter.

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Varanus salvadorii ( 義大利語 )

由wikipedia IT提供

Il varano coccodrillo (Varanus salvadorii (W. Peters & Doria, 1878)), noto anche come varano di Papua, varano di Salvadori e artellia,[5] è una specie di varano di grandi dimensioni endemica della Nuova Guinea, dove rappresenta la più grande lucertola conosciuta, oltre a essere una delle lucertole più lunghe al mondo, con lunghezza massima verificata di 2,44 metri. Ciò è dovuto alla lunga coda dell'animale, e si dice che alcuni esemplari superino in lunghezza anche la lucertola più grande del mondo, il drago di Komodo; tuttavia, il varano coccodrillo è molto meno massiccio di quest'ultimo.

Il varano coccodrillo è una lucertola arborea dal corpo verde scuro segnato da bande di macchie giallastre. Ha un caratteristico muso smussato e una coda molto lunga. Vive nelle paludi di mangrovie e nelle foreste pluviali costiere nella parte sud-orientale dell'isola, nutrendosi di uccelli, piccoli mammiferi, uova e carogne. I suoi lunghi denti ricurvi si adattano meglio di qualunque altra specie di varano per catturare prede rapide. Come tutti i varani, il varano coccodrillo presenta caratteristiche anatomiche che gli consentono di respirare più facilmente durante la corsa rispetto ad altre lucertole, sebbene potrebbe avere una resistenza ancora maggiore rispetto alla maggior parte delle altre specie di varano. Si conosce ben poco sulla riproduzione e la crescita di questo rettile, poiché è una specie piuttosto difficile da allevare in cattività.

Questa specie è minacciata dalla deforestazione e dal bracconaggio ed è protetta dall'accordo CITES. Viene inoltre cacciato dalle tribù locali per la sua pelle con cui vengono costruiti tamburi, oltre ad essere visto sia come uno spirito malvagio che "si arrampica sugli alberi, cammina eretto, sputa fuoco e uccide gli uomini", sia come una presenza benevola che avverte se ci sono coccodrilli nelle vicinanze.

Tassonomia ed etimologia

Il varano coccodrillo venne descritto per la prima volta come Monitor salvadorii da Wilhelm Peters e Giacomo Doria, nel 1878, sulla base di un esemplare femmina, con una lunghezza complessiva di 1,92 metri.[5] La coda da sola misurava 114 centimetri.[5]

Il nome generico, Varanus, deriva dall'arabo waral (ورل), che significa "lucertola". Si pensa che il termine "varano" derivi dalla confusione tra waral e il termine tedesco warnen, che significa "avvertimento". Il termine australiano "goanna" è nato come una corruzione del nome "iguana". Il nome specifico, salvadorii, deriva da una latinizzazione di Tommaso Salvadori,[6] un ornitologo italiano che operò in Nuova Guinea.[2] Successivamente, nel 1885, fu ribattezzato Varanus salvadorii da George Albert Boulenger. Il varano coccodrillo viene occasionalmente confuso con il varano d'acqua asiatico (V. salvator) a causa dei loro nomi scientifici simili.[7]

Evoluzione

La storia evolutiva di V. salvadorii inizia con il genere Varanus, originario dell'Asia di circa 40 milioni di anni fa. Intorno ai 15 milioni di anni fa, una connessione tettonica tra l'Australia e il sud-est asiatico permise ai varanidi di diffondersi in quello che oggi è l'arcipelago indonesiano.[8]

Sulla base delle sequenze di DNA di tre geni nucleari e due mitocondriali, l'analisi cladistica identifica V. salvadorii come membro di un gruppo di specie che include il varano vario (V. varius) e il drago di Komodo (V. komodoensis).[9] Considerazioni morfologiche suggeriscono che anche l'estinto megalenia (V. priscus) fosse un membro del gruppo.[10] I varani colonizzarono l'Australasia dall'Asia circa 32 milioni di anni fa; il clade di varius sorse quindi circa 17 milioni di anni fa.[9] Lo stretto di Torres separa la Nuova Guinea dall'Australia ed è lungo meno di 90 km (56 miglia), una distanza che questi animali avrebbero potuto coprire facilmente saltando da un'isola all'altra.

Distribuzione

La più grande delle sette specie di varano presenti sull'isola della Nuova Guinea, il varano coccodrillo si trova sia nello stato di Papua Nuova Guinea che nella regione indonesiana della Papua occidentale. In genere predilige le alte e basse chiome delle foreste pluviali di pianura e delle paludi costiere di mangrovie, talvolta avventurandosi al di fuori di queste aree durante le inondazioni nelle stagioni delle piogge. Non sono disponibili dati dettagliati sull'areale del varano coccodrillo, pertanto l'intera estensione del suo areale è sconosciuta.[4][5] Il suo habitat remoto e generalmente inaccessibile è un ostacolo allo studio dettagliato di questo varano nel suo habitat naturale.[4][5]

Descrizione

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Primo piano della testa, allo zoo di Cologne

A causa del suo habitat remoto e generalmente inaccessibile, l'animale è poco studiato nel dettagliato, e per questo molte sue caratteristiche, come le dimensioni, sono piuttosto incerte o incoerenti. Tuttavia, gli studiosi concordano sul fatto che il varano coccodrillo sia unico tra le specie di varanidi esistenti, per le sue inusuali caratteristiche fisiche. Per esempio, la coda dell'animale è molto più lunga della lunghezza dal muso alla cloaca sia nei giovani che negli adulti. Uno studio[5] indicherebbe che la coda è due terzi più lunga, mentre un altro afferma che la coda è il 210% della lunghezza del corpo dell'animale.[11] Un'altra delle caratteristiche più evidenti dell'animale è il suo muso smussato e bulboso, che lo fa sembrare diverso da ogni altro varano della Nuova Guinea, oltre a conferirgli il nome comune di "coccodrillo degli alberi".[5] Ciò è forse dovuto ai denti dell'animale che sono lunghi, dritti e affilati, occupando gran parte dello spazio nelle fauci dell'animale.[5]

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Un esemplare allo Zoo de Madrid, Spagna

Il corpo dell'animale è verde scuro segnato da bande di anelli gialli.[12] La coda è fasciata da bande alternate gialle e nere. Non è presente un chiaro dimorfismo sessuale esterno.[13]

Alla schiusa, il varano coccodrillo è lungo circa 45 centimetri. I rapporti sulla lunghezza massima variano notevolmente e sono oggetto di molte controversie. È possibile che questi animali possano raggiunge la maggiore lunghezza tra tutte le lucertole esistenti, sebbene sia considerevolmente meno massiccio del drago di Komodo.[14] Diversi esemplari analizzati hanno una lunghezza media di almeno 244 centimetri,[15] ma è alcuni rapporti affermano che possa raggiungere dimensioni ancora maggiori.[11][16] Secondo quanto riferito, un esemplare di 3,23 centimetri è stato catturato a Konedobu dal dottor F. Barker.[14] Le affermazioni che alcuni esemplari superino considerevolmente tali dimensioni non sono finora confermate.[14]

Anche le stime sul peso di questi animali non sono verificate; la specie è molto più snella dei draghi di Komodo di lunghezza comparabile.[14][17] La lunghezza tipica riportata di questa specie è inferiore a 2 metri, con una massa corporea corrispondente di circa 20 kg.[18][19] È stato riscontrato che 10 esemplari adulti pesavano solo da 5 a 6,38 kg, su una lunghezza da 1,16 a 2,25 metri, quindi anche il peso sopra menzionato è abbastanza ottimista per questa specie.[20] Tuttavia, questi esemplari non erano completamente maturi poiché è noto che gli esemplari catturati in natura crescono oltre 2,7 metri, e gli allevatori hanno stimato che gli esemplari selvatici possono pesare fino a 14 kg. Le dimensioni medie di questo animale, sono state stimate a 99,2 centimetri, con un peso di 2,02 kg, sebbene gli esemplari analizzati in questo studio fossero esemplari giovani.[21]

Il varano coccodrillo ha capacità aerobiche simili a quelle dei mammiferi; una pompa golare a pressione positiva nella gola dell'animale aiuta la ventilazione polmonare.[4][22] A differenza della maggior parte delle lucertole che non possono respirare in modo efficiente durante la corsa, a causa del vincolo di Carrier, la pompa golare dei varani consente loro di superare l'effetto di un polmone alla volta compresso dalla loro andatura in corsa.[22][23] Lo sviluppo evolutivo della pompa golare è funzionalmente analogo a quello del diaframma nei mammiferi, che ventila il polmone indipendentemente dalla locomozione. Il varano coccodrillo potrebbe essere la specie che raggiunge la maggiore resistenza nella corsa grazie alla sua pompa regolare.[4][22] L'indagine supporta l'idea che la respirazione regolare sia uno sviluppo evolutivo che maschera l'effetto del vincolo di Carrier.[22]

Biologia

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Un esemplare di varano coccodrillo, allo zoo di Oklahoma City
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Primo piano di un esemplare, allo zoo di Cincinnati

Il varano coccodrillo è una lucertola altamente arborea. Grazie ai suoi forti artigli ricurvi, può rimanere appeso ai rami anche con le sole zampe posteriori e, occasionalmente, usare la coda come presa prensile. La funzione primaria della coda, tuttavia, è quella di contrappeso quando passa da un ramo all'altro.[4] Come in alcune altre specie di Varanus, la coda viene usata anche come arma difensiva, ed è stato osservato come animali allevati in cattività, se si sentono minacciati, possono usare la loro coda come una frusta.[24] Sebbene passino la maggior parte del loro tempo sugli alberi, crogiolandosi al sole sui rami più alti, prediligono dormire a terra o immersi nell'acqua.[4]

Questi varani possono impennarsi sulle zampe posteriori puntellandosi con la coda per controllare l'ambiente circostante, comportamento che è stato documentato anche nei varani di Gould (V. gouldii).[7] Quando si sentono minacciati assumono una caratteristica posizione difensiva, arrotolando la coda e preparandola a colpire il proprio aggressore. Secondo le credenze dei nativi, questi animali avvertono della presenza di coccodrilli nelle vicinanze.[7] In genere il varano coccodrillo evita il contatto con le persone, ma se messo alle stretto, e se l'intimidazione con la coda non basta, può mordere con estrema ferocia e il suo morso è in grado di causare infezioni, come il drago di Komodo.[7] Nel 1983, venne segnalato il decesso di una donna papuana a causa di un morso che ha portato ad un'infezione.[5]

Dieta

I denti del varano coccodrillo non assomigliano a quelli delle altre specie di varano, che in genere hanno denti smussati, simili a pioli e rivolti leggermente all'indietro.[4] I denti mascellari di questo animale sono lunghi, simili a zanne, posizionati verticalmente nella mascella, adatti ad agganciarsi alle prede in rapido movimento come uccelli, pipistrelli e roditori. I loro denti mandibolari sono alloggiati in una guaina carnosa. In natura, il varano coccodrillo è il principale predatore della Nuova Guinea, nutrendosi di uccelli, in particolare di cacatua e maleo[25], uova, piccoli mammiferi e carogne.[13] I nativi raccontano di come certi esemplari possano abbattere anche prede più grandi, come maiali, cervi, e cani randagi, trascinando poi la sua preda sugli alberi per nutrirsene, sebbene questi resoconti non siano ancora stati confermati.[4] Gli esemplari tenuti in cattività si nutrono anche di pesci, rane, roditori, polli e cibo per cani.[5][26]

Questa specie è stata osservata cacciare le sue prede in un modo unico tra i varani.[4] Invece di seguire la sua preda per tenderle un'imboscata, il varano coccodrillo insegue attivamente la sua preda, anticipandone i movimenti e acchiappandola al volo non appena questa è a tiro.[4]

Riproduzione

La riproduzione del varano coccodrillo è stata osservata solo in cattività, quindi non si sa nulla della sua riproduzione in natura. Le covate, che comprendono da 4 a 12 uova, vengono deposte tra ottobre e gennaio, e le uova possono mostrare dimensioni differenti anche nella stessa covata, un fenomeno per il quale non si conosce alcuna spiegazione. Le dimensioni possono variare da 7,5 cm × 3,4 cm a 10 cm × 4,5 cm, mentre il peso può variare da 43,3 a 60,8 grammi. La maggior parte delle covate deposte in cattività si sono rivelate sterili e finora sono stati documentati solo quattro allevamenti di successo. I piccoli sono lunghi circa 46 centimetri, per un peso di circa 56 grammi. Come quelli di molti altri varani, i piccoli del varano coccodrillo sono molto più colorati degli adulti e si nutrono principalmente di insetti e piccoli rettili.[4][27]

Conservazione

 src=
Tradizionale tamburo papuano fatto con la pelle del varano coccodrillo

Il varano coccodrillo è attualmente protetto dalla CITES Appendice II,[28] che richiede un permesso di esportazione per il commercio internazionale. Non è elencato nella Lista Rossa IUCN o nell' Endangered Species Act.[29] Tuttavia, nel suo habitat naturale, questo animale è minacciato principalmente dalla deforestazione e dal bracconaggio. Le popolazioni native cacciano questo animale per la sua pelle che viene utilizzata per creare tamburi. Inoltre, viene anche ucciso per superstizione, in quanto i nativi lo descrivono come uno spirito malvagio che "si arrampica sugli alberi, cammina eretto, sputa fuoco e uccide gli uomini".[5][13]

In cattività

Nonostante le loro dimensioni e la loro rarità, questa specie compare occasionalmente nel commercio di animali esotici domestici, ma ha la reputazione di essere piuttosto aggressiva e imprevedibile, soprattutto gli esemplari catturati in natura, ed è pertanto altamente sconsigliata ai neofiti.[5] L'animale va tenuto in ambiente di dimensioni adeguate alle sue dimensioni, e deve essere fornito di numerose superficie scalabili data la sua natura arborea, oltre che ad un mantenimento di temperatura e umidità costante.[30] Tuttavia, è una specie che non si lascia maneggiare facilmente, pertanto è necessario fornirsi di un'adeguata protezione quando si maneggiano questi animali, che possono provocare gravi ferite con i loro artigli nel tentativo di divincolarsi.[30] Nel 2008, si stimò che 52 individui erano ospitati in cattività in 17 parchi zoologici degli Stati Uniti, con un numero imprecisato in collezioni private.[12]

Note

  1. ^ (EN) Shea, G., Varanus salvadorii, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020. accesso richiede url (aiuto)
  2. ^ a b Klipfel, Meghan, Peters, Wilhelm C. H., Bauer, Aaron M. e Günther, Rainer, The herpetological contributions of Wilhelm C. H. Peters (1815-1883), Ithaca, N.Y., USA, Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles in cooperation with Deutsche Gesellschaft für Herp, 1995, ISBN 978-0-916984-35-9.
  3. ^ "Varanus salvadorii ". The Reptile Database. www.reptile-database.org.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Horn, H-G., Varanus salvadorii , in Varanoid Lizards of the World, Indiana University Press, 2004, pp. 234–244, ISBN 978-0-253-34366-6. URL consultato il 24 novembre 2008.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Mark K. Bayless, The Artellia: Dragons of the Trees, in Reptiles, vol. 6, n. 6, 1º giugno 1998, pp. 32–47.
  6. ^ Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. ISBN 978-1-4214-0135-5. (Varanus salvadorii, p. 232).
  7. ^ a b c d Netherton, John e Badger, David P., Lizards: A Natural History of Some Uncommon Creatures--Extraordinary Chameleons, Iguanas, Geckos, and More, Stillwater, MN, Voyageur Press, 2002, pp. 140–141, ISBN 978-0-7603-2579-7.
  8. ^ Ciofi, Claudio, The Komodo Dragon, in Scientific American, vol. 280, n. 3, 1999, pp. 84–91, Bibcode:1999SciAm.280c..84C, DOI:10.1038/scientificamerican0399-84. URL consultato il 21 dicembre 2006.
  9. ^ a b N. Vidal, J. Marin, J. Sassi, F.U. Battistuzzi, S. Donnellan, A.J. Fitch, B.G. Fry, F.J. Vonk, R.C. Rodriguez de la Vega, A. Couloux e S.B. Hedges, Molecular evidence for an Asian origin of monitor lizards followed by Tertiary dispersals to Africa and Australasia, in Biology Letters, vol. 8, n. 5, 2012, pp. 853–855, DOI:10.1098/rsbl.2012.0460, PMC 3441001, PMID 22809723.
  10. ^ J.L. Conrad, J.C. Ast, S. Montanari e M.A. Norell, A combined evidence phylogenetic analysis of Anguimorpha (Reptilia: Squamata), in Cladistics, vol. 27, n. 3, 2011, pp. 230–277, DOI:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2010.00330.x.
  11. ^ a b Sprackland, Robert George, Giant lizards, Neptune, NJ, T.F.H. Publications, 1992, ISBN 978-0-86622-634-9.
  12. ^ a b New Guinea Crocodile Monitor, su centralfloridazoo.org, Central Florida Zoo and Botanial Gardens. URL consultato il 21 agosto 2008 (archiviato dall'url originale il 28 maggio 2008).
  13. ^ a b c Crocodile Monitor, in Leeward Community College's Zoology 101, Honolulu Zoo. URL consultato il 21 agosto 2008 (archiviato dall'url originale il 4 ottobre 2008).
  14. ^ a b c d Wood, Gerald, The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats, 1983, ISBN 978-0-85112-235-9.
  15. ^ Varanus salvadorii, su monitor-lizards.net. URL consultato il 31 ottobre 2008 (archiviato dall'url originale il 7 novembre 2003).
  16. ^ Folkard, Claire, Guinness World Records 2003, Guinness World Records Ltd, 2003, pp. 87, ISBN 978-1-892051-17-2.
  17. ^ ANIMAL BYTES - Crocodile Monitor, su seaworld.org. URL consultato il 22 aprile 2013 (archiviato dall'url originale il 14 dicembre 2007).
  18. ^ Pianka, E., D. King, R. King. 2004. Varanoid Lizards of the World. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
  19. ^ Turner, F., R. Jennrich, J. Weintraub. 1969. Home ranges and body size of lizards. Ecology, 50: 1076-1081.
  20. ^ Varanus salvadorii , su memim.com, Memim Encyclopedia. URL consultato il 9 giugno 2015.
  21. ^ Iyai, D.A., Murwanto, A.G. & Killian, A.M. (2011) Hunting and Ethnozoology Systems of Monitor Lizards (Fam. Varanidae) Utilized by Yaur Tribe at National Park of Cenderawasih Gulf. Biota Vol. 16 (2): 278−286.
  22. ^ a b c d Tomasz Owerkowicz, Colleen G. Farmer, James W. Hicks e Elizabeth L. Brainerd, Contribution of Gular Pumping to Lung Ventilation in Monitor Lizards, in Science, vol. 284, n. 5420, 4 giugno 1999, pp. 1661–1663, Bibcode:1999Sci...284.1661O, DOI:10.1126/science.284.5420.1661, PMID 10356394.
  23. ^ Elizabeth Brainerd, Research by UMass Amherst Biologist Suggests that Lizards Offer Evolutionary Freeze-Frame, UMass Amherst, 1999. URL consultato il 19 dicembre 2008 (archiviato dall'url originale il 30 giugno 2009).
  24. ^ Grey Stafford, Aloha to three crocodile monitors, su azfamily.com, Wildlife World Zoo. URL consultato il 21 agosto 2008 (archiviato dall'url originale il 1º luglio 2009).
  25. ^ Varanus salvadorii (Crocodile Monitor), su animaldiversity.org.
  26. ^ McDade, Melissa C., Grzimek, Bernhard, Schlager, Neil, Hutchins, Michael, Trumpey, Joseph E. e Olendorf, Donna, Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia, Detroit, Thomson/Gale, 2004, pp. 368, ISBN 978-0-7876-5362-0.
  27. ^ Gressitt, J. Linsley, Biogeography and Ecology of New Guinea, vol. 2, Hague, W. Junk, 1982, pp. 803–813, ISBN 978-90-6193-094-5.
  28. ^ Appendices I, II and III, su cites.org. URL consultato l'8 novembre 2008.
  29. ^ Crocodile Monitor, su seaworld.org. URL consultato il 7 dicembre 2008 (archiviato dall'url originale il 14 dicembre 2007).
  30. ^ a b Best Practise Guideline for the Crocodile Monitor (Varanus salvadorii) (PDF) , su eaza.net. URL consultato il ottobre 2021.

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Varanus salvadorii: Brief Summary ( 義大利語 )

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Il varano coccodrillo (Varanus salvadorii (W. Peters & Doria, 1878)), noto anche come varano di Papua, varano di Salvadori e artellia, è una specie di varano di grandi dimensioni endemica della Nuova Guinea, dove rappresenta la più grande lucertola conosciuta, oltre a essere una delle lucertole più lunghe al mondo, con lunghezza massima verificata di 2,44 metri. Ciò è dovuto alla lunga coda dell'animale, e si dice che alcuni esemplari superino in lunghezza anche la lucertola più grande del mondo, il drago di Komodo; tuttavia, il varano coccodrillo è molto meno massiccio di quest'ultimo.

Il varano coccodrillo è una lucertola arborea dal corpo verde scuro segnato da bande di macchie giallastre. Ha un caratteristico muso smussato e una coda molto lunga. Vive nelle paludi di mangrovie e nelle foreste pluviali costiere nella parte sud-orientale dell'isola, nutrendosi di uccelli, piccoli mammiferi, uova e carogne. I suoi lunghi denti ricurvi si adattano meglio di qualunque altra specie di varano per catturare prede rapide. Come tutti i varani, il varano coccodrillo presenta caratteristiche anatomiche che gli consentono di respirare più facilmente durante la corsa rispetto ad altre lucertole, sebbene potrebbe avere una resistenza ancora maggiore rispetto alla maggior parte delle altre specie di varano. Si conosce ben poco sulla riproduzione e la crescita di questo rettile, poiché è una specie piuttosto difficile da allevare in cattività.

Questa specie è minacciata dalla deforestazione e dal bracconaggio ed è protetta dall'accordo CITES. Viene inoltre cacciato dalle tribù locali per la sua pelle con cui vengono costruiti tamburi, oltre ad essere visto sia come uno spirito malvagio che "si arrampica sugli alberi, cammina eretto, sputa fuoco e uccide gli uomini", sia come una presenza benevola che avverte se ci sono coccodrilli nelle vicinanze.

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Waran papuaski ( 波蘭語 )

由wikipedia POL提供
Commons Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons

Waran papuaski, waran krokodylowy (Varanus salvadorii) – gatunek gada z rodziny waranów. Jest to jaszczurka osiągająca prawdopodobnie do 4,5 m długości (największa potwierdzona długość wynosi 3,5 m), mniej masywna niż waran z Komodo, jej waga jest znacznie mniejsza ponieważ ogon dochodzi do połowy długości ciała (czasami nawet do 2,5 m). Żyje na Nowej Gwinei. Rozmnaża się jajorodnie.

Przypisy

  1. Varanus salvadorii, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
  2. Wilhelm C. H. Peters, Aaron M. Bauer, Rainer Günther, Meghan Klipfel: The herpetological contributions of Wilhelm C. H. Peters (1815-1883). Ithaca, N.Y., USA: Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles in cooperation with Deutsche Gesellschaft für Herpetologie und Terrarienkunde, 1995. ISBN 0-916984-35-4.
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Waran papuaski: Brief Summary ( 波蘭語 )

由wikipedia POL提供

Waran papuaski, waran krokodylowy (Varanus salvadorii) – gatunek gada z rodziny waranów. Jest to jaszczurka osiągająca prawdopodobnie do 4,5 m długości (największa potwierdzona długość wynosi 3,5 m), mniej masywna niż waran z Komodo, jej waga jest znacznie mniejsza ponieważ ogon dochodzi do połowy długości ciała (czasami nawet do 2,5 m). Żyje na Nowej Gwinei. Rozmnaża się jajorodnie.

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Varanus salvadorii ( 葡萄牙語 )

由wikipedia PT提供

Varanus salvadorii[3], também conhecido pelos nomes Varano-de-Salvadori, Lagarto-de-Salvadori ou Crocodilo das árvores é uma espécie de lagartos da família Varanidae.

O lagarto-monitor é conhecido por alcançar mais de 3m de comprimento. Muitos o consideram o maior lagarto do mundo, mesmo maior que o de dragão-de-komodo, apesar de este ser muito mais pesado.

Como todos os outros lagartos monitores da família Varandae, o lagarto monitor pode ser identificado por sua longa língua bifurcada, e os únicos outros répteis com essa característica são as cobras. Possui longos afiados dentes, é um habitante tanto do solo quanto das árvores.

O lagarto monitor é encontrado exclusivamente no sul da Nova Guiné, e é um animal dócil que pode ser facilmente domesticado.

Seu epíteto específico salvadorii é uma homenagem ao zoólogo italiano Tommaso Salvadori.

Obs: Embora o lagarto monitor seja o maior lagarto do mundo, dois terços do seu tamanho é composto pela cauda.

Referências

  1. Klipfel, Meghan; Peters, Wilhelm C. H.; Bauer, Aaron M.; Günther, Rainer (1995). The herpetological contributions of Wilhelm C. H. Peters (1815-1883). Ithaca, N.Y., USA: Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles in cooperation with Deutsche Gesellschaft für Herp. ISBN 0-916984-35-4
  2. Horn, H-G. (2004). «Varanus salvadorii». In: Pianka, E.R., King, D., and King, R.A. Varanoid Lizards of the World. [S.l.]: Indiana University Press. pp. 234–244. ISBN 0253343666
  3. «Varanus salvadorii» (em inglês). ITIS (www.itis.gov). 16 de novembro de 2008

Bibliografia

  • Auffenberg, W., 1981, The Behavioral Ecology of the Komodo Monitor, Univ. Press of Fla.
  • Owerkowicz, E.L., 1999, Contribution of Gular Pumping to Lung Ventilation in Monitor Lizards, Science. vol. 284(5420), 1661-1662.
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Varanus salvadorii: Brief Summary ( 葡萄牙語 )

由wikipedia PT提供

Varanus salvadorii, também conhecido pelos nomes Varano-de-Salvadori, Lagarto-de-Salvadori ou Crocodilo das árvores é uma espécie de lagartos da família Varanidae.

O lagarto-monitor é conhecido por alcançar mais de 3m de comprimento. Muitos o consideram o maior lagarto do mundo, mesmo maior que o de dragão-de-komodo, apesar de este ser muito mais pesado.

Como todos os outros lagartos monitores da família Varandae, o lagarto monitor pode ser identificado por sua longa língua bifurcada, e os únicos outros répteis com essa característica são as cobras. Possui longos afiados dentes, é um habitante tanto do solo quanto das árvores.

O lagarto monitor é encontrado exclusivamente no sul da Nova Guiné, e é um animal dócil que pode ser facilmente domesticado.

Seu epíteto específico salvadorii é uma homenagem ao zoólogo italiano Tommaso Salvadori.

Obs: Embora o lagarto monitor seja o maior lagarto do mundo, dois terços do seu tamanho é composto pela cauda.

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Varanus salvadorii ( 摩爾多瓦語 )

由wikipedia RO提供

Varanus salvadorii[2] este o specie de reptile din genul Varanus, familia Varanidae, descrisă de Wilhelm Peters și Doria 1878.[3][4] Conform Catalogue of Life specia Varanus salvadorii nu are subspecii cunoscute.[3]

Referințe

  1. ^ Mertens,R. (1962) Philippinosaurus, eine neue Untergattung von Varanus., Senck. biol. 43 (5): 331-333
  2. ^ a b Peters, Wilhem Carl Hartwig and G. Doria. (1878) Catalogo dei retilli e dei batraci raccolti da O. Beccari, L. M. D'Alberts e A. A. Bruijn. nella sotto-regione Austro-Malese., Annali del Museo Civico de Storia Naturale di Genova. ser. 1, 13: 323-450
  3. ^ a b Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (red.) (2011). „Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist”. Species 2000: Reading, UK. Accesat în 24 september 2012. Verificați datele pentru: |access-date= (ajutor)Mentenanță CS1: Nume multiple: lista autorilor (link)
  4. ^ TIGR Reptile Database . Uetz P. , 2007-10-02


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Varanus salvadorii: Brief Summary ( 摩爾多瓦語 )

由wikipedia RO提供

Varanus salvadorii este o specie de reptile din genul Varanus, familia Varanidae, descrisă de Wilhelm Peters și Doria 1878. Conform Catalogue of Life specia Varanus salvadorii nu are subspecii cunoscute.

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Varanus salvadorii ( 越南語 )

由wikipedia VI提供

Varanus salvadorii là một loài thằn lằn trong họ Varanidae. Nó là loài kỳ đà lớn nhất New Guinea, và được xem là một trong những loài thằn lằn dài nhất thế giới, có thể đạt tới 244 cm (8,01 ft), và trong vài trường hợp hiếm có thể dài hơn cả rồng Komodo. Nó là thành viên duy nhất của phân chi Papusaurus. V. salvadorii sống trên cây với cơ thể màu lục đen với sọc vàng, đuôi rất dài. Nó sống trong rừng ngập mặnrừng mưa ven biển ở phần đông nam của đảo New Guinea, nó ăn động vật có vú nhỏ, chim, trứng, và xác thối trong tự nhiên. Sự phát triển và sinh sản của chúng ít được biết đến, và rất khó để sinh sản trong tình trạng giam cầm.

Chú thích

  1. ^ Klipfel, Meghan; Peters, Wilhelm C. H.; Bauer, Aaron M.; Günther, Rainer (1995). The herpetological contributions of Wilhelm C. H. Peters (1815-1883). Ithaca, N.Y., USA: Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles in cooperation with Deutsche Gesellschaft für Herp. ISBN 0-916984-35-4.
  2. ^ The Reptile Database. www.reptile-database.org.

Tham khảo


Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết liên quan đến bộ bò sát có vảy này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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wikipedia VI

Varanus salvadorii: Brief Summary ( 越南語 )

由wikipedia VI提供

Varanus salvadorii là một loài thằn lằn trong họ Varanidae. Nó là loài kỳ đà lớn nhất New Guinea, và được xem là một trong những loài thằn lằn dài nhất thế giới, có thể đạt tới 244 cm (8,01 ft), và trong vài trường hợp hiếm có thể dài hơn cả rồng Komodo. Nó là thành viên duy nhất của phân chi Papusaurus. V. salvadorii sống trên cây với cơ thể màu lục đen với sọc vàng, đuôi rất dài. Nó sống trong rừng ngập mặnrừng mưa ven biển ở phần đông nam của đảo New Guinea, nó ăn động vật có vú nhỏ, chim, trứng, và xác thối trong tự nhiên. Sự phát triển và sinh sản của chúng ít được biết đến, và rất khó để sinh sản trong tình trạng giam cầm.

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薩氏巨蜥 ( 漢語 )

由wikipedia 中文维基百科提供
二名法 Varanus salvadorii
(Peters & Doria), 1878[1] 绿色区域为萨氏巨蜥分布区域
绿色区域为萨氏巨蜥分布区域

萨氏巨蜥(Varanus salvadorii)是一种在新幾内亚发现的巨蜥.又称萨尔瓦多巨蜥鳄鱼巨蜥。萨氏巨蜥被认为是最长的巨蜥,但是可靠的记录只有244厘米长,比最大的科莫多巨蜥要短。

描述

 src=
动物园中的萨氏巨蜥

作为一种树栖蜥蜴,它可以把后腿挂到树枝上,偶尔用它的尾巴帮助抓握树枝。萨氏巨蜥有时会站立起来侦查情况,此时就可以藉由尾巴来帮他支持和抵消它向后倾倒的重量。 有的时候萨氏巨蜥的尾部也可以用于防御,圈养环境中饲养员试图捉起它们的尾巴时,经常会受到猛烈的打击。萨氏巨蜥偶尔会出现在宠物市场,以高昂的价格被出售[3]

幼年的萨氏巨蜥体长约为45厘米,而性成熟的个体可增长至150cm长。目前已知的标本至少要长达244厘米长。但萨氏巨蜥有可能会比这更长。据说有一些323厘米的大个体巨蜥,不过目前未经证实。 有几个报道声称萨氏巨蜥能够超过350cm长,有的报告甚至声称610cm长,但其中大部分都是未经证实的报告,并不可信。

在野外牠們以鳥類、鳥蛋、小哺乳動物和腐肉,甚至狗為食,人工飼養下食用魚、青蛙、老鼠、雞和狗糧。

參考與連結

  1. ^ Klipfel, Meghan; Peters, Wilhelm C. H.; Bauer, Aaron M.; Günther, Rainer. The herpetological contributions of Wilhelm C. H. Peters (1815-1883). Ithaca, N.Y., USA: Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles in cooperation with Deutsche Gesellschaft für Herp. 1995. ISBN 0-916984-35-4.
  2. ^ The Reptile Database. www.reptile-database.org.
  3. ^ Stafford, Grey. Aloha to three crocodile monitors. Wildlife World Zoo. [2008-08-21]. (原始内容存档于2009-07-01).
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薩氏巨蜥: Brief Summary ( 漢語 )

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萨氏巨蜥(Varanus salvadorii)是一种在新幾内亚发现的巨蜥.又称萨尔瓦多巨蜥、鳄鱼巨蜥。萨氏巨蜥被认为是最长的巨蜥,但是可靠的记录只有244厘米长,比最大的科莫多巨蜥要短。

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ハナブトオオトカゲ ( 日語 )

由wikipedia 日本語提供
ハナブトオオトカゲ ハナブトオオトカゲ
ハナブトオオトカゲ Varanus salvadorii
保全状況評価 ワシントン条約附属書II類 分類 : 動物界 Animalia : 脊索動物門 Chordata 亜門 : 脊椎動物亜門 Vertebrata : 爬虫綱 Reptilia : 有鱗目 Squamata 亜目 : トカゲ亜目 Sauria 下目 : オオトカゲ下目 Platynota : オオトカゲ科 Varanidae : オオトカゲ属 Varanus 亜属 : パプワオオトカゲ亜属 Papusaurus : ハナブトオオトカゲ V. salvadorii 学名 Varanus salvadorii
(Peters & Doria, 1878) 和名 ハナブトオオトカゲ 英名 Crocodile monitor
Papua monitor

ハナブトオオトカゲ(鼻太大蜥蜴、学名Varanus salvadorii)は、オオトカゲ科オオトカゲ属に属するトカゲ。本種のみでパプアオオトカゲ亜属を形成する。ワニオオトカゲ[1]クロコダイルモニタークロコダイルオオトカゲとも呼ばれる。

分布[編集]

インドネシアニューギニア島南部)、パプアニューギニア(ニューギニア島南部)

形態[編集]

最大全長475cmに達するとされるトカゲ亜目最長種(全長が同じならばコモドオオトカゲの方が体重は重いとされる)。平均全長は250cmほどとされる。和名の通り吻端は太く、丸みを帯びる。尾は非常に長く、全長の3分の2以上を占める。体色は黒で、黄色い斑点が全身に入る。

鼻孔は楕円形で、吻端寄りに開口する。

生態[編集]

熱帯雨林に生息する。樹上棲で主に樹上で生活するが、尾を使い水中を泳ぐこともできる。

食性は動物食で、昆虫類節足動物、爬虫類、鳥類、小型哺乳類などを食べるとされる。

繁殖形態は卵生。

人間との関係[編集]

本種はペットとして飼育されることもあり、日本にも輸入されている。性質が神経質で大型種であることから人間に危害を及ぼす可能性があるとして動物愛護法により特定動物に指定され、飼育にあたっては地方自治体の許可が必要になる。

関連項目[編集]

 src= ウィキメディア・コモンズには、ハナブトオオトカゲに関連するメディアがあります。  src= ウィキスピーシーズにハナブトオオトカゲに関する情報があります。

出典・脚注[編集]

  1. ^ 『ニューワイド 学研の図鑑 爬虫類・両生類』、学習研究社、2004年、p64,160 ではワニオオトカゲと書かれている。

参考文献[編集]

  • 千石正一監修 長坂拓也編著 『爬虫類・両生類800種図鑑 第3版』、ピーシーズ、2002年、67頁。
  • Go!!Suzuki 『爬虫・両生類ビジュアルガイド オオトカゲ&ドクトカゲ』、誠文堂新光社2006年、85-87頁。

外部リンク[編集]


執筆の途中です この項目は、動物に関連した書きかけの項目です。この項目を加筆・訂正などしてくださる協力者を求めていますPortal:生き物と自然プロジェクト:生物)。
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ハナブトオオトカゲ: Brief Summary ( 日語 )

由wikipedia 日本語提供

ハナブトオオトカゲ(鼻太大蜥蜴、学名:Varanus salvadorii)は、オオトカゲ科オオトカゲ属に属するトカゲ。本種のみでパプアオオトカゲ亜属を形成する。ワニオオトカゲ、クロコダイルモニター、クロコダイルオオトカゲとも呼ばれる。

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