It is not known whether pinyon mice have positive affects on human populations, aside from their important ecosystem roles.
Predation on pinyon mice has not been well studied, although predation most likely plays a role in the high mortality rate of these rodents. Their primary predators are owls, diurnal birds of prey, and snakes, especially rattlesnakes. They escape predation by remaining inactive during the day in dens, by their cryptic coloration, and by their acute senses at night.
Known Predators:
Anti-predator Adaptations: cryptic
Pinyon mice have long, silky fur that ranges from yellow-brown to dark gray on the back and fades to white on the under parts and feet. They may or may not have a pectoral spot. The tail is tipped with long hairs and has a dark dorsal stripe running down its length. The hind feet are large, and are typically 22 mm or more in length. Juveniles have gray pelage that changes with a series of molts, starting at 7 weeks and finishing at 10 to 11 weeks of age. Coat color matches the habitat regionally, allowing these mice to blend into vegetation and hide from predators. Males and females are similar in size, the average weight is about 20 g, and the head and body length ranges between 171 to 231 mm. Tail length varies from 76 to 123 mm. The size of pinyon mice often varies with location; pinyon mice in the western parts of their range tend to have a longer tail, smaller body size, smaller ears, and smaller hind feet than their counterparts in the east.
Average mass: 20 g.
Range length: 171 to 231 mm.
Other Physical Features: endothermic ; homoiothermic; bilateral symmetry
Sexual Dimorphism: sexes alike
Average mass: 25 g.
Average basal metabolic rate: 0.307 W.
The lifespan of pinyon mice and other mice in the genus Peromyscus has not been studied in detail. An individual Peromyscus maniculatus lived to be eight years old in captivity, but studies have shown that mice in this genus rarely live more than a year in the wild. Only 20% of the young in each nest will survive their first year of life, and only 2-3% of adults live long enough to breed in consecutive seasons.
Average lifespan
Status: wild: 1 years.
Average lifespan
Status: captivity: 5.4 years.
Pinyon mice are terrestrial mammals that can be found at altitudes ranging from sea level to elevations of greater than 2300 meters. They frequent arid or semi-arid climates, preferring brushland and desert, and are typically found near pinyon junipers, hence their common name. However, pinyon mice can also be found in open, grassy habitats, as well as landscapes including canyons, redwoods, yellow pine belts, sagebrush, scrub oak, boulders, cacti, and rocky slopes. Pinyon mice are able to endure warm, dry summers in addition to snowy winters. They make dens under rock ledges, outcrops, stone shelves and slabs, and in live or dead trees.
Range elevation: 0 to greater than 2300 m.
Habitat Regions: temperate ; terrestrial
Terrestrial Biomes: desert or dune ; savanna or grassland ; forest ; scrub forest ; mountains
Pinyon mice can be found as far east as the panhandle of north Texas and as far west as the Pacific coast. The northern limit of their range is central Oregon, and the southern limit is southern Mexico.
Biogeographic Regions: nearctic (Native ); neotropical (Native )
Pinyon mice are primarily frugivorous and granivorous, although they will also readily eat insects, spiders, and other invertebrates. Adults typically feed on juniper seeds (Juniperus) and berries in the winter and acorn mast (Quercus) in the summer. Pinyon mice are notorious at caching their food supply; they frequently dig holes and bury their food in various places around their territory, particularly around den sites. These cache networks may become quite extensive. Finally, pinyon mice are capable of surviving on a very limited water supply, which is crucial to their survival in the arid habitats they occupy.
Animal Foods: insects; terrestrial non-insect arthropods
Plant Foods: leaves; seeds, grains, and nuts; fruit
Foraging Behavior: stores or caches food
Primary Diet: herbivore (Granivore )
Pinyon mice are almost always found near pinyon junipers, hence their common name. Juniper seeds are the main food source of pinon mice, making them, like other members of the genus Peromyscus, significant predators of conifer seeds. Thus they impact their communities by impacting the composition of the plant community. Their seed caching behavior may also result in germination of seeds. Pinyon mice are also an important and abundant source of prey for many avian and mammalian predators.
Ecosystem Impact: disperses seeds
Pinyon mice serve as an important reservoir for several types of parasites. Some have speculated that they are capable of carrying plague-infested fleas, but this has not been well documented. Members of the genus Peromyscus are capable of carrying chiggers, a common pest, as well as the ticks that transmit Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever and Lyme disease to humans. Peromyscus species are also important reservoirs for hantaviruses.
Negative Impacts: injures humans (carries human disease)
Pinyon mice are not currently threatened throughout much of their range. However, since pinyon junipers are a crucial part of their habitat, destruction of such habitats can imperil these mice. The subspecies Peromyscus truei comanche, found in the pandhandle of northwestern Texas, is considered near threatened by the IUCN.
US Federal List: no special status
CITES: no special status
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern
Communication in pinyon mice hasn't been well-studied. They are likely to use visual, auditory, chemical, and tactile modes of communication.
Peromyscus species are known for their acute senses of hearing and smell, which they use to navigate, find food, and escape predation at night. Their enlarged eyes suggest they have a well-developed sense of vision in low light conditions. Their long whiskers are used for tactile perception.
Communication Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical
Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical
Pinyon mice have a promiscuous mating system in which females nest in small territories and males seek mating opportunities with nearby females.
Mating System: polygynandrous (promiscuous)
Although mating can occur in all seasons, pinyon mice breed primarily from mid-February to mid-November with a peak between April and June. Females give birth to a litter of three to six pups after a gestation period of approximately 26 days, though gestation may be as long as 40 days if the female is lactating. Females first come into estrus at approximately 50 days of age, and males are capable of inseminating females at approximately 9 weeks of age.
Breeding interval: Pinyon mice breed at intervals as frequent as once monthly.
Breeding season: Pinyon mice will breed at any time between February and mid-November with a peak between April and June.
Range number of offspring: 3 to 6.
Range gestation period: 40 (high) days.
Average gestation period: 26 days.
Range weaning age: 3 to 4 weeks.
Range time to independence: 3 to 4 weeks.
Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 50 days.
Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 9 weeks.
Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; viviparous
Average birth mass: 2.315 g.
Average number of offspring: 3.4.
Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female)
Sex: female: 50 days.
Newborn pinyon mice weigh around 2.3 grams at birth, and they are born completely hairless with their ears and eyes folded shut. The pups are capable of squeaking at one week of age, and their bodies are covered in hair by day 14. The pups nurse for three to four weeks, at which point they become independent. Females exclusively care for their young in a nest until they are weaned.
Parental Investment: altricial ; pre-fertilization (Provisioning, Protecting: Female); pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female)
Peromyscus truei és una espècie de rosegador de la família dels cricètids. Viu a altituds de fins a 2.300 msnm a Mèxic i els Estats Units. El seu hàbitat natural són les zones rocoses situades a boscos de diferents tipus, així com matollars desèrtics, chaparral i penya-segats. Es creu que no hi ha cap amenaça significativa per a la supervivència d'aquesta espècie.[1]
L'espècie fou anomenada en honor del biòleg estatunidenc Frederick William True.[2]
Peromyscus truei és una espècie de rosegador de la família dels cricètids. Viu a altituds de fins a 2.300 msnm a Mèxic i els Estats Units. El seu hàbitat natural són les zones rocoses situades a boscos de diferents tipus, així com matollars desèrtics, chaparral i penya-segats. Es creu que no hi ha cap amenaça significativa per a la supervivència d'aquesta espècie.
L'espècie fou anomenada en honor del biòleg estatunidenc Frederick William True.
Die Pinyon-Hirschmaus (Peromyscus truei) ist ein in Nord- und Mittelamerika lebendes Nagetier (Rodentia) aus der Familie der Wühler (Cricetidae).
Pinyon-Hirschmäuse haben ein langes, seidiges Fell, das auf dem Rücken von gelbbraun bis zu dunkelgrau variiert und an der Unterseite sowie den Füßen weißliche Tönungen annimmt. Zuweilen sind sie mit einem ockerfarbenen Brustfleck versehen. Der Schwanz ist kurz behaart, am Ende jedoch buschig und zeigt einen dunklen Streifen auf der Oberseite. Die Ohren und Hinterfüße sind groß. Die Größe der Mäuse variiert je nach Standort. In den westlichen Teilen ihres Verbreitungsgebiets haben sie in der Regel einen längeren Schwanz, eine kleinere Körpergröße, kleinere Ohren und kleinere Hinterfüße als ihre Schwestertiere im Osten.[1] Ausgewählte Messungen aus dem Kern County ergaben: Körperlänge 99 mm, Länge des Schwanzes 106 mm, Länge des Hinterfußes 23,9 mm und Ohrlänge 23,4 mm. Im Valencia County wurden folgende Maße ermittelt: Körperlänge 100 mm, Schwanzlänge 88 mm, Hinterfußlänge 23,1 mm und Länge des Ohrs 23,7 mm. Das Durchschnittsgewicht beträgt 20 Gramm.[1]
Die Pinyon-Hirschmaus kann von anderen Weißfußmausarten (Peromyscus) durch die großen Ohren unterschieden werden.
Die Pinyon-Hirschmaus kommt mit mehreren Unterarten entlang der nordamerikanischen Pazifikküste von Oregon bis nach Mexiko verbreitet vor. Die östlichste Verbreitung reicht bis nach Texas. Sie bewohnt bevorzugt wüstenähnliche Steppen sowie mit Pinyon-Kiefern bewachsenes Buschland, wovon sich auch der Trivialname der Art ableitet. Die Höhenverbreitung reicht vom Meeresspiegel bis auf 2300 Meter, wo sie auch an felsigen Berghängen gefunden wurde.[1] Die Art wird von der Weltnaturschutzorganisation IUCN als „Least Concern = nicht gefährdet“ klassifiziert.[2]
Die Pinyon-Hirschmaus lebt gewöhnlich in Nestern unter Felsen, zuweilen auch an Bäumen. Sie ist nachtaktiv und ein guter Kletterer, der den langen Schwanz zur Haltung des Gleichgewichts einsetzt. Studien haben gezeigt, dass Pinyon-Hirschmäuse in Mondnächten weniger aktiv sind, wahrscheinlich, weil ein erhöhtes Risiko besteht, von Fressfeinden entdeckt zu werden, wenn die Umgebung heller ist. Die Brutzeit kann sich durchgehend über das ganze Jahr erstrecken, erreicht jedoch von April bis Juni einen Schwerpunkt. Ein Weibchen bringt nach einer Tragzeit von ca. 26 Tagen zwischen drei und sechs nackte Jungtiere zur Welt, die nach Ablauf von 14 Tagen behaart sind. Für die Aufzucht der Jungen ist das Weibchen allein verantwortlich. Nach vier Wochen werden sie entwöhnt.[1]
Die Pinyon-Hirschmaus ernährt sich bevorzugt im Winter von Wacholdersamen (Juniperus) und verschiedenen Beeren sowie im Herbst von Eicheln (Quercus). Sie graben häufig Löcher in den Boden in der Nähe ihrer Behausung und deponieren dort Nahrung, damit sie auch in ertragsarmen Zeiten ausreichend versorgt sind. Pilze (Fungi) und Wirbellose (Evertebrata) zählen ebenfalls zu ihrem Nahrungsspektrum. Sie sind in der Lage, mit einer sehr begrenzten Wasserversorgung auszukommen, was für ihr Überleben in den trockenen Lebensräumen, die sie besetzen, entscheidend ist.[1] Es wurde festgestellt, dass die Mäuse nach Buschfeuern am Rand des verbrannten Gebiets verbleiben und nicht in das geschädigte Gebiet zurückkehren.[3] Hauptfressfeinde sind Eulen (Strigiformes) und Klapperschlangen (Crotalus).
Die Pinyon-Hirschmaus (Peromyscus truei) ist ein in Nord- und Mittelamerika lebendes Nagetier (Rodentia) aus der Familie der Wühler (Cricetidae).
De pinjonmûs (Latynske namme: Peromyscus truei) is in sûchdier út it skift fan 'e kjifdieren (Rodentia), de famylje fan 'e wrotmûseftigen (Cricetidae), de ûnderfamylje fan 'e Noardamerikaanske mûzen en rotten (Neotominae), de tûke fan 'e hartmûzen (Reithrodontomyini) en it skaai fan 'e wytpoatmûzen (Peromyscus). Dizze soarte is ferneamd nei de pinjondin, in soarte fan dinnebeam.
De pinjonmûs komt foar op it Kalifornysk Skiereilân, yn Meksiko, en fierders yn 'e súdwestlike Feriene Steaten oant yn súdlik Oregon en Wyoming. In isolearre populaasje, fan 'e ûndersoarte Peromyscus truei comanche, libbet yn 'e omkriten fan 'e Palo Duro Canyon yn 'e Teksaanske Panhandle.
De pinjonmûs (Latynske namme: Peromyscus truei) is in sûchdier út it skift fan 'e kjifdieren (Rodentia), de famylje fan 'e wrotmûseftigen (Cricetidae), de ûnderfamylje fan 'e Noardamerikaanske mûzen en rotten (Neotominae), de tûke fan 'e hartmûzen (Reithrodontomyini) en it skaai fan 'e wytpoatmûzen (Peromyscus). Dizze soarte is ferneamd nei de pinjondin, in soarte fan dinnebeam.
De pinjonmûs komt foar op it Kalifornysk Skiereilân, yn Meksiko, en fierders yn 'e súdwestlike Feriene Steaten oant yn súdlik Oregon en Wyoming. In isolearre populaasje, fan 'e ûndersoarte Peromyscus truei comanche, libbet yn 'e omkriten fan 'e Palo Duro Canyon yn 'e Teksaanske Panhandle.
The pinyon mouse (Peromyscus truei) is native to the southwestern United States and Baja California in Mexico. These medium-sized mice are often distinguished by their relatively large ears. The range of this species extends from southern Oregon and Wyoming in the north, and extends south to roughly the U.S.-Mexico border, with a disjunct population known as the Palo Duro mouse (Peromyscus truei comanche) that occupies an area in the vicinity of Palo Duro Canyon in the Texas panhandle.[2]
The fur of pinyon mice varies in color from a pale yellowish brown to a brownish black color, and their feet are a lighter color, varying between dusky and white. They are similar in appearance to the white-footed mouse (P. leucopus), but there are a few distinguishing differences. P. truei tends to have larger ears, as large or larger than the hind foot. They also have a larger tail with a more heavily-furred tip. The skull of P. truei is larger than that of P. leucopus, with more inflated auditory bullae and a less robust zygomatic arch than the latter species.[2]
P. truei can be found in a variety of habitats. Although they prefer rocky slopes and pinyon–juniper woodland, they are also found in desert, forest, and grassy plains. They tend to have a larger home range than other Peromyscus, up to 2.9 hectares (7.2 acres) in males, which can possibly be attributed to requiring a large area to search for food in drought conditions.[1] They are flexible in habitat and elevation and are able to adjust to varying climate conditions.[3]
P. truei mostly feed on fruit, grain, and seeds, but they will also readily eat insects, spiders, and other invertebrates. Adults typically feed on Juniper seeds and berries in the winter, and on acorns in the summer. P. truei are notorious at caching their food supply, and cache networks around their den sites can become quite extensive. In addition, they are capable of surviving on very limited water, which is essential in their mostly arid habitats.[4]
In burned out areas they tend to stick to the edges instead of moving into the burn area.[5]
The pinyon mouse (Peromyscus truei) is native to the southwestern United States and Baja California in Mexico. These medium-sized mice are often distinguished by their relatively large ears. The range of this species extends from southern Oregon and Wyoming in the north, and extends south to roughly the U.S.-Mexico border, with a disjunct population known as the Palo Duro mouse (Peromyscus truei comanche) that occupies an area in the vicinity of Palo Duro Canyon in the Texas panhandle.
Peromyscus truei Peromyscus generoko animalia da. Karraskarien barruko Neotominae azpifamilia eta Cricetidae familian sailkatuta dago.
Peromyscus truei Peromyscus generoko animalia da. Karraskarien barruko Neotominae azpifamilia eta Cricetidae familian sailkatuta dago.
Peromyscus truei est une espèce de mammifères rongeurs de la famille des Cricetidae.
Cette espèce se rencontre aux États-Unis et dans le nord-ouest du Mexique[3].
Selon NCBI (29 juin 2019)[4] :
Son nom spécifique, truei, lui a été donné en l'honneur de Frederick William True, mammologiste américain, conservateur au Musée national d'histoire naturelle des États-Unis et ami estimé de l'auteur[5].
Peromyscus truei est une espèce de mammifères rongeurs de la famille des Cricetidae.
De pinjonmuis (Peromyscus truei) is een zoogdier uit de familie van de Cricetidae. De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort werd voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd door Shufeldt in 1885.
De soort komt voor in Mexico en de Verenigde Staten.
Bronnen, noten en/of referentiesDe pinjonmuis (Peromyscus truei) is een zoogdier uit de familie van de Cricetidae. De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort werd voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd door Shufeldt in 1885.
Piñonhjortråtta (Peromyscus truei)[2][3][4][5][6][7] är en däggdjursart som först beskrevs av Shufeldt 1885. Den ingår i släktet hjortråttor, och familjen råttdjur.[8][9] Internationella naturvårdsunionen (IUCN) kategoriserar arten globalt som livskraftig.[1] Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.[8]
Arten når en absolut längd (med svans) av cirka 19 eller 20 cm och i genomsnitt 2,2 cm långa bakfötter. Beroende på utbredning är svansen längre eller kortare än huvud och bål tillsammans. Kännetecknande är stora öron. I motsats till Peromyscus difficilis är den långa och mjuka pälsen på ovansidan inte gråaktig utan gulbrun till brunsvart. På svansens ovansida förekommer en mörk längsgående strimma.[10]
Denna gnagare förekommer i västra USA från Kansas och Oklahoma till Stilla havet samt på norra Baja California (Mexiko). Arten lever i låglandet och i bergstrakter upp till 2300 meter över havet. Habitatet är oftast torr eller halvtorr. Piñonhjortråttan hittas i buskskogar, i skogar och i klippiga halvöknar med några buskar.[1]
Individerna vilar i bergssprickor eller i trädens håligheter. De äter frön, nötter, bär, svampar och insekter. Arten är främst aktiv på natten men kan även vara dagaktiv. Fortplantningen sker i varma regioner över hela året och i kallare områden bara under våren och sommaren. I Kalifornien kan en hona ha 3 eller 4 kullar per år. Dräktigheten varar 25 till 27 dagar och sedan föds 3 eller 4 ungar. De flesta individerna dör innan de är ett år gamla.[1]
Ungdjur föds nakna, blinda och döva. De får päls efter 14 dagar och öppnar ögonen samt öronen efter 16 till 21 dagar. De flesta honor slutar efter ungefär 4 veckor med digivning. Efter cirka 7 veckor får individerna de vuxna djurens päls.[10]
Wikimedia Commons har media som rör Piñonhjortråtta.
Wikispecies har information om Peromyscus truei.
Piñonhjortråtta (Peromyscus truei) är en däggdjursart som först beskrevs av Shufeldt 1885. Den ingår i släktet hjortråttor, och familjen råttdjur. Internationella naturvårdsunionen (IUCN) kategoriserar arten globalt som livskraftig. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.
Arten når en absolut längd (med svans) av cirka 19 eller 20 cm och i genomsnitt 2,2 cm långa bakfötter. Beroende på utbredning är svansen längre eller kortare än huvud och bål tillsammans. Kännetecknande är stora öron. I motsats till Peromyscus difficilis är den långa och mjuka pälsen på ovansidan inte gråaktig utan gulbrun till brunsvart. På svansens ovansida förekommer en mörk längsgående strimma.
Denna gnagare förekommer i västra USA från Kansas och Oklahoma till Stilla havet samt på norra Baja California (Mexiko). Arten lever i låglandet och i bergstrakter upp till 2300 meter över havet. Habitatet är oftast torr eller halvtorr. Piñonhjortråttan hittas i buskskogar, i skogar och i klippiga halvöknar med några buskar.
Individerna vilar i bergssprickor eller i trädens håligheter. De äter frön, nötter, bär, svampar och insekter. Arten är främst aktiv på natten men kan även vara dagaktiv. Fortplantningen sker i varma regioner över hela året och i kallare områden bara under våren och sommaren. I Kalifornien kan en hona ha 3 eller 4 kullar per år. Dräktigheten varar 25 till 27 dagar och sedan föds 3 eller 4 ungar. De flesta individerna dör innan de är ett år gamla.
Ungdjur föds nakna, blinda och döva. De får päls efter 14 dagar och öppnar ögonen samt öronen efter 16 till 21 dagar. De flesta honor slutar efter ungefär 4 veckor med digivning. Efter cirka 7 veckor får individerna de vuxna djurens päls.
Peromyscus truei là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Cricetidae, bộ Gặm nhấm. Loài này được Shufeldt mô tả năm 1885.[2]
Bài viết liên quan đến họ gặm nhấm Cricetidae này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn. Peromyscus truei là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Cricetidae, bộ Gặm nhấm. Loài này được Shufeldt mô tả năm 1885.
피논쥐(Peromyscus truei)는 비단털쥐과에 속하는 설치류의 일종이다.[2] 미국 남서부와 멕시코 바하칼리포르니아주의 토착종이다. 중간 크기의 설치류로 비교적 큰 귀 때문에 구별되기도 한다. 분포 지역은 북쪽의 오리건주 남부와 와이오밍주부터 아종 "코만치"(P. t. comanche) 개체군이 서식하는 텍사스 팬핸들의 팔로 듀로 캐년 주변 지역을 포함하여 남쪽의 미국과 멕시코 국경 지대까지 이어진다.[3]
피논쥐의 털은 연하고 누르스름한 갈색부터 갈색빛 검은색까지 다양한 색을 띠며, 발은 검은색부터 흰색까지 다양한 밝은 색을 띤다. 그래서 이와같은 이유로 다른 흰발쥐(P. leucopus)로 정확하지 않게 분류되기도 하지만 약간 구별되는 차이가 있다. 피논쥐는 큰 귀를 가지고 있으며, 귀는 뒷발만큼 크거나 더 큰 경향이 있다. 꼬리 끝에서 길거나 긁은 털이 관찰 되기도 한다. 큰 두개골을 갖고 있으며, 청각 돌기가 더 부풀어 있고 덜 건장한 협골궁을 갖고 있다.[3]
피논쥐는 다양한 서식지에서 발견된다. 바위 경사면 지역과 피논-노간주나무 지역을 좋아하지만 사막 지대와 숲, 풀로 덮인 평원 등에서도 발견된다. 수컷이 차지하는 영역이 최대 2.9 헥타르로 다른 사막쥐보다 차지하는 분포 영역이 더 큰 경향이 있으며, 가뭄 여부와 구할 수 있는 먹이의 양에 따라 기인할 수 있다.[1] 서식지 고도가 유연하고 다양한 기후 조건에 적응할 수 있다는 것을 보여 준다.[4]
피논쥐는 잡식성 동물로 곤충과 무척추동물, 버섯류와 함께 발견되지만,[5] 먹이를 찾을 때 다른 사슴쥐류 보다 비교적 더 먹이를 잘 잡는 경향이 있다.[6] 불타버린 지역에서 불이 난 지역 안쪽으로 이동하는 대신에 가장자리를 고수하는 경향이 있다.[7] 물을 찾는 것은 대부분의 서식지에서 일반적으로 어려운 일이며 그에 따라 먹이의 양을 조절한다.
