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加拿大红豆杉的圖片
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加拿大红豆杉

Taxus canadensis Marshall

Description ( 英語 )

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Shrubs to 2 m, usually monoecious, low, diffusely branched, straggling, spreading to prostrate. Bark reddish, very thin. Branches spreading and ascending. Leaves 1--2.5 cm ´ 1--2.4 mm, pale green abaxially, mostly without cuticular papillae along stomatal bands, dark green to yellow-green adaxially, epidermal cells as viewed in cross section of leaf wider than tall or ± isodiametric. Seed somewhat flattened, 4--5 mm. 2 n = 24.
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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
書目引用
Flora of North America Vol. 2 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
來源
Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
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Flora of North America Editorial Committee
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Distribution ( 英語 )

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St. Pierre and Miquelon; Man., N.B., Nfld., N.S., Ont., P.E.I., Que.; Conn., Ill., Ind., Iowa, Ky., Maine, Mass., Mich., Minn., N.H., N.Y., Ohio, Pa., R.I., Tenn., Vt., Va., W.Va., Wis.
許可
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
版權
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
書目引用
Flora of North America Vol. 2 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
來源
Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
編輯者
Flora of North America Editorial Committee
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eFloras.org
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Habitat ( 英語 )

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Seeds maturing late summer--early fall. Understory shrub in rich forests (deciduous, mixed, or coniferous), bogs, swamps, gorges, ravine slopes, and rocky banks; 0--1500m.
許可
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
版權
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
書目引用
Flora of North America Vol. 2 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
來源
Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
編輯者
Flora of North America Editorial Committee
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eFloras.org
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Synonym ( 英語 )

由eFloras提供
Taxus baccata Linnaeus subsp. canadensis (Marshall) Pilger; T. baccata var. minor Michaux; T. minor (Michaux) Britton; T. procumbens Loddiges
許可
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
版權
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
書目引用
Flora of North America Vol. 2 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
來源
Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
編輯者
Flora of North America Editorial Committee
專題
eFloras.org
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Common Names ( 英語 )

由Fire Effects Information System Plants提供
Canada yew
American yew
ground hemlock
書目引用
Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Taxus canadensis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Description ( 英語 )

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More info for the terms: aril, fruit, seed, shrub

Canada yew is a native, evergreen, coniferous shrub. It grows from 1 to
3 feet (0.3-0.9 m) and occasionally up to 6 feet (2.8 m) tall. It is
rarely arborescent [5,9]. The dense, spreading branches can grow up to
6.6 feet (2 m) long, spreading from the base for about one-third of
their length. The bark is nearly smooth. The fruit is a fleshy,
cuplike aril surrounding a single seed [35].
書目引用
Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Taxus canadensis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Distribution ( 英語 )

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Canada yew is found from Newfoundland west to Manitoba, south to
Virginia, Tennessee, Illinois, and Iowa [9,34,45].
書目引用
Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Taxus canadensis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Fire Ecology ( 英語 )

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More info for the term: fire regime

Canada yew is not well adapted to fire.


FIRE REGIMES :
Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this
species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under
"Find FIRE REGIMES".
書目引用
Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Taxus canadensis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Fire Management Considerations ( 英語 )

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Fire is likely to result in decreased Canada yew populations; any
disturbance that opens the canopy reduces the competitive advantage of
the shade-tolerant Canada yew [33]. The decline of Canada yew on Isle
Royale, Michigan, has bee partly atrributed to fire [16].
書目引用
Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Taxus canadensis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Growth Form (according to Raunkiær Life-form classification) ( 英語 )

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More info for the term: phanerophyte

Phanerophyte
書目引用
Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Taxus canadensis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Habitat characteristics ( 英語 )

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More info for the term: bog

Canada yew occurs in humid, continental climates. It grows on moist,
poszolic, or leached loam soils; growth is best on well-drained silt
loams of pH 5.0 to 7.5 [5,13,25,40]. Canada yew occurs in cool, rich,
damp woods and wooded swamps; on banks; along bog margins; and ravines
[34,44,45]. Elevational range of Canada yew in the Adirondack Mountains
of New York is from 100 to 2,300 (30-700 m) [19].
書目引用
Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Taxus canadensis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Habitat: Cover Types ( 英語 )

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This species is known to occur in association with the following cover types (as classified by the Society of American Foresters):

1 Jack pine
5 Balsam fir
12 Black spruce
13 Black spruce - tamarack
17 Pin cherry
19 Gray birch - red maple
20 White pine - northern red oak - red maple
21 Eastern white pine
22 White pine - hemlock
23 Eastern hemlock
24 Hemlock - yellow birch
25 Sugar maple - beech - yellow birch
26 Sugar maple - basswood
27 Sugar maple
28 Black cherry - maple
30 Red spruce - yellow birch
31 Red spruce - sugar maple - beech
32 Red spruce
33 Red spruce - balsam fir
34 Red spruce - Fraser fir
35 Paper birch - red spruce - balsam fir
37 Northern white-cedar
38 Tamarack
60 Beech - sugar maple
108 Red maple
書目引用
Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Taxus canadensis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Habitat: Ecosystem ( 英語 )

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This species is known to occur in the following ecosystem types (as named by the U.S. Forest Service in their Forest and Range Ecosystem [FRES] Type classification):

FRES10 White - red - jack pine
FRES11 Spruce - fir
FRES18 Maple - beech - birch
FRES19 Aspen - birch
書目引用
Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Taxus canadensis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Habitat: Plant Associations ( 英語 )

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This species is known to occur in association with the following plant community types (as classified by Küchler 1964):

More info for the terms: bog, forest

K093 Great Lakes spruce - fir forest
K094 Conifer bog
K095 Great Lakes pine forest
K096 Northeastern spruce - fir forest
K097 Southeastern spruce - fir forest
K102 Beech - maple forest
K103 Mixed mesophytic forest
K104 Appalachian oak forest
K106 Northern hardwoods
K107 Northern hardwoods - fir forest
K108 Northern hardwoods - spruce forest
書目引用
Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Taxus canadensis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Immediate Effect of Fire ( 英語 )

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Canda yew is probably easily killed by fire. Specific information on
its degree of sensitivity is lacking.
書目引用
Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Taxus canadensis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Importance to Livestock and Wildlife ( 英語 )

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More info for the term: aril

Canada yew provides year-round browse for moose and is an important
winter food for white-tailed deer where it is available [44]. The
fleshy aril of Canada yew is eaten by many birds, including ruffed
grouse, pheasants, and various nongame birds, such as cedar waxwings,
robind, and starlings [25,35,43].

All parts of Canada yew, except for the aril, are poisonous to horses
and cattle [5].
書目引用
Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Taxus canadensis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Key Plant Community Associations ( 英語 )

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More info for the terms: bryophytes, climax, forest, lichens, shrub

Canada yew is a shrub-layer component of many forest associations,
including spruce-fir, mixed conifer-northern hardwoods, and northern
hardwoods [13]. It is indicative of cool and moist, old-growth
conditions [7].

Common understory associates in many forest types include mountain maple
(Acer spicatum), striped maple (A. pensylvanicum), beaked hazelnut
(Corylus cornuta), leatherwood (Dirca palustris), prickly gooseberry
(Ribes cynosbati), prickly currant (R. lacustre), red currant (R.
triste), red raspberry (Rubus idaeus), serviceberries (Amelanchier
spp.), American fly honeysuckle (Lonicera canadensis), partidgeberry
(Mitchella repens), and scarlet elder (Sambucus pubens) [7,20,40]. In
addition to the above-mentioned species, shrub layer associates in
climax, eastern hemlock forests include alternate-leaved dogwood (Cornus
alternifolia) and hobblebush (Viburnum alnifolium) [28]. Ground layer
associates in many forest types include shining clubmoss (Lycopodim
lucidulum), common woodsorrel (Oxalis montana), wild lily-of-the-valley
(Maianthemum canadense), woodfern (Dryopteris spinulosa), and yellow
beadlily (Clintonia borealis) [7,24]. Bryophytes and lichens that are
common in the climax forests in which Canada yew occurs are feathermoss
(Pleurozium schreberi), dicranum mosses (Dicranum spp.), Ptilidium
pulcherrimum, and reindeer mosses (Cladonia spp.) [3].

Publications naming Canada yew as an indicator or shrub-layer dominant
include the following:

The principal plant associations of the Saint Lawrence Valley [7].
Wilderness ecology: virgin plant communities of the Boundary Waters
Canoe Area [29].
書目引用
Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Taxus canadensis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Life Form ( 英語 )

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More info for the term: shrub

Shrub
書目引用
Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Taxus canadensis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Management considerations ( 英語 )

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More info for the terms: cover, forest, frequency, presence

Canada yew is intolerant to moderate or heavy browsing by moose or deer
[23,30,38]. Browse availability can be classified as follows on the
basis of use of balsam fir (Abies balsamea), Canada yew, and paper birch
(Betula papyrifera): if Canada yew is highly or moderately used, the
range is below carrying capacity; if balsam fir is heavily browsed,
Canada yew has already been browsed to extirpation [31]. Canada yew was
once abundant on Isle Royale, Michigan, occurring with 67 percent
frequency on plots recorded by surveyors in 1847 [16]. Since
colonization of the island by moose, Canada yew has become rare and is
increasing only in moose exlosures [1,17,26].

In Nova Scotia, removal of the hemlock overstory destroys Canada yew; it
is recommended that some old-gowth stands be preserved to maintain the
presence of Canada yew as deer browse [36]. Any removal of the
overstory is likely to be detrimental to Canada yew [23]. In a mixed
conifer-hardwood forest in New Hampshire, Canada yew cover was
"inconsequential" 8 years after a light, selective cut. Heavier levels
of harvest resulted in it being eliminated [21].

Canada yew is more cold hardy that English yew (Taxus baccata) or
Japanese yew (T. cuspidata), which are also used for ornamentals [25].
書目引用
Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Taxus canadensis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Occurrence in North America ( 英語 )

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CT IL IN IA KY ME MD MA MI MN
NY NC OH PA TN VT VA WV WI MB
NB NF NS ON PE PQ
書目引用
Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Taxus canadensis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Other uses and values ( 英語 )

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More info for the terms: aril, formation

The aril of Canada yew can be eaten by humans [25]. Native American
tribes in Michigan and Quebec used the foliage to make a beverage [44].

Canada yew is suggested for conservation planting, though it would
probably not do well except on shady, moist sites [35]. It is planted
as an ornamental but is more often used as parental stock for the
formation of new hybrids. It is not as versatile as other species of
yew for ornamental purposes. Numerous horticultural varieties are
available [15,25].
書目引用
Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Taxus canadensis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Palatability ( 英語 )

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Canada yew is highly preferred by moose and white-tailed deer [17].
書目引用
Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Taxus canadensis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Phenology ( 英語 )

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More info for the term: aril

Male and female strobili open from April to May in the upper midwestern
states. The aril ripens the same year from July through September [35].
書目引用
Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Taxus canadensis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Plant Response to Fire ( 英語 )

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More info for the terms: forest, wildfire

Canada yew was locally abundant in a birch-aspen-spruce community on
Isle Royale, Michigan, 36 years after a wildfire. In the same area it
was present in an old-growth forest that had been free of fire for 80 to
120 or more years[13].
書目引用
Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Taxus canadensis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Post-fire Regeneration ( 英語 )

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Shrub without adventitious-bud root crown
書目引用
Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Taxus canadensis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Regeneration Processes ( 英語 )

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More info for the terms: dioecious, layering, monoecious, natural, seed, stratification

Canada yew is monoecious, producing a single seed per female strobilus
[44], but under certain conditions it is dioecious. Size appears to
influence sex expression. Small Canada yews tend to be male, but if
monoecious, they tend to have more female strobili than male stroboli.
Large Canada yews are typically monoecious but with male-biased
strobilus ratios. Stresses such as browsing increase the proportion of
individual males in the population; however, the number of female
strobili in the population is greater than that of male strobili. The
adaptive significance of this differential sex expression is unclear
[2].

Most yews produce some seed almost every year. The seeds are
disseminated by birds. Natural germination usually does not take place
until the second year. The seeds exhibit a strong but variable dormancy
that can be broken by combined warm and cold stratification [35].

Canada yew commonly reproduces by layering, forming a continuous
population of genetically identical plants. The connections between
genets usually rot [2].
書目引用
Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Taxus canadensis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Successional Status ( 英語 )

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More info on this topic.

More info for the terms: climax, forest, genet, layering

Obligate Climax Species

Canada yew does not occur in early seral of mid-seral communities. It
is a slow-growing, shade-tolerant species that grows best in the stable
environmental conditions of climax forests [25,33]. Growth is best in
at least partial shade [25]. Canada yew appears to have a competitive
advantage over intolerant species only under a well-developed canopy
[33]. On Isle Royale, Michigan, Canada yew occurred in moderate shade,
densely populating some sites, but it did not occur under the very dense
shade of balsam fir. Balsam fir, in turn, does not reproduce where
Canada yew forms dense ground layers. Canada yew populations migrate;
they increase in size by layering, and die back in older portions of the
genet, which then allows other plants to come in [6,13,34,43].
Disturbances tend to exclude Canada yew. In the early part of this
century, a virgin forest in Connecticut that had reamined free of fire
for more than 300 years had a well-established population of Canada yew.
Second-growth forests in the same area had no Canada yew in their
understory [27].
書目引用
Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Taxus canadensis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Synonyms ( 英語 )

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Taxus minor Brit.
Taxus baccata L. var. canadensis Gray
Taxus baccata L. var. minor MIchx.
Taxus baccata L. var. procumbens Loud
書目引用
Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Taxus canadensis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Taxonomy ( 英語 )

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More info for the term: marsh

The accepted scientific name for Canada yew is Taxus canadensis Marsh.
[9,19]. There are no subspecies, varieties, or forms.
書目引用
Sullivan, Janet. 1993. Taxus canadensis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
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Distribution ( 西班牙、卡斯蒂利亞西班牙語 )

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Chile Central
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Universidad de Santiago de Chile
作者
Pablo Gutierrez
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Physical Description ( 英語 )

由USDA PLANTS text提供
Shrub, Evergreen, Monoecious, Plants prostrate or spreading, Trees without or rarely having knees, Tree with bark rough or scaly, Young shoots in flat sprays, Young shoots 3-dimensional, Buds not resinous, Leaves needle-like, Leaves alternate, Needle-like leaf margins entire (use magnification), Leaf apex acute, Leaf apex mucronulate, Leaves < 5 cm long, Leaves < 10 cm long, Leaves yellow-green below, Leaves not blue-green, Scale leaves without raised glands, Needle-like leaves flat, Needle-like leaves not twisted, Needle-like leaf habit erect, Needle-like leaves per fascicle mostly 1, Twigs glabrous, Twigs not viscid, Twigs without peg-like projections or large fascicles after needles fall, Seeds within cone, Aril light green, Aril red to orange to purple, Berry-like cones reddish, Bracts of seed cone included, Seeds brown, Seeds wingless.
編纂者
Stephen C. Meyers
編纂者
Aaron Liston
編纂者
Steffi Ickert-Bond
編纂者
Damon Little
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Kanada qaraçöhrəsi ( 亞塞拜然語 )

由wikipedia AZ提供

Kanada qaraçöhrəsi (lat. Taxus canadensis) — qaraçöhrəkimilər fəsiləsinin qaraçöhrə cinsinə aid bitki növü.

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Kanada qaraçöhrəsi: Brief Summary ( 亞塞拜然語 )

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Kanada qaraçöhrəsi (lat. Taxus canadensis) — qaraçöhrəkimilər fəsiləsinin qaraçöhrə cinsinə aid bitki növü.

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Kanadische Eibe ( 德語 )

由wikipedia DE提供

Die Kanadische Eibe (Taxus canadensis) ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung der Eiben (Taxus) in der Familie der Eibengewächse (Taxaceae).

Beschreibung

 src=
Roter Samenmantel und Nadelblätter
 src=
Verbreitungsgebiet

Die Kanadische Eibe ist ein Strauch, der selten Wuchshöhen über 2,5 Meter erreicht. Die sehr dünne Borke ist rötlich. Die Nadelblätter sind 1 bis 2,5 cm lang und 1 bis 2,4 mm breit.

Im Gegensatz zu den meisten Taxus-Arten ist sie meist einhäusig getrenntgeschlechtig (monözisch). Die im Spätsommer oder Anfang Herbst reifenden Samen sind 4 bis 5 mm groß.

Die Chromosomenzahl beträgt 2n = 24.[1]

Wie bei der europäischen Eibe sind alle Pflanzenteile bis auf den roten Arillus (Samenmantel) giftig; allerdings soll das Gift bei der kanadischen Art schwächer sein. Trotz der Giftigkeit verwendeten die Indianer Aufgüsse der Pflanze auch innerlich gegen Rheumatismus.

Vorkommen

Die Kanadische Eibe ist in Nordamerika von Neufundland bis Manitoba, südwärts bis Virginia, Kentucky, Illinois und Iowa heimisch. Sie wächst auf feuchten Böden oder in Gewässernähe.

Taxonomie

Taxus canadensis wurde 1785 durch Humphry Marshall in seinem Werk "Arbustrum americanum", Seite 150 erstbeschrieben.[2] Synonyme der Art sind Taxus minor (Michx.) Britton ex Small & Vail, Taxus baccata subsp. canadensis (Marshall) Pilg. und Taxus baccata var. canadensis (Marshall) A.Gray.[2]

Quellen

  • Christopher J. Earle: Taxus canadensis. In: The Gymnosperm Database. 27. Mai 2011, abgerufen am 25. Oktober 2011 (englisch).

Einzelnachweise

  1. Tropicos. [1]
  2. a b Rafaël Govaerts (Hrsg.): Taxus. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) – The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, abgerufen am 3. Mai 2019.
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Kanadische Eibe: Brief Summary ( 德語 )

由wikipedia DE提供

Die Kanadische Eibe (Taxus canadensis) ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung der Eiben (Taxus) in der Familie der Eibengewächse (Taxaceae).

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Taxus canadensis ( 英語 )

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Taxus canadensis, the Canada yew[2] or Canadian yew, is a conifer native to central and eastern North America, thriving in swampy woods, ravines, riverbanks and on lake shores. Locally called simply "yew", this species is also referred to as American yew or ground-hemlock.

Most of its range is well north of the Ohio River. It is, however, found as a rare ice age relict in some coves of the Appalachian Mountains. The southernmost colonies are known from Ashe and Watauga Counties in North Carolina.[4]

Description and ecology

It is usually a sprawling shrub, rarely exceeding 2.5 m tall. It sometimes forms strong upright central leaders, but these cannot be formed from spreading branches, only from the original leader of the seedling plant. The shrub has thin scaly brown bark. The leaves (needles) are lanceolate, flat, dark green, 1–2.5 cm (38–1 inch) long and 1–2.4 mm (0.039–0.094 inches) broad,[3] arranged in two flat rows either side of the branch.

The seed cones are highly modified, each cone containing a single seed partly surrounded by a modified scale which develops into a soft, bright red berry-like structure called an aril, open at the end. The seeds are eaten by thrushes, waxwings and other birds, which disperse the (highly toxic)[5] hard seeds undamaged in their droppings. The male cones are globose, 3 mm in diameter. It is a monoecious plant – one of the few in the genus.

Uses and traditions

All parts of Canadian yew, save the aril, are toxic; it is, however, thought to be of lower toxicity than T. baccata.

Native Americans in its native range used small quantities of yew leaf tea topically or internally for a variety of ailments – notably rheumatism. They are also been said to have used yew twigs in steam baths to help alleviate rheumatism. Again, the plant is quite toxic and modern herbalists prefer safer, more effective herbs.

Taxus canadensis is also being harvested in northern Ontario, Québec and Atlantic Canada as the plant is a source of the class of poisonous chemicals known as taxanes, which have been a focus for cancer research.[6] T. canadensis is much more abundant than the near-threatened Taxus brevifolia (Pacific yew), and the "greens" (new growth) can be harvested sustainably every five years, instead of stripping the bark and killing the plant.

The most abundant taxane in T. canadensis is 9-dihydro-13-acetylbaccatin III, which can be effectively converted to 10-deacetylbaccatin III, used in the production of paclitaxel.[7] Two additional taxanes have been identified from T. canadensis, including 7β,10β,13α-triacetoxy-5α-(3'-dimethylamino-3'-phenylpropanoyl)oxy-2α-hydroxy-2(3→20)abeotaxa-4(20),11-dien-9-one and 2α,10β-diacetoxy-9α-hydroxy-5α-(3'-dimethylamino-3'-phenylpropanoyl)oxy-3,11-cyclotax-4(20)-en-13-one.[8]

Canada yew aril
Canada yew

References

  1. ^ Thomas, P. (2013). "Taxus canadensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2013: e.T42547A2986960. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42547A2986960.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^ a b USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Taxus canadensis". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
  3. ^ a b Hils, Matthew H. (1993). "Taxus canadensis". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). Vol. 2. New York and Oxford – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
  4. ^ Oakley, Shawn C. (2000). An Inventory of the Significant Natural Areas of Watauga County, North Carolina (Report). N.C. Natural Heritage Program, Div. of Parks and Rec. p. 27. Retrieved 2013-09-09.
  5. ^ Elias, Thomas S.; Dykeman, Peter A. (2009) [1982]. Edible Wild Plants: A North American Field Guide to Over 200 Natural Foods. New York: Sterling. p. 271. ISBN 978-1-4027-6715-9. OCLC 244766414.
  6. ^ "Harvesting Canada Yew – Information for Landowners". Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Retrieved 2013-09-09.
  7. ^ Nikolakakis, A; Caron, G; Cherestes, A; Sauriol, F; Mamer, O; Zamir, LO (2000). "Taxus canadensis abundant taxane: Conversion to paclitaxel and rearrangements". Bioorg. Med. Chem. 8 (6): 1269–80. doi:10.1016/S0968-0896(00)00056-0. PMID 10896107.
  8. ^ Shi, QW; Si, XT; Zhao, YM; Yamada, T; Kiyota, H (March 2006). "Two new alkaloidal taxoids from the needles of Taxus canadensis". Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 70 (3): 732–6. doi:10.1271/bbb.70.732. PMID 16556995. S2CID 24161551.

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Taxus canadensis: Brief Summary ( 英語 )

由wikipedia EN提供

Taxus canadensis, the Canada yew or Canadian yew, is a conifer native to central and eastern North America, thriving in swampy woods, ravines, riverbanks and on lake shores. Locally called simply "yew", this species is also referred to as American yew or ground-hemlock.

Most of its range is well north of the Ohio River. It is, however, found as a rare ice age relict in some coves of the Appalachian Mountains. The southernmost colonies are known from Ashe and Watauga Counties in North Carolina.

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If du Canada ( 法語 )

由wikipedia FR提供

Taxus canadensis

L'if du Canada, également appelé buis de sapin ou sapin traînard (Taxus canadensis) est un arbuste à croissante lente, à port bas et étalé des forêts du nord-est de l'Amérique du Nord. Il fait partie de la famille des Taxacées.

Description

L'if du Canada est un arbuste ne dépassant pas 2 mètres de haut dans les formes les plus redressées. Ses branches portent des aiguilles aplaties et mucronées, qui font 10 à 20 mm de longueur par 2 mm de large. Le « fruit » de l'if, se distingue des cônes des conifères par son enveloppe charnue d'une teinte rouge écarlate à maturité. Cette enveloppe se nomme arille, et elle contient une graine noire. Le « fruit » mesure environ 1 cm de diamètre et a une saveur résineuse[1].

Répartition et habitat

 src=
Aire de répartition de l'if du Canada, selon Little 1971.

Il existe peu de relevés précis concernant la répartition et l'abondance de l'if du Canada. L'espèce était considérée commune dans son aire de répartition, qui apparaît sur la figure ci-contre. Toutefois, depuis le début du XXe siècle, son abondance semble avoir beaucoup diminué. Ce déclin est attribué au broutage intensif par des ongulés comme le cerf de Virginie (Odocoileus virginianus) et l'orignal (Alces alces), aux feux, à l'aménagement des forêts et au défrichage[2].

Utilisation

La croissance très lente et ses anneaux de croissances très rapprochés le fait figurer parmi les espèces convoitées pour la fabrication d'arc par les Amérindiens[réf. nécessaire]. Malheureusement, il est difficile d'en trouver d'une grandeur suffisante (2 mètres) pour la fabrication d'un arc.

Contrairement à la plupart des autres résineux indigènes, il n'est pas exploité pour son bois ou sa pulpe, de sorte que sa biologie et son écologie n'ont pas été étudiées en profondeur.

Cependant, l’if du Canada suscite de plus en plus d’intérêt au Canada pour ses applications dans la lutte contre certains cancers. Il contient des taxanes, composés ayant une influence sur les microtubules. Le paclitaxel, plus connu sous le nom commercial Taxol, en est un exemple.

Toxicité

L'if du Canada, comme les autres espèces de Taxus, contient du paclitaxel et ses dérivés, des agents antimitotiques conférant à l'arbuste une forte toxicité.

Références

  1. Marie-Victorin, frère, E.C., 1885-1944., Flore laurentienne,, Presses de l'Université de Montréal, 1964 (ISBN 0840500181, 9780840500182 et 2760600181, OCLC , lire en ligne)
  2. Steve K. Windels et David J. Flaspohler (2011) The ecology of Canada Yew (Taxus canadensis Marsh.): A review. Botany 89: 1-17
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If du Canada: Brief Summary ( 法語 )

由wikipedia FR提供

Taxus canadensis

L'if du Canada, également appelé buis de sapin ou sapin traînard (Taxus canadensis) est un arbuste à croissante lente, à port bas et étalé des forêts du nord-est de l'Amérique du Nord. Il fait partie de la famille des Taxacées.

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Kanadaýr ( 冰島語 )

由wikipedia IS提供

Kanadaýr (fræðiheiti: Taxus canadensis)[2] er barrtré frá mið- og austurhluta Norður-Ameríku sem vex í mýrlendum skógum, giljum, árbökkum og við vötn.

Mest allt útbreiðslusvæði hans er norðan við Ohio-á. Hann finnst hinsvegar á stöku stað (ísaldarleifar) í Appalasíufjöllum. Suðlægastu fundarstaðirnir eru í Ashe og Watauga sýslum í Norður-Karólínu.[3]

Þetta er vanalega flatur runni, sjaldan yfir 2,5 m hár. Hann kemur stundum með toppsprota, en aldrei frá hliðargreinum, aðeins frá meginstofni af fræplöntum. Runninn er með þunnan, hreistraðan brúnan börk. Barrið er lensulaga, flatt, dökkgrænt, 1 – 2,5 sm langt og 1 - 2,4 mm breitt,[4] í tvemur flötum röðum sitt hvorum megin á greininni.

Rauður berköngullinn er með stakt fræ. Berin eru étin af fuglum sem skila fræjunum ósködduðum af sér. Karlkönglarnir eru hnattlaga, 3mm í þvermál. Hann er einkynja (annað hvort karl- eða kven-kyns) – ein fárra tegunda í ættkvíslinni.

Nytjar

Allir hlutar hans eru eitraðir, nema aldinkjötið, eru eitraðir; hann er hinsvegar talinn minna eitraður en T. baccata. Ættflokkar á útbreiðslusvæðinu hafa notað lítið magn af blöðum í te eða bakstra við ýmsum kvillum, helst gigt. Ýviðargreinar hafa einnig verið notaðar í svitaböðum við gigt. Nútíma náttúrulæknar vilja frekar nota öruggari og virkari jurtir.

Taxus canadensis er nú uppskorinn í norður Ontario, Québec og atlantshafsströnd Kanada þar sem plantan er uppspretta efna í krabbameinslyf (taxane).[5] T. canadensis er mun algengari en Taxus brevifolia (Kyrrahafsýr), og hægt er að uppskera barrið af honum á fimm ára fresti án þess að valda plöntunum skaða, í stað þess að taka börkinn og drepa hann.

Algengasta taxanið í T. canadensis er 9-dihydro-13-acetylbaccatin III, sem er hægt að umbreyta í 10-deacetylbaccatin III, notað í framleiðslu á paclitaxel.[6] Tvö önnur taxön hafa verið greind í T. canadensis, þar á meðal 7β,10β,13α-triacetoxy-5α-(3'-dimethylamino-3'-phenylpropanoyl)oxy-2α-hydroxy-2(3→20)abeotaxa-4(20),11-dien-9-one og 2α,10β-diacetoxy-9α-hydroxy-5α-(3'-dimethylamino-3'-phenylpropanoyl)oxy-3,11-cyclotax-4(20)-en-13-one.[7]

 src=
Ber kanadaýviðar
 src=
Kanadaýr

Tilvísanir

  1. Thomas, P. (2013). Taxus canadensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN. 2013: e.T42547A2986960. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42547A2986960.en. Sótt 15. janúar 2018.
  2. PLANTS database
  3. N.C. Natural Heritage Program, Div. of Parks and Rec page_27 dags 2013-09-09
  4. EFLORAS - Taxus canadensis
  5. „Harvesting Canada Yew – Information for Landowners“. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Sótt 9. september 2013.
  6. Nikolakakis, A; Caron, G; Cherestes, A; Sauriol, F; Mamer, O; Zamir, LO (2000). „Taxus canadensis abundant taxane: Conversion to paclitaxel and rearrangements“. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 8 (6): 1269–80. doi:10.1016/S0968-0896(00)00056-0.
  7. Shi, QW; Si, XT; Zhao, YM; Yamada, T; Kiyota, H (March 2006). „Two new alkaloidal taxoids from the needles of Taxus canadensis. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 70 (3): 732–6. doi:10.1271/bbb.70.732. PMID 16556995.


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Kanadaýr: Brief Summary ( 冰島語 )

由wikipedia IS提供

Kanadaýr (fræðiheiti: Taxus canadensis) er barrtré frá mið- og austurhluta Norður-Ameríku sem vex í mýrlendum skógum, giljum, árbökkum og við vötn.

Mest allt útbreiðslusvæði hans er norðan við Ohio-á. Hann finnst hinsvegar á stöku stað (ísaldarleifar) í Appalasíufjöllum. Suðlægastu fundarstaðirnir eru í Ashe og Watauga sýslum í Norður-Karólínu.

Þetta er vanalega flatur runni, sjaldan yfir 2,5 m hár. Hann kemur stundum með toppsprota, en aldrei frá hliðargreinum, aðeins frá meginstofni af fræplöntum. Runninn er með þunnan, hreistraðan brúnan börk. Barrið er lensulaga, flatt, dökkgrænt, 1 – 2,5 sm langt og 1 - 2,4 mm breitt, í tvemur flötum röðum sitt hvorum megin á greininni.

Rauður berköngullinn er með stakt fræ. Berin eru étin af fuglum sem skila fræjunum ósködduðum af sér. Karlkönglarnir eru hnattlaga, 3mm í þvermál. Hann er einkynja (annað hvort karl- eða kven-kyns) – ein fárra tegunda í ættkvíslinni.

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Canadisk barlind ( 挪威語 )

由wikipedia NO提供
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Denne artikkelen mangler kildehenvisninger, og opplysningene i den kan dermed være vanskelige å verifisere. Kildeløst materiale kan bli fjernet. Helt uten kilder. (10. okt. 2015)

Canadisk barlind (latin: Taxus canadensis) er et tre i barlindslekten, som inngår i barlindfamilien. Treet vokser i det østlige Nord-Amerika nord for elven Ohio, og med sørligste lokalitet i Kentucky.

Hybridbarlind (Taxus x hunnewelliana = syn. Taxus cuspidata X canadensis) er en hybrid mellom japansk barlind (Taxus cuspidata og kanadisk barlind (Taxus canadensis).

Giftig
 src=
Bilde av Canadisk barlind.

Canadisk barlind er mer en busk enn et tre, det blir sjelden mer enn 2,5 meter høyt. Canadisk barlind er giftig, men ikke så giftig som europeisk barlind (Taxus baccata).

Eksterne lenker

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Canadisk barlind: Brief Summary ( 挪威語 )

由wikipedia NO提供

Canadisk barlind (latin: Taxus canadensis) er et tre i barlindslekten, som inngår i barlindfamilien. Treet vokser i det østlige Nord-Amerika nord for elven Ohio, og med sørligste lokalitet i Kentucky.

Hybridbarlind (Taxus x hunnewelliana = syn. Taxus cuspidata X canadensis) er en hybrid mellom japansk barlind (Taxus cuspidata og kanadisk barlind (Taxus canadensis).

Giftig  src= Bilde av Canadisk barlind.

Canadisk barlind er mer en busk enn et tre, det blir sjelden mer enn 2,5 meter høyt. Canadisk barlind er giftig, men ikke så giftig som europeisk barlind (Taxus baccata).

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Cis kanadyjski ( 波蘭語 )

由wikipedia POL提供

Cis kanadyjski (Taxus canadensis Marshall) – gatunek drzewa iglastego należący do rodziny cisowatych. Występuje na wschodnim wybrzeżu Ameryki Północnej, od Nowej Fundlandii po Wirginię[2].

Morfologia

Pokrój

Niewielkie drzewo lub duży krzew, często nieprzekraczający 2 metrów wysokości. Korona wybujała, rozgałęziona.

Pień

Kora czerwonawa, bardzo cienka, lekko się łuszczy i odpada.

Liście

Igły zaostrzone, posiadające mniej substancji trujących od innych gatunków[4]. Z wierzchu ciemnozielone, pod spodem zdecydowanie jaśniejsze. Do 2,5 cm długości.

Kwiaty

Jedyny gatunek jednopienny cisa. Kwiaty męskie i żeńskie pojawiają się na tym samym drzewie[4].

Nasiona

Jajowate, kanciaste, otoczone czerwoną osnówką. Dojrzewają późnym latem lub jesienią.

Biologia i ekologia

Występuje na terenach od 0-1500 m n.p.m. Zasiedla lasy iglaste lub mieszane, torfowiska, bagna, wąwozy, ale nierzadko porasta również górskie zbocza[5].

Przypisy

  1. Christenhusz, M.J.M., J.L. Reveal, A. Farjon, M.F. Gardner, R.R. Mill, and M.W. Chase (2011). A new classification and linear sequence of extant gymnosperms. Phytotaxa 19: 55–70.
  2. a b Taxus canadensis (ang.). W: Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) [on-line]. United States Department of Agriculture. [dostęp 2012-02-25].
  3. Czerwona Księga Gatunków Zagrożonych (ang.). [dostęp 25 luty 2012].
  4. a b Russel, Cutler, Walters: Ilustrowana encyklopedia Drzewa Świata. Kraków: Universitas, 2008, s. 285. ISBN 97883242-0842-5.
  5. Flora of North America: Taxus canadensis (ang.). [dostęp 2012-02-25].
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Cis kanadyjski: Brief Summary ( 波蘭語 )

由wikipedia POL提供

Cis kanadyjski (Taxus canadensis Marshall) – gatunek drzewa iglastego należący do rodziny cisowatych. Występuje na wschodnim wybrzeżu Ameryki Północnej, od Nowej Fundlandii po Wirginię.

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Taxus canadensis ( 烏克蘭語 )

由wikipedia UK提供

Поширення, екологія

Країни проживання: Канада (Лабрадор, Манітоба, Нью-Брансвік, Ньюфаундленд, Нова Шотландія, Онтаріо, Острови Принца Едуарда, Квебек); США (Коннектикут, Іллінойс, Індіана, Айова, Кентуккі, Мен, Массачусетс, Мічиган, Міннесота, Нью-Гемпшир, Нью-Джерсі, Нью-Йорк, Огайо, Пенсильванія, Род-Айленд, Теннессі, Вермонт, Вірджинія, Західна Вірджинія, Вісконсин). Зазвичай росте як низький чагарник як підлісок у широколистих і хвойних лісах. Гілки часто утворюють суцільний шар так, що зовсім великі скупчення можуть утворюватися.

Морфологія

Це чагарники до 2 м висотою, як правило, однодомні, низькі, дифузно розгалужені, від розлогих до розпростертих. Кора червонувата, дуже тонка. Гілки розлогі й висхідні. Листки розміром 1-2,5 см на 1-2.4 мм, блідо-зелені знизу, від темно-зеленого до жовто-зеленого кольору зверху. Насіння дещо зігнуте, 4-5 мм. 2n = 24. Насіння зріє в кінці літа — початку осені.

Використання

Історично канадський тис широко використовується носіями північноамериканців і поселенців як напій та для лікування різних захворювань. Хоча цей вид має значний потенціал як джерело біомаси для виробництва Таксолу, так він на даний час не експлуатується.

Загрози та охорона

За останнє сторіччя відбулося значне зниження площі росту в результаті випасу копитних, пожеж, інтенсивного лісокористування і розчищення земель для сільського господарства та іншого розвитку. У даний час він вважається під загрозою різних ступенів в 12 штатах США і 1 канадській провінції у східній частині Північної Америки. Зростання чисельності населення оленів і зниження снігопадів в результаті зміни клімату у східній частині Північної Америки є значними загрози для майбутнього. Цей вид записаний у численних ПОТ по всьому діапазону поширення.

Посилання


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Taxus canadensis ( 越南語 )

由wikipedia VI提供

Taxus canadensis là một loài thực vật hạt trần trong họ Taxaceae. Loài này được Marshall mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1785.[1]

Chú thích

  1. ^ The Plant List (2010). Taxus canadensis. Truy cập ngày 28 tháng 5 năm 2014.

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Taxus canadensis: Brief Summary ( 越南語 )

由wikipedia VI提供

Taxus canadensis là một loài thực vật hạt trần trong họ Taxaceae. Loài này được Marshall mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1785.

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Тис канадский ( 俄語 )

由wikipedia русскую Википедию提供
Царство: Растения
Подцарство: Зелёные растения
Отдел: Хвойные
Класс: Хвойные
Порядок: Сосновые
Семейство: Тисовые
Род: Тис
Вид: Тис канадский
Международное научное название

Taxus canadensis Marshall

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ITIS 194885NCBI 88032EOL 1033701IPNI 828354-1TPL kew-2521219

Тис канадский (лат. Táxus canadensis) — вид кустарников рода Тис из семейства Тисовые (Taxaceae).

Распространён в центральной и восточной части Северной Америки от Ньюфаундленда до Нью-Джерси, Манитобы и Айовы. Произрастает в болотистых лесах, оврагах, по берегам рек и озёр.

Биологическое описание

Вечнозелёный однодомный кустарник, иногда низкое дерево до 1-2,5 м высотой.

Кора буроватая. Хвоя длиной 1,0-2,5 см и шириной около 2 мм, желтовато-зелёная сверху, плоская, слегка изогнутая, с острым концом. Плоды ягодоподобные, шаровидные. Растёт относительно медленно, морозостоек.

Древесина, кора и листья тиса содержат алкалоид таксин и потому ядовиты для человека и многих других животных.

Примечания

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Тис канадский: Brief Summary ( 俄語 )

由wikipedia русскую Википедию提供

Тис канадский (лат. Táxus canadensis) — вид кустарников рода Тис из семейства Тисовые (Taxaceae).

Распространён в центральной и восточной части Северной Америки от Ньюфаундленда до Нью-Джерси, Манитобы и Айовы. Произрастает в болотистых лесах, оврагах, по берегам рек и озёр.

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