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Monilinia fructigena Honey 1945

Associations ( 英語 )

由BioImages, the virtual fieldguide, UK提供
Foodplant / saprobe
long-stalked apothecium of Monilinia fructigena is saprobic on overwintered, mummified fruit of Malus

In Great Britain and/or Ireland:
Foodplant / pathogen
pseudosclerotial stroma of Monilinia fructigena infects and damages live, brown-rotten fruit of Malus domestica

Foodplant / pathogen
Monilinia fructigena infects and damages live, brown-rotten fruit of Pyrus communis sens. str.

Foodplant / pathogen
Monilinia fructigena infects and damages live, brown-rotten fruit of Prunus amygdalus

Foodplant / pathogen
Monilinia fructigena infects and damages live, brown-rotten fruit of Cydonia oblonga

Foodplant / pathogen
Monilinia fructigena infects and damages live nut of Corylus avellana

Fungus / infection vector
Monilinia fructigena is spread by Curculio nucum

Foodplant / pathogen
Monilinia fructigena infects and damages live, brown-rotten fruit of Prunus avium cv

Foodplant / pathogen
Monilinia fructigena infects and damages live, brown-rotten fruit of Prunus domestica ssp. domestica

Foodplant / pathogen
Monilinia fructigena infects and damages live, brown-rotten fruit of Prunus persica

Foodplant / pathogen
Monilinia fructigena infects and damages live, brown-rotten fruit of Prunus persica var nectarina

Foodplant / pathogen
Monilinia fructigena infects and damages live, brown-rotten fruit of Prunus armeniaca

Foodplant / pathogen
Monilinia fructigena infects and damages live, brown-rotten fruit of Mespilus germanica

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Sclerotinia fructigena ( 加泰隆語 )

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La Sclerotinia fructigena o Monilinia fructigena és un fong paràsit dels fruiters que ataca les pomàcies i les drupàcies, sobretot afecta les branquetes i els fruits a diferència de la Sclerotinia cinerea, difícilment ataca les fulles. La forma conídica és la Monilia fructigena.

Símptomes

Sobre els branquillons provoca xancres amb emissió d'exsudat gomós. Sobre el fruit es desenvolupa una taca bruna qu es desenvolupa com un cercle marró i de color avellan format per les fructificacions dels conidis. El fruit queda "momificat" (perd l'estructura de la seva polpa i de la seva pèla) i roman enganxat a l'arbre o cau a terra.

Lluita

Es fa amb fungicides anticriptogàmics i traient (enterrant o cremant) els fruits atacats especialment quan estan momificats.

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Sclerotinia fructigena: Brief Summary ( 加泰隆語 )

由wikipedia CA提供

La Sclerotinia fructigena o Monilinia fructigena és un fong paràsit dels fruiters que ataca les pomàcies i les drupàcies, sobretot afecta les branquetes i els fruits a diferència de la Sclerotinia cinerea, difícilment ataca les fulles. La forma conídica és la Monilia fructigena.

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Monilinia fructigena ( 英語 )

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Monilinia fructigena is a plant pathogen in the fungus kingdom causing a fruit rot of apples, pears, plums, peaches and cherries.

Classification

Three Monilinia species cause brown rot of fruit (Monilinia laxa, Monilinia fructicola, Monilinia fructigena); Monilinia fructigena is found most commonly to cause brown rot in fruits of the Pome family and Rosaceae family.[1] The genus Monilinia could be viewed as divided into two sections, Disjunctoriae and Junctoriae; M. fructigena belongs to Junctoriae. These ‘sections’ are the resulting attempt to further differentiate Monilinia into two separate classifications based on morphology, the specialization of the pathogens’ hosts, and the biological process of infection. Belonging to the section Junctoriae entails possessing no disjunctor cells in between the mature spores contained in the conidial chains.[2] Differentiation in the laboratory of the three main Monilinia species can be quite difficult. In a report by De Cal and Melgarejo, it was demonstrated that the species can be differentiated through altering the light exposure to a long-wave UV light and dark cycle. Monilinia fructigena and Monilinia fructicola can be recognized from Monilinia laxa in this experiment, as M. laxa possesses a noticeably short distance from the conidia to the first germ tube branch. Furthermore, M. fructigena and M. fructicola can be individually distinguishable through measuring the maximum diametric growth rate of the culture. The maximum growth rate of M. fructigena was just 8 mm/2 days, whilst M. fructicola expanded its diameter by 20 mm after two days.[3] Conidia produced by Monilinia fructigena are noted to be dry spores, and are not discharged, but pulled away on currents of wind.[4] The conidiophores are short and unspecialized, and perform as a means to elevate the spore chains above infected tissues to provide better exposure to air currents. Except for the occasion of a desiccated infected fruit falling to the ground, peduncles and fruits carrying the pathogen are in the perfect place for further dispersal of airborne spores—in a tree, of course. Infection of fruits by M. fructigena can take place during all periods of development, from the fruitlet to the mature fruit.

Hosts and symptoms

When infection occurs during or shortly after pollination, asymptomatic growth of the pathogen allows the fruit to mature normally. However, as the fruit ripens, small circular brown spots begin developing and quickly rotting on the flesh's surface; given plenty of moisture, conidial pustules develop on the infected areas. On mature infected fruits, brown rot spreads quickly throughout the fruit as a brown decay of the flesh. In areas/climates with high relative humidity, conidial tufts appear at the surface of the fruit; when RH is low, the fruit simply desiccates. Fruit rot caused by the brown rot pathogen Monilinia fructigena is a notorious ailment found in Malus domestica—the apple tree—with the fungus occasionally spreading from the infected fruit to the branches, causing cankering. With apple infections, a varying symptom can occur within the fruits, causing what is commonly known as “black apple”. This symptom entails the color of the rot changing from brown to a deep shade of black. The apple skin remains shiny and unbroken, and shrinkage of the actual tissue does not occur until later in development, where it often rots quickly in storage. Fruit rot is commonly found on apples, pears, and plums, but is less often found within peaches, nectarines, or apricots.[5]

Disease cycle

Within the short span of several days, the entire ripe fruit is rotten and rife with conidial tufts and/or vegetative growth of mycelium. When relative humidity surrounding the fruit is low, conidial tufts and mycelium do not develop. After dropping in a mummified form to the ground, the pathogen overwinters, eventually sending up apothecia to produce the wind-carried ascospores that arrive on new plant tissues. Fallen infected tissues that possess sufficient moisture to undergo the sporulation process often provide a source of secondary inoculation. Under the right conditions, mycelial growth takes place, forming a hardened sclerotia sphere-shape around the core or seed of the fruit. As this mycelial/stroma growth is taking place, the outside of the fruit rots away. The resulting germination utilizes a third type of spore called a “microconidia” that acts as a spermatia in sexual reproduction. Roberts and Dunegan postulated that the means of aerial distribution of conidia resulted in widespread transportation to new hosts, while rain performs well as a means of washing the conidia into more favorable conditions. Conidia are not the only primary way Monilinia fructigena has been observed to be propagated in nature. There are numerous insects, such as wasps, beetles, flies, and butterflies that have been recognized as vectors of Monilinia spp. Birds wounding the tree or its fruits have been identified as possible wound-causing agents that allow the fungus to enter the host.[6]

Environment and management

In a study conducted over a period of four years by Holb and Scherm (2007), it was reasonably concluded that the use of integrated management along with inorganic insecticides attributed a lower infection rate (6.4%) than plots using just organic insecticides (20.1%).[7] With Monilinia fructigena, it is important to note that primary infection of the pathogen occurs through wounds; vector control may be a more logical route of attempting to control the fungus.[8] It was also found that certain fungicides—namely pyraclostrobin and boscalid—applied after spring bloom were effective against Monilinia fructigena as a means of combating primary infection.[9] Conidia produced by Monilinia fructigena are also spread by the wind in times of high temperatures and low relative humidity; conidia can also be spread by rain drops. When spores are spread by rain dislodging the conidia, the added water also provides a supply of moisture for germination and mycelial development.[10]

Photographs

References

  1. ^ Kimbrough, James W.; Batra, Lekh R. (March 1992). "World Species of Monilinia (Fungi): Their Ecology, Biosystematics and Control". Mycologia. 84 (2): 268. doi:10.2307/3760263. ISSN 0027-5514. JSTOR 3760263.
  2. ^ Francesco, Alessandra Di; Mari, Marta (2018-02-09). "Monilinia species of fruit decay: a comparison between biological and epidemiological data". Italian Journal of Mycology. 47: 13–23. doi:10.6092/issn.2531-7342/7817. ISSN 2531-7342.
  3. ^ Cal, A. De; Melgarejo, P. (January 1999). "Effects of Long-Wave UV Light on Monilinia Growth and Identification of Species". Plant Disease. 83 (1): 62–65. doi:10.1094/pdis.1999.83.1.62. ISSN 0191-2917. PMID 30845443.
  4. ^ Hirst, J.M. (December 1953). "Changes in atmospheric spore content: Diurnal periodicity and the effects of weather". Transactions of the British Mycological Society. 36 (4): 375–IN8. doi:10.1016/s0007-1536(53)80034-3. ISSN 0007-1536.
  5. ^ Byrde, R.J.W.; Willetts, H.J. (1977), "PREFACE", The Brown Rot Fungi of Fruit, Elsevier, pp. xi, doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-019740-1.50005-8, ISBN 978-0-08-019740-1, retrieved 2020-11-30
  6. ^ "CAB Direct". www.cabdirect.org. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
  7. ^ Holb, I. J.; Scherm, H. (January 2008). "Quantitative Relationships Between Different Injury Factors and Development of Brown Rot Caused by Monilinia fructigena in Integrated and Organic Apple Orchards". Phytopathology. 98 (1): 79–86. doi:10.1094/phyto-98-1-0079. ISSN 0031-949X. PMID 18943241.
  8. ^ Xu, X.-M.; Robinson, J.D. (April 2000). "Epidemiology of brown rot (Monilinia fructigena) on apple: infection of fruits by conidia". Plant Pathology. 49 (2): 201–206. doi:10.1046/j.1365-3059.2000.00437.x. ISSN 0032-0862. S2CID 85158855.
  9. ^ Spiegel, J.; Stammler, G. (October 2006). "Baseline sensitivity of Monilinia laxa and M. fructigena to pyraclostrobin and boscalid". Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection. 113 (5): 199–206. doi:10.1007/bf03356181. ISSN 1861-3829. S2CID 82968164.
  10. ^ Jarvis, W.R. (December 1962). "The dispersal of spores of Botrytis cinerea fr. in a raspberry plantation". Transactions of the British Mycological Society. 45 (4): 549–559. doi:10.1016/s0007-1536(62)80015-1. ISSN 0007-1536.
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Monilinia fructigena: Brief Summary ( 英語 )

由wikipedia EN提供

Monilinia fructigena is a plant pathogen in the fungus kingdom causing a fruit rot of apples, pears, plums, peaches and cherries.

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Monilinia fructigena ( 法語 )

由wikipedia FR提供

Monilinia fructigena est une espèce de champignons ascomycètes de la famille des Sclerotiniaceae. Le stade anamorphe de cette espèce est Monilia fructigena. Ce champignon est l'un des agents responsables d'une maladie cryptogamique, la Moniliose des arbres fruitiers.

Synonymes

Selon Catalogue of Life (21 septembre 2014)[1]

  • Acrosporium fructigenum (Pers.) Pers. 1822,
  • Monilia fructigena (Pers.) Pers. 1801,
  • Monilia fructigena Schumach. 1803,
  • Oidium fructigenum (Pers.) Fr. 1832,
  • Sclerotinia fructigena (J. Schröt.) Norton 1902,
  • Sclerotinia fructigena (Pers.) J. Schröt. 1893,
  • Sclerotinia fructigena Aderh. 1905,
  • Stromatinia fructigena (J. Schröt.) Boud. 1907,
  • Torula fructigena Pers. 1794.

Distribution

L'aire de répartition de Molinilia fructigena comprend l'ensemble de l'Europe, y compris la Scandinavie et la Russie, ainsi que le Moyen-Orient, l'Afrique du Nord et l'Inde[2].

Ce champignon a également été signalé aux États-Unis en 1979 dans un verger de poiriers du Maryland, mais cette infection localisée a été depuis éradiquée. Un autre signalement au Japon a été reconnu erroné et réattribué à l'espèce voisine, Monilia polystroma (anamorphe)[2],[3].

De nombreux pays, en particulier les États-Unis, le Canada, l'Australie et la Nouvelle-Zélande, on placé cet organisme nuisible en quarantaine. Le risque d'introduction est lié surtout au commerce international des fruits, mais l'introduction par les particuliers d'arbres ou de scions, qui peuvent avoir des rameaux infectés, présente un risque important de contamination directe des vergers[4].

Plantes-hôtes

La gamme des plantes hôtes de Molinilia fructigena comprend la plupart des espèces de la famille des Rosaceae, mais les hôtes principaux sont d'abord les arbres fruitiers à noyau ou à pépins. Les principales cultures commerciales concernées sont les abricotiers (Prunus armeniaca), cerisiers [Prunus], cognassiers (Cydonia oblonga), poiriers (Pyrus communis), pommiers (Malus domestica), pêchers et nectariniers (Prunus persica), pruniers (Prunus domestica).

De nombreuses autres espèces de plantes peuvent aussi être attaquées, par exemple le fraisier, le rosier, la tomate, le piment, la vigne, le rhododendron, le goyavier, le figuier, etc. Certains hôtes sauvages peuvent servir de réservoir d'inoculum s'ils croissent à proximité des vergers[2].

Notes et références

  1. a et b Bánki, O., Roskov, Y., Vandepitte, L., DeWalt, R. E., Remsen, D., Schalk, P., Orrell, T., Keping, M., Miller, J., Aalbu, R., Adlard, R., Adriaenssens, E., Aedo, C., Aescht, E., Akkari, N., Alonso-Zarazaga, M. A., Alvarez, B., Alvarez, F., Anderson, G., et al. (2021). Catalogue of Life Checklist (Version 2021-10-18). Catalogue of Life. https://doi.org/10.48580/d4t2, consulté le 21 septembre 2014
  2. a b et c (en) « Monilinia fructigena », CABI (consulté le 21 septembre 2014).
  3. (en) Gerard C. M. van Leeuwen, Robert P. Baayen, Imre J. Holb et Michael J. Jeger, « Distinction of the Asiatic brown rot fungus Monilia polystroma sp. nov. from M. fructigena », Mycological Research, vol. 106, no 4,‎ avril 2002, p. 444-451 (DOI , résumé).
  4. (en) « Asian/European brown rot of rosaceae - Monilinia fructigena », Agricultural Research Service, USDA (consulté le 21 septembre 2014).

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Monilinia fructigena: Brief Summary ( 法語 )

由wikipedia FR提供

Monilinia fructigena est une espèce de champignons ascomycètes de la famille des Sclerotiniaceae. Le stade anamorphe de cette espèce est Monilia fructigena. Ce champignon est l'un des agents responsables d'une maladie cryptogamique, la Moniliose des arbres fruitiers.

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Monilinia fructigena ( 義大利語 )

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La Monilinia fructigena o Sclerotinia fructigena è un Ascomicete parassita degli alberi da frutto che attacca prevalentemente le pomacee, e meno frequentemente le drupacee, più frequentemente colpite da M.laxa. Colpisce quasi esclusivamente i frutti: a differenza di Monilinia laxa infatti, colpisce difficilmente le foglie e i rami. La forma ascofora teleomorfa Monilinia, i cui corpi fruttiferi sono rappresentati da apoteci, è da considerarsi molto rara, pertanto le infezioni primarie avvengono generalmente per via conidica e sono da imputarsi alla sporulazione agamica primaverile su ammassi stromatici ben adesi alla superficie delle mummie.

Sintomi

Sui frutti, a partire dal punto di entrata del patogeno, si sviluppa un marciume deliquescente di colore bruno, sul quale successivamente si sviluppano le sporulazioni conidiche tipicamente disposte in circoli concentrici, riconoscibili da quelle grigie di Monilia laxa per il colore ocraceo. Il frutto colpito tende a disidratarsi e, con il passare del tempo, a mummificarsi; il frutto mummificato generalmente permane sui rami anche dopo la filloptosi autunnale.

La patologia, pur presentando un quadro sintomatologico diverso (i frutti si presentano anneriti e le sporulazioni sono alquanto rare), può manifestarsi anche durante il periodo di immagazzinamento dei frutti.

Lotta

Sono da prevedere trattamenti a base di fungicidi sistemici durante il periodo estivo; i trattamenti contro la Ticchiolatura possono avere un effetto inibente verso lo sviluppo della malattia ma, nel caso in cui si assista ad una vera e propria epidemia, potrebbero mostrarsi insufficienti. Inoltre è consigliabile, laddove sia possibile ed economicamente sostenibile, la rimozione e l'interramento dei frutti mummificati al fine di ridurre l'inoculo presente.

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Monilinia fructigena: Brief Summary ( 義大利語 )

由wikipedia IT提供

La Monilinia fructigena o Sclerotinia fructigena è un Ascomicete parassita degli alberi da frutto che attacca prevalentemente le pomacee, e meno frequentemente le drupacee, più frequentemente colpite da M.laxa. Colpisce quasi esclusivamente i frutti: a differenza di Monilinia laxa infatti, colpisce difficilmente le foglie e i rami. La forma ascofora teleomorfa Monilinia, i cui corpi fruttiferi sono rappresentati da apoteci, è da considerarsi molto rara, pertanto le infezioni primarie avvengono generalmente per via conidica e sono da imputarsi alla sporulazione agamica primaverile su ammassi stromatici ben adesi alla superficie delle mummie.

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Appelrotkelkje ( 荷蘭、佛萊明語 )

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Het appelrotkelkje (Sclerotinia fructigena) is een zwam uit de familie van de Sclerotiniaceae. De soort parasiteert op vruchten zoals de appel en de peer. De Species Fungorum database gebruikt echter Monilinia fructicola (G. Winter) Honey 1928 als geldige naam.

Kenmerken

De soort is minder dan 1 centimeter lang waardoor niet alle kenmerken met het blote oog waargenomen kunnen worden. De soort heeft een vruchtlichaam dat lang gesteeld is en een diameter van tussen de 3 en 6 millimeter heeft. De binnenkant van het vruchtlichaam heeft een gladde textuur en is grijs tot geelbruin gekleurd en de buitenkant van het vruchtlichaam heeft tevens een grijs tot geelbruine kleur. De steel heeft een geelbruine kleur.

Synoniemen

  • Ciboria fructicola G. Winter 1883
  • Monilia fructicola L.R. Batra 1991
  • Sclerotinia americana Norton & Ezekiel 1924
  • Sclerotinia cinerea
  • Sclerotinia fructicola (G. Winter) Rehm 1906
Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
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Appelrotkelkje: Brief Summary ( 荷蘭、佛萊明語 )

由wikipedia NL提供

Het appelrotkelkje (Sclerotinia fructigena) is een zwam uit de familie van de Sclerotiniaceae. De soort parasiteert op vruchten zoals de appel en de peer. De Species Fungorum database gebruikt echter Monilinia fructicola (G. Winter) Honey 1928 als geldige naam.

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Paciornica owocowa ( 波蘭語 )

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 src=
Mumia jabłka zaatakowanego przez moniliozę

Paciornica owocowa (Monilinia fructigena Honey) – gatunek grzybów z rodziny twardnicowatych (Sclerotiniaceae)[1].

Systematyka i nazewnictwo

Pozycja w klasyfikacji według Index Fungorum: Monilinia, Sclerotiniaceae, Helotiales, Leotiomycetidae, Leotiomycetes, Pezizomycotina, Ascomycota, Fungi [1].

Synonimy[2]:

  • Acrosporium fructigenum (Pers.) Pers. 1822
  • Monilia fructigena (Pers.) Pers. 1801
  • Monilia fructigena (Pers.) Pers. 1801 var. fructigena
  • Oidium fructigenum (Pers.) Fr. 1832
  • Sclerotinia fructigena (Pers.) J. Schröt. 1893
  • Stromatinia fructigena (Pers.) Boud. 1907
  • Torula fructigena Pers. 1795

Nazwa polska według M.A. Chmiel[3].

Rozmnażanie

Przezimowuje w pseudosklerocjach na porażonych pędach rośliny oraz w mumiach owoców. Wiosną tworzą się na nich sporodochia; na owocach częściej niż na pędach. W sporodochiach wytwarzane są bezpłciowo duże ilości zarodników konidialnych. Mają elipsoidalny kształt, są bezbarwne, jednokomórkowe, o rozmiarach 12–34 × 9–15 μm. W ciągu lata powstaje ich wiele generacji. Konidia te dokonują infekcji pierwotnej na owocach i pędach roślin. Do owoców wnikają przez uszkodzenia skórki oraz przez przetchlinki, do pędów przez uszkodzenia spowodowane np. przez owady. Na zaatakowanych pędach i owocach z konidiów rozwija się grzybnia. Ta na owocach znów wytwarza sporodochia, a w nich konidia, które dokonują infekcji wtórnej[4].

Rozmnażanie płciowe występuje rzadko i nie odgrywa większej roli w szerzeniu się choroby. Na mumiach, które przynajmniej dwukrotnie przetrwały zimę pojawiają się na krótkim trzonku owocniki typu apotecjum. Mają miseczkowaty kształt i średnicę 4-12 mm. Powstają w nich jednokomórkowe, jajowate askospory o rozmiarach 5–7 × 9–12 μm[4].

Znaczenie

Roślina pasożytnicza powodująca duże szkody w sadach. Atakuje głównie jabłonie i grusze, powodując chorobę zwaną brunatną zgnilizną drzew ziarnkowych. Objawy pojawiają się głównie na owocach, ale w czasie dużej wilgotności powietrza (długotrwałe deszcze) następuje porażenie także kwiatów, pędów i gałęzi. Porażone pędy i gałęzie zamierają[4]. M. fructigena atakuje także ponad 40 innych gatunków roślin. Ważniejsze z nich to: morela, czereśnia, wiśnia, śliwa, brzoskwinia[5]. Na roślinach tych wywołuje chorobę zwaną brunatną zgnilizną drzew pestkowych (chorobę tę wywołuje także inny gatunek – paciornica pestkowcowa Monilinia laxa)[4].

Gatunki podobne

Trudna do odróżnienia jest paciornica pestkowcowa (Monilia laxa), która również wywołuje brunatną zgniliznę drzew owocowych. Choroba wywołana przez Monilina laxa najostrzejszy przebieg ma na wiśniach, ale grzyb ten atakuje także śliwy, czereśnie, morele i inne. Najłatwiej gatunki te odróżnić po roślinie, na której występują, objawach jakie wywołują i sposobie rozwoju choroby. W praktyce sadowniczej rozróżnienie tych gatunków nie jest jednak konieczne, gdyż metody ich zwalczania są identyczne[4]. Bardzo podobne morfologicznie są także Monilinia polystroma i Monilinia yunnanensis. Ich odróżnienie jest trudne i często daje niejednoznaczny wynik. Mikroskopowo gatunki te różnią się nieznacznie budową zarodników, średnicą i długością strzępek. Central Science Laboratories (CSL), York w Wielkiej Brytanii opracowało molekularne metody ich rozróżnienia[6].

Przypisy

  1. a b Index Fungorum (ang.). [dostęp 2016-05-29].
  2. Species Fungorum (ang.). [dostęp 2013-11-12].
  3. Maria Alicja Chmiel: Checklist of Polish Larger Ascomycetes. Krytyczna lista wielkoowocnikowych grzybów workowych Polski. Kraków: W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, 2006. ISBN 978-83-89648-46-4.
  4. a b c d e Marek Grabowski: Choroby drzew owocowych. Kraków: Wyd. Plantpress, 1999. ISBN 83-85982-28-0.
  5. The methods in this protocol are being updated to incorporate new tests developed to separate M. fructigena from recently described species.. [dostęp 2015-05-29].
  6. The methods in this protocol are being updated to incorporate new tests developed to separate M. fructigena from recently described species.. [dostęp 2015-05-29].
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Paciornica owocowa: Brief Summary ( 波蘭語 )

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 src= Mumia jabłka zaatakowanego przez moniliozę

Paciornica owocowa (Monilinia fructigena Honey) – gatunek grzybów z rodziny twardnicowatych (Sclerotiniaceae).

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