Thelephora palmata (commonly known as the stinking earthfan or the fetid false coral) is a species of clavarioid fungus in the family Thelephoraceae. The fruit bodies are leathery and coral-like, with branches that are narrow at the base before widening out like a fan and splitting into numerous flattened prongs. The wedge-like tips are whitish when young, but darken as the fungus matures. The common names of the fungus refers to its pungent odor, likened to fetid garlic. A widely distributed but uncommon species, it is found in Asia, Australia, Europe, North America, and South America, where it fruits on the ground in both coniferous and mixed forest.
The species was first described in 1772 by Italian naturalist Giovanni Antonio Scopoli, as Clavaria palmata.[2] Elias Fries transferred it to the genus Thelephora in 1821.[3] The species has several synonyms, resulting from several generic transfers in its taxonomic history, including Ramaria by Johan Theodor Holmskjold in 1790,[4] Merisma by Christian Hendrik Persoon in 1822,[5] and Phylacteria by Narcisse Théophile Patouillard in 1887.[6] Other historical synonyms are Merisma foetidum, published by Christian Hendrik Persoon in 1797,[7] and Pier Andrea Saccardo's 1888 Clavaria schaefferi.[8] Persoon also published a species with the name Thelephora palmata in 1822, but because the name was already in use, it is an illegitimate homonym; this species is now known as Thelephora anthocephala.[9]
Despite its coral-like appearance, Thelephora palmata is closely related to some fungi with a distinctly bracket-like appearance, such as T. terrestris and T. caryophyllea.[10] The specific epithet palmata is derived from Latin, and means "having the shape of a hand".[11] It is known by the common names "stinking earthfan"[12] and "fetid false coral".[10] Samuel Frederick Gray called it the "stinking branch-ear" in his 1821 work A Natural Arrangement of British Plants.[13]
Perhaps one of the most fetid of fungi is Thelephora palmata. Some specimens were on one occasion taken by Mr. Berkeley into his bedroom at Aboyne, when, after an hour or two, he was horrified at finding the scent far worse than that of any dissecting room. He was anxious to save the specimens, but the scent was so powerful that it was quite intolerable till he had wrapped them in twelve thick folds of the strongest brown paper. Mordecai Cubitt Cooke, 1888[14]
The fruit body of T. palmata is a coral-like tuft that is repeatedly branched from a central stalk, reaching dimensions of 3.5–6.5 cm (1+3⁄8–2+1⁄2 in) tall. The branches of the fruit body end in spoon- to fan-shaped tips that are frequently fringed or grooved. The branches of the fruit body are initially whitish in color, but gradually turn gray to lilac-brown in maturity; the tips, however, remain whitish,[15] or paler than the lower parts.[16] The flesh is tough and leathery.[17] The hymenium (fertile, spore-bearing tissue) is amphigenous, that is, it occurs on all surfaces of the fruit body.[11]
The odor of the fruit body is quite unpleasant, resembling fetid garlic,[17] "old cabbage water", or "overripe cheese".[10] It has been called "a candidate for stinkiest fungus in the forest".[16] The unpleasant odor intensifies after drying.[18] Fruit bodies are not edible.[10]
In deposit, the spores are purple-brown to brown.[10][18] Viewed with a microscopic, the spores appear purple, angular with lobes, and warted, with fine spines measuring 0.5–1.5 µm long; the overall dimensions of the elliptic spores are 8–12 by 7–9 µm. They contain one or two oil drops. The basidia (spore-bearing cells) measure 70–100 by 9–12 µm, and have sterigmata that are 2–4 µm thick by 7–12 µm long.[19] The flesh stains deep blue when a drop of potassium hydroxide solution is applied.[15] The fungus contains the pigment thelephoric acid.[20]
Thelephora anthocephala is somewhat similar in appearance, but can be distinguished by branches that taper upward, branch tips that are flattened (instead of spoon-like), and the lack of a fetid odor.[18] The North American species T. vialis has smaller spores and a more variable color.[17] Darker Ramaria species are distinguished by their non-leathery flesh texture and pointy branch tips.[10]
Thelephora palmata is an ectomycorrhizal species, forming mutualistic associations with conifers.[10] Fruit bodies grow singly, scattered, or in groups on the ground in both coniferous and mixed forest[18] and grassy fields.[21] A preference has been noted for moist ground, and locations along woodland paths.[17] An uncommon species,[11] fruit bodies can be difficult to see because they blend well into their surroundings.[17]
The species is found in Asia (including China,[22] Iran,[23] Japan,[24] Siberia[25] Turkey,[26] and Vietnam[27]), Europe, North America,[16] and South America (Brazil[28] and Colombia[29]). It has also been recorded from Australia[30] and Fiji.[31] Fruit bodies are consumed by the springtail species Ceratophysella denisana.[32]
Fruit bodies of Thelephora palmata can be used for mushroom dyeing.[33] Depending on the mordant used, colors ranging from blackish brown to dark grayish green to greenish brown can be obtained from the dyeing process; without a mordant, a light-brown color is produced.[18]
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) Thelephora palmata (commonly known as the stinking earthfan or the fetid false coral) is a species of clavarioid fungus in the family Thelephoraceae. The fruit bodies are leathery and coral-like, with branches that are narrow at the base before widening out like a fan and splitting into numerous flattened prongs. The wedge-like tips are whitish when young, but darken as the fungus matures. The common names of the fungus refers to its pungent odor, likened to fetid garlic. A widely distributed but uncommon species, it is found in Asia, Australia, Europe, North America, and South America, where it fruits on the ground in both coniferous and mixed forest.
Löyhkäsilokka (Thelephora palmata) on pensasmainen, haarakkaita muistuttava sieni, joka kuuluu silokoiden (Thelephora) sukuun. Itiöemä on 2–6 cm korkea, purppuran- taikka ruskeanharmaa. Kärjet ovat lähes valkoiset ja litteät. Malto on harmaata, sitkeää. Sienessä on voimakas ja erittäin vastenmielinen haju. Siinä voidaan tuntea valkosipulin, pilaantuvan kaalin ja jalkahien lemua.
Sieni kasvaa syys–lokakuun aikana havumetsissä. [1]
Todella pahasta hajustansa huolimatta sientä voidaan käyttää värjäykseen. Siitä saadaan sinertäviä sävyjä.[2]
Löyhkäsilokka (Thelephora palmata) on pensasmainen, haarakkaita muistuttava sieni, joka kuuluu silokoiden (Thelephora) sukuun. Itiöemä on 2–6 cm korkea, purppuran- taikka ruskeanharmaa. Kärjet ovat lähes valkoiset ja litteät. Malto on harmaata, sitkeää. Sienessä on voimakas ja erittäin vastenmielinen haju. Siinä voidaan tuntea valkosipulin, pilaantuvan kaalin ja jalkahien lemua.
Sieni kasvaa syys–lokakuun aikana havumetsissä.
Todella pahasta hajustansa huolimatta sientä voidaan käyttää värjäykseen. Siitä saadaan sinertäviä sävyjä.
Thelephora palmata (Scop.) Fr., 1821 è un fungo appartenente alla famiglia Thelephoraceae.[1][2] Cresce in autunno[3].
Può raggiungere i 10 cm di altezza[3].
Non commestibile, con odore molto sgradevole e carne di consistenza legnosa[3].
Thelephora palmata (Scop.) Fr., 1821 è un fungo appartenente alla famiglia Thelephoraceae. Cresce in autunno.
Costo capìtol a l'é mach në sbòss. Da finì.
A chërs an sla tèra dij bòsch ëd conìfere, soens an longhe file.
A venta mai mangé un bolè trovà se un a l'é nen un bon conossidor dij bolè!
As peul nen mangesse.
Costo capìtol a l'é mach në sbòss. Da finì.
AmbientA chërs an sla tèra dij bòsch ëd conìfere, soens an longhe file.
Comestibilità A venta mai mangé un bolè trovà se un a l'é nen un bon conossidor dij bolè!
As peul nen mangesse.
Chropiatka cuchnąca (Thelephora palmata (Scop.) Fr.) – gatunek grzybów z rodziny chropiatkowatych[1].
Pozycja w klasyfikacji według Index Fungorum: Thelephora, Thelephoraceae, Thelephorales, Incertae sedis, Agaricomycetes, Agaricomycotina, Basidiomycota, Fungi[1].
Po raz pierwszy takson ten zdiagnozował w 1772 r. Scopoli nadając mu nazwę Clavaria palmata. Obecną, uznaną przez Index Fungorum nazwę nadał mu w 1821 r. Elias Fries, przenosząc go do rodzaju Thelephora[1]. Synonimy naukowe[2]:
Nazwę polską podali Barbara Gumińska i Władysław Wojewoda w 1968 r. W polskim piśmiennictwie mykologicznym gatunek ten opisywany był też pod nazwami chropiatka palmiasta i pleśniak gałęzisty[3]. y
Krzaczkowato rozgałęziony o wysokości do 10 cm, bez wyraźnego głównego trzonu. Gałązki gęste, o końcach spłaszczonych z ząbkami. Powierzchnia gładka o barwie ciemnobrązowawej, czekoladowobrązowej lub rdzawo-brązowej, często z fioletowym odcieniem. W młodości końce odcinków mają białawe zakończenia[4][5].
Czarnobrązowy, bardzo ścisły i łykowaty, o nieprzyjemnym zapachu czosnku lub zgniłej kapusty. Czasami jednak brak zapachu. Po wysuszeniu staje się kruchy[6][4].
Zarodniki brązowe, nieregularnie graniaste o rozmiarach 8-12 × 7-9 μm. Powierzchnia z krótkimi kolcami o rozmiarach 0,5-1,5 μm[5]. Podstawki o rozmiarach 70-100 × 9-12 μm i 2-4 sterygmach. Cystyd brak. Strzępki o szerokości 3-9 μm ze sprzążkami, często z wtórnymi przegrodami. W obłoczni strzępki zagęszczone, często na końcach odcinków strzępki są sterylne[5].
Chropiatka cuchnąca jest szeroko rozprzestrzeniona. Występuje w Ameryce Północnej i Środkowej, Europie, Azji i Australii[7]. W Polsce jest dość pospolita[6], ale znajduje się na czerwonych listach gatunków zagrożonych w Niemczech i Holandii[3].
Rośnie przeważnie grupami w lasach iglastych i mieszanych, wśród mchów i igliwia, zwłaszcza pod sosnami. Pojawia się od lipca do listopada[3].
Najbardziej podobna jest chropiatka kwiatowata (Thelephora anthocephala). Ma podobne, krzaczkowate owocniki, ale mniejsze, czasami przypominające koronę kwiatu. Nie wydzielają zapachu[4]. Występuje w lasach liściastych[3].
Chropiatka cuchnąca (Thelephora palmata (Scop.) Fr.) – gatunek grzybów z rodziny chropiatkowatych.
Busksvamp (Thelephora palmata) är en svampart[6] som först beskrevs av Giovanni Antonio Scopoli, och fick sitt nu gällande namn av Elias Fries 1821. Busksvamp ingår i släktet vårtöron, och familjen Thelephoraceae.[7][8][9] Arten är reproducerande i Sverige.[9] Inga underarter finns listade.[7]
Wikimedia Commons har media som rör Busksvamp.
Busksvamp (Thelephora palmata) är en svampart som först beskrevs av Giovanni Antonio Scopoli, och fick sitt nu gällande namn av Elias Fries 1821. Busksvamp ingår i släktet vårtöron, och familjen Thelephoraceae. Arten är reproducerande i Sverige. Inga underarter finns listade.
Ramaria palmata je grzib[3], co go nojprzōd ôpisoł Christiaan Hendrik Persoon, a terŏźnõ nazwã doł mu Donk 1933. Ramaria palmata nŏleży do zorty Ramaria i familije Gomphaceae.[4][5] Żŏdne podgatōnki niy sōm wymianowane we Catalogue of Life.[4]
Ramaria palmata je grzib, co go nojprzōd ôpisoł Christiaan Hendrik Persoon, a terŏźnõ nazwã doł mu Donk 1933. Ramaria palmata nŏleży do zorty Ramaria i familije Gomphaceae. Żŏdne podgatōnki niy sōm wymianowane we Catalogue of Life.
Thelephora palmata (tên tiếng Anh là stinking earthfan và fetid false coral) là một loài nấm trong họ Thelephoraceae. Chúng là loài phân bố rộng nhưng không phổ biến, nó sống ở cả châu Á, châu Úc, châu Âu, Bắc Mỹ, và Nam Mỹ, nó mọc tại rừng lá kim và rừng hỗn giao.
Loài này được mô tả lần đầu năm 1772 bởi nhà tự nhiên học người Ý Giovanni Antonio Scopoli, dưới tên Clavaria palmata.[2] Elias Fries chuyển nó sang chi Thelephora năm 1821.[3] T. palmata từng bị chuyển sang nhiều chi khác nhau trong lịch sử phân loại, gồm Ramaria bởi Johan Theodor Holmskjold năm 1790,[4] Merisma bởi Christian Hendrik Persoon năm 1822,[5] và Phylacteria bởi Narcisse Théophile Patouillard năm 1887.[6] Một vài danh pháp đồng nghĩa là Merisma foetidum, bởi Christian Hendrik Persoon năm 1797,[7] và Clavaria schaefferi của Pier Andrea Saccardo năm 1888.[8] Persoon cũng từng công bố tên Thelephora palmata năm 1822, nhưng tên này đã được dùng trước đó, loài "Thelephora palmata" đó hiện nay có tên Thelephora anthocephala.[9]
T. palmata có họ hàng gần với các loài T. terrestris và T. caryophyllea.[10] Tên loài (palmata) xuất phát từ tiếng Latin, và nghĩa là "có dạng một bàn tay".[11] Tên thông thường của nó trong tiếng Anh là "stinking earthfan"[12] và "fetid false coral".[10] Samuel Frederick Gray gọi nó là "stinking branch-ear" trong tác phẩm A Natural Arrangement of British Plants (1821).[13]
Loài này sống ở châu Á (gồm Trung Quốc,[14] Iran,[15] Nhật Bản,[16] Siberia,[17] Thổ Nhỉ Kỳ,[18] và Việt Nam[19]), châu Âu, Bắc Mỹ,[20] và Nam Mỹ (Brazil[21] và Colombia[22]). Nó cũng được ghi nhận ở Úc[23] và Fiji.[24] Ceratophysella denisana ăn quả thể loài nấm này.[25]
Thelephora palmata (tên tiếng Anh là stinking earthfan và fetid false coral) là một loài nấm trong họ Thelephoraceae. Chúng là loài phân bố rộng nhưng không phổ biến, nó sống ở cả châu Á, châu Úc, châu Âu, Bắc Mỹ, và Nam Mỹ, nó mọc tại rừng lá kim và rừng hỗn giao.
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