Biology
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İngilizce
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Pitcher plants are dioecious, meaning that male and female flowers grow on separate plants (4), and only begin to flower once the upper pitchers are produced (6). The flowers produce large amounts of nectar during the early evening and night, which evaporates by the morning. This nectar attracts flies during the early evening and moths at night to aid pollination. Once fertilised fruits usually take about three months to develop and ripen. Fruits of Nepenthes species usually contain between 100 and 500 very light, winged seeds, which can measure up to 30 millimetres long and are thought to be dispersed by the wind (4) (6). Despite enormous numbers of seeds being produced, only a few manage to germinate and only a fraction of those survive to maturity (6).
Carnivorous pitcher plants are adapted to grow in soils low in nutrients. Although the plants do gain some nutrition through the soil, and energy through photosynthesis, they supplement this with a diet of invertebrates, usually consisting of ants, cockroaches, centipedes, flies and beetles. Insects are attracted to the pitchers by their bright colours and nectar, which is secreted by glands situated on the lid and the peristome of the pitcher. The insects fall into the acidic fluid at the base of the pitcher and, unable to escape, they drown. Digestive enzymes are then released to break down the captured prey (4).
Despite the hostile environment of the pitchers, they can be home to number of animals. The red crab spider (Misumenops nepenthicola) inhabits pitcher plants in Malaysia, Indonesia and Singapore. This spider ambushes insects that crawl into the pitcher, and preys upon other insects, such as mosquitoes, as they emerge from larvae that live in the pitcher fluid (6).
Conservation
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Although listed under Appendix II on the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) which limits the international export of this species (3), trade is very difficult to regulate. There is no requirement for internationally traded Nepenthes to be identified down to species level and plants simply labelled as Nepenthes accounted for 94 percent of all exported Nepenthes plants between 1988 and 1993. This needs to be remedied and urgent attention is required to close other trade loopholes (6). Nepenthes bongso tends to occur in remote or protected locations resulting in less collecting than some other Nepenthes species and is relatively easily cultivated helping to reduce the impact on wild populations (2).
Description
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İngilizce
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This spectacular carnivorous plant from Asia grows modified pitcher-shaped leaves, which hang from coiled tendrils, into which insects and other invertebrates fall (2) (4). Nepenthes bongso is a vine climbing to a height of about five metres, with tendrils reaching about 30 centimetres long and pitchers that grow up to 35 centimetres long (2). Nepenthes species usually have two or three different types of pitcher, generally known as upper and lower pitchers (4). These pitchers contain an acidic fluid, secreted by the many glands which cover the inside surface of the lower half of the pitcher (4). In Nepenthes bongso, the lower pitchers are spherical, while the upper pitchers are larger and trumpet shaped (2). The pitchers are green with red lines running down them and the flowers vary in colour from creamy green to red (5). The smooth and waxy upper inner surface of the pitcher makes it impossible for captive insects to gain a foothold (4), and a ridge of hardened tissue lining the mouth of the pitcher, the peristome, bears downward pointing teeth, also preventing insects from escaping. A lid overhanging the mouth of the pitcher prevents rain water from diluting the pitcher fluid (6).
Habitat
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Nepenthes bongso grows in lower montane forest and less commonly in upper montane forest. It is generally an epiphyte but sometimes grows along the ground (1).
Range
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Endemic to Central Sumatra, Indonesia (Mount Singgalang and Mount Talang), Nepenthes bongso grows at altitudes between 1,000 and 2,700 metres (1) (5).
Status
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Classified as Vulnerable (VU) on the IUCN Red List 2007 (1) and listed on Appendix II of CITES (3).
Threats
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Nepenthes species are threatened by a combination of over-collection and habitat loss (6). Montane forest only covers eight percent of Sumatra and the highly restricted range of Nepenthes bongso makes it particularly susceptible to the impacts of habitat disturbance or catastrophic environmental events such as drought and fire. In addition, highland plants, such as Nepenthes bongso, take longer to recover from any disturbance than lowland plants, as growth is slower (2) (6).
Nepenthes bongso
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Almanca
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wikipedia DE tarafından sağlandı
Nepenthes bongso ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung der Kannenpflanzen (Nepenthes). Diese fleischfressende Pflanze ist auf der Insel Sumatra heimisch.
Beschreibung
Nepenthes bongsa ist wie die meisten Nepenthes ein ausdauernder, kletternder Halbstrauch. Der Blattgrund (bei Kannenpflanzen oft als Blattspreite interpretiert) ist lanzettlich und lederartig. Die (mittelgroßen) Kannen werden bis zu 11 cm lang, mit zwei bewimperten Flügelleisten. Die dichtstehenden Lamellen der Kannenöffnung sind pomeranzengelb, die Kannen und der Deckel selbst sind grün bis kiwifarben.
Verbreitung und Lebensraum
Nepenthes bongso ist auf der zu Indonesien gehörenden Insel Sumatra heimisch. Sie wächst dort als Endemit im mittleren Teil des süd-westlich gelegenen Hochlandes in Höhenlagen zwischen 1000 und 2700 Meter.
Systematik
Sie wird den sogenannten Hochland-Nepenthes zugeordnet. Die Erstbeschreibung von Nepenthes bongso erfolgte 1839 durch Pieter Willem Korthals in seinem Werk Over het geslacht Nepenthes.
Naturhybriden
Folgende Naturhybriden von Nepenthes bongso sind bekannt und beschrieben:
Literatur
- Guido J. Braem: Fleischfressende Pflanzen. Arten und Kultur. Gattungen und Arten im Porträt, Freiland- und Zimmerkultur, Vermehrung. 2., durchgesehene Auflage. Augustus, München 2002, ISBN 3-8043-7249-X.
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Wilhelm Barthlott, Stefan Porembski, Rüdiger Seine, Inge Theisen: Karnivoren. Biologie und Kultur fleischfressender Pflanzen. Eugen Ulmer GmbH & Co., Stuttgart 2004, ISBN 3-8001-4144-2.
Weblinks
– Album mit Bildern, Videos und Audiodateien
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Nepenthes bongso: Brief Summary
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Almanca
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wikipedia DE tarafından sağlandı
Nepenthes bongso ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung der Kannenpflanzen (Nepenthes). Diese fleischfressende Pflanze ist auf der Insel Sumatra heimisch.
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Nepenthes bongso
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İngilizce
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wikipedia EN tarafından sağlandı
Nepenthes bongso /nɪˈpɛnθiːz ˈbɒŋsoʊ/ is a tropical pitcher plant endemic to Sumatra, where it has an altitudinal distribution of 1000–2700 m above sea level.[10][11] The specific epithet bongso refers to the Indonesian legend of Putri Bungsu (literally "youngest daughter"), the spirit guardian of Mount Marapi.[10]
The species was formally described by Pieter Willem Korthals in his 1839 monograph, "Over het geslacht Nepenthes".[2]
Nepenthes carunculata[note a] is considered a heterotypic synonym of N. bongso by most authorities.[8][9][10][12] The infraspecific taxon Nepenthes carunculata var. robusta was described in 1994 by Joachim Nerz and Andreas Wistuba.[13] It is an extreme variety of this taxon with a large, flared peristome.[13]
In his Carnivorous Plant Database, taxonomist Jan Schlauer treats N. junghuhnii (sensu Macfarlane) as a possible synonym of N. bongso.[14]
Related species
A typical lower pitcher of N. bongso
Lower pitchers (developing, open, and dried)
Lower pitchers of N. carunculata, which is often treated as a synonym
Natural hybrids
The following natural hybrids involving N. bongso have been recorded.
In his 1928 monograph "The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies", B. H. Danser mentioned what he thought was the hybrid N. bongso × N. pectinata;[5] however, this plant material is now known to represent N. densiflora,[10] a species described by Danser 12 years later.[15]
Notes
References
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^ Clarke, C.M. (2018). "Nepenthes bongso". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T39625A143957450. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T39625A143957450.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
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^ a b (in Dutch) Korthals, P.W. 1839. Over het geslacht Nepenthes. In: C.J. Temminck 1839–1842. Verhandelingen over de Natuurlijke Geschiedenis der Nederlandsche overzeesche bezittingen; Kruidkunde. Leiden. pp. 1–44, t. 1–4, 13–15, 20–22.
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^ a b (in Indonesian) Tamin, R. & M. Hotta 1986. Nepenthes di Sumatera: The genus Nepenthes of the Sumatra Island. In: M. Hotta (ed.) Diversity and Dynamics of Plant Life in Sumatra: Forest Ecosystem and Speciation in Wet Tropical Environments. Part 1: Reports and Collection of Papers. Kyoto University, Kyoto. pp. 75–109.
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^ Ridley, H.N. 1908. Nepenthaceæ. [p. 320] In: On a collection of plants made by H. C. Robinson and L. Wray from Gunong Tahan, Pahang. The Journal of the Linnean Society: Botany 38(266): 301–336. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1908.tb02454.x
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^ a b Danser, B.H. 1928. 5. Nepenthes Bongso KORTH.. In: The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies. Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg, Série III, 9(3–4): 249–438.
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^ Kurata, S. 1973. Nepenthes from Borneo, Singapore and Sumatra. The Gardens' Bulletin Singapore 26(2): 227–232.
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^ Hopkins, M., R. Maulder & B.[R.] Salmon 1990. A real nice trip to Southeast Asia. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 19(1–2): 19–28.
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^ a b Jebb, M.H.P. & M.R. Cheek 1997. A skeletal revision of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae). Blumea 42(1): 1–106.
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^ a b Cheek, M.R. & M.H.P. Jebb 2001. Nepenthaceae. Flora Malesiana 15: 1–157.
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^ a b c d e f g Clarke, C.M. 2001. Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
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^ McPherson, S.R. & A. Robinson 2012. Field Guide to the Pitcher Plants of Sumatra and Java. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
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^ McPherson, S.R. 2009. Pitcher Plants of the Old World. 2 volumes. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
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^ a b c Nerz, J. & A. Wistuba 1994. Five new taxa of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae) from North and West Sumatra Archived 2011-08-05 at the Wayback Machine. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 23(4): 101–114.
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^ Schlauer, J. N.d. Nepenthes junghuhnii. Carnivorous Plant Database.
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^ Danser, B.H. 1940. A new Nepenthes from Sumatra. Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg, Série III, 16: 268–271.
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Nepenthes bongso: Brief Summary
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İngilizce
)
wikipedia EN tarafından sağlandı
Nepenthes bongso /nɪˈpɛnθiːz ˈbɒŋsoʊ/ is a tropical pitcher plant endemic to Sumatra, where it has an altitudinal distribution of 1000–2700 m above sea level. The specific epithet bongso refers to the Indonesian legend of Putri Bungsu (literally "youngest daughter"), the spirit guardian of Mount Marapi.
The species was formally described by Pieter Willem Korthals in his 1839 monograph, "Over het geslacht Nepenthes".
Nepenthes carunculata is considered a heterotypic synonym of N. bongso by most authorities. The infraspecific taxon Nepenthes carunculata var. robusta was described in 1994 by Joachim Nerz and Andreas Wistuba. It is an extreme variety of this taxon with a large, flared peristome.
In his Carnivorous Plant Database, taxonomist Jan Schlauer treats N. junghuhnii (sensu Macfarlane) as a possible synonym of N. bongso.
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Nepenthes bongso
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Endonezce
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wikipedia ID tarafından sağlandı
Nepenthes bongso adalah salah satu tanaman endemik Sumatra, Indonesia.[9] Tumbuhan ini memiliki alat penangkap serangga yang cukup besar.[9] Tumbuhan ini memiliki beberapa warna yaitu ungu tua atau merah tua.[9] Nama "bongso" berasal dari kata "bungsu" yang diambil dari nama "putri bungsu".[9] Putri bungsu adalah putri yang dipercaya sebagai penunggu Gunung Marapi.[9] Tanaman Nepenthes bongso termasuk tumbuhan pemakan serangga atau karnivora.[10] Dalam lubang tubuh Nepenthes bongso terdapat cairan asam yang berguna untuk menghancurkan hewan yang berhasil ditangkap.[10]
Referensi
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^ (Belanda) Korthals, P.W. 1839. Over het geslacht Nepenthes. In: C.J. Temminck 1839–1842. Verhandelingen over de Natuurlijke Geschiedenis der Nederlandsche overzeesche bezittingen; Kruidkunde. Leiden. pp. 1–44, t. 1–4, 13–15, 20–22.
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^ a b (Indonesia) Tamin, R. & M. Hotta 1986. Nepenthes di Sumatra: The genus Nepenthes of the Sumatra Island. In: M. Hotta (ed.) Diversity and Dynamics of Plant Life in Sumatra: Forest Ecosystem and Speciation in Wet Tropical Environments. Part 1: Reports and Collection of Papers. Kyoto University, Kyoto. pp. 75–109.
-
^ Ridley, H.N. 1908. Nepenthaceæ. [p. 320] In: On a collection of plants made by H. C. Robinson and L. Wray from Gunong Tahan, Pahang. The Journal of the Linnean Society: Botany 38(266): 301–336. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1908.tb02454.x
-
^ Danser, B.H. 1928. 5. Nepenthes Bongso KORTH.. In: The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies. Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg, Série III, 9(3–4): 249–438.
-
^ Kurata, S. 1973. Nepenthes from Borneo, Singapore and Sumatra. The Gardens' Bulletin Singapore 26(2): 227–232.
-
^ Hopkins, M., R. Maulder & B.[R.] Salmon 1990. A real nice trip to Southeast Asia. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 19(1–2): 19–28.
-
^ Jebb, M.H.P. & M.R. Cheek 1997. A skeletal revision of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae). Blumea 42(1): 1–106.
-
^ Cheek, M.R. & M.H.P. Jebb 2001. Nepenthaceae. Flora Malesiana 15: 1–157.
-
^ a b c d e "Nepenthes bongso "Purple" - Small". Predatory Plans. Diakses tanggal 9 Mei 2014.
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^ a b "Pitcher plant (Nepenthes bongso)". Arkive. Diakses tanggal 22 Mei 2014.
Bacaan lanjutan
- Bauer, U., C.J. Clemente, T. Renner & W. Federle 2012. Form follows function: morphological diversification and alternative trapping strategies in carnivorous Nepenthes pitcher plants. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 25(1): 90–102. doi:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2011.02406.x
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(Latin) Blume, C.L. 1852. Ord. Nepenthaceae. In: Museum Botanicum Lugduno-Batavum, sive stirpium exoticarum novarum vel minus cognitarum ex vivis aut siccis brevis expositio. Tom. II. Nr. 1. E.J. Brill, Lugduni-Batavorum. pp. 5–10.
- Clarke, C.M. 2006. Introduction. In: Danser, B.H. The Nepenthaceae of the Netherlands Indies. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. pp. 1–15.
- Clarke, C. & C.C. Lee 2012. A revision of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae) from Gunung Tahan, Peninsular Malaysia. Gardens' Bulletin Singapore 64(1): 33–49.
- Hernawati & P. Akhriadi 2006. A Field Guide to the Nepenthes of Sumatra. PILI-NGO Movement, Bogor.
- Kato, M., M. Hotta, R. Tamin & T. Itino 1993. Inter- and intra-specific variation in prey assemblages and inhabitant communities in Nepenthes pitchers in Sumatra. Tropical Zoology 6(1): 11–25. Abstract
- Kurata, S. 1973. Nepenthes from Borneo, Singapore and Sumatra. The Gardens' Bulletin Singapore 26(2): 227–232.
- Macfarlane, J.M. 1914. Family XCVI. Nepenthaceæ. [pp. 279–288] In: J.S. Gamble. Materials for a flora of the Malayan Peninsula, No. 24. Journal & Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 75(3): 279–391.
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(Indonesia) Mansur, M. 2001. Koleksi Nepenthes di Herbarium Bogoriense: prospeknya sebagai tanaman hias. In: Prosiding Seminar Hari Cinta Puspa dan Satwa Nasional. Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia, Bogor. pp. 244–253.
- Meimberg, H., A. Wistuba, P. Dittrich & G. Heubl 2001. Molecular phylogeny of Nepenthaceae based on cladistic analysis of plastid trnK intron sequence data. Plant Biology 3(2): 164–175. doi:10.1055/s-2001-12897
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(Jerman) Meimberg, H. 2002. Molekular-systematische Untersuchungen an den Familien Nepenthaceae und Ancistrocladaceae sowie verwandter Taxa aus der Unterklasse Caryophyllidae s. l.. Ph.D. thesis, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich.
- Meimberg, H. & G. Heubl 2006. Introduction of a nuclear marker for phylogenetic analysis of Nepenthaceae. Plant Biology 8(6): 831–840. doi:10.1055/s-2006-924676
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(Indonesia) Puspitaningtyas, D.M. & H. Wawangningrum 2007. Keanekaragaman Nepenthes di Suaka Alam Sulasih Talang - Sumatra Barat. [Nepenthes diversity in Sulasih Talang Nature Reserve - West Sumatra.] Biodiversitas 8(2): 152–156. Cover
- Redwood, G.N. & J.C. Bowling 1990. Micropropagation of Nepenthes species. Botanic Gardens Micropropagation News 1(2): 19–20.
- Ridley, H.N. 1915. Nepenthaceæ. [pp. 168–169] In: XIII. The botany of Gunong Tahan, Pahang. Journal of the Federated Malay States Museums 6: 127–202.
- Schnell, D., Catling, P., Folkerts, G., Frost, C., Gardner, R., et al. (2000). Nepenthes bongso. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. Diakses 11 May 2006. Listed as Vulnerable (VU B1+2e v2.3).
- Shivas, R.G. 1984. Three Nepenthes from the Padang Highlands. Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 13(1): 10–15.
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(Indonesia) Syamsuardi & R. Tamin 1994. Kajian kekerabatan jenis-jenis Nepenthes di Sumatra Barat. Project report, Andalas University, Padang. Abstract
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(Indonesia) Syamsuardi 1995. Klasifikasi numerik kantong semar (Nepenthes) di Sumatra Barat. [Numerical classification of pitcher plants (Nepenthes) in West Sumatra.] Journal Matematika dan Pengetahuan Alam 4(1): 48–57. Abstract
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Nepenthes bongso: Brief Summary
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Endonezce
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wikipedia ID tarafından sağlandı
Nepenthes bongso adalah salah satu tanaman endemik Sumatra, Indonesia. Tumbuhan ini memiliki alat penangkap serangga yang cukup besar. Tumbuhan ini memiliki beberapa warna yaitu ungu tua atau merah tua. Nama "bongso" berasal dari kata "bungsu" yang diambil dari nama "putri bungsu". Putri bungsu adalah putri yang dipercaya sebagai penunggu Gunung Marapi. Tanaman Nepenthes bongso termasuk tumbuhan pemakan serangga atau karnivora. Dalam lubang tubuh Nepenthes bongso terdapat cairan asam yang berguna untuk menghancurkan hewan yang berhasil ditangkap.
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Nepenthes bongso
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wikipedia IT tarafından sağlandı
Nepenthes bongso Korth. è una pianta carnivora della famiglia Nepenthaceae[2], endemica di Sumatra, dove cresce a 1000–2700 m.
Note
Bibliografia
- Clarke, C.M. 2001. Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
- Korthals, P.W. 1839. Over het geslacht Nepenthes. In: C.J. Temminck 1839–1842. Verhandelingen over de Natuurlijke Geschiedenis der Nederlandsche overzeesche bezittingen; Kruidkunde. Leiden. pp. 1–44, t. 1–4, 13–15, 20–22.
- McPherson, S.R. 2009. Pitcher Plants of the Old World. 2 volumes. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
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Nepenthes bongso: Brief Summary
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İtalyanca
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wikipedia IT tarafından sağlandı
Nepenthes bongso Korth. è una pianta carnivora della famiglia Nepenthaceae, endemica di Sumatra, dove cresce a 1000–2700 m.
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