Die Reuse-koningvis (Caranx ignobilis) is 'n vis wat slegs aan die ooskus van Suid-Afrika en Mosambiek voorkom. Dit is 'n groot vis met skuins voorkop. Die vis is silwergrys aan die bokant en wit onder, soms met swart kolle op. Dit het ook 26 - 38 skerp skildplate op die sye agterlangs. Dit kan tot 1.6m lank word en weeg dan 55 kg. Kom voor in aanlandige riwwe en sanderige strande.
Die Reuse-koningvis (Caranx ignobilis) is 'n vis wat slegs aan die ooskus van Suid-Afrika en Mosambiek voorkom. Dit is 'n groot vis met skuins voorkop. Die vis is silwergrys aan die bokant en wit onder, soms met swart kolle op. Dit het ook 26 - 38 skerp skildplate op die sye agterlangs. Dit kan tot 1.6m lank word en weeg dan 55 kg. Kom voor in aanlandige riwwe en sanderige strande.
La sorella gegant (Caranx ignobilis) és un peix teleosti de la família dels caràngids i de l'ordre dels perciformes.[2]
Pot arribar als 170 cm de llargària total i als 80 kg de pes.[3]
Es troba des de les costes del Mar Roig i de l'Àfrica Oriental fins a les Hawaii, les Illes Marqueses, el sud del Japó i el nord d'Austràlia.[3]
La sorella gegant (Caranx ignobilis) és un peix teleosti de la família dels caràngids i de l'ordre dels perciformes.
Caranx ignobilis (auch als Dickkopf-Makrele[1] bezeichnet) ist eine Fischart aus der Gattung Caranx in der Familie der Stachelmakrelen (Carangidae).
Caranx ignobilis ist eine der größten[2] Stachelmakrelen und erreicht gewöhnlich eine Körperlänge von 100 Zentimeter TL, kann aber bis zu 170 Zentimeter lang werden und ein Gewicht von bis zu 80 Kilogramm erreichen. Zum Rücken hin sind adulte Tiere an Kopf und Körper silbergrau bis schwarz, zum Bauch hin meist blasser. Die Flossen sind meist gleichmäßig grau bis schwarz. Bei Tieren aus trüben Küstengewässern sind die Flossen oft gelb, wobei die Afterflosse (Anale) dann gewöhnlich am kräftigsten gefärbt ist.
Caranx ignobilis hat 24 Wirbel. Insgesamt, mit verkümmerten, sind 20 bis 24 Kiemenreusendornen vorhanden (5–7 + 15–17 oberer/unterer Schenkel). Die Brust ist zum Bauch hin unbeschuppt, typischerweise befindet sich vor den Bauchflossen (Ventrale) ein kleiner bis großer beschuppter Bereich.[3]
Caranx ignobilis ist im Indopazifik vom Roten Meer und der Ostküste Afrikas bis zu den Hawaii und Marquesas-Inseln, nach Norden bis zum südlichen Japan und den Ogasawara-Inseln und nach Süden bis zum nördlichen Australien verbreitet. Bei Hawaii kommen Hybriden mit Caranx melampygus vor.[3]
Die Dickkopf-Makrele lebt in 10 bis 188 Metern Tiefe. Adulte Tiere leben pelagisch über Sand und Fels. Sie kommen einzeln oder wahlweise in Schulen vor und bewohnen klare Lagunen, Innenriffe und die Seeseite von Riffen. Jungtiere leben in kleinen Schulen und finden sich über sandigen Küstengewässer, gelegentlich auch in Ästuarien. Zu ihrer Nahrung gehören Krustentiere, Langusten und Fische. Beim Laichen an flachen Riffaußenseiten und Meeresbänken bilden die Tiere Aggregationen. Große Exemplare können ciguatoxisch (durch Ciguatoxine vergiftet) sein.[3][2]
Caranx ignobilis wird im Persischen Golf und im größten Teil des restlichen Verbreitungsgebietes kommerziell und sportlich befischt. Gefangen wird die Art mit Haken und an Leinen, durch Speerfischen, mit Fallen und Kiemennetzen. Vermarktet wird sie frisch und getrocknet gesalzen. Auf Hawaii wird Caranx ignobilis wegen der Angst vor Ciguatera, einer Fischvergiftung durch Ciguatoxine, nur selten als Nahrung genutzt.[2]
Caranx ignobilis (auch als Dickkopf-Makrele bezeichnet) ist eine Fischart aus der Gattung Caranx in der Familie der Stachelmakrelen (Carangidae).
Geureupôh (nan Latèn: Caranx ignobilis) nakeuh saboh jeunèh eungkôt nyang na di la’ôt Acèh. Eungkôt nyoe kayém geudrop lé ureueng keumawé keu geupeubloe.[1]
Geureupôh (nan Latèn: Caranx ignobilis) nakeuh saboh jeunèh eungkôt nyang na di la’ôt Acèh. Eungkôt nyoe kayém geudrop lé ureueng keumawé keu geupeubloe.
Saqaleka (Caranx ignobilis) — E dua na ika.
The giant trevally (Caranx ignobilis), also known as the lowly trevally, barrier trevally, ronin jack, giant kingfish, or ulua, is a species of large marine fish classified in the jack family, Carangidae. The giant trevally is distributed throughout the tropical waters of the Indo-Pacific region, with a range stretching from South Africa in the west to Hawaii in the east, including Japan in the north and Australia in the south. Two were documented in the eastern tropical Pacific in the 2010s (one captured off Panama and another sighted at the Galápagos), but whether the species will become established there remains to be seen.[2]
The giant trevally is distinguished by its steep head profile, strong tail scutes, and a variety of other more detailed anatomical features. It is normally a silvery colour with occasional dark spots, but males may be black once they mature. It is the largest fish in the genus Caranx, growing to a maximum known size of 170 cm (67 in) and a weight of 80 kg (176 lb). The giant trevally inhabits a wide range of marine environments, from estuaries, shallow bays, and lagoons as a juvenile to deeper reefs, offshore atolls, and large embayments as an adult. Juveniles of the species are known to live in waters of very low salinity such as coastal lakes and upper reaches of rivers, and tend to prefer turbid waters.
The giant trevally is an apex predator in most of its habitats, and is known to hunt individually and in schools. The species predominantly takes various fish as prey, although crustaceans, cephalopods, and molluscs make up a considerable part of their diets in some regions. Their novel hunting strategies include shadowing monk seals to pick off escaping prey, using sharks to ambush prey, and leaping to catch birds.
The giant trevally reproduces in the warmer months, with peaks differing by region. Spawning occurs at specific stages of the lunar cycle, when large schools congregate to spawn over reefs and bays, with reproductive behaviour observed in the wild. The fish grow relatively fast, reaching sexual maturity at a length around 60 cm at three years of age.
The giant trevally is both an important species to commercial fisheries and a recognised gamefish, with the species taken by nets and lines by professionals and by bait and lures by anglers. Catch statistics in the Asian region show hauls of 4,000–10,000 tonnes, while around 10,000 lb of the species are taken in Hawaii each year. The species is considered poor to excellent table fare by different authors, although ciguatera poisoning is common from eating the fish. Dwindling numbers around the main Hawaiian Islands have also led to several proposals to reduce the catch of fish in this region.
The giant trevally is classified within the genus Caranx, one of a number of groups known as the jacks or trevallies. Caranx itself is part of the larger jack and horse mackerel family Carangidae, which in turn is part of the order Carangiformes.[3]
The giant trevally was first scientifically described by Swedish naturalist Peter Forsskål in 1775 based on specimens taken from the Red Sea off both Yemen and Saudi Arabia, with one of these designated to be the holotype.[4] He named the species Scomber ignobilis, with the specific epithet Latin for "unknown", "obscure" or "ignoble".[5] It was assigned to the mackerel genus Scomber, where many carangids were placed before they were classified as a separate family. This later revision in classification saw the species moved to the genus Caranx, where it has remained.[6] Even after its initial description, the giant trevally (and the bigeye trevally) were often confused with the Atlantic crevalle jack, Caranx hippos, due to their superficial similarity, which led to some authors claiming the crevalle jack had a circumtropical distribution.[7] After Forsskål's initial description and naming, the species was independently renamed three times as Caranx lessonii, Caranx ekala and Carangus hippoides, all of which are now considered invalid junior synonyms.[8] The latter of these names once again highlighted the similarity with the crevalle jack, with the epithet hippoides essentially meaning "like Carangus hippos",[9] which was the crevalle jack's Latin name at that time. Despite the resemblance with the crevalle jack, the two species have never been phylogenetically compared, either morphologically or genetically, to determine their relationship.
C. ignobilis is most commonly referred to as the giant trevally (or giant kingfish) due to its large maximum size, with this often abbreviated to simply GT by many anglers.[10] Other names occasionally used include lowly trevally, barrier trevally, yellowfin jack (not to be confused with Hemicaranx leucurus), Forsskål's Indo-Pacific jack fish and Goyan fish.[6] In Hawaii, the species is almost exclusively referred to as ulua, often in conjunction with the prefixes black, white, or giant.[11] Due to its wide distribution, many other names for the species in different languages are also used.[6] In the Philippines, the species is referred to as talakitok. Some success has been achieved in raising giant trevally commercially in small fish farms there, typically to an age of seven months.
The giant trevally is the largest member of the genus Caranx, and the fifth-largest member of the family Carangidae (exceeded by the yellowtail amberjack, greater amberjack, leerfish, and rainbow runner), with a recorded maximum length of 170 cm (67 in) and a weight of 80 kg (180 lb).[6] Specimens of 50 kg and above are not uncommon in sportfishing. The Hallaniyat Islands in southern Oman are the most prolific places for these large fish, with fish of 100 lb being caught almost daily. Unfortunately in recent times, the fishery has dwindled with commercial pressure and fish that size are becoming ever rarer throughout the islands.
The giant trevally is similar in shape to a number of other large jacks and trevallies, having an ovate, moderately compressed body with the dorsal profile more convex than the ventral profile, particularly anteriorly. The dorsal fin is in two parts, the first consisting of eight spines and the second of one spine followed by 18 to 21 soft rays. The anal fin consists of two anteriorly detached spines followed by one spine and 15 to 17 soft rays.[12] The pelvic fins contain 1 spine and 19 to 21 soft rays.[13] The caudal fin is strongly forked, and the pectoral fins are falcate, being longer than the length of the head. The lateral line has a pronounced and moderately long anterior arch, with the curved section intersecting the straight section below the lobe of the second dorsal fin. The curved section of the lateral line contains 58-64 scales,[13] while the straight section contains none to four scales and 26 to 38 very strong scutes. The chest is devoid of scales with the exception of a small patch of scales in front of the pelvic fins.[14] The upper jaw contains a series of strong outer canines with an inner band of smaller teeth, while the lower jaw contains a single row of conical teeth. The species has 20 to 24 gill rakers in total and 24 vertebrae are present.[15] The eye is covered by a moderately well-developed adipose eyelid, and the posterior extremity of the jaw is vertically under or just past the posterior margin of the pupil.[15] The eye of the giant trevally has a horizontal streak in which ganglion and photoreceptor cell densities are markedly greater than the rest of the eye. This is believed to allow the fish to gain a panoramic view of its surroundings, removing the need to constantly move the eye, which in turn will allow easier of detection of prey or predators in that field of view.[16]
At sizes less than 50 cm, the giant trevally is a silvery-grey fish, with the head and upper body slightly darker in both sexes.[17] Fish greater than 50 cm show sexual dimorphism in their colouration, with males having dusky to jet-black bodies, while females are a much lighter coloured silvery-grey.[17] Individuals with darker dorsal colouration often also display striking silvery striations and markings on the upper part of their bodies, particularly their backs.[10] Black dots of a few millimetres in diameter may also be found scattered all over the body, although the coverage of these dots varies between widespread to none at all. All the fins are generally light grey to black, although fish taken from turbid waters often have yellowish fins, with the anal fin being the brightest.[15] The leading edges and tips of the anal and dorsal fins are generally lighter in colour than the main part of the fins. There is no black spot on the operculum.[12] Traces of broad cross-bands on the fish's sides are occasionally seen after death. The fishes have been known to prey and eat on the dead fish.[18]
The giant trevally is widely distributed throughout the tropical and subtropical waters of the Bay of Bengal and Indian and Pacific Oceans, ranging along the coasts of three continents and many hundreds of smaller islands and archipelagos.[15] In the Indian Ocean, the species' westernmost range is the coast of continental Africa, being distributed from the southern tip of South Africa[19] north along the east African coastline to the Red Sea and Persian Gulf. Its range extends eastwards along the Asian coastline, including Pakistan, India and into Southeast Asia, the Indonesian Archipelago and northern Australia.[6] The southernmost record from the west coast of Australia comes from Rottnest Island,[20] not far offshore from Perth. Elsewhere in the Indian Ocean, the species has been recorded from hundreds of small island groups, including the Maldives, Seychelles, Madagascar and the Cocos (Keeling) Islands.[6]
The giant trevally is abundant in the central Indo-Pacific region, found throughout all the archipelagos and offshore islands including Indonesia, the Philippines, and the Solomon Islands. Along continental Asia, the species has been recorded from Malaysia to Vietnam, but not China.[6] Despite this, its offshore range does extend north to Hong Kong, Taiwan, and southern Japan.[15][13] In the south, the species reaches as far south as New South Wales in Australia[20] and even to the northern tip of New Zealand in the southern Pacific. Its distribution continues throughout the western Pacific, including Tonga, Western Samoa, and Polynesia, with its easternmost limits known to be the Pitcairn and Hawaiian Islands.[11][14]
The giant trevally inhabits a very wide range of offshore and inshore marine environments, with the species also known to tolerate the low salinity waters of estuaries and rivers. It is a semipelagic fish known to spend time throughout the water column, but is mostly demersal in nature.[21] The species is most common in shallow coastal waters in a number of environments, including coral and rocky reefs and shorefaces, lagoons, embayments, tidal flats and channels. They commonly move between reef patches, often over large expanses of deeper sand and mud bottoms between the reefs.[22][23] Older individuals tend to move to deeper seaward reefs, bomboras and drop-offs away from the protection of fringing reefs, often to depths greater than 80 m.[24][25] Large individuals, however, often return to these shallower waters as they patrol their ranges, often to hunt or reproduce.[25] In Hawaii, the juvenile to subadult giant trevally is the most common large carangid in the protected inshore waters, with all other species apparently preferring the outer, less protected reefs.[26] It is also easily attracted to artificial reefs, where studies have found it to be one of the predominant species around these structures in Taiwan.[27]
Juvenile to subadult giant trevally are known to enter and inhabit estuaries, the upper reaches of rivers and coastal lakes in several locations, including South Africa,[28] Solomon Islands,[29] Philippines,[30] India,[31] Taiwan,[32] Thailand,[33] northern Australia,[34] and Hawaii.[22] In some of these locations, such as Australia, it is a common and relatively abundant inhabitant,[29] while in others, including South Africa and Hawaii, it is much rarer in estuaries.[22] The species has a wide salinity tolerance, as evident from the ranges from which juvenile and subadult fish in South African estuaries have been recorded; 0.5 to 38 parts per thousand (ppt),[35] with other studies also showing tolerance levels of less than 1 ppt.[28] In these estuaries, the giant trevally is known from both highly turbid, dirty water to clean, high visibility waters, but in most cases, the species prefers the turbid waters.[22] Younger fish apparently actively seek out these turbid waters, and when no estuaries are present, they live in the turbid inshore waters of bays and beaches. These young fish eventually move to inshore reefs as they mature, before again moving to deeper outer reefs.[26]
In the Philippines, a population of giant trevally inhabit (and were once common in) the landlocked fresh waters of the formerly saltwater Taal Lake, and are referred to as maliputo to distinguish them from the marine variant (locally named talakitok). Along with Taal Volcano and Taal Lake, the maliputo is prominently featured on the reverse side of the newly redesigned Philippine 50 peso bill.[36]
The giant trevally is a solitary fish once it reaches sexual maturity,[19] only schooling for the purposes of reproduction and more rarely for feeding.[21] Juveniles and subadults commonly school, both in marine and estuarine environments. Observations from South African estuaries indicate the schools of smaller juveniles tend not to intermingle with schools of other species, but larger subadults are known to form mixed-species schools with the brassy trevally.[35] Research has been conducted on the movements of larger fish around their habitats, as well as the movement between habitats as the species grows, to understand how marine reserves impact on the species. Adult giant trevally are known to range back and forth up to 9 km along a home range, with some evidence of diel and seasonal shifts in habitat use.[25] In the Hawaiian Islands, giant trevally do not normally move between atolls, but have specific core areas where they spend most their time. Within these core areas, habitat shifts during different times of the day have been recorded, with the fish being most active at dawn and dusk, and usually shifting location near sunrise or sunset.[25] Furthermore, large seasonal migrations appear to occur for the purpose of aggregating for spawning, with this also known from the Solomon Islands.[37] Despite not moving between atolls, they do make periodic atoll-wide journeys of up to 29 km.[25] Long-term studies show juveniles can move up to 70 km away from their protected habitats to outer reefs and atolls.[23] The giant trevally is one of the most important apex predators in its habitats, both as adults on reefs and as juveniles in estuaries.[34] Observations in relatively untouched waters of the northwestern Hawaiian Islands showed the giant trevally was of high ecological importance, constituting 71% of the apex predator biomass, and was the dominant apex predator. This number is considerably less in heavily fished Hawaiian waters.[38] The species is prey to sharks, especially when small. Conversely, adult giant trevallies, either singles or pairs, have been recorded attacking sharks (like blacktip reef shark) by ramming them repeatedly with their head. The shark, sometimes even larger than the trevally, may die from the attack. The reason for this behavior is unclear, but the giant trevally does not attempt to eat the dead shark. Rarely, they have been recorded behaving in the same way towards humans: A spearfisher in Hawaii broke three ribs when rammed by a giant trevally.[39][40] Large giant trevallies have been recorded as a host of the sharksucker, Echeneis naucrates, a fish which is normally seen attached to the undersides of sharks.[41]
The giant trevally is a powerful predatory fish, from the estuaries it inhabits as a juvenile to the outer reefs and atolls it patrols as an adult.[21][22] Hunting appears to occur at different times of the day in different areas of its range; off South Africa it is most active during the day, especially at dawn and dusk,[19] while off Zanzibar and Hong Kong, it is nocturnal in its habits.[42][43] The species' diets have been determined in several countries and habitats; their diets generally vary slightly by locations and age. In all but one study (which was of juveniles), the giant trevally dominantly takes other fishes, with various crustaceans, cephalopods and occasionally molluscs making the remainder of the diet.[11][44] In Hawaii, the species has a predominantly fish-based diet consisting of Scaridae and Labridae, with crustaceans, including lobsters, and cephalopods (squid and octopus) making up the remaining portion. The large number of reef fishes suggests it spends much of its time foraging over shallow-water reef habitats, but the presence of squid and the schooling carangid Decapterus macarellus indicates exploitation of more open-water habitats, as well.[21] Off Africa, the diet is similar, consisting mostly of fish including eels, with minor squid, octopus, mantis shrimp, lobsters and other crustaceans.[42] Younger fish inside Kaneohe Bay, Hawaii showed the only instance where crustaceans were preferred over fish; stomatopods, shrimp and crabs were the most common prey taken at 89% of stomach content by volume, with fish, mostly of the family Blennidae, making up only 7% of the stomach contents.[26] Estuarine fish in both Hawaii and Australia have mostly fish-based diets, with crustaceans such as prawns and amphipods also of importance, and they are known to take more novel prey, such as spiders and insects, in these habitats.[22][45] Juvenile turtles and dolphins were reported being found within the stomach contents of larger giant trevally.[46] Studies of different size classes of fish have found their diets change with age in some locations, with the changes relating to an increased volume of fish taken.[35]
Giant trevally also feed on fledgling sooty terns on Farquhar Atoll snatching them from the water surface and even jumping acrobatically to catch them in the air as seen on the BBC documentary Blue Planet II, episode 1.[47] So far this behaviour has not been observed elsewhere.
Studies in controlled environments on the giant trevally's feeding strategies have found hunting in schools increases their capture efficiency, but is not necessary for an individual's survival. When a school is formed during feeding, one individual will take a leading position, with others trailing behind it. Several individuals will attack the prey school, striking and stunning the prey, with the leading individual generally being more successful. Some individuals act individually and opportunistically within the school if one of the prey fish becomes isolated, with the main advantage of schooling appearing to be the ability to further break up and isolate prey schools. The only time hunting in schools is a disadvantage is when only isolated prey are present, such as close to a reef; here, an individual hunter has a greater probability of capturing it than if a group is present.[48] Another hunting strategy of the giant trevally is to 'escort' monk seals, a behavior which has been observed near the Hawaiian Islands. The trevally swim close by the seal, and when the seal stops to forage, the trevally positions its mouth inches away from the seal. If a prey item is disturbed, the trevally will attempt to steal the prey from the seal, which routinely does occur. The seal does not appear to gain any benefit from this relationship, and it is thought juvenile seals being followed in this way may be outcompeted by the larger fish.[49] A similar strategy has been employed by fish in the presence of large reef sharks, as they use the larger animal as a tool to ambush prey.[46] The opportunistic nature of giant trevally has also been made evident by studies on the mortality rate of undersized or egg-bearing lobsters released from traps at the water's surface of the Hawaiian Islands. The fish are efficient predators of these crustaceans, with individuals often seizing a lobster before it could sink to the seafloor after being released, or attacking before the lobster moves into a defensive position. Some bolder, large individuals are even known to eat the lobster head first when it is in a defensive stance.[50]
The giant trevally reaches sexual maturity at 54 to 61 cm in length and three to four years of age,[42] although many authors narrow this down to 60 cm and three years of age.[19] Sex ratio estimates from the Hawaiian Islands suggest the population is slightly skewed toward females, with the male:female ratio being 1:1.39.[21] Spawning occurs during the warmer months in most locations, although the exact dates differ by location. In southern Africa, this occurs between July and March, with a peak between November and March;[42] in the Philippines between December and January, with a lesser peak during June;[51] and in Hawaii between April and November, with a major peak during May to August.[21] Lunar cycles are also known to control the spawning events, with large schools forming in certain locations at specific phases of the moon in Hawaii and the Solomon Islands.[25][37] Locations for spawning include reefs, the reef channels and offshore banks.[43] Sampling of schools prior to spawning suggests the fish segregate into schools of only one sex, although the details are still unclear.[42] Observations in the natural habitat found spawning occurred during the day immediately after and just before the change of tide when there were no currents. Giant trevally gathered in schools of over 100 individuals, although ripe individuals occurred slightly deeper; around 2–3 m above the seabed in groups of three or four, with one silver female being chased by several black males.[51] Eventually, a pair would sink down to a sandy bottom, where eggs and sperm were released. The fish then diverged and swam away. Each individual appears to spawn more than once in each period, with only part of the gonads ripe in spawners. Fecundity is not known, although females are known to release several thousand eggs on capture during the spawning process. Eggs are described as pelagic and transparent in nature.[51]
The giant trevally's early larval stages and their behaviour have been extensively described, with all fins having formed by at least 8 mm in length, with larvae and subjuveniles being silver with six dark vertical bars.[24] Laboratory populations of fish show a significant variability in the length at a certain age, with the average range being around 6.5 mm. Growth rates in larvae between 8.0 and 16.5 mm are on average 0.36 mm per day. The speed at which larvae swim increases with age from 12 cm/s at 8 mm in length to 40 cm/s at 16.5 mm, with size rather than age a better predictor of this parameter.[24] Size is also a better predictor of endurance in larvae than age. These observations suggest the species becomes an effective swimmer (is able to swim against a current) around 7–14 mm. No obvious relationships with age and either swimming depth or trajectory have been found. Larvae appear to also opportunistically feed on small zooplankton while swimming. The larvae actively avoid other large fish, and jellyfish are occasionally used as temporary cover. Larvae have no association with reefs, and appear to prefer to live pelagically.[24] Daily growth is estimated at between 3.82 and 20.87 g/day, with larger fish growing at a more rapid rate. Length at the age of one year is 18 cm, at two years is 35 cm and by three years, the fish is around 50 to 60 cm.[21] The use of von Bertalanffy growth curves fitted to observed otolith data show an individual of around 1 m in length is about eight years old, while a 1.7 m fish would be around 24 years old. The maximum theoretical length of the species predicted by the growth curves is 1.84 m,[21] but the largest reported individual was 1.7 m long. As previously mentioned, as the giant trevally grows, it shifts from turbid inshore waters or estuaries to reefs and lagoons in bays, moving finally to outer reefs and atolls.[23] A hybrid of C. ignobilis and C. melampygus (bluefin trevally) has been recorded from Hawaii. The specimen was initially thought to be a bluefin trevally of world-record size, but was later rejected when it was discovered to be a hybrid. Initial evidence of hybridisation was morphological characteristics intermediate to the two species; later genetic tests confirmed it was indeed a hybrid. The two species are known to school together, including at spawning time, which was considered to be the reason for hybridisation.[52]
The giant trevally has been used by humans since prehistoric times, with the oldest known records of the capture of this species by Hawaiians, whose culture held the fish in high regard. The ulua, as the fish is known to Hawaiians, was likened to a fine man and strong warrior, which was the cause of a ban on women eating the species in antiquity.[53] The species was often used in Hawaiian religious rites, and took the place of a human sacrifice when none was available. Culturally, the fish was seen as a god, and treated as gamefish which commoners could not hunt. There are many mentions of ulua in Hawaiian proverbs, all generally relating to the strength and warrior-like qualities of the fish.[54] The Hawaiians considered the fish to be of excellent quality, with white, firm flesh. Despite this, intrusions of giant trevally into modern-day fishponds used by Hawaiians for rearing fish are unwelcome; being a predator, it eats more than it is worth at market.[53]
The giant trevally is of high importance to modern fisheries throughout its range, although quantifying the amounts taken is very difficult due to the lack of fishery statistics kept in most of these countries. Hawaii has the best-kept statistics, where the 1998 catch consisted of 10,194 pounds of giant trevally worth around US$12,000.[54] Historically, the species has been taken in far greater numbers, and has been an important food, market and game fish since the early 1900s. However, their exploitation has seen the landings of the species decrease by over 84% since the turn of the century, declining from 725,000 lb to 10,000 lb in recent catches.[55] FAO statistics of the Asian region record catches between 4,000 and 10,000 tonnes between 1997 and 2007,[56] although this excludes most fisheries which are not monitored or do not discriminate between trevally species. The giant trevally is commercially caught by a number of methods, including hook and line, handlines, gill nets and other types of artisanal traps. The species has also successfully been bred for aquaculture purposes in Taiwan.[57] It is sold at market fresh, frozen, salted, and smoked, and as fishmeal and oil.[15]
The giant trevally is considered one of the top gamefish of the Indo-Pacific region, having outstanding strength, speed and endurance once hooked.[10] It can be taken by many methods, including baits of cut or live fish and squid, as well as a wide array of lures. The species is commonly taken on bibbed plugs, minnows, spoons, jigs and poppers, soft plastic lures and saltwater flies.[58] In recent years, the development of both jigging and surface-popping techniques has seen the giant trevally become an extremely popular candidate for catch and release fishing,[10] with many charter operators based around this concept.[46] The species is also popular with spearfishermen throughout its range. The species' edibility has been rated from poor to excellent by different authors, although numerous cases of ciguatera poisoning have been reported from the species.[59] Detailed tests on a large (1 m) specimen taken from Palmyra Island showed the toxicity of the fish's flesh, liver and washed intestinal tract produced no or weakly positive symptoms to laboratory mice, but the digested contents of the intestine were lethal. The authors argued, based on this test, the flesh of giant trevally was safe to consume. However, analysis of case studies in which ciguatera poisoning was reported after eating the fish suggested an accumulative effect occurs with repeated consumption; and tests like the one outlined above are not reliable, as the toxin appears to be distributed haphazardly throughout each fish.[59] Since 1990, giant trevally taken from the main Hawaiian islands have been blocked from sale by auction internationally due to concerns over liability from ciguatera poisoning.[54]
A decline in giant trevally numbers around inhabited regions has been well documented in Hawaii, with both catch data as presented above and ecological studies showing this decrease in numbers. A biomass study in the Hawaiian Islands indicates the main Hawaiian Islands are heavily depleted in the species, which in untouched ecosystems comprises 71% of the apex predator biomass. In contrast, it comprises less than 0.03% of the apex biomass in exploited habitats, with only a single fish observed during the course of this research study.[38] Prior to this, a 1993 report suggested the population around the main Hawaiian islands were not stressed, though several biological indicators suggested to the contrary. This was due to the highly size-selective nature of the fishery, which theoretically should prevent a decrease in numbers.[60] Despite this, populations have decreased, and in light of their continued falling abundance in Hawaii, several recommendations, including banning the commercial take of the species, increasing minimum lengths and decreasing bag limits for anglers, as well as reassessment of protected areas for the species, have been proposed by officials.[54] The species (nor any other carangid) has not been assessed by the IUCN.
Some recreational fishing groups are also promoting a catch and release practice for the giant trevally, with this becoming an increasingly popular option for charter boat operators, who have also begun to tag giant trevally for scientific purposes.[61] At large sizes, the species is more likely to be ciguatoxic, so if the fish is kept, it must be disposed of or sent to a taxidermist if it is a trophy fish. A catch and release approach has also been adopted by operators outside Hawaii, with Australian operators who target the species by popping and jigging rarely keeping any fish.[10] Careful fish handling techniques have also been implemented by anglers so as not to damage the fish; such techniques include supporting the fish's weight, using barbless single, rather than treble, hooks and restricting the time the fish spends out the water to a minimum.[46]
The giant trevally (Caranx ignobilis), also known as the lowly trevally, barrier trevally, ronin jack, giant kingfish, or ulua, is a species of large marine fish classified in the jack family, Carangidae. The giant trevally is distributed throughout the tropical waters of the Indo-Pacific region, with a range stretching from South Africa in the west to Hawaii in the east, including Japan in the north and Australia in the south. Two were documented in the eastern tropical Pacific in the 2010s (one captured off Panama and another sighted at the Galápagos), but whether the species will become established there remains to be seen.
The giant trevally is distinguished by its steep head profile, strong tail scutes, and a variety of other more detailed anatomical features. It is normally a silvery colour with occasional dark spots, but males may be black once they mature. It is the largest fish in the genus Caranx, growing to a maximum known size of 170 cm (67 in) and a weight of 80 kg (176 lb). The giant trevally inhabits a wide range of marine environments, from estuaries, shallow bays, and lagoons as a juvenile to deeper reefs, offshore atolls, and large embayments as an adult. Juveniles of the species are known to live in waters of very low salinity such as coastal lakes and upper reaches of rivers, and tend to prefer turbid waters.
The giant trevally is an apex predator in most of its habitats, and is known to hunt individually and in schools. The species predominantly takes various fish as prey, although crustaceans, cephalopods, and molluscs make up a considerable part of their diets in some regions. Their novel hunting strategies include shadowing monk seals to pick off escaping prey, using sharks to ambush prey, and leaping to catch birds.
The giant trevally reproduces in the warmer months, with peaks differing by region. Spawning occurs at specific stages of the lunar cycle, when large schools congregate to spawn over reefs and bays, with reproductive behaviour observed in the wild. The fish grow relatively fast, reaching sexual maturity at a length around 60 cm at three years of age.
The giant trevally is both an important species to commercial fisheries and a recognised gamefish, with the species taken by nets and lines by professionals and by bait and lures by anglers. Catch statistics in the Asian region show hauls of 4,000–10,000 tonnes, while around 10,000 lb of the species are taken in Hawaii each year. The species is considered poor to excellent table fare by different authors, although ciguatera poisoning is common from eating the fish. Dwindling numbers around the main Hawaiian Islands have also led to several proposals to reduce the catch of fish in this region.
Caranx ignobilis es una especie de peces de la familia Carangidae en el orden de los Perciformes.
Los machos pueden llegar alcanzar los 170 cm de longitud total y los 80 kg de peso.[1]
Se encuentra desde las costas del Mar Rojo y del África Oriental hasta las Hawái, las Islas Marquesas, el sur del Japón y el norte de Australia.
Caranx ignobilis es una especie de peces de la familia Carangidae en el orden de los Perciformes.
Caranx ignobilis Caranx generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Carangidae familian sailkatzen da.
Espezie hau Agulhasko itsaslasterran aurki daiteke.
Caranx ignobilis Caranx generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Carangidae familian sailkatzen da.
Jättipiikkimakrilli (Caranx ignobilis) on piikkimakrilleihin kuuluva laji, joka voi kasvaa jopa 1,70 metrisiksi. Suurin osa on kumminkin 25–100 cm pitkiä.[2]
Jättipiikkimakrillit ovat petoja, ja syövät lähinnä rapuja ja muita äyriäisiä .[2] Ne syövät myös lintuja. Ne hyppäävät vedestä ja saalistavat linnun suurella suullaan.[3]
Jättipiikkimakrillia tavataan laajoilla alueilla trooppisella Indopasifisella merialueella.[1]
Jättipiikkimakrilli (Caranx ignobilis) on piikkimakrilleihin kuuluva laji, joka voi kasvaa jopa 1,70 metrisiksi. Suurin osa on kumminkin 25–100 cm pitkiä.
Jättipiikkimakrillit ovat petoja, ja syövät lähinnä rapuja ja muita äyriäisiä . Ne syövät myös lintuja. Ne hyppäävät vedestä ja saalistavat linnun suurella suullaan.
Jättipiikkimakrillia tavataan laajoilla alueilla trooppisella Indopasifisella merialueella.
Carangue à grosse tête
Caranx ignobilis, communément nommée Carangue à grosse tête, est une espèce de poissons marins démersale de la famille des Carangidae.
C'est la plus grande et la plus lourde des carangues[1].
Caranx ignobilis est un poisson de grande taille pouvant atteindre 170 cm de long, toutefois la taille moyenne est de 100 cm[2]. Elle peut peser 60 kg.
Le corps a un profil ovale et allongé, comprimé latéralement, doté de deux nageoires dorsales. Le pédoncule caudal est étroit et renforcé par des scutelles. La nageoire caudale est fourchue[3]. La tête est massive avec un profil tronqué et présente une discrète tache noire près de l'opercule. La partie supérieure du corps et de la tête ont une coloration pouvant aller du gris argenté au noir et une teinte gris clair argenté sur la face ventrale. La partie supérieure du corps peut être plus ou moins tachetée de noir avec quelques stries verticales claires. Les nageoires ont un dégradé de gris vers le noir[4]. Les yeux sont gros et l'iris est gris.
Les sujets juvéniles ont une livrée gris clair légèrement argentée, dotée d'une petite tache noire sur le haut de l'opercule et la nageoire caudale et anale sont jaunâtres.
La Carangue à grosse tête fréquente les eaux tropicales et subtropicales de l'océan Indien jusqu'aux îles océaniques du centre de l'océan Pacifique[5].
Elle affectionne les pentes externes des lagons, des récifs coralliens et rocheux ainsi que les secs et les passes entre la surface et 200 m de profondeur[6].
Caranx ignobilis se nourrit de poissons et de crustacés benthiques[3].
Le documentaire de la BBC Planète bleue a aussi établi que certaines populations présentes dans les eaux baignant l'Atoll Farquhar capturent les sternes fuligineuses juveniles qui se posent sur l'eau, allant jusqu'à les poursuivre par des bonds acrobatiques au-delà de la surface.
Elle a une activité aussi bien diurne que nocturne selon la localisation géographique. Toutefois comme beaucoup de gros prédateurs, les carangues à grosse tête chassent de préférence au lever du jour et au couchant. Les jeunes vivent fréquemment en bancs de plusieurs dizaines d'individus. Les adultes dépassant les 80 cm sont plutôt solitaires ou se déplacent par paires.
Les pêcheurs sous-marins attirent ces carangues en faisant un bruit de glotte, imitant le gloussement de détresse d'une carangue blessée, comme cela se pratique avec plusieurs espèces de carangues. Les carangues à grosse tête, de par leur taille, sont des poissons puissants, qui se débattent avec force lorsqu'ils sont fléchés. Elles ont alors tendance à tenter de gagner des eaux de faible profondeur pour se réfugier sur les hauts fond coralliens, au risque de s'échouer sur le récif en tentant de rejoindre le lagon.[citation nécessaire]
Cette espèce est également pêchée à la traine, ou de nuit à la ligne de fond avec un appât vivant. Sa taille et sa résistance en font une prise recherchée en pêche sportive. Elle a donné naissance en Australie et à Hawaii au GT popping (GT sont les initiales de Giant Trevally, son nom en anglais), une pêche sportive avec relâche des spécimens capturés[7]. Ces poissons sont généralement commercialisés frais ou plus rarement séchés et salés. L'espèce est parfois élevée en aquaculture pour être commercialisée, ou conservée dans les grands aquarium publics.
En Polynésie française, la chair de ces poissons aurait été réservée aux arii, la noblesse régnante, selon les témoignages et les récits anciens, ainsi que la présence d'arêtes de cette espèce près des marae. Elles avaient la réputation de n'être jamais toxiques, mais plusieurs rapports récents signalent des cas potentiels d'empoisonnement par la ciguatera, en particulier chez les individus de très grande taille.[citation nécessaire]
Dans Descriptiones animalium de Forskål Peter[8].
Carangue à grosse tête
Caranx ignobilis, communément nommée Carangue à grosse tête, est une espèce de poissons marins démersale de la famille des Carangidae.
C'est la plus grande et la plus lourde des carangues.
Kuwe gerong atau belitong (Charanx ignobilis) adalah ikan tangkapan umum di kawasan tropis Indo-Pasifik. Dalam bahasa Inggris dikenal sebagai giant trevally atau GT (dibaca jiti). Ikan ini mudah sekali dikenali dari dahinya yang tampak besar dengan warna tubuh keperakan semburat kuning.
Ukuran tubuhnya besar, dengan panjang dapat mencapai 170 cm dan berat 80 kg. Ketika muda menyukai perairan dengan kegaraman rendah, tetapi setelah besar dapat ditemukan di berbagai zona laut.
Ikan kuwe gerong ini dikenal sebagai ikan dagang maupun ikan pancing.
Kuwe gerong atau belitong (Charanx ignobilis) adalah ikan tangkapan umum di kawasan tropis Indo-Pasifik. Dalam bahasa Inggris dikenal sebagai giant trevally atau GT (dibaca jiti). Ikan ini mudah sekali dikenali dari dahinya yang tampak besar dengan warna tubuh keperakan semburat kuning.
Ukuran tubuhnya besar, dengan panjang dapat mencapai 170 cm dan berat 80 kg. Ketika muda menyukai perairan dengan kegaraman rendah, tetapi setelah besar dapat ditemukan di berbagai zona laut.
Ikan kuwe gerong ini dikenal sebagai ikan dagang maupun ikan pancing.
Caranx ignobilis, conosciuto comunemente come carango gigante indopacifico, è un grosso pesce d'acqua salata appartenente alla famiglia Carangidae.
Questa specie è diffusa nell'Oceano Indo-Pacifico, nel Mar Rosso e lungo le coste orientali dell'Africa, dalle isole Hawaii fino alle isole Marchesi, comprese le acque del Giappone e dell'Australia. Abita le acque delle barriere coralline.
Ha un corpo tozzo, molto compresso ai fianchi, dal profilo idrodinamico. Presenta una grossa bocca e scaglie piccole. La livrea è color argento scuro con ventre più chiaro.
Raggiunge una lunghezza massima di 170 cm per 80 kg di peso, potendo vivere fino a 15 anni.
Sessualmente maturo dopo i 60 cm, si riproduce con fecondazione esterna, deponendo le uova tra aprile e novembre.
È capace di balzare fuori dalla superficie per cacciare uccelli. Si nutre anche di crostacei (principalmente aragoste), cefalopodi (polpi e calamari) e soprattutto di pesci.
È preda abituale dello squalo Carcharhinus limbatus.
Per quanto riguarda la pesca, è un combattente energico e con una potenza incredibile. Si pesca con esca artificiale e, prima di sferrare l'attacco decisivo, il pesce segue la preda da vicino per osservarla. La pesca del carango gigante necessita di attrezzi potenti: canne in grado di lanciare artificiali da 200 grammi, mulinello per 140/170 metri di trecciato da 36 kg (80 libbre).
Caranx ignobilis, conosciuto comunemente come carango gigante indopacifico, è un grosso pesce d'acqua salata appartenente alla famiglia Carangidae.
Ikan Jemuduk (bahasa Inggeris: Giant trevally) juga dikenali sebagai Ikan Turrum, dan Ikan Ulua. Nama saintifiknya Caranx ignobilis.
Ikan Jemuduk mudah dikenali dengan kepala cembung besar dan pedunkel kaudal sempit dengan 2 lunas (keels) terdiri daripada kepingan-kepingan kurus timbul pada kedua bahagian akhit garis garis sisi. Terdapat bahagian bersisik bulat kecil pada bahagian dada di hadapan sirip perut, jika tidak tidak bersisik. Sirip dorsal pertama mempunyai 8 duri dan sirip dorsal kedua 17-20 duri lembut. Sirip dubur mempunyai 3 duri dan 15-17 duri lembut. Ekornya bercabang. Warnanya berbeza-beza tetapi biasanya kelabu biru dengan kecoklat-coklatan di belakang. Diapit oleh warna keperakan dan juga pada dibahagian perut.
Berat sekitar 60 kg tetapi biasanya 10-30kg.
Lebih menyukai kawasan tubir berbatu-batan, batu karang, dan dasar bercerun curam. Biasanya ditemui di sekitar pulau-pulau berbatu batan terpencil. Anak ikan biasanya membentuk kumpulan kecil tetapi ikan matang berenang tenang. Iakan yang sangat kuat melawan sekiranya dikail. Akan meragut kebanyakan umpan , tetapi lebih sering di kawasan tubir berbatu dan jigging. Biasanya dijumpai dengan pelbagai ikan jenis spesies Jack yang lain.
Banyak terdapat di kebanyakan kawasan Malaysia terutama pulau-pulau luar dan beting Laut China Selatan.
Caranx ignobilis is een straalvinnige vissensoort uit de familie van horsmakrelen (Carangidae).[2] De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1775 door Forsskål.
Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
Cá khế vây vàng[1] hay cá vẩu[2] (bị viết sai chính tả thành cá vẫu do phương ngữ miền Trung và miền Nam [3]) hoặc cá háo[4] (danh pháp hai phần: Caranx ignobilis) là một loài cá thuộc họ Cá khế. Loài cá này phân bố khắp vùng biển nhiệt đới Ấn Độ Dương-Thái Bình Dương, với một phạm vi trải dài từ Nam Phi ở phía tây đến Hawaii ở phía đông, bao gồm Nhật Bản ở phía bắc và Úc ở phía nam. Nó thường một màu trắng bạc với các điểm thường xuyên tối, nhưng con đực có thể có màu đen một khi trưởng thành. Đây là loài cá lớn nhất trong chi Caranx, phát triển đến chiều dài tối đa là 170 cm và khối lượng 80 kg. Chúng sinh sống ở một loạt các môi trường biển, từ cửa sông, vịnh nông và đầm phá khi còn chưa trưởng thành và khi đã trưởng thành thì di chuyển đến các vùng nước sâu hơn có rạn san hô, ngoài khơi đảo san hô vịnh lớn. Cá vẩu chưa trưởng thành được biết là sống ở các vùng nước có độ mặn rất thấp chẳng hạn như hồ ven biển và thượng nguồn của các con sông, và có xu hướng thích nước đục.
Theo truyền thống, cá vẩu được phân loại trong chi Caranx thuộc họ Carangidae, trong phân bộ Percoidei của bộ Cá vược (Perciformes).[5][6]. Tuy nhiên, gần đây các kết quả phát sinh chủng loài cho thấy họ Carangidae thuộc bộ Carangiformes chỉ có quan hệ xa với bộ Perciformes trong Percomorphaceae[7][8].
Loài này được miêu tả khoa học chính thức lần đầu tiên bởi nhà tự nhiên học người Thụy Điển Peter Forsskål năm 1775 dựa trên các mẫu vật đánh bắt từ Biển Đỏ tại vùng thuộc Yemen và Ả Rập Xê Út, một trong số này được chọn làm mẫu gốc.[9] Khi đó, ông đặt tên loài này là Scomber ignobilis, tên loài ignobilis có nghĩa là "không rõ" hay "mờ mịt".[10] Nó từng được phân vào chi Scomber, nơi nhiều loài Carangidae được xếp vào trước khi tách ra làm họ riêng. Sau đó, các nhà khoa học chuyển chúng sang chi Caranx.[6] Cá vẩu thường bị nhầm lẫn với Caranx hippos ở Đại Tây Dương, vì chúng cực kỳ giống nhau, khiến vài tác giả cho rằng C. hippos sống ở cả vùng nhiệt đới Thái Bình và Ấn Độ Dương.[11] Sau khi được Forsskål mô tả và đặt tên, loài này bị đổi tên ba lần dưới các danh pháp Caranx lessonii, Caranx ekala và Carangus hippoides, tất cả hiện nay được xem là danh pháp đồng nghĩa muộn không hợp lệ.[12] Tên Carangus hippoides nhấn mạnh sự tương tự với Caranx hippos, tên loài hippoides nghĩa là "giống hippos".[13] Dù Caranx ignobilis và Caranx hippos rất giống nhau, hai loài này chưa bao giờ được xem xét về mặt phát sinh chủng loài, cả về hình thái học lẫn di truyền học, để xác định mối quan hệ giữa chúng.
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|coauthors= bị phản đối (trợ giúp) |date= (trợ giúp)
Bài viết chủ đề bộ Cá vược này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn. Cá khế vây vàng hay cá vẩu (bị viết sai chính tả thành cá vẫu do phương ngữ miền Trung và miền Nam ) hoặc cá háo (danh pháp hai phần: Caranx ignobilis) là một loài cá thuộc họ Cá khế. Loài cá này phân bố khắp vùng biển nhiệt đới Ấn Độ Dương-Thái Bình Dương, với một phạm vi trải dài từ Nam Phi ở phía tây đến Hawaii ở phía đông, bao gồm Nhật Bản ở phía bắc và Úc ở phía nam. Nó thường một màu trắng bạc với các điểm thường xuyên tối, nhưng con đực có thể có màu đen một khi trưởng thành. Đây là loài cá lớn nhất trong chi Caranx, phát triển đến chiều dài tối đa là 170 cm và khối lượng 80 kg. Chúng sinh sống ở một loạt các môi trường biển, từ cửa sông, vịnh nông và đầm phá khi còn chưa trưởng thành và khi đã trưởng thành thì di chuyển đến các vùng nước sâu hơn có rạn san hô, ngoài khơi đảo san hô vịnh lớn. Cá vẩu chưa trưởng thành được biết là sống ở các vùng nước có độ mặn rất thấp chẳng hạn như hồ ven biển và thượng nguồn của các con sông, và có xu hướng thích nước đục.
珍鲹（学名：Caranx ignobilis，又名白面弄鱼、浪人鰺、牛港鰺、牛港瓜仔、牛公瓜仔、流氓瓜仔，为輻鰭魚綱鱸形目鱸亞目鲹科鲹属的鱼类，分布于印度洋、红海、东至日本、澳大利亚以及中国南海、台湾海峡等海域及半鹹水域，為熱帶魚類，棲息深度10-188公尺，本魚頭部與身體背面暗金色，腹面銀色，鰭通常灰色到黑色，胸部基部沒有鱗片，胸鰭鐮刀狀，臀鰭有2根分離的棘，背鰭硬棘9枚、背鰭軟條17-22枚、臀鰭硬棘3枚、臀鰭軟條15-17枚，體長可達170公分，成魚棲息在水質清澈的潟湖及臨海礁石區，稚魚出現在河口區，以甲殼類及魚類為食，可做為食用魚、觀賞魚、養殖魚及遊釣魚，具有雪卡魚毒的紀錄。[1]
|access-date=中的日期值 (帮助) 
这是一篇與鱸形目相關的小作品。你可以通过编辑或修订扩充其内容。 珍鲹（学名：Caranx ignobilis，又名白面弄鱼、浪人鰺、牛港鰺、牛港瓜仔、牛公瓜仔、流氓瓜仔，为輻鰭魚綱鱸形目鱸亞目鲹科鲹属的鱼类，分布于印度洋、红海、东至日本、澳大利亚以及中国南海、台湾海峡等海域及半鹹水域，為熱帶魚類，棲息深度10-188公尺，本魚頭部與身體背面暗金色，腹面銀色，鰭通常灰色到黑色，胸部基部沒有鱗片，胸鰭鐮刀狀，臀鰭有2根分離的棘，背鰭硬棘9枚、背鰭軟條17-22枚、臀鰭硬棘3枚、臀鰭軟條15-17枚，體長可達170公分，成魚棲息在水質清澈的潟湖及臨海礁石區，稚魚出現在河口區，以甲殼類及魚類為食，可做為食用魚、觀賞魚、養殖魚及遊釣魚，具有雪卡魚毒的紀錄。
分類 界 : 動物界 Animalia 門 : 脊索動物門 Chordata 亜門 : 脊椎動物亜門 Vertebrata 綱 : 条鰭綱 Actinopterygii 目 : スズキ目 Perciformes 亜目 : スズキ亜目 Percoidei 科 : アジ科 Carangidae 亜科 : アジ亜科 Caranginae 属 : ギンガメアジ属 Caranx 種 : ロウニンアジ C. ignobilis 学名 Caranx ignobilisロウニンアジ（浪人鯵、学名 Caranx ignobilis ）は、スズキ目アジ科に属する海水魚の一種。インド太平洋の熱帯・亜熱帯海域に分布する大型肉食魚である。
和名は、単独行動する大型個体を浪人武士に見立てたものである。また、いかつい顔に前鰓蓋骨の線が入っている様子を、切り傷跡のある浪人に見立てたという説もある[1]。
スクーバダイビングや釣りの愛好家の間では英名をそのまま使って "Giant trevally" （ジャイアント・トレヴァリー）、さらに頭文字をとって "GT" （ジーティー）とも呼ばれる。他に地方名としてメッキ（若魚・混称）、ヒラアジ／エバ（各地・混称）、マルエバ（各地）、カマジャー（沖縄）、ガーラ（宮古島）などがある[2][3][4]。
成魚は全長180cm・体重80kgに達する。ギンガメアジ、カスミアジ、オニヒラアジなど大型種を含むギンガメアジ属でも最大種である[3][5]。第二背鰭の軟条数が18-20である点で、同属種のオニヒラアジ（21-23）と区別できる。
体は側扁して体高が高く、頭部は口先のなす角度が鈍く、小さい目と大きい顎をもつなど、アジというよりマダイなどに似た顔つきである。成魚の体色は灰白色-黒で、特にオスは全身が黒ずんでいる。各鰭は黒みを帯びるが、尻鰭は白く縁取られる。目の周囲には脂瞼が発達し、胸鰭の下部周辺に鱗がない領域がある。側線は第2背鰭第3軟条下から尾鰭まで直走し、この直走部にはよく発達した稜鱗（りょうりん / 俗称「ぜいご」）が26-38枚並ぶ。
若魚は体型が円形に近く、「メッキ」という地方名の通り体が銀白色で、腹鰭・尻鰭・尾鰭が黄色を帯びる[2][5][6]。
体は側扁する
体色が黒ずんだ個体
アフリカ東岸・南日本・ハワイ諸島・マルキーズ諸島・オーストラリア北部までのインド太平洋海域に広く分布する[5]。日本近海では関東地方沿岸まで若魚が到達するが、ここでは繁殖できずに冬の寒さで死滅してしまう、いわゆる死滅回遊魚である。ただし、工場などから温かい排水がある水域では生き残ることもある[4]。
水深100mまでの浅い海に生息する。若魚は内湾で群れをなして生活し、しばしば河口などの汽水域にも進入するが、成魚は外洋に面した沿岸域を単独で回遊する[6][7]。大型個体はサンゴ礁や岩礁の、急激な水深の落ち込みがある場所で見られることが多く、巨体がよく目立つ。食性は肉食性で、小魚・甲殻類・頭足類などを捕食する。
大型個体はスクーバダイビングの鑑賞対象として、また巨体と引きの強さから釣りの対象としても人気が高い。釣り人の中には体重50kgを超える大物を求め、南西諸島や小笠原諸島など熱帯の島嶼部に遠征する者もいる。
若魚は海岸部の釣り、定置網、地引き網などの沿岸漁業で漁獲される。体重4-5kg程度の個体は美味とされ、刺身、唐揚げ、煮魚、焼き魚などで食べられる。ただし、大型個体は生息地域によってシガテラ毒を持つこともあって食用にされず、ほとんどリリース（放流）される[4][5]。食用に流通する場合、30cm以上の個体は販売中止の指導もなされている[8]。食物連鎖によるシガテラ毒の生物濃縮が原因であるため、とくに重量6ポンド=2,722グラム以上の個体は危険である。
무명갈전갱이(Caranx ignobilis)는 전갱이목 전갱이과에 속하는 물고기이다. 몸길이는 1.7m에 몸무게가 80kg인 대형어류에 속한다.
무명갈전갱이는 전갱이목 전갱이과의 어류에서도 매우 큰 어종으로 자이언트 트레발리라고도 불리는 물고기이다. 성어를 기준으로 수컷은 몸의 색이 검정색으로 나타나며 암컷은 회색을 띄게 된다. 체고는 높고 몸이 측편되어 있다. 머리의 뒷쪽은 둥글며 경사가 심하지만 배쪽은 완만하다. 또한 눈이 크며 주위에 잘 발달된 기름눈꺼플이 존재한다. 위턱의 뒤끝은 동공의 뒷가장자리아래에 달하며 아래턱이 위턱보다 아래에 위치한다. 눈 앞쪽에 있는 2쌍의 비공은 찟어진 형태이다. 지느러미는 등지느러미가 2개 있으며 제1등지러미가 상어처럼 솟구쳐 있고 지느러미는 대체적으로 투명하지만 제2등지느러미와 꼬리지느러미는 어둡다. 먹이는 멸치, 청어, 꽁치, 정어리 외에 패럿피시, 놀래기, 롭스터 등의 물고기들과 오징어와 같은 두족류, 갑각류를 잡아먹는 육식성물고기에 속하며 물개나 상어를 자신의 먹이사냥에 이용하는 모습들을 보이기도 한다.
무명갈전갱이의 주요한 서식지로는 태평양과 인도양이 있으며 일본 남부와 오스트레일리아 북부, 미국 하와이주, 동아프리카에 가장 많은 개체수가 서식하고 홍해에서도 발견이 되는 어종이다. 산호초나 해조류가 무성한 수심 10~100m의 표해수대에서 서식하는 어종이다. 무명갈전갱이는 식용으로도 이용이 되며 식용으로 이용할 때엔 회나 구이로 많이 먹는다.
