Gundelia rosea
Gundelia tenuisecta
Gundelia tournefortii
Azərbaycandan kənarda – Türkmənistan, İran, aralıq dənizin şərq hissəsi və Kiçik Asiyanın flora rayonlarında.
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Gundelia is a low to high (20–100 cm) thistle-like perennial herbaceous plant with latex, spiny compound inflorescences, reminiscent of teasles and eryngos, that contain cream, yellow, greenish, pink, purple or redish-purple disk florets. It is assigned to the family Asteraceae. Flowers can be found from February to May. The stems of this plant dry-out when the seeds are ripe and break free from the underground root, and are then blown away like a tumbleweed, thus spreading the seeds effectively over large areas with little standing vegetation. This plant is native to the eastern Mediterranean and the Middle-East. Opinions differ about the number of species in Gundelia. Sometimes the genus is regarded monotypic, Gundelia tournefortii being a species with a large variability, but other authors distinguish up to nine species, differing in floret color and pubescence. Young stems are cooked and eaten in the Middle-East and are said to taste like a combination of artichoke and asparagus. The plant also contains compounds that have been demonstrated to be effective against a range of ailments. A large quantity of pollen assigned to Gundelia has been found on the Shroud of Turin, which may suggest that the crown of thorns was made from Gundelia, but this finding has been contested.[2]
It is called Akkoub (Arabic: عكوب) in Arabic, silifa in Greek, Akuvit ha-Galgal (Hebrew: עַכּוּבִית הַגַּלְגַּל) in Hebrew, Kangar (Armenian: կանկառ), (Persian: كنگر) in Armenian and Persian, Kenger in Turkish (derived from Persian[3][4]), and Kengir[5] (Kurdish: کنگر) or Sisi[5] (Kurdish: سسی) in Kurdish. It's called tumble thistle in English.[6][7][8]
Gundelia tournefortii is a spiny hemicryptophyte with stems 20–100 cm high, that branch from the base, the first growth of the plant consists of a rosette of leaves. All parts contain a milky latex. The parts above the surface break from the root and may be blown away by the wind as a tumbleweed, assisting in the dispersion of the seed.[7] All counts executed so far arrive at eighteen chromosomes (2n=18).[9]
The plant develops a woody, vertical rootstock of up to 4 cm in diameter, at the surface usually covered by the remains of old leaves. The leaves are sessile or decurrent at their base with spiny wings, and alternate set along the stems. The lowest leaves are usually 7–30 cm long and 4–16 cm wide, pinnately dissected and the sections of the larger leaves may be pinnately parted themselves, and have a dentate or serrate margin, all tipped with spines. The midvein and sideveins are prominent, whitish, sometimes tinged purple. The leaf surface may be covered in spiderweb-like hairs, that tend to wither away quickly.[7][6]
The stem divides into ten or more branches, each of which is topped by a compound spiny ovoid inflorescence of 4–8 cm in diameter, which may be covered in dense arachnoid hairs. This inflorescence is unusual for members of the family Asteraceae, as each true flowerhead is so far reduced as to only contain one floret, which is surrounded by its own involucre. Five to seven of these monofloral flowerheads combine into secondary flowerheads, each subtended by a spiny bract hardly or substantially longer than the secondary flowerheads, with only the centre floret developing a cypsela, and the surrounding ones only producing pollen. These secondary flowerheads later break free from the globose assembly of flowerheads that sit on the end of each branch of the stem during the tumbleweed-stage. Remarkable for a member of the tribe Cichorieae are also the disk florets, a trait that is further only present in Warionia saharae.[7][10]
The pentameric corollas are usually 7–10 mm long, gloomy purple or yellowish outside, white to bright yellow, greenish, flesh colored or silvery to red purple inside, with spreading narrow lobes of 3–4 mm mm long and about 1 mm wide, the tube hairless inside. The five merged anthers form a cylinder of 4–6 mm long, yellow or brownish in color. The style arms are also brownish.[6]
Pollen is covered in acute spines.
The involucral bracts of the secondary flowerheads are merged into a brown, durable, hard cup with a fibery fringe. Each contains only one cypsela of about 8 mm long, 5 mm at its widest, somewhat dorsally compressed, narrow at its base and widest beyond halflength, with the pappus at its tip consisting of a 2 mm high cup, narrowest at its base.[11]
Like in all Asteraceae, the pentameric flowers have anthers that are fused together forming a tube through which the style grows. The style picks up the pollen on hairs along its length and splits into two style branches at its tip. These parts sit on an inferior ovary that grows into an indehiscent fruit in which only one seed develops (a so-called cypsela). All florets (in this case only one) are set on a common base (the receptacle), and are surrounded by several rows of bracts, that form an involucre. A particular character of Gudelia that is rare among the Asteraceae is that florets are gender specialised, with the central floret being functionally hermaphrodite and the marginal florets being functionally male.[6]
Tumble thistles are assigned to the Cichorieae-tribe that shares anastomosing latex canals in both root, stem and leaves, and has flower heads only consisting of one type of floret. In Warionia and Gundelia these are exclusively disk florets, while all other Cichorieae only have ligulate florets. Gundelia is unique in the complex morphology of the inflorescences.
Warionia and Gundelia share a thistle-like appearance, anastomosing latex-ducts, floral heads that only contain disk florets, spurred anthers, and styles with branches and highest part of the scape covered with long hairs. Gundelia however is herbaceous, has monofloral primary flowerheads combined into groups of five to seven, the centre floret hermaphrodite, the marginal florets functionally male, and those groups combined in ovoid spiny florescences at the end of the stem, and spiny leaves, florets dull yellow to dull purple on the inside, purple to rusty on the outside. Warionia is a shrub, has many dandelion-yellow florets in each flowerhead, single or with two or three together at the end of the branches, the leaves dentate but not spiny.[12][13]
Scolymus is also a thistle-like herbaceaceous perennial with anastomosing latex-ducts, related to Gundelia, but it has many yellow, orange or white ligulate florets in each flowerhead, which are arranged with many in a spike-like inflorescence, or with a few at the end of the stems.
Gundelia contains several essential oils, with large proportions (20-25% each) of thymol and germacrene-D.[14]
As far as known, the tumble thistle was first collected during an expedition by Leonhard Rauwolf (1573–1575), and this specimen can now be found in the National Herbarium in Leiden, the Netherlands. Tournefort, Von Gundelsheimer and Claude Aubriet also collected this plant while traveling through Greece, Turkey, former Armenia and Persia (1700–1702). Since Von Gundelsheimer was the first to have sighted the plant, his companions began to call it Gundelia. Tournefort already observed the remarkable morphology of the compounded flowerheads. Carl Linnaeus in 1753 adopted and published this name, providing the correct name.[7] Henri Cassini in 1821 suggested to assign this species to the tribe Vernonieae. In 1828 he specified this assignment to the Vernonieae-Rolandreae, a group formalized by Christian Friedrich Lessing as subtribe Rolandrinae in 1831. Following a change in the interpretation of the complex inflorescence, Cassini rejected the interpretation by Linnaeus, and erected the genus Gundelsheimera, which is illegitimate as it is based on the same type specimen. Next, George Bentham and Joseph Dalton Hooker in 1873 placed the species in the tribe Arctotideae, subtribe Gundelieae (corrected name Gundelinae). Pierre Edmond Boissier in 1875 thought this taxon sufficiently divergent to erect the tribe Gundelieae. Karl August Otto Hoffmann misspelled the genus name as Grundelia, while remarking that Gundelsheimera is a synonym. Other authors hesitantly considered a position for Gundelia in the Cardueae sensu lato. It recently has also been combined with Warionia in the tribe Gundelieae by C. Jeffrey.[6]
The earliest descriptions of Gundelia recognise that the corollas could be cream, flesh coloured or purplish. Linnaeus regarded the genus as monospecific, but distinguished plants with purple corollas as variety β. Bornmüller in 1939 distinguished a forma purpurascens. Other infraspecific taxa differ only in leaf characters. Many modern authors recognise only Gundelia tournefortii with a wide variation in corolla color, or both G. tournefortii and a much more uniform G. aragatsi Nersesyan with brown red corollas and very downy inflorescences. Other species distinguished by some authors are G. armeniaca Nersesyan, G. dersim Vitek, Yüce & Ergin, G. glabra Vitek, Yüce & Ergin and G. munzuriensis Vitek, Yüce & Ergin, G. rosea Al-Taey & Hossain, G. tenuisecta Vitek, Yüce & Ergin and Gundelia vitekii Armağan.[15][16][17]
Debate on the number of subtaxa remains and some authors think there is only one species, Gundelia tournefortii. Others also recognise G. aragatsi, a form only known from Armenia, that has brown red corollas and very felty inflorescences.[18] Some even distinguish up to nine different taxa.[16] Gundelia is now assigned to the Cichorieae-tribe, as the basal member of the Scolyminae-subtribe.
According to recent genetic analyses, the genus Gundelia is related to the genera Hymenonema, Scolymus and Catananche. This results in the following relationship tree.[19]
subtribe ScolyminaeGundelia
Pedanius Dioscorides called this plant silybum. The genus Gundelia is named to honor Andreas von Gundelsheimer (1668–1715), a German botanist, while the species name tournefortii was named after Joseph Pitton de Tournefort, a French botanist, who together undertook a botanical journey to the Levant, during which the species was collected, described and illustrated.[7]
The tumble thistle can be found in Cyprus, Turkey (Anatolia), Armenia, Azerbaijan, Northern Iraq, northern Iran, Afghanistan, western Syria, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Israel, Palestine, Lebanon, Jordan, and Egypt.[6] It has been introduced in Algeria.[16]
Gundelia grows on limestone, igneous rock or reddish soils, in steppe, open oak or pine woodland, or between coppices, as weed in barley- or cornfields, fallowed or deserted fields, and in roadsides. It can be found at altitudes up to 2500 m. It is pollinated by insects such as honey bees and pollen feeding beetles, such as the Garden Chafer.[6]
Seeds germinate slowly and may take several years. Seedlings can be planted outside but required light, well-drained soil, and protection against frost. Growth is slow during the first year. Plants can be grown in the rock garden, or on raised beds. Gundelia is probably hardy to about −15 °C when the drainage is good. Plants have been grown intermittently at the École de Botanique and in what is currently known as the Jardin des Plantes, Paris, since the 18th century.[6]
Early in the year, Gundelia plants growing in the wild are cut at the base and the thorns are removed. Leaves, stems, roots, and particularly the undeveloped flowerheads can be eaten.[20][21] The base of the young leaves which is still under the surface is used by Bedouin and Arabs to make akkub soup. In the West Bank, young flowerheads, stems and leaves are fried in olive oil, mixed with a stew of meat chops until well done, and served mixed with yogurt. Gundelia is said to taste like something between asparagus and artichoke.[7] Another dish is to put a trimmed inflorescence in a meatball, fry these in olive oil and then simmer them in a sauce containing lemon juice. In the mountainous area in south Kurdistan (Iraqi Kurdistan), Gundelia is still being used as a vegetable, but in Israel where it is numbered among the few, wild edible plants, collecting for the market resulted in a decline in the plant population and collecting is restricted to personal use.[6]
A chewing gum can be made from the latex, a fact that is already mentioned by Tournefort in 1718, and is called "kenger sakızı" in Turkish. The fruits as well as roots can be roasted and ground to be used as substitute coffee, and is known as "kenger kahvesi". In recent times, mature seeds have been used to extract oil. Remains of charred inflorescences of Gundelia from the neolithic found in Turkey and Iraq indicate that oil was pressed from the seeds as long as at least 10,000 years ago.[6] The seeds are edible (called سِسّي "Sissi" in Iraq); dried, salted and roasted are sold in nut shops, they taste similar to sun flower seeds.
The cypselas contain almost 7% oleic acid and 12½% linoleic acid, making the oil comparable to soybean, corn, sunflower and sesame oils. Commercial use would be dependent on plant breeding to improve crop yield, suitability for harvesting and for food processing, such as selection of spineless plants.[6][22]
Traditionally, Gundelia is used to treat a wide variety of ailments such as liver diseases, diabetes, chest pain, heart attacks, pain in the chest and the stomach, leukoderma, diarrhea and bronchitis. In addition hypoglycaemic, laxative, sedative, anti-inflammatory, anti-parasite, antiseptic and emetic effects have been claimed, as well as improvement of the gums and curing spleen enlargement. Proven effects include antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, antiplatelet and cholesterol suppression.
Fully grown foliage is used to feed livestock in spite of the spines, both fresh (in Syria and Palestine) and dry (in Kurdistan and Iran).[6]
In 1998 pollen found on the Shroud of Turin was analysed and with 29%, the pollen assigned to Gundelia was the most numerous. Such a high density makes it very unlikely that this would merely be the result of the Shroud having been exposed to the wind, particularly because Gundelia is an insect-pollinated, not a wind-pollinated plant. Some researchers have suggested this implies that the crown of thorns was made from Gundelia-branches. Other authors doubt the accuracy of the pollen analysis and of the process of gathering the pollen from the Shroud. One reason for doubt is that during the period that pollen is present in the plant, the thorns would have still been tender. It was suggested the pollen is from Helichrysum-species which have a similar type of pollen. Helichrysum was used in classical times to make crowns and garlands for the diseased because they do not wither and remain scented for a long time. An alternative explanation suggested is that rather more recent different flowers have been pressed against the Shroud to create contact relics, while in the process contaminating it with pollen and therefore diluting the original pollen signature.[7][2][23]
Some Bible scholars think that the tumbleweed that is spoken of in Psalm 83, verse 14 "Make them like tumbleweed, O my God, like galgal before the wind" is Gundelia. Akkub, the biblical name for this species, is already mentioned in the Babylonian Talmud.[7]
Gundelia is a low to high (20–100 cm) thistle-like perennial herbaceous plant with latex, spiny compound inflorescences, reminiscent of teasles and eryngos, that contain cream, yellow, greenish, pink, purple or redish-purple disk florets. It is assigned to the family Asteraceae. Flowers can be found from February to May. The stems of this plant dry-out when the seeds are ripe and break free from the underground root, and are then blown away like a tumbleweed, thus spreading the seeds effectively over large areas with little standing vegetation. This plant is native to the eastern Mediterranean and the Middle-East. Opinions differ about the number of species in Gundelia. Sometimes the genus is regarded monotypic, Gundelia tournefortii being a species with a large variability, but other authors distinguish up to , differing in floret color and pubescence. Young stems are cooked and eaten in the Middle-East and are said to taste like a combination of artichoke and asparagus. The plant also contains compounds that have been demonstrated to be effective against a range of ailments. A large quantity of pollen assigned to Gundelia has been found on the Shroud of Turin, which may suggest that the crown of thorns was made from Gundelia, but this finding has been contested.
It is called Akkoub (Arabic: عكوب) in Arabic, silifa in Greek, Akuvit ha-Galgal (Hebrew: עַכּוּבִית הַגַּלְגַּל) in Hebrew, Kangar (Armenian: կանկառ), (Persian: كنگر) in Armenian and Persian, Kenger in Turkish (derived from Persian), and Kengir (Kurdish: کنگر) or Sisi (Kurdish: سسی) in Kurdish. It's called tumble thistle in English.
Gundelia estas genro en la familio asteracoj, kies specioj estas dornaj, kardo-similaj angiospermoj. Ĝi estas trovebla en la semi-dezertaj areoj de Sirio, Israelo, Jordanio, Irako, Irano, Azerbajĝano, Armenio kaj Anatolio.
Precipe gravas la specio Gundelia tournefortii, kiu rikoltis median famon en 1998, kiam ĝiaj poleneroj estis trovitaj en abundo en la Mortotuko de Torino. Funkciante kiel aserto pri ties deveno, estis sugestite ke tiu dorna planto estis uzita por la dornokrono de Jesuo.
La folioj, tigoj, radikoj, kaj rudimentaj florburĝonoj de G. tournefortii, estas konataj kiel falokardoj, estas manĝeblaj kiam ili unuafoje ĝermas en la frua printempo (februaro-marto). La planto iĝas laŭstadie pli seka dum la somero, ĝi forlasas flavajn kolorojn kaj kreskigas pikilojn. Antaŭ pereo, ĝi malfiksas sin de la radiko por esti puŝita ĉirkaŭe per la vento kaj disigi siajn semojn por la rikolto de la sekvanta jaro. Konataj kiel akub en la araba, araboj uzas ĝin por manĝaĵo kaj resanigaj celoj.
Ĝi estas kolektita en natura medio de islamaj kaj kristanaj palestinanoj, druzoj (palestinaj, libananoj, irakanoj kaj sirianoj), kaj sefardoj en Israelo. Ĝi estas vendata en merkatoj en Israleo, Sirio, Irako kaj Libano, kiujn ĝi ankaŭ kolektis en natura medio en Turkio. Inter arabaj civitanoj de Israelo el la nordo de la lando, populara plado uzanta la planton konsistas el la sendornigitaj kapoj kovritaj per viandetoj kaj oliv-oleo kaj poste frostitaj, kaj tiam bol-etitaj kun citronsuko.
Gundelia estas genro en la familio asteracoj, kies specioj estas dornaj, kardo-similaj angiospermoj. Ĝi estas trovebla en la semi-dezertaj areoj de Sirio, Israelo, Jordanio, Irako, Irano, Azerbajĝano, Armenio kaj Anatolio.
Gundelia es un género atípico de fanerógamas en la familia (Asteraceae), nativo de zonas desérticas desde Chipre hasta Afganistán.[1] De posición taxonónica muy discutida,[2] comprende 6 especies y 7 taxones infra-específicos descritos y, a pesar de cierta confusión al respecto en la literatura botánica actual, de estos, solo 4 parecen estar aceptados (2 especies y 2 taxones infra-específicos),[3] aunque es muy probable que existen más especies aún sin describir formalmente[4]
Polen de Gundelia tournefortii -una de las especies aceptadas- se encontró en el Sudario de Turín[5] que sugiere que la corona que humilló a Jesús podría ser de esta planta, aunque también se la atribuye, entre otras muchas especies,[6] a Ziziphus spina-christi.
El género es dedicado a Andreas Gundelsheimer (1668–1715), un botánico alemán que acompañó a Joseph Pitton de Tournefort en sus viajes a oriente Medio[7] y quién descubrió la planta cerca de Baibout (Armenia)[8]
La planta fue entonces citada, nombrada, descrita e ilustrada por primera vez por este último en «Relation d'un voyage du Levant, fait par ordre du roy: contenant l'histoire ancienne & moderne de plusieurs isles de l'archipel, de Constantinople, des côtes de la Mer Noire, de l'Armenie, de la Georgie, des frontieres de Perse & de l'Asie Mineure..., enrichie de description & de figures d'un grand nombre de plantes rares, de divers animaux, et de plusieurs observations touchant l'histoire naturelle...», T. III, Lettre XVIII, pp. 97-99, Lyon, 1717[4].
El género luego fue descrito binomialmente por Carlos Linneo y publicado en Species Plantarum, vol. 2, p.: 814 en 1753[5][9] y su diagnosis ampliada un año más tarde en Genera Plantarum, n.º 828, p. 356, 1754 [6] donde, según él, es el Hacub (nombre de la planta en árabe) de Sébastien Vaillant en 1718[7]. La especie tipo es Gundelia tournefortii L.
Resumiendo, solo los recientes estudios moleculares han permitido emplazar claramente el género en la tribu Cichorieae en lugar de las tribus Arctoteae y Gundelieae[10][11] donde estaba tradicionalmente incluido, y otras sub-tribus que se crearon prácticamente para incluirlo (Gundeliinae[12] y Gorteriinae[13]).[2]
Gundelia tiene morfológicamente una posición aislada y excepcional en la subfamilia Cichorioideae, en particular por sus flores sin lígulas pero solo con flósculos y por sus sinflorescencias de 3-7 capítulos primarios uniflorales, cada uno de involucro reducido, que forman un capítulo secundario, y a su vez unas docenas de estos últimos están agregados en lo que parece el capítulo real, pero que en realidad también es un capítulo derivado terciario.[14][15]Pero también por otros rasgos morfológicos particulares: entre otros, la presencia de látex, las hojas espinosas y los aquenios con estomas en la testa.
Lo de las hojas espinosas ya se conocía en otro miembro de la tribu que también tuvo sus propios problemas sistemáticos, Scolymus, que llevaron a la creación de la particular sub-tribu Scolyminae .
La presencia de látex se interpreta como una sinapomorfía del clado Lactucaceae-Gundelia, pero no indicaría que tienen necesariamente un ancestro común.
En cuanto a la presencia de flósculos, podría deberse a una evolución a partir de lígulas, lo que ya ocurre en otras tribus de la familia (Cardueae y Vernonieae) donde los flósculos son la regla general, pero con unas especies de Atractylis y Stokesia que tienen flores periféricas del capítulo liguladas con limbo penta-dentado.[13]
En fin, la presencia de estomas en la testa de los frutos, que parece ser un hecho único en todos las Asteraceae -aunque es conocida en otras familias, podría deberse a una adaptación a las condiciones medioambientales ya que el género crece en zonas áridas o desérticas y poder así aprovechar mejor y más rápidamente el agua antes de la germinación.[2]
Es una planta herbácea perenne laticifera robusta, de hojas lobulopinnatisectas toscamente espinosas. Toda la planta, incluidas la flores, está cubierta en mayor o menor grado por densos pelos aracnoides. Los capítulos —que en realidad son sinflorescencias terciarias— de 4-8 cm de diámetro, son ovoideo-obovados y compuestos de numerosas cabezuelas —sinflorescencias secundarias— densamente agregadas, cada una subtendida por una bráctea espinosa. Las brácteas involucrales y las páleas de dichas cabezuelas están soldadas entre sí en una cúpula coríácea con 5-7 compartimentos uniflosculados —sinflorescencias primarias—, con solo el flósculo central fértil y los periféricos funcionalmente masculinos. La corola, de tubo corto y limbo pentafido, es de color variable, desde verdoso a purpúreo, pasando por amarillo, pardo, blanco o rosado. La cúpula común se torna leñosa en la madurez, y encierra la única cipsela, constituyendo un solo disemínulo. Dicha cipsela es grande, glabra, con estomas en la testa y de forma obpiramidal, con un vilano constituido por una pequeña corona denticulada.[4][2][7][15][11]
El género se distribuye en zonas desérticas y áridas, en altitudes hasta 2500 m,[16][17] desde Chipre hasta Afganistán, a través de Turquía, Armenia, Líbano, Israel (donde fue declarado "mala hierba" en los años 50, y ahora está protegido[18]), Sinai, Irán, Irak, Jordania, Siria, Azerbaiyán y Turkmenistán. Está introducido en el Magreb.[1][15]
Se cultiva desde tiempos inmemoriales en unos cuantos países de Medio Oriente con fines alimenticios[20] o curativos.
Gundelia es un género atípico de fanerógamas en la familia (Asteraceae), nativo de zonas desérticas desde Chipre hasta Afganistán. De posición taxonónica muy discutida, comprende 6 especies y 7 taxones infra-específicos descritos y, a pesar de cierta confusión al respecto en la literatura botánica actual, de estos, solo 4 parecen estar aceptados (2 especies y 2 taxones infra-específicos), aunque es muy probable que existen más especies aún sin describir formalmente
Polen de Gundelia tournefortii -una de las especies aceptadas- se encontró en el Sudario de Turín que sugiere que la corona que humilló a Jesús podría ser de esta planta, aunque también se la atribuye, entre otras muchas especies, a Ziziphus spina-christi.
Gundelia L., 1753 è un genere di piante angiosperme dicotiledoni della famiglia delle Asteraceae.[1][2]
Il nome del genere è stato dato in onore di Andreas von Gundelsheimer (1668–1715), un medico e botanico tedesco che viaggiò con Pitton de Tournefort (1656 - 1708) e Claude Aubriet (1651 - 1742) nel Mediterraneo e in Armenia nel 1700 - 1702.[3]
Il nome scientifico del genere è stato definito per la prima volta dal botanico Carl Linnaeus (1707-1778) nella pubblicazione " Species Plantarum" ( Sp. Pl. 2: 814 ) del 1753.[4]
Habitus. Queste piante sono caratterizzate da specie perenni di costituzione robusta. L'habitus si presenta molto spinoso con steli alati. Negli organi interni sono presenti sia condotti resiniferi che canali laticiferi.[5][6][7][8][9][3][10]
Fusto. I fusti sono quasi inesistenti. Le radici in genere sono di tipo fittonante.
Foglie. Le foglie sono prevalentemente basali e sono disposte lungo il fusto in modo alterno. Le lamine sono di tipo pennatosette con lobi grossolani. Le foglie sono verdi e spinose.
Infiorescenza. Le infiorescenze (sinfiorescenze o "syncalathia" o "grande capolino") sono formate da singoli fiori aggregati in 5 - 7 capolini. I capolini singoli, sottesi da una brattea spinosa, sono formati da un involucro composto da brattee (o squame) all'interno delle quali un ricettacolo fa da base ai fiori tubulosi). Gli involucri a forma campanulata o urceolata, sono formati da diverse brattee (5 nei capolini centrali; 2 in quelli periferici) connate e disposte su una serie. Il ricettacolo è provvisto di pagliette con ampie ali che racchiudono in alcuni casi gli acheni.
Fiori. I fiori sono tetra-ciclici (ossia sono presenti 4 verticilli: calice – corolla – androceo – gineceo) e pentameri (ogni verticillo ha in genere 5 elementi). I fiori sono zigomorfi, quelli centrali sono ermafroditi. Gli altri, nei 4 - 6 caplini restanti, sono funzionalmente staminali.
, [C (5), A (5)], G 2 (infero), achenio[11]
Frutti. I frutti sono degli acheni con pappo. L'achenio, oblungo (obpiramidale) e glabro, è privo di becco. Il pappo è formato da una coroncina apicale di squame denticolate-fimbriate.
Le specie di questo genere sono distribuite in Anatolia, Asia mediterranea, Transcaucasia, Afghanisstan, Iran e Iraq.[2]
La famiglia di appartenenza di questa voce (Asteraceae o Compositae, nomen conservandum) probabilmente originaria del Sud America, è la più numerosa del mondo vegetale, comprende oltre 23.000 specie distribuite su 1.535 generi[15], oppure 22.750 specie e 1.530 generi secondo altre fonti[16] (una delle checklist più aggiornata elenca fino a 1.679 generi)[17]. La famiglia attualmente (2021) è divisa in 16 sottofamiglie.[1][8][9]
Il genere di questa voce appartiene alla sottotribù Scolyminae della tribù Cichorieae (unica tribù della sottofamiglia Cichorioideae). In base ai dati filogenetici la sottofamiglia Cichorioideae è il terz'ultimo gruppo che si è separato dal nucleo delle Asteraceae (gli ultimi due sono Corymbioideae e Asteroideae).[1] La sottotribù Scolyminae è uno dei cladi iniziali che si sono separati dalla tribù.[9]
I caratteri più distintivi per questa sottotribù (e quindi per i suoi generi) sono:[8]
All'interno della sottotribù il genere di questa voce, da un punto di vista filogenetico, è in posizione basale e con il resto della sottotribù forma un "gruppo fratello".[18] L'inclusione di questo genere nel gruppo delle "cichorieae" è abbastanza recente in quanto rappresenta, con i suoi fiori tubulosi, una eccezione (nel resto della tribù prevalgono i fiori ligulati 5-dentati).
Cladogramma indicante la posizione del genere nella sottotribù.[18]
sottotribù ScolyminaeGundelia
I caratteri distintivi per le specie di questo genere sono:[8]
In trattamenti precedenti questo genere era a capo della sottotribù Gundelieae DC. ex Lecoq. & Julliet, 1831.[8]
Il numero cromosomico della specie è: 2n = 18.[8]
Questo genere ha 16 specie:[2]
Sono elencati alcuni sinonimi per questa entità:[2]
Gundelia L., 1753 è un genere di piante angiosperme dicotiledoni della famiglia delle Asteraceae.
Gundelia is een geslacht van stekelige, distelachtige, bloeiende planten uit de composietenfamilie (Asteraceae). Inzichten verschillen of er slechts een veelvormige soort is, G. tournefortii, of dat meerdere soorten kunnen worden onderscheiden.
Ze groeien in de semi-woestijnachtige gebieden van Palestina, Armenië, Klein-Azië, Irak en Iran.
Deze plant trok in 1998 veel belangstelling, toen pollenkorrels die aan deze soort werden toegeschreven werden gevonden op de Lijkwade van Turijn. Dit nieuws leek de authenticiteit van de lijkwade te onderbouwen. Sommige wetenschappers hebben gesuggereerd dat uit de aanwezigheid van dit pollen zou kunnen worden afgeleid dat de doornenkroon, één van de symbolen van de vernedering van Jezus Christus, met takken van Gundelia zou zijn gemaakt. Iets minder voor de hand liggend is dat de doornenkroon was samengesteld van de doornplant jujube (Zizyphus spina-christi) of mogelijk van allebei, hoewel er geen pollen op de Lijkwade van zijn aangetroffen.[bron?]
Recente genetische analyse suggereert dat het geslacht Gundelia verwant is aan Hymenonema, Scolymus en Catananche. Dit wordt tot uitdrukking gebracht in de onderstaande verwantschapsboom.[1]
subtribus ScolyminaeGundelia
Gundelia is een geslacht van stekelige, distelachtige, bloeiende planten uit de composietenfamilie (Asteraceae). Inzichten verschillen of er slechts een veelvormige soort is, G. tournefortii, of dat meerdere soorten kunnen worden onderscheiden.
Ze groeien in de semi-woestijnachtige gebieden van Palestina, Armenië, Klein-Azië, Irak en Iran.
Deze plant trok in 1998 veel belangstelling, toen pollenkorrels die aan deze soort werden toegeschreven werden gevonden op de Lijkwade van Turijn. Dit nieuws leek de authenticiteit van de lijkwade te onderbouwen. Sommige wetenschappers hebben gesuggereerd dat uit de aanwezigheid van dit pollen zou kunnen worden afgeleid dat de doornenkroon, één van de symbolen van de vernedering van Jezus Christus, met takken van Gundelia zou zijn gemaakt. Iets minder voor de hand liggend is dat de doornenkroon was samengesteld van de doornplant jujube (Zizyphus spina-christi) of mogelijk van allebei, hoewel er geen pollen op de Lijkwade van zijn aangetroffen.[bron?]
Gundelia é um género botânico pertencente à família Asteraceae.[1]
Gundelia é um género botânico pertencente à família Asteraceae.
Gundelia là một chi thực vật có hoa trong họ Cúc (Asteraceae).[1]
Chi Gundelia gồm các loài:
Gundelia là một chi thực vật có hoa trong họ Cúc (Asteraceae).
Gundelia L., 1753
Виды[2]
Гунде́лия (лат. Gundelia) — род растений семейства Астровые (Asteraceae). Произрастает в пустынных областях Сирии, Израиля, Иордании, Ирана, Ирака, Азербайджана и Армении.
В 1998 году на Туринской плащанице была обнаружена пыльца Gundelia tournefortii, после чего появилась версия, что именно это растение было Терновым венцом Иисуса Христа.[источник не указан 1186 дней]
Gundelia tournefortii является съедобной в марте, когда оно ещё находится в стадии ростка[3][4]. Летом растение засыхает, и на нём появляются шипы. В конце лета оно цветёт, семена разносятся ветром[3][5].
Арабские народы используют гунделию в пищу, а также в медицинских целях. Её можно встретить на рынках Турции, Палестины, Сирии. В Израиле распространено блюдо из гунделии и рубленого мяса, жаренного на оливковом масле с лимонным соком[4].
В Израиле растение считается охраняемым и запрещено к сбору[6].
Это заготовка статьи по ботанике. Вы можете помочь проекту, дополнив её. Гунде́лия (лат. Gundelia) — род растений семейства Астровые (Asteraceae). Произрастает в пустынных областях Сирии, Израиля, Иордании, Ирана, Ирака, Азербайджана и Армении.
В 1998 году на Туринской плащанице была обнаружена пыльца Gundelia tournefortii, после чего появилась версия, что именно это растение было Терновым венцом Иисуса Христа.[источник не указан 1186 дней]
Gundelia tournefortii является съедобной в марте, когда оно ещё находится в стадии ростка. Летом растение засыхает, и на нём появляются шипы. В конце лета оно цветёт, семена разносятся ветром.
Арабские народы используют гунделию в пищу, а также в медицинских целях. Её можно встретить на рынках Турции, Палестины, Сирии. В Израиле распространено блюдо из гунделии и рубленого мяса, жаренного на оливковом масле с лимонным соком.
В Израиле растение считается охраняемым и запрещено к сбору.
