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Lifespan, longevity, and ageing

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Maximum longevity: 16.5 years (captivity) Observations: These animals appear to be amongst the fastest ageing primates (Austad 1997). One female lived 16.5 years in captivity (http://ipad.primate.wisc.edu/). In addition, one male specimen reportedly lived 22.8 years in captivity (Richard Weigl 2005). Although possible, because there are no other known cases of common marmosets living over 16.5 years, the accuracy of this report is considered questionable.
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Morphology ( İngilizce )

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The common marmoset has a body length of about 12 - 15 cm, with a tail length of 29.5 - 35 cm. Distinguishing characteristics of common marmosets include white ear tufts, and a white blaze on the forehead. Their head fur is usually dark brown, while their back fur is a greyish brown color with light transverse striping. They also have very pronounced transverse tail stripes.

(Parker, 1990)

Range mass: 300 to 360 g.

Other Physical Features: endothermic ; bilateral symmetry

Average basal metabolic rate: 0.848 W.

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Cover, S. 2000. "Callithrix jacchus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Callithrix_jacchus.html
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Sarah Cover, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor

Life Expectancy ( İngilizce )

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Average lifespan
Status: wild:
10.0 years.

Average lifespan
Status: captivity:
12.0 years.

Average lifespan
Status: wild:
10.0 years.

Average lifespan
Status: captivity:
16.0 years.

Average lifespan
Status: captivity:
15.7 years.

Average lifespan
Sex: male
Status: captivity:
16.8 years.

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Cover, S. 2000. "Callithrix jacchus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Callithrix_jacchus.html
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Sarah Cover, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor

Habitat ( İngilizce )

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Common marmosets can be found around the edges of the forest as opposed to deep within it. They live in many forest types, including plantations. (Parker)

Terrestrial Biomes: rainforest

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Cover, S. 2000. "Callithrix jacchus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Callithrix_jacchus.html
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Sarah Cover, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor

Distribution ( İngilizce )

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Common marmosets are New World primates. Their original range was limited to north eastern Brazil, but habitat destruction in that area is widespread. Wild populations of the common marmoset are now located in south eastern Brazilian coastal rainforest. (Parker, 1990)

Biogeographic Regions: neotropical (Native )

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Cover, S. 2000. "Callithrix jacchus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Callithrix_jacchus.html
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Sarah Cover, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor

Trophic Strategy ( İngilizce )

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While the common marmoset generally feeds on tree sap, this species has also been found to eat insects, spiders, fruit, flowers, and nectar. Less frequently, they have been observed feeding on small lizards, bird's eggs, nestlings, and frogs.

(Parker, 1990)

Animal Foods: birds; amphibians; reptiles; eggs; insects; terrestrial non-insect arthropods

Plant Foods: fruit; nectar; flowers

Primary Diet: herbivore (Eats sap or other plant foods)

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Cover, S. 2000. "Callithrix jacchus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Callithrix_jacchus.html
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Sarah Cover, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor

Benefits ( İngilizce )

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When zoos are able to obtain these tiny creatures, they are very popular attractions.

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Cover, S. 2000. "Callithrix jacchus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Callithrix_jacchus.html
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Sarah Cover, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor

Benefits ( İngilizce )

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Because they have adapted to life on the edge of the forests of south eastern Brazil, common marmosets have also learned to take advantages of the plantations in the area. In greater numbers, they may become pests to human farmers. (Smuts et al., 1987)

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Cover, S. 2000. "Callithrix jacchus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Callithrix_jacchus.html
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Sarah Cover, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor

Conservation Status ( İngilizce )

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Common marmosets are one of the most endangered callitrichid species. The complete destruction of their habitat in north eastern Brazil has severely threatened the species, but their numbers in reserves in south eastern Brazil seem to be growing.

(Smuts et al., 1987)

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern

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Sarah Cover, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Behavior ( İngilizce )

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Perception Channels: tactile ; chemical

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Cover, S. 2000. "Callithrix jacchus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Callithrix_jacchus.html
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Sarah Cover, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor

Başlıksız ( İngilizce )

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It is only very recently that humans have been able to obtain any information about this species at all. Because of their rarity and size, they are difficult to study in the wild, and comparisons between captive and field studies have proved that their behavior varies between the two. (Evans, 1986)

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Cover, S. 2000. "Callithrix jacchus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Callithrix_jacchus.html
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Sarah Cover, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor

Reproduction ( İngilizce )

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It was originally thought that common marmosets were monogamous creatures, forming pair bonds and raising their offspring as a team. This was believed because captive marmosets only bred successfully in a pair situation. However, it has recently been discovered that the common marmoset, along with other species of marmosets and tamarins, is actually polyandrous (one female mates with multiple males). In the wild, groups of two males and a female form in order to mate and rear offspring. The female mates nearly equally with both males while in estrus.

Mating System: polyandrous ; cooperative breeder

After gestating for approximately 148 days, the female gives birth to the offspring, usually twins (Smuts et al., 1987).

Average number of offspring: 2.

Average gestation period: 148 days.

Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; viviparous

Average birth mass: 26.5 g.

Average gestation period: 144 days.

Average number of offspring: 2.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male)
Sex: male:
382 days.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female)
Sex: female:
477 days.

The twins combined can equal up to 40% of the female's body weight. The males assist the female in carrying the infants, and it is generally thought that polyandry in this species is due to the large size of these babies and the energy needed to raise them.

Parental Investment: pre-fertilization (Provisioning, Protecting: Female); pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Male, Female); pre-independence (Protecting: Male, Female)

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Cover, S. 2000. "Callithrix jacchus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Callithrix_jacchus.html
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Sarah Cover, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor

Callithrix jacchus ( Bretonca )

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lang="br" dir="ltr">

Callithrix jacchus[1] a zo ur spesad primated eus kerentiad ar Cebidae.

Doareoù pennañ

Ur pevarzroadeg-deiz an hini eo.

Boued

Bevañ a ra al loen diwar amprevaned ha frouezh, kement hag ar gom a ver diouzh rusk gwez 'zo.

Annez

  • ██ Tiriad Callithrix jacchus.
  • A orin eus aodoù biz Brazil ez eo al loen (stadoù Alagoas, Bahia, Ceará, Paraíba, Pernambuco, Piauí ha Rio Grande do Norte) kent bezañ degaset da c'hevred ar vro (Rio de Janeiro) adalek ar bloavezhioù 1920.

    Rummatadur

    Renket eo en isgenad Callithrix (Callithrix).

    Liammoù diavaez

    Notennoù ha daveennoù

    1. N'en deus al loen anv boutin ebet testeniekaet e brezhoneg evit poent.
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    Callithrix jacchus: Brief Summary ( Bretonca )

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    Callithrix jacchus a zo ur spesad primated eus kerentiad ar Cebidae.

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    Callithrix jacchus ( Katalanca; Valensiyaca )

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    Callithrix jacchus és una espècie de primat de la família dels cal·litríquids que viu al Brasil.

    Referències

    Enllaços externs

     src= A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Callithrix jacchus Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata
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    Callithrix jacchus: Brief Summary ( Katalanca; Valensiyaca )

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    Callithrix jacchus és una espècie de primat de la família dels cal·litríquids que viu al Brasil.

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    Kosman bělovousý ( Çekçe )

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    Kosman bělovousý (Callithrix jacchus) je primát patřící do čeledi kosmanovití (Callithrichidae) a rodu kosman (Callithrix). Popsal jej Carl Linné v roce 1758.[2]

    Výskyt

    Kosman bělovousý je zvířetem neotropické oblasti.[3] Obývá Brazílii, konkrétně její severovýchodní část (například Maranhão a Bahia), možná i severovýchod Tocantins. Do některých míst, jako v blízkosti Rio de Janeiro či Buenos Aires byl vysazen, a dobře zde prosperuje. Obývá mnoho typů lesů, pobřežní, galeriové, listnaté i opadavé, lze jej najít i na plantážích, v parcích či na zahradách. V oblastech mohou tyto opice žít s velkou hustotou populace.[4][5]

    Popis

    Kosman bělovousý je malá opice,[5] tělo měří bez ocasu 12 až 15 cm, ocas je dlouhý 29,5 až 35 cm;[3] z celkové velikosti tvoří ⅔.[2] Samci váží okolo 256 gramů, samice jsou mírně lehčí, hmotnost je odhadována na 236 gramů. Obě pohlaví jsou velikostně podobná.[5] Srst je zbarvena tmavohnědě, hřbet šedohnědě,[3] přes tělo se táhnou tmavé pruhy. Také ocas je poset pruhy, ty jsou však tmavé a světlé.[2] Horní část hlavy je černá, u uší roste chomáč bílé srsti. Bíle zabarveno je rovněž čelo a obličej; ten ztmavne, když na něj zasvítí slunce.[5]

    Chování

     src=
    Krmící se kosman

    Kosman bělovousý je denní živočich,[3] aktivní v době mezi půl hodinou před východem a půl hodinou před západem slunce. Den tito primáti začínají tak, že se nakrmí, zbytek dne pak tráví získáváním další potravy, sociálním chováním a odpočinkem, který může trvat i 30 minut.[5] Ve skupinách žije tři až patnáct zvířat, obvyklý počet je devět opic o třech generacích. Tlupa zahrnuje chovný pár a přidružené jedince, jestliže zahyne člen chovné dvojice, skupina primátů se rozdrobí. Samci opustí tlupu po dosažení plné dospělosti, nikoli tedy pohlavní dospělosti, jak je to u jiných opic. Pro komunikaci mezi členy tlupy je důležitá hlasová (na dálku) i vizuální (na blízko) komunikace,[6] velký význam má komunikace chemická.[7] S ostatními členy své tlupy a k odstrašení jiných tlup používá kosman volání složené z 1 až 5 hlasitých pískavých zvuků. Znakem agrese jsou různě otevřená ústa, v případě nebezpečí vydávají opice krátké a hluboké poplachové signály. Predátory jsou například sovy, draví ptáci nebo lasicovití.[6] Území má rozlohu 2 až 5 hektarů.[7]

    Podobně jako všechny ostatní druhy kosmanů konzumují i kosmani bělovousí rostlinné výpotky, jež tvoří 20 až 70 % stravy, žerou však také hmyz (24 až 30 %) a konzumují také houby, květy, ještěrky, žáby nebo ovoce.[6] Právě v období, kdy je ovoce nedostatek, tvoří výpotky důležitou součást jídelníčku.[7]

    Druh může být polygamní, polyandní a monogamní, dříve byla monogamie mylně považována za jedinou pářící strategii druhu. Za asi 148 dní po spáření samice porodí nejčastěji dvě mláďata (možná jsou i trojčata nebo jedináček),[6] která mohou tvořit až 40 % její hmotnosti.[3] Váží asi 25 až 35 g.[7] Ve volné přírodě se mláďata nejčastěji rodí od dubna do června a od září do listopadu (konec období sucha a konec období dešťů) a asi za deset dní po porodu může samice znovu zabřeznout.[6] O mláďata se vyjma samice starají i jiní členové tlupy, což zvyšuje jejich šance na přežití.[3] Asi za dva týdny se již začínají aktivně pohybovat a za tři měsíce je samice odstaví od mateřského mléka.[6] Pohlavní dospělosti je dosaženo u samců za 382 dní a u samic za 477 dní. Ve volné přírodě se dožijí asi deseti let.[3]

    Vztah s lidmi

    Přestože někde populace druhu klesá, kosman bělovousý je přizpůsobivý tvor se širokým areálem výskytu vytlačující i ostatní kosmany, proto jej Mezinárodní svaz ochrany přírody (IUCN) hodnotí jako málo dotčený. Je zapsán na Úmluvě o mezinárodním obchodu s ohroženými druhy volně žijících živočichů a rostlin (druhá příloha). Vyskytuje se v řadě chráněných oblastí, jako je například Ekologická stanice Uruçuí-Una, Národní park Sete Cidades, Biologická rezervace Pedra Talhada, či Národní park Ubajara.[4]

    Kosmani bělovousí mohou být chováni v zajetí v prostorné (2,5 × 1,5 × 1,5 m) ubikaci o teplotě 24 °C a vlhkosti vzduchu 80 %. Potrava je pro zvířata v zajetí tvořena různými druhy ovoce, některou zeleninou (rajčata), mléčnými výrobky a hmyzem a jinými živočišnými produkty.[2]

    Odkazy

    Reference

    1. Červený seznam IUCN 2018.1. 5. července 2018. Dostupné online. [cit. 2018-08-09]
    2. a b c d KOŘÍNEK, Milan; ANTUŠEK, Ivo. kosman bělovousý [online]. Biolib.cz [cit. 2017-05-19]. Dostupné online.
    3. a b c d e f g COVER, Sarah. Callithrix jacchus (white-tufted-ear marmoset). Animal Diversity Web [online]. 2000 [cit. 2017-05-19]. Dostupné online. (anglicky)
    4. a b Callithrix jacchus (Common Marmoset, White-tufted-ear Marmoset). www.iucnredlist.org [online]. [cit. 2017-05-19]. Dostupné online.
    5. a b c d e Primate Factsheets: Common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) Taxonomy, Morphology, & Ecology. pin.primate.wisc.edu [online]. [cit. 2017-05-19]. Dostupné online. (anglicky)
    6. a b c d e f Primate Factsheets: Common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) Behavior. pin.primate.wisc.edu [online]. [cit. 2017-05-21]. Dostupné online. (anglicky)
    7. a b c d WAZA. Common Marmoset - Callithrix jacchus : WAZA : World Association of Zoos and Aquariums. www.waza.org [online]. [cit. 2017-05-21]. Dostupné online. (anglicky)

    Externí odkazy

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    Kosman bělovousý: Brief Summary ( Çekçe )

    wikipedia CZ tarafından sağlandı

    Kosman bělovousý (Callithrix jacchus) je primát patřící do čeledi kosmanovití (Callithrichidae) a rodu kosman (Callithrix). Popsal jej Carl Linné v roce 1758.

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    Hvidøret silkeabe ( Danca )

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    Den hvidørede silkeabe (Callithrix jacchus) er en lille vestabe i familien egernaber. Den lever i tropisk regnskov eller savanne i Brasilien i Sydamerika. Kropslængden er 20 centimeter og vægten er 330 gram. Farven varierer fra grå til mørkebrun med lyst ansigt og øreduske.[2]

    Noter

    1. ^ Rylands, A. B., ; et al. (2008). "Callithrix jacchus". IUCN's Rødliste. Hentet 2016-06-09. CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
    2. ^ Lars Thomas. En oversigt over aber, side 14. Forlaget Flachs 2000. ISBN 87-7826-728-5.


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    Hvidøret silkeabe: Brief Summary ( Danca )

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    Den hvidørede silkeabe (Callithrix jacchus) er en lille vestabe i familien egernaber. Den lever i tropisk regnskov eller savanne i Brasilien i Sydamerika. Kropslængden er 20 centimeter og vægten er 330 gram. Farven varierer fra grå til mørkebrun med lyst ansigt og øreduske.

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    Weißbüschelaffe ( Almanca )

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    Weißbüschelaffen bei sozialer Fellpflege

    Der Weißbüschelaffe oder -äffchen (Callithrix jacchus), oft auch Pinselohräffchen genannt, ist eine Primatenart aus der Familie der Krallenaffen (Callithrichidae).

    Merkmale

    Weißbüschelaffen erreichen eine Kopf-Rumpf-Länge von 18 bis 25 Zentimetern, der Schwanz ist mit etwa 30 Zentimetern deutlich länger. Ihr Gewicht beträgt etwa 300 bis 400 Gramm. Ihr Fell ist vorwiegend graubraun gefärbt, am Rücken verlaufen einige helle Querstreifen. Auch der Schwanz ist gestreift. Ihr Kopf ist bräunlich gefärbt, charakteristisch sind die weißen, büschelartigen Haare, die die Ohren umgeben. Ein weißer Fleck findet sich auf der Stirn, das Gesicht ist haarlos. Die Gliedmaßen sind eher kurz, wie bei allen Krallenaffen befinden sich an den Fingern und Zehen (mit Ausnahme der Großzehe) Krallen statt Nägeln. Männchen und Weibchen sehen sehr ähnlich aus und zeigen keinen Geschlechtsdimorphismus.

    Verbreitung und Lebensraum

    Weißbüschelaffen bewohnen das nordöstliche Brasilien. Ihr ursprüngliches Verbreitungsgebiet reichte von Maranhão oder Piauí bis zum Nordufer des Rio São Francisco. Mittlerweile sind sie auch in anderen Regionen Brasiliens heimisch, etwa in Bahia, Rio de Janeiro und Santa Catarina, aber auch in Buenos Aires. Ihr Lebensraum sind Wälder, wobei sie in verschiedenen Waldtypen vorkommen können. So sind sie in der steppenartigen Caatinga ebenso zu finden wie in den feuchten atlantischen Küstenwäldern. Sie sind anpassungsfähig und können auch in Plantagen oder Parkanlagen existieren.

    Lebensweise

    Weißbüschelaffen sind wie alle Krallenaffen tagaktiv. In der Nacht schlafen sie in Baumhöhlen oder im Lianendickicht. In den Bäumen bewegen sie sich entweder auf allen vieren gehend oder springend fort.

    Sie leben in Gruppen von zwei bis 15 (durchschnittlich 9) Tieren zusammen. Diese Gruppen sind oft um ein fortpflanzungsfähiges Paar organisiert und beinhalten daneben weitere ausgewachsene Tiere und Jungtiere. Das fortpflanzungsfähige Paar dominiert die Gruppe, der Eisprung der untergeordneten Weibchen ist unterdrückt, sodass diese nicht fortpflanzungsfähig sind. Bei dieser Unterdrückung könnten Pheromone der dominanten Tiere eine Rolle spielen. Das Territorium einer Gruppe ist sehr klein und umfasst nur rund 0,7 bis 6 Hektar.

    Die Gruppenmitglieder kommunizieren durch Gesichtsausdrücke, Körperhaltungen und zwitschernde Laute miteinander. In einem Versuch wurde entdeckt, dass Weißbüschelaffen altruistische Tendenzen zeigen. Dabei ließen sie Artgenossen ohne eine Belohnung oder Gegenleistung – auch nicht zu Fortpflanzungszwecken – Nahrung zukommen.[1]

     src=
    Weißbüschelaffe auf einem Ast

    Nahrung

    Die Nahrung der Weißbüscheläffchen besteht vorwiegend aus Baumsäften und Insekten. Wie alle Marmosetten sind sie dank der spezialisierten Zähne in der Lage, Löcher in die Baumrinde zu nagen, um an die Baumsäfte zu gelangen. Diese spezialisierte Ernährung ermöglicht es ihnen, mit kleinen Lebensräumen auszukommen und vermindert die Nahrungskonkurrenz zu größeren, in stärkerem Ausmaß von Früchten abhängigen Primatenarten. Die Jagd auf Insekten macht rund 24 bis 30 % ihrer Zeit aus. In geringerem Ausmaß verzehren sie daneben auch noch Früchte, Samen, Blüten, Pilze, Schnecken, kleine Wirbeltiere und Eier.

    Fortpflanzung

     src=
    Junger Weißbüschelaffe

    In Gefangenschaft bilden Weißbüschelaffen nahezu ausschließlich monogame Paare. In freier Wildbahn dürfte das Paarungsverhalten hingegen flexibler sein, neben monogamen Paaren kommt es auch zur Polyandrie, das heißt ein Weibchen – das dominante – paart sich mit mehreren Männchen.

    Die Weibchen sind das ganze Jahr über fortpflanzungsfähig und haben einen Regelzyklus von durchschnittlich 28 Tagen Länge, ähnlich wie beim Menschen. Allerdings gibt es keine Regelblutung oder andere äußere Anzeichen des Zyklus.

    Nach einer Tragezeit von ca. 150 Tagen bringt das Weibchen wie bei allen Krallenaffen in der Regel Zwillinge zur Welt. In Gefangenschaft kommen öfter auch Drillinge vor, ganz selten Vierlinge. Die Jungtiere sind sehr groß – sie erreichen rund ein Viertel des Gewichts der Mutter. Obwohl die Mutter ihre Jungtiere säugt, kann sie nach der Geburt innerhalb von zwei Wochen wieder neue Eisprünge haben und auch befruchtet werden, während bei Menschen das Stillen normalerweise weitere Eisprünge für mehrere Monate verhindert. Die Väter und auch die anderen Gruppenmitglieder beteiligen sich intensiv an der Jungenaufzucht, sie tragen die Jungen herum und beschäftigen sich mit ihnen. Nach drei Monaten sind diese weitgehend entwöhnt, die Geschlechtsreife tritt im zweiten Lebensjahr ein.

    Die Lebenserwartung der Weißbüschelaffen beträgt in freier Wildbahn rund 12 Jahre.

    Weißbüschelaffen und Menschen

    Weißbüschelaffen mit Jungtieren im Tierpark Herford (Video)

    Seit den 1960er-Jahren wurden Weißbüschelaffen gefangen und in Tierversuchen eingesetzt oder zu Heimtieren gemacht. Als Labortiere zählen sie bis heute zu den am häufigsten eingesetzten Primatenarten, werden allerdings dazu eigens gezüchtet und nicht mehr gefangen. Die Jagd auf Weißbüschelaffen zum Zweck der Haltung als Haustier kommt aber immer noch vor. Eine weitere Bedrohung stellt die Zerstörung ihres Lebensraums dar, der die Tiere mancherorts ausgesetzt sind.

    Aufgrund ihrer Anpassungsfähigkeit und ihrer relativen Anspruchslosigkeit an den Lebensraum zählen die Weißbüschelaffen allerdings nicht zu den bedrohten Arten, die IUCN listet sie als nicht gefährdet (least concern). Wie oben erwähnt, konnten sie sich auch in Regionen ausbreiten, die nicht Teil ihres ursprünglichen Lebensraums waren.

    Biologen und Mediziner nutzen den Weißbüschelaffen zur Forschung mit Schwerpunkten in Verhalten, Reproduktion, Neurologie und Toxikologie.[2]

    Insbesondere in der Hirnforschung gelten Weißbüscheläffchen als Modelltiere zur Erforschung von Erkrankungen des Menschen, wie z. B. der Parkinson-Krankheit.[3][4]

    Literatur

    • Thomas Geissmann: Vergleichende Primatologie. Lehrbuch, Springer, Berlin u. a. 2003, ISBN 3-540-43645-6.
    • Ariane Thieß: Philopatrie versus Emigration : Analysen zur Fitnessmaximierung adulter Söhne und Töchter einer semifreilebenden Weißbüschelaffen-Sozietät (Callithrix jacchus) Göttingen 2004, (Dissertation Universität Göttingen 2004, 273 Seiten (Volltext online PDF kostenfrei, 273 Seiten, 3,3 MB)).
    • Don E. Wilson, DeeAnn M. Reeder (Hrsg.): Mammal Species of the World. A taxonomic and geographic Reference. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore MD 2005, ISBN 0-8018-8221-4.

    Einzelnachweise

    1. J. M. Burkart, E. Fehr, C. Efferson und C. P. van Schaik: Other-regarding preferences in a nonhuman primate: Common marmosets provision food altruistically. In: PNAS 104 (50), 2007, 19762-19766. online: ([1])
    2. "The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) as a model in toxicology.", Toxicologic Pathology, 2003 Jan-Feb;31 Suppl:123-7.
    3. http://www.dradio.de/dlf/sendungen/forschak/973149/
    4. Markstahler, Uwe: Okuläre Dominanzsäulen im primären visuellen Cortex (Area 17) von Callithrix jacchus (Primates, Ceboidea, Callithricidae) 86 S. 1998. Diss. Universität Freiburg.
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    Weißbüschelaffe: Brief Summary ( Almanca )

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     src= Weißbüschelaffen bei sozialer Fellpflege

    Der Weißbüschelaffe oder -äffchen (Callithrix jacchus), oft auch Pinselohräffchen genannt, ist eine Primatenart aus der Familie der Krallenaffen (Callithrichidae).

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    Common marmoset ( İngilizce )

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    The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) also called white-tufted marmoset or white-tufted-ear marmoset is a New World monkey. It originally lived on the northeastern coast of Brazil, in the states of Piaui, Paraiba, Ceará, Rio Grande do Norte, Pernambuco, Alagoas, and Bahia.[5] Through release (both intentional and unintentional) of captive individuals, it has expanded its range since the 1920s to Southeast Brazil (its first sighting in the wild for Rio de Janeiro was in 1929), where it became an invasive species, raising concerns about genetic pollution of similar species, such as the buffy-tufted marmoset (Callithrix aurita), and predation upon bird nestlings and eggs.[6]

    The whole genome sequence of a female common marmoset was published on 20 July 2014.[7] It became the first New World monkey to have its genome sequenced.[8]

    Physical description and morphology

    Drawing of a marmoset

    Common marmosets are very small monkeys with relatively long tails. Males are slightly larger than females; males have an average height of 188 mm (7.40 in) and females have an average height of 185 mm (7.28 in). Males weigh 256 g (9.03 oz) on average and females weigh 236 g (8.32 oz) on average.[9] The pelage of the marmoset is multicolored, being sprinkled with brown, grey, and yellow. It also has white ear tufts and the tail is banded. Its face has black across the nose-area skin and a white blaze on the forehead.[10] The coats of infants are brown and yellow with the ear tuft developing later.

    As with other members of the genus Callithrix, the common marmosets have claw-like nails known as tegulae on most of their fingers. Only their halluces (big toes) have the flat nails or ungulae that most other primates have.[11] Marmosets have an arboreal locomotion similar to squirrels. They can hang onto trees vertically and leap between them, and run across branches quadrupedally.[9][12] Tegulae are an adaptation for this type of locomotion. Other Callithrix traits shared include enlarged, chisel-shaped incisors and ceca specialized for their diet.[9]

    Range and ecology

    The common marmoset has white tufted ears.

    Common marmosets are native only to east-central Brazil. They have been introduced into other areas and live within the cities of Rio de Janeiro and Buenos Aires, Argentina.[13] Marmosets can be found in a number of forest habitats. They live in Atlantic coastal forests as well as semideciduous forests farther inland. They can also inhabit savanna forests and riverine forests.[14] Marmosets are successful in dry secondary forests and edge habitats.[12]

    Diet

    The common marmoset's claw-like nails, incisor shape, and gut specialization reflect their unique diet, which is primarily made of plant exudates and insects. Common marmosets feed on gum, sap, latex, and resin.[12][14] They use their nails to cling to the side of a tree, and with their long lower incisors, chew a hole in the tree.[15] The marmoset then licks up the exudates or swoops them with the teeth.[16] From 20 to 70% of the marmoset’s feeding behavior includes eating exudates.[9][15]

    Exudates provide marmosets with a reliable food source in their seasonal habitat. They rely on these foods particularly between January and April, when fruit is not abundant. A marmoset may visit a tree hole multiple times, including those made by other animals. In addition to exudates, insects also prove an important food source for marmosets, making up 24-30% of their food. The small size of marmosets allows them to stalk and ambush them.[14] Marmosets also eat fruits, seeds, flowers, fungi, nectar, snails, lizards, tree frogs, bird eggs, nestlings, and infant mammals.[16] Marmosets may compete for fruit with birds, such as parrots and toucans, and with woolly opossums.[16]

    Behavior

    Social organization

    Two marmosets

    Common marmosets live in stable extended families, with only a few members allowed to breed.[17][18] A marmoset group can contain as many as 15 members, but a more typical number is nine.[16] A marmoset family usually contains one or two breeding females, a breeding male, their offspring, and their adult relatives, be they their parents or siblings.[18] The females in a group tend to be closely related, and males less so. Males do not mate with breeding females to which they are related. Marmosets may leave their natal groups when they become adults, in contrast to other primate species, which leave at adolescence. Not much is known of the reasons marmosets leave their natal groups.[18] Family groups fuse into new groups when a breeding male dies.[19] Within the family groups, the breeding individuals tend to be more dominant. The breeding male and female tend to share dominance. Between two breeding females, though, one is more dominant. In addition, the subordinate female is usually the daughter of the dominant one. For the other members, social rank is based on age.[17] Dominance is maintained though various behaviors, postures, and vocalizations, and subordinates groom their superiors.[17]

    Reproduction and parenting

    Mother and baby at Forte da Ponta da Vigia, Brazil

    Common marmosets have a complex mating system. They were thought to be monogamous, but both polygamy and polyandry have been observed.[17] Nevertheless, most matings are monogamous. Even in groups with two breeding females, the subordinate female often mates with males from other groups. Subordinate females usually do not give birth to fit offspring.[20] Mating with extra-group males may allow the female to find potential mates in the future. Females that mate successfully but lose their young move to other groups and may gain dominant breeding positions.[20]

    Common marmoset found in a Pernambuco resort

    The breeding individuals in a group need the other members to help raise their young. Thus, the pair behaviorally and physiologically suppresses the reproduction of the other members of the group.[21][22] Since these suppressed individuals are likely related to the breeding pair, they have an incentive to care for the young, as they share genes with them.[22] In addition, the presence of a related male affects female ovulation. Female ovulation does not occur when their fathers are around, but does occur when an unrelated male is nearby, instead. They also display aggressive behavior towards their mothers,[22] possibly to displace them.

    When conditions are right for them to breed, adult females breed regularly for the rest of their lives. Females flick their tongues at males to solicit mating. The gestation period lasts for 5 months, and females are ready to breed again around 10 days after giving birth. Five months pass between each parturition, so they can give birth twice a year.[16] Marmosets commonly give birth to nonidentical twins. Because of this, females are under stress during pregnancy and lactation, and need help from the other members of the family.[12][16] Infant marmosets instinctively cling to their mother's back and do not voluntarily let go for the first two weeks. After that, they become very active and explore their environment.[16] The breeding male (likely the father) begins handling the twins, and all members of the family care for them.[23] In the following weeks, the young spend less time on their mother's back and more time moving around and playing.[16] Infants are weaned at 3 months. At 5 months, they enter their juvenile stage, when they have more interactions with family members other than their parents, and rough play helps to establish their future status. Another set of infants may be born and the previous young carry and play with them.[23] Marmosets become subadults between 9 and 14 months old, act like adults, and go through puberty. At 15 months, they reach adult size and are sexually mature, but cannot breed until they are dominant.[23]

    Communication

    Common marmoset at the Erlebnis-Zoo Hannover

    Common marmosets employ a number of vocal and visual communications. To signal alarm, aggression, and submission, marmosets use the "partially open mouth stare", "frown", and "slit-stare", respectively. To display fear or submission, marmosets flatten their ear tufts close to their heads.[16] Marmosets have two alarm calls - a series of repeating calls that get higher with each call, known as "staccatos", and short, trickling calls given either intermittently or repeatedly, called "tsiks". Marmoset alarm calls tend to be short and high-pitched.[19] Marmosets monitor and locate group members with vibrato-like, low-pitched, generic calls called "trills".[24] Marmosets also employ "phees", which are whistle-like, generic calls. These serve to attract mates, keep groups together, defend territories, and locate missing group members.[24] Marmosets use scent glands on their chests and anogenital regions to mark objects. These are meant to communicate social and reproductive status.[16]

    Status

    The common marmoset remains an abundant species and is not currently threatened, but its habitat had been degraded at a fast rate, with around 67% of the Cerrado region cleared for human use in the 1990s and around 80% cleared for cultivation more recently.[25] In addition, marmosets are captured and traded as pets. Though popular as pets, they become difficult to control as they get older and are thus abandoned or killed.[26] Common marmosets have also been used for medical experiments. They are used as such in Europe more so than in the United States, and are the most common nonhuman primates to be experimented on.[27] They are used as model organisms in areas of research such as teratology, periodontal disease, reproduction, immunology, endocrinology, obesity, and aging.[27][28]

    Genome

    In 2014, a female became the first nonhuman primate, among the New World monkeys, to have its complete genome sequenced.[8] The genome size is 2.26 Gbp, and contains 21,168 genes.[7] Segmental duplications added a total of 138 Mb of nonredundant sequences (4.7% of the whole genome), slightly fewer than observed in humans[29][30] or chimpanzees (about 5%),[31] but more than in orangutans (3.8%).[32]

    References

    1. ^ Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 131. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
    2. ^ Rylands AB, Mittermeier RA (2009). "The Diversity of the New World Primates (Platyrrhini)". In Garber PA, Estrada A, Bicca-Marques JC, Heymann EW, Strier KB (eds.). South American Primates: Comparative Perspectives in the Study of Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation. Springer. pp. 23–54. ISBN 978-0-387-78704-6.
    3. ^ Valença-Montenegro, M.M.; Bezerra, B.M.; Ruiz-Miranda, C.R.; Pereira, D.G.; Miranda, J.M.D.; Bicca-Marques, J.C.; Oliveira, L.; da Cruz, M.A.O.M.; Valle, R.R.; Mittermeier, R.A. (2021). "Callithrix jacchus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T41518A191705043. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T41518A191705043.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
    4. ^ Linnaeus, Carl (1758). Systema naturæ. Regnum animale (10th ed.). pp. 27, 28. Retrieved 19 November 2012.
    5. ^ Macdonald, David, ed. (1985). Primates. All the World's Animals. Torstar Books. p. 50. ISBN 978-0-920269-74-9.
    6. ^ Brandão, Tulio Afflalo (December 2006). "BRA-88: Micos-estrelas dominam selva urbana carioca" (in Portuguese). Rio de Janeiro. Archived from the original on 14 August 2009. Retrieved 10 April 2009.
    7. ^ a b Worley, Kim C; Warren, Wesley C; Rogers, Jeffrey; et al. (2014). "The common marmoset genome provides insight into primate biology and evolution". Nat Genet. 46 (8): 850–857. doi:10.1038/ng.3042. PMC 4138798. PMID 25038751.
    8. ^ a b Baylor College of Medicine. "Marmoset sequence sheds new light on primate biology and evolution". ScienceDaily. Retrieved 21 July 2014.
    9. ^ a b c d Rowe, N. (1996). Pictorial Guide to the Living Primates. East Hampton: Pogonias Press. ISBN 978-0-9648825-0-8.
    10. ^ Groves C. (2001) Primate taxonomy. Washington DC: Smithsonian Inst Pr.
    11. ^ Garber PA, Rosenberger AL, Norconk MA. (1996) "Marmoset misconceptions". In: Norconk MA, Rosenberger AL, Garber PA, editors. Adaptive radiations of neotropical primates. New York: Plenum Pr. pp. 87–95.
    12. ^ a b c d Kinzey WG. 1997. "Synopsis of New World primates (16 genera) ". In: Kinzey WG, editor. New world primates: ecology, evolution, and behavior. New York: Aldine de Gruyter. pp. 169–324.
    13. ^ Rylands AB, Coimbra-Filho AF, Mittermeier RA. 1993. "Systematics, geographic distribution, and some notes on the conservation status of the Callitrichidae". In: Rylands AB, editor. Marmosets and tamarins: systematics, behaviour, and ecology. Oxford (England): Oxford Univ Pr. pp. 11–77.
    14. ^ a b c Rylands AB, de Faria DS. (1993) "Habitats, feeding ecology, and home range size in the genus Callithrix". In: 'Rylands AB, editor. Marmosets and tamarins: systematics, behaviour, and ecology. Oxford (England): Oxford Univ Pr. pp. 262–72.
    15. ^ a b Ferrari, SF; Lopes Ferrari, MA (1989). "A re-evaluation of the social organization of the Callitrichidae, with reference to the ecological differences between genera". Folia Primatol. 52 (3–4): 132–47. doi:10.1159/000156392. PMID 2515129.
    16. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Stevenson MF, Rylands AB. (1988) "The marmosets, genus Callithrix". In: Mittermeier RA, Rylands AB, Coimbra-Filho AF, da Fonseca GAB, editors. Ecology and behavior of neotropical primates, Volume 2. Washington DC: World Wildlife Fund. pp. 131–222.
    17. ^ a b c d Digby, LJ (1995). "Social organization in a wild population of Callithrix jacchus: II, Intragroup social behavior". Primates. 36 (3): 361–75. doi:10.1007/bf02382859. S2CID 21445768.
    18. ^ a b c Ferrari, SF; Digby, LJ (1996). "Wild Callithrix group: stable extended families?". Am J Primatol. 38 (1): 19–27. doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-2345(1996)38:1<19::aid-ajp3>3.3.co;2-f. PMID 31914711.
    19. ^ a b Lazaro-Perea, C (2001). "Intergroup interactions in wild common marmosets, Callithrix jacchus: territorial defense and assessment of neighbours". Anim Behav. 62: 11–21. doi:10.1006/anbe.2000.1726. S2CID 53157937.
    20. ^ a b Arruda, MF; Araujo, A; Sousa, MBC; et al. (2005). "Two breeding females within free-living groups may not always indicate polygyny: alternative subordinate female strategies in common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus)". Folia Primatol. 76 (1): 10–20. doi:10.1159/000082451. PMID 15711070. S2CID 26930618.
    21. ^ Baker, JV; Abbott, DH; Saltzman, W (1999). "Social determinants of reproductive failure in male common marmosets housed with their natal family". Anim Behav. 58 (3): 501–13. doi:10.1006/anbe.1999.1200. PMID 10479365. S2CID 2666384.
    22. ^ a b c Saltzman, W; Severin, JM; Schultz-Darken, NJ; Abbott, DH (1997). "Behavioral and social correlates of escape from suppression of ovulation in female common marmosets with the natal family". Am J Primatol. 41 (1): 1–21. doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-2345(1997)41:1<1::aid-ajp1>3.0.co;2-0. PMID 9064194. S2CID 2019586.
    23. ^ a b c Yamamoto ME. (1993) From dependence to sexual maturity: the behavioural ontogeny of Callitrichidae". In: Rylands AB, editor. Marmosets and tamarins: systematics, behaviour, and ecology. Oxford (England): Oxford Univ Pr. pp. 235–54.
    24. ^ a b Jones CB. (1997) "Quantitative analysis of marmoset vocal communication". In: Pryce C, Scott L, Schnell C, editors. Marmosets and tamarins in biological and biomedical research: proceedings of a workshop. Salisbury (UK): DSSD Imagery. pp. 145–51.
    25. ^ Cavalcanti RB, Joly CA. (2002) "Biodiversity and conservation priorities in the cerrado region". In: Oliveira PS, Marquis RJ, editors. The cerrados of Brazil: ecology and natural history of a neotropical savanna. New York: Columbia Univ Pr. pp. 351–67.
    26. ^ Duarte-Quiroga, A; Estrada, A (2003). "Primates as pets in Mexico City: an assessment of the species involved, source of origin, and general aspects of treatment". Am J Primatol. 61 (2): 53–60. doi:10.1002/ajp.10108. PMID 14582127. S2CID 32805990.
    27. ^ a b Abbott, DH; Barnett, DK; Colman, RJ; et al. (2003). "Aspects of common marmoset basic biology and life history important for biomedical research". Comp Med. 53 (4): 339–50. PMID 14524409.
    28. ^ Rylands AB. (1997) "The callitrichidae: a biological overview". In: Pryce C, Scott L, Schnell C, editors. Marmosets and tamarins in biological and biomedical research: proceedings of a workshop. Salisbury (UK): DSSD Imagery. pp. 1–22.
    29. ^ Venter, J. C. (2001). "The Sequence of the Human Genome". Science. 291 (5507): 1304–1351. Bibcode:2001Sci...291.1304V. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.112.7735. doi:10.1126/science.1058040. PMID 11181995. S2CID 85981305.
    30. ^ McPherson, John D.; Marra, Marco; Hillier, LaDeana; et al. (2001). "A physical map of the human genome". Nature. 409 (6822): 934–941. doi:10.1038/35057157. PMID 11237014.
    31. ^ The Chimpanzee Sequencing and Analysis Consortium (2005). "Initial sequence of the chimpanzee genome and comparison with the human genome". Nature. 437 (7055): 69–87. Bibcode:2005Natur.437...69.. doi:10.1038/nature04072. PMID 16136131.
    32. ^ Locke, Devin P.; Hillier, LaDeana W.; Warren, Wesley C.; et al. (2011). "Comparative and demographic analysis of orang-utan genomes". Nature. 469 (7331): 529–533. Bibcode:2011Natur.469..529L. doi:10.1038/nature09687. PMC 3060778. PMID 21270892.

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    Common marmoset: Brief Summary ( İngilizce )

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    The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) also called white-tufted marmoset or white-tufted-ear marmoset is a New World monkey. It originally lived on the northeastern coast of Brazil, in the states of Piaui, Paraiba, Ceará, Rio Grande do Norte, Pernambuco, Alagoas, and Bahia. Through release (both intentional and unintentional) of captive individuals, it has expanded its range since the 1920s to Southeast Brazil (its first sighting in the wild for Rio de Janeiro was in 1929), where it became an invasive species, raising concerns about genetic pollution of similar species, such as the buffy-tufted marmoset (Callithrix aurita), and predation upon bird nestlings and eggs.

    The whole genome sequence of a female common marmoset was published on 20 July 2014. It became the first New World monkey to have its genome sequenced.

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    Callithrix jacchus ( İspanyolca; Kastilyaca )

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    El tití común (Callithrix jacchus) es una especie de primate platirrino de la familia Callitrichidae, endémica de los bosques del oriente de Brasil,[2][3]​ especialmente entre el río Paranaíba y el río São Francisco.

    Descripción

    Su cuerpo mide entre 18 y 25 cm de longitud y su cola entre 28 y 35 cm. Pesa entre 400 y 450 g. Se caracteriza por poseer dos grandes mechones de pelo blanco a ambos lados de la cabeza. El pelambre del cuerpo es grisáceo a negruzco, jaspeado de diferentes tonos. La frente y la mandíbula están cubiertas de pelos blancuzcos. En la cola forma anillos negruzcos alternados con otros castaños o amarillentos.

    Comportamiento

    Las parejas son intensamente monógamas y se integran en grupos de 15 a 20 individuos, claramente territoriales y jerárquicos. Con glándulas apropiadas marcan con sustancias olorosas su territorio, que según el tamaño del grupo oscila entre media y seis hectáreas. Pueden compartir el territorio con individuos de la especie Callithrix penicillata (conocidos como titís de pinceles negros) (el plural de tití, según las normas del Diccionario de la Real Academia Española, es titíes, pero es mucho más común el uso del plural titís).

    Reproducción

    La pareja que forma un grupo asume la posición dominante y generalmente sólo ella procrea, hasta dos veces al año. La gestación dura de 142 a 150 días y produce de una a tres crías, las cuales son cargadas por turnos por los diferentes adultos integrantes del grupo.

    Se alimentan de savia, néctar, frutos, insectos y arácnidos, huevos de aves y pequeños vertebrados.

    Etimología

    El nombre genérico proviene de las palabras griegas kallis "bello" y thrix "pelo", significando en conjunto como "pelo bello". [4]

    Galería

    Referencias

    1. Rylands, A.B, Mittermeier, R.A., de Oliveira, M.M. & Kierulff, M.C.M. (2008). «Callithrix jacchus». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2010.4 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 20 de noviembre de 2010.
    2. Groves, Colin (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M., eds. Mammal Species of the World (3ª edición). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 131. ISBN 0-8018-8221-4.
    3. Anthony B. Rylands; Russell A. Mittermeier (2009). «The Diversity of the New World Primates (Platyrrhini): An Annotated Taxonomy». Developments in Primatology: Progress and Prospects (en inglés) 2: 23-54. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-78705-3_2.
    4. «Tití común».

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    Callithrix jacchus: Brief Summary ( İspanyolca; Kastilyaca )

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    El tití común (Callithrix jacchus) es una especie de primate platirrino de la familia Callitrichidae, endémica de los bosques del oriente de Brasil,​​ especialmente entre el río Paranaíba y el río São Francisco.

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    Callithrix jacchus ( Baskça )

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    Callithrix jacchus Callithrix generoko animalia da. Primateen barruko Callitrichinae azpifamilia eta Cebidae familian sailkatuta dago

    Erreferentziak

    1. (Ingelesez)Mammals - full taxonomy and Red List status Ugaztun guztien egoera 2008an
    2. Linnaeus (1758) 1 Syst. Nat. 27. or..

    Ikus, gainera

    (RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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    Callithrix jacchus: Brief Summary ( Baskça )

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    Callithrix jacchus Callithrix generoko animalia da. Primateen barruko Callitrichinae azpifamilia eta Cebidae familian sailkatuta dago

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    Valkotupsusilkkiapina ( Fince )

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    Valkotupsusilkkiapina (Callithrix jacchus) on pienikokoinen kynsiapinalaji, joka elää Itä-Brasilian sademetsissä.

    Piirteet

    Valkotupsusilkkiapinan selkeimmät tuntomerkit ovat korvien kohdalla pitkistä valkoisista, kellertävistä tai kellanruskeista karvoista muodostuneet tupsut sekä valkoinen otsa, muuten ne ovat väritykseltään mustia tai harmaita. Valkotupsusilkkiapinan ruumis on 20–25 senttimetriä pitkä, häntä 29–35 senttiä. Apina painaa noin 300 grammaa, naarat ovat hieman koiraita kevyempiä.[2]

    Elintavat

    Valkotupsusilkkiapinan levinneisyysaluetta on pääasiassa Brasilia. Laji elää laumassa, johon kuuluu 9–15 yksilöä. Ravinto koostuu muun muassa hedelmistä, puiden mahlasta, hyönteisistä, kukista, siemenistä, pikkulinnuista ja linnunmunista.

    Naaraan kantoaika kestää 140–150 päivää, ja naaras saa 1–3 poikasta, tavallisimmin kaksoset. Uros huolehtii vastasyntyneistä poikasista ja kantaa niitä selässään, mikä on tyypillistä kynsiapinoille. Valkotupsusilkkiapinat saavuttavat sukukypsyyden noin puolentoista vuoden iässä.[3]

    Lähteet

    1. a b Rylands, A.B, Mittermeier, R.A., de Oliveira, M.M. & Kierulff, M.C.M.: Callithrix jacchus IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.1. 2008. International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN, Iucnredlist.org. Viitattu 5.7.2014. (englanniksi)
    2. Common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) 2005. Primate Info Net. Viitattu 10.10.2015. (englanniksi)
    3. Suuri Eläinkirja. WSOY, 1988. ISBN 951-0-22848-6.
    Tämä nisäkkäisiin liittyvä artikkeli on tynkä. Voit auttaa Wikipediaa laajentamalla artikkelia.
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    Valkotupsusilkkiapina: Brief Summary ( Fince )

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    Valkotupsusilkkiapina (Callithrix jacchus) on pienikokoinen kynsiapinalaji, joka elää Itä-Brasilian sademetsissä.

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    Callithrix jacchus ( Fransızca )

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    Ouistiti commun, Ouistiti à toupets blancs

    Le Ouistiti commun (Callithrix jacchus) est une espèce de singes du Nouveau Monde de la famille des Cebidae. C'est un primate miniature endémique du Brésil.

    Dénomination

    Premier des ouistitis à avoir été décrit, le Ouistiti commun[1] est également appelé Ouistiti à toupet[1], Ouistiti à toupets blancs[2], ou encore Ouistiti sagouin[3].

    Distribution

    On le trouve dans tout le Nord-est du Brésil. Dans les États du Piauí, Ceará, Rio Grande do Norte, Paraíba, Pernambouc, Alagoas, Sergipe et extrême nord de l 'État de Bahia. Il est présent au nord jusqu’à la côte atlantique entre les villes de Parnaíba et Natal, à l’ouest jusqu’au Rio Parnaíba (et même un peu au-delà à sa source), à l’est jusqu’au Rio São Francisco depuis son cours moyen jusqu’à son embouchure, au sud aux confins de Goiás-Piauí-Bahia. Il occupe l’île d’Itaparica (près de Salvador de Bahia). Introduit dans la région de la Serra do Mar, il fréquente plusieurs villes brésiliennes (Rio de Janeiro, Natal, João Pessoa) et Buenos Aires. C'est le plus commun des ouistitis.

    Hybridation

    Ce primate s'hybride parfois avec l’ouistiti à pinceaux noirs (C. penicillata) au sud-ouest de sa répartition (région d’Ibipetuba, cœur du Bahia) et au sud de sa répartition (extrême nord-est du Bahia) plus ou moins extensivement selon les auteurs.

    Habitat

    Son habitat est varié. Cet animal peuple ainsi la forêt tropicale humide de la Mata Atlântica, la savane du cerrado, de Carrasco et de Caatinga (même la plus désertique, comme celle du Sertão do Araripe), la mangrove sur la façade océanique, la forêt primaire et secondaire même dégradée, les plantations, les jardins et les parcs. Sur les flancs du Pain de Sucre, les cariocas lui offrent des oranges et des bananes pour le faire descendre de ses perchoirs. Ce singe est très adaptable.

    Description

    On constate un léger dimorphisme sexuel : la femelle est 10 % moins lourde que le mâle. La robe est noire tiquetée de gris-brun, avec des raies transversales au bas du dos. On trouve des spécimens plus pâles dans les régions sèches et plus marron dans les régions mésiques (fraîches humides). La queue est annelée ; des poils blancs sur le front et autour des yeux lui dessinent un masque de plongée. De longues touffes auriculaires blanches (3 cm) ou grisâtres, forment un arc semi-circulaire au-dessus et devant les oreilles et cachent les oreilles. Les jeunes sont dépourvus de ces pinceaux voyants et leur fourrure est uniformément brune, sauf la tête et le cou qui sont gris. On trouve des spécimens albinos au Refuge écologique de Charles Darwin (forêt de la montagne du Pernambuco).

    Canines : 2,06 mm (M), 2,11 mm (F).

    Vertèbres (pour tous les callitrichidés) : cervicales (7), thoraciques (13), lombaires (7), sacrales (3) et caudales (29).

    Mensurations

     src=
    Callithrix jacchus
    • Corps 20 cm (de 17 à 25 cm).
    • Queue 28 cm (de 24 à 35 cm).
    • Poids de 240 à 320 g.
    • Cerveau : 7,9 g (dont néocortex : 4,4 cm3).
    • Rapport longueur bras/jambes (x100) : 75.
    • Caryotype : 2n = 46.

    Les mensurations sont à peu de chose près identiques pour les 6 espèces de Callithrix.

    Domaine

    De 0,5 à 6,5 ha. De 0,7 à 2,4 ha (station forestière expérimentale Eflex/Ibama, Rio Grande do Norte).

    Densité

    9/km² (fazenda Rio Vermelho).

    Locomotion

    Quadrupède, il court, grimpe, saute ou sautille. Il progresse parfois par saut-accrochage, bondit parfois avec des mouvements exagérés, notamment pendant le jeu. il peut galoper, queue tendue ou arquée. Se repose sur une branche en position assise ou allongé sur le ventre la queue déroulée, au contact d’un ou plusieurs congénères ou bien seul.

    Comportements basiques

    Diurne. Arboricole. Territorial.

    Les femelles sont particulièrement agressives vis-à-vis des étrangers.

    Comportements divers

    Infanticide et cannibalisme avérés chez cette espèce, en captivité.

    Activités

    Ce ouistiti est très actif. Il parcourt chaque jour entre 0,5 et 1 km (les ouisitis exsudativores se déplacent moins que les tamarins davantage frugivores). Il circule en bande restreinte. Il s’éveille une demi-heure après l’aube et termine sa journée une demi-heure avant le crépuscule. Autour de midi, il se repose et pratique beaucoup le grooming.

    Budget d’activités : repos (43 %), déplacements et recherche de nourriture (35 %), alimentation (10 %) et contacts sociaux (10 %). La nuit, la famille s’endort dans un trou d’arbre ou cachée dans la dense végétation.

    Alimentation

    Gommivore-frugivore-insectivore. Fruits doux et sucrés. Pas de feuilles, trop peu énergétiques pour cette boule de nerfs. Arthropodes (sauterelles, criquets, cigales, coléoptères, papillons et blattes). Capture les insectes en un éclair, enserrant la proie entre ses deux mains. Mordue au cou puis décapitée, la victime est débarrassée de ses ailes et de ses intestins, grâce à une technique nullement innée que les jeunes apprennent au contact de leurs parents. Fouille le sol et explore les cavités naturelles (trous dans les branches, crevasses dans un tronc). Consomme parfois des œufs et des petits oiseaux au nid, de petits lézards et grenouilles. Sève, gomme et latex. Ce saigneur-suceur prélève les exsudats de nombreux arbres tropicaux comme le bois de cajou (Anacardium sp.), le pau-terra (Qualea sp.) et le Palmier buriti (Mauritia flexuosa). Utilise 5 à 50 arbres à gomme/ha. Il entaille le tronc de bas en haut grâce à ses longues incisives (presque aussi longues que ses canines) et recueille le liquide qui suinte de la blessure. L’incision, ronde ou allongée, mesure 1 à 1,5 cm de large pour 2 à 20 cm de long. Son cæcum est adapté à une telle spécialisation alimentaire.

    Comportement social

    Taille du groupe

    7-8 (de 2 à 20). 6,95 (Tapacurá).

    Structure sociale et système de reproduction

    Groupe multimâle-multifemelle. Monogamie (en liberté et en captivité). Polyandrie et polygynie. Le système de reproduction varie en fonction de facteurs environnementaux. Chez les callitricihidés, la présence dans un groupe de mâles non apparentés à la fille pourrait influencer positivement sa mère dans sa volonté de la laisser se reproduire. Sex-ratio : 1. Le groupe, placé sous l’autorité d’un couple dominant, inclut les jeunes de l’année, plusieurs générations de jumeaux (les aînés aidant à l’élevage des benjamins) et parfois un ou deux spécimens immigrés. Le plus souvent, aucune femelle subordonnée ne se reproduit et, lorsqu’une subordonnée met bas en même temps, sa progéniture a une moindre chance de survie. Des copulations extragroupe ont été observées chez les deux sexes, surtout durant l’œstrus. Les interactions intergroupes jouent un rôle primordial dans le repérage des partenaires potentiels et les opportunités de reproduction hors du groupe.

    Hiérarchie

    La femelle alpha inhibe sans trop de brutalité ses concurrentes, chimiquement (émission de phéromones) et comportementalement (regards, coups d’épaule, intimidation).

    Dispersion

    Les ouistitis des deux sexes émigrent (un par un) de leur clan natal, à la recherche d’un groupe d’accueil voisin. Ces départs sont plus rares que chez les tamarins et les petits singes-lions, les ouistitis formant des groupes plus stables. Il n’est pas rare de voir un ouistiti errer durant des mois avant de pouvoir se réintégrer socialement. Dans l’attente de sa réintégration, le mini Dracula passera ses journées seul, à saigner les arbres.

    Reproduction

    Parade sexuelle, comme chez toutes les autres espèces d’ouistitis. Mâle et femelle se poursuivent en une folle sarabande, dos arqués, pelage hérissé et membres allongés, comme des félins. Ils frottent leurs organes génitaux contre le sol. La femelle regarde le mâle droit dans les yeux (regards appuyés), claque des lèvres et lui tire langoureusement la langue. À ce manège sans équivoque, le mâle répond en l’imitant. Ce sollicitations sont plus fréquentes chez les partenaires récemment appariés. Le mâle renifle les parties anogénitales de sa partenaire pour tester sa réceptivité, fourre son nez dans son cou et la tient dans ses bras. Après s’être peignés mutuellement et copieusement mordillé la tête, les partenaires s’accouplent. Durant la copulation, elle se retourne et regarde son compagnon par-dessus sa propre épaule, la bouche ouverte. Cycle œstral (2 semaines) et œstrus (2 à 3 jours). La femelle se reproduit pour la première fois vers 20-24 mois. Elle met bas deux fois par an deux faux jumeaux dans la moitié des cas (sinon 1, 3 voire 4) pesant chacun 25 à 30 g et mesurant 7 cm. En proportion, chaque jumeau est donc environ 2,5 fois plus gros que l’unique nouveau-né d’un singe anthropoïde… Durée de gestation de 148 jours. Un œstrus post-accouchement intervient 9-10 jours après la mise bas. Deux pics saisonniers de naissances, en octobre-novembre et mars-avril.

    Développement

    Premiers pas seul à 2 semaines. Il s’exerce au jeu social dès la fin du premier mois. Allaité pendant 100 jours. Allomaternage. Les jumeaux commencent à se quereller à 7 semaines et produisent des marquages à 8 semaines. Subadulte autour de 10 mois. Maturité sexuelle : 11-15 mois (M) et 14-24 mois (F).

    Longévité

    10 ans, dans la nature.

    Types de communications

    Communication orale

    Une douzaine de vocalisations, les 4 principales étant le trille (cri de contact intragroupe), le gazouillis (cri agressif intergroupe), le ‘phee’ (sifflement territorial) et le ‘tsik’ (cri d’alerte). Lors des vocalisations, la langue vibre rapidement, ce qui produit des sortes de stridulations de criquet. Un certain nombre de cris, émis dans l’infrason, sont inaudibles par l’homme. Le trille est un son très doux, ronronnant, consistant en des vagues de sons sinusoïdales. C’est un cri de contact intragroupe poussé par des animaux à proximité des uns des autres. Les trilles servent à maintenir la communication entre des individus momentanément hors de vue, cachés par la végétation. Le gazouillis est formé de séries de notes rapides et aiguës. Il résonne comme un ‘dee-dee-dee-dee-dee’, dont la fréquence va decrescendo si bien que la première note est plus aiguë que la dernière. C’est un cri agressif vis-à-vis d’un autre groupe, notamment durant les rencontres entre individus étrangers. Il est également émis pendant le jeu par les jeunes. Le sifflement ‘phee’, ou appel fort, s’apparente à un sifflement strident et puissant, avec très peu de modulation de fréquence. Il comprend une ou plusieurs syllabes entrecoupées par une brève pause. L’ouistiti peut enchaîner le trille et le sifflement. Il existe deux variantes de ‘phee’, émis dans deux contextes différents. Le ‘phee’ de séparation est émis lorsqu’un individu se trouve isolé du groupe : il favorise la réintégration de l’animal perdu ou peut aider à la dispersion vers d’autres groupes. Les individus adultes et subadultes émettent le ‘phee’ territorial spontanément ou en présence de membres étrangers. La structure du sifflement ‘phee’ encode à la fois le sexe et l’identité de son émetteur. Le son ‘tsik’ est une note puissante, aiguë, étendue sur une large fréquence. Normalement unique, le ‘tsik’ est parfois répété de nombreuses fois. Cet appel est lancé en cas de danger et peut entraîner un comportement de mobbing. Le son ‘nga’ est un appel de soumission des adultes mais aussi un cri émis par un enfant qui cherche à attirer l’attention sur lui. Quand il s’alimente, l’ouistiti du Nordeste pousse des ‘erh-erh’, vocalisations destinées à empêcher ses congénères de lui voler sa nourriture et qui dénotent une certaine colère.

    Communication visuelle

    Lorsqu’il observe intensément un objet, une proie ou congénère, il écarquille les yeux en bougeant la tête d’un côté et de l’autre (head-cock stare). Les cris, le regard intense, le « gros dos », le froncement des sourcils, l’agitation des oreilles (donc des toupets auriculaires), l’érection des poils des oreilles et du pourtour de la face, caractérisent les interactions agressives. En réponse à un congénère menaçant, il aplatit ses touffes auriculaires et clôt partiellement ses paupières, une posture assortie d’un sourire grimaçant (dents visibles). Pour montrer sa dominance, un membre de haut rang tourne le dos au dominé du même sexe, lève la queue et exhibe ses organes génitaux. Cette posture demande l’allégeance du dominé. Ce dernier s’approche en rampant, le pelage plaqué sur le corps et émet des petits cris angoissés. Puis il flaire les parties génitales du dominant. Les ouistitis mâles ont un scrotum souvent très coloré qui soulignent leur rang. Juste avant de passer à l’attaque, l’ouistiti redresse ses toupets et parfois sa face rougit. S’il désire intimider un jeune, l’adulte le dévisage en agitant ses toupets auriculaires : en guise de soumission, le premier se détourne ou bien se ratatine en courbant l’échine. En cas de rencontre avec un autre clan, il effectue parades et poursuites, fourrure hérissée, queue relevée et enroulée (avec pilo-érection de la base, de l’extrémité ou seulement semi-pilo-érection de la queue), et exhibe ses organes génitaux. Les éventuels affrontements au corps à corps se règlent par des morsures.

    Communication olfactive

    Délimite son territoire en frottant contre les branches les régions sternale et anogénitale (ainsi que par des sons suprasoniques inaudibles par l’homme). Ces sécrétions sont déposées dans un tronc incisé et, pour renforcer le marquage, il urine dans les entailles. Les ouistitis s’identifient entre eux par l’odeur. Lorsque vous les approchez, force est de constater que ces créatures dégagent effectivement une odeur assez forte !

    Communication tactile

    Primordiale et intervient dans les contextes les plus divers. Les membres d’un même groupe, très soudés, se toilettent fréquemment, se frottent l’un à l’autre, se pelotonnent et se blottissent, font du museau contre museau, se lèchent en guise de salutation et s’embrassent avec affection. En captivité, le grooming mutuel intervient à n’importe quel moment, occupe 7 % du temps diurne, chaque séance dure en moyenne moins de 30 s (de 5 à 130 s) sans pause. Le toiletteur s’active sur la fourrure avec ses mains griffues, prélève les peaux mortes avec des mouvements de lèvres exagérés, peaux qui sont ensuite mâchées toujours avec des mouvements de lèvres et un va-et-vient rythmique de la langue. Les mâles toilettent très légèrement plus les femelles que l’inverse. Lorsqu’un jeune a fait une bêtise, l’adulte le sanctionne en lui flanquant une taloche ou en lui mordillant le cou, punition à laquelle le contrevenant se soumet non sans crier et montrer les dents.

    Prédateurs

    Callithrix jacchus a pour prédateur les rapaces et les petits félins.

    Menaces

    Énormément utilisé dans la recherche biomédicale (cerveau, réactions aux maladies). Chaque année, capturé par milliers et envoyé sur tous les continents. Sa grande adaptabilité compense cette prédation tous azimuts. Comme il se laisse domestiquer sans peine, l’ouistiti est un animal de compagnie recherché. Importé en Europe dès le XVIe siècle, les Français le surnommèrent marmouset, « petit garçon », en signe d’affection. Ce nom est resté chez les Anglo-Saxons qui l’appellent encore aujourd’hui marmoset.

    Conservation

    Parc national de Sete Cidades, PN de la Serra da Capivara et SE d’Uruçuí-Una (Piauí) ; PN d’Ubajara, PE de Guaramiranga (ville de Guaramiranga), SE d’Aiuaba et Chapada do Araripe (Ceará) ; SE de Seridó, PE de Dunas Costeiras et Station forestière expérimentale Eflex/Ibama (Rio Grande do Norte) ; Université fédérale du Paraíba (João Pessoa, Paraíba) ; PE de Ponta do Cabo Branco, RB de la Serra Negra, RB de Saltinho, RB de Guariba, RB de Buraquinho, SE de Mamanguape, SE de Tapacurá, Brejo dos Cavalos et PE de Dois Irmãos (Pernambuco) ; RB de Pedra Talhada et SE de Foz do São Francisco (Alagoas) ; SE d’Itabaiana (Sergipe) ; P. urbain de Pituaçu et SE de Raso da Catarina (peut-être hybrides (Zone hybride) Callithrix jacchus x C. penicillata), dans le Bahia ; PN de Tijuca et PM de Taquara (Rio de Janeiro), au Brésil.

    Notes et références

    1. a et b Meyer C., ed. sc., 2009, Dictionnaire des Sciences Animales. consulter en ligne. Montpellier, France, Cirad.
    2. Diversité génétique et évolution des Gammaherpesvirinae de primates. Dans la revue Virologie. Volume 11, Numéro 1, 43-62, Janvier-Février 2007. Lire le résumé en ligne
    3. (en) Murray Wrobel, Elsevier's Dictionary of Mammals : in Latin, English, German, French and Italian, Amsterdam, Elsevier, 2007, 857 p. (ISBN 978-0-444-51877-4, lire en ligne), entrée N°752.

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    Callithrix jacchus: Brief Summary ( Fransızca )

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    Ouistiti commun, Ouistiti à toupets blancs

    Le Ouistiti commun (Callithrix jacchus) est une espèce de singes du Nouveau Monde de la famille des Cebidae. C'est un primate miniature endémique du Brésil.

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    Callithrix jacchus ( İtalyanca )

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    Lo uistitì dai pennacchi bianchi (Callithrix jacchus Linneo, 1758) è un primate platirrino della famiglia dei Cebidi.

    Distribuzione

    Inizialmente era diffuso in tutto il Brasile orientale: attualmente, il suo areale è limitato alla foresta atlantica nella zona sud-orientale del Paese.
    Oltre alla foresta, di cui preferisce abitare le zone marginali, si adatta bene a vivere anche in habitat disturbati dall'uomo, come giardini e piantagioni.

    Descrizione

    Misura circa 40 cm, di cui più della metà spetta alla coda, per un peso di 350 g.

    Aspetto

    La testa è bruno scuro, con due ciuffi bianchi in corrispondenza delle orecchie (da cui il nome comune della specie) ed una banda orizzontale bianca al di sopra degli occhi: la faccia è nuda e rosata. Il pelo è grigio-bruno sul dorso e grigiastro sul ventre e sulle zampe: delle strisce dello stesso colore corrono trasversalmente sul dorso e sulla coda, inanellandola.

    Biologia

    Si tratta di animali diurni ed arboricoli, che vivono in gruppi di 2-15 individui, principalmente una femmina dominante, numerosi maschi ed i figli di vari parti: i vari maschi mostrano una rigida organizzazione gerarchica fra di loro. Il gruppo definisce un territorio che misura circa 300.000 m2, tuttavia è raro che gli animali lo difendano attivamente, limitandosi a lasciare tracce odorose: spesso i territori di vari gruppi si sovrappongono, e vari esemplari si nutrono su uno stesso albero.

    Il comportamento ludico permane in età adulta, con una probabile funzione di riduzione dello stress: dopo le sessioni di gioco la frequenza del comportamento di self-scratching (grattarsi), tipicamente legato agli ormoni dello stress, risulta ridotta. Inoltre, il timing del gioco (che raggiunge frequenze massime subito prima delle sessioni di alimentazione, quando la tensione sociale è più alta) e la sua distribuzione lungo la gerarchia (i dominanti giocano meno e si grattano di più) indicano che il gioco può funzionare come "ansiolitico", almeno nel breve termine[1].

    Alimentazione

    Come molte specie di uistitì, questi animali si nutrono di linfa e gommoresina, che ricavano incidendo la corteccia degli alberi grazie agli incisivi particolarmente sviluppati, per poi leccarne l'essudato. Oltre alla linfa, non disdegnano di integrare la dieta con frutta e proteine animali: insetti ed altri invertebrati, uova, a volte anche piccoli vertebrati, come rane, lucertole e nidiacei di uccello.

    Riproduzione

    Per ottenere dati precisi sui loro comportamenti allo stato selvatico, che variano anche di molto rispetto alle abitudini in cattività, si sono dovuti attendere tempi molto recenti, anche a causa della sua rarità e piccolezza, che ostacolano molto il successo di eventuali spedizioni di carattere scientifico.
    La femmina è solitamente poliandra (una media di due maschi per ogni femmina dominante), anche se non mancano casi di monogamia e (seppur rari) di poliginia. La gestazione dura quasi cinque mesi, al termine dei quali vengono solitamente dati alla luce due gemelli, ognuno dei quali pesa un quinto della femmina.
    Questi ultimi vengono curati congiuntamente da tutto il gruppo e lasciati alla madre solo per la poppata: in questo modo vengono svezzati attorno ai due mesi d'età, mentre raggiungono la maturità sessuale dopo l'anno. Si pensa che questi animali abbiano evoluto la poliandria per poter allevare con successo questi cuccioli di dimensioni così grandi, in modo tale da sostenere assieme lo sforzo energetico richiesto dal loro allevamento e non farlo gravare su un unico esemplare.

    La speranza di vita di questi animali in cattività è di circa 16 anni, mentre in natura raramente vivono più di 10 anni.

    Note

    1. ^ Norscia I., Palagi P., When play is a family business: adult play, hierarchy, and possible stress reduction in common marmosets., in Primates, 2010, doi:10.1007/s10329-010-0228-0.

    Bibliografia

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    Callithrix jacchus: Brief Summary ( İtalyanca )

    wikipedia IT tarafından sağlandı

    Lo uistitì dai pennacchi bianchi (Callithrix jacchus Linneo, 1758) è un primate platirrino della famiglia dei Cebidi.

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    Paprastoji marmozetė ( Litvanca )

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    Binomas Callithrix jacchus

    Paprastoji marmozetė (lot. Callithrix jacchus, angl. Common Marmoset, vok. Weißbüschelaffe) – kabiauodegių beždžionių (Cebidae) šeimos primatas. Tai dieninis gyvūnas. Kūnas pilkas, 14-18 cm ilgio ir apie 400 g svorio. Aplink akis išsiskiria baltų plaukelių kuokštas. Veidas ir kakta su baltų plaukelių dėme.

    Minta vabzdžiais, vorais, smulkiais stuburiniais, paukščių kiaušiniais ir augalų sultimis. Gyvena nedidelėmis, iki 15 individų grupėmis. Paplitusi Brazilijos šiaurės rytinėje ir pietrytinėje dalyje. Gyvena iki 10 metų.


    Vikiteka

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    Paprastoji marmozetė: Brief Summary ( Litvanca )

    wikipedia LT tarafından sağlandı

    Paprastoji marmozetė (lot. Callithrix jacchus, angl. Common Marmoset, vok. Weißbüschelaffe) – kabiauodegių beždžionių (Cebidae) šeimos primatas. Tai dieninis gyvūnas. Kūnas pilkas, 14-18 cm ilgio ir apie 400 g svorio. Aplink akis išsiskiria baltų plaukelių kuokštas. Veidas ir kakta su baltų plaukelių dėme.

    Minta vabzdžiais, vorais, smulkiais stuburiniais, paukščių kiaušiniais ir augalų sultimis. Gyvena nedidelėmis, iki 15 individų grupėmis. Paplitusi Brazilijos šiaurės rytinėje ir pietrytinėje dalyje. Gyvena iki 10 metų.


    Vikiteka

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    Gewoon penseelaapje ( Felemenkçe; Flemish )

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    Het gewoon penseelaapje of witpluimoeistitie (Callithrix jacchus) is een aap uit de familie van de klauwaapjes (Callitrichidae). De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort werd in 1758 als Simia jacchus gepubliceerd door Carl Linnaeus.[2]

    Voorkomen

    De soort komt voor in Brazilië.

    Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
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    Gewoon penseelaapje: Brief Summary ( Felemenkçe; Flemish )

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    Het gewoon penseelaapje of witpluimoeistitie (Callithrix jacchus) is een aap uit de familie van de klauwaapjes (Callitrichidae). De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort werd in 1758 als Simia jacchus gepubliceerd door Carl Linnaeus.

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    Uistiti białoucha ( Lehçe )

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    Commons Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons

    Uistiti białoucha[1] (Callithrix jacchus) – gatunek małpy szerokonosej z rodziny płaksowatych.

    Obszar występowania

    Występuje powszechnie w lasach deszczowych położonych nad brzegiem morza i nad rzekami, zamieszkuje także inne tereny leśne na obszarze północno-wschodniej Brazylii. Populacje sztucznie wprowadzone na innych obszarach Ameryki Południowej dobrze zaadaptowały się do nowych warunków.

    Rozmiary i ciężar

    Długość ciała: 12-15 cm. Długość ogona: 30-35 cm. Ciężar 300-360 g.

    Wygląd

    Długi ogon w szaro-białe pręgi. Sierść nakrapiana, szarobrązowa, ciemniejsza na głowie. Czoło białe, nad uszami charakterystyczne kępki białej sierści. Młode jednolicie szare.

    Pożywienie

    Żywi się głównie żywicą drzew i słodkimi sokami spijanymi z nacięć na drzewach, które sama wydłubuje dolnymi siekaczami. Zjada także owoce i inne części roślin, dodatkowo wzbogacając dietę niewielkimi zwierzętami, np. owadami, żabami, ptasimi jajami, pisklętami.

    Rozmnażanie

    Dominujące w stadzie samice zaczynają rozmnażać się w wieku 14-24 miesięcy i co roku wydają na świat dwa mioty liczące po 1-4 młodych. W wychowaniu pomagają im partnerzy i inne marmozety. Ciąża trwa 130-150 dni, a młode są karmione mlekiem przez ok. 100 dni. Długość życia sięga 10 lat na wolności, a 16 w niewoli.

    Tryb życia

    Marmozeta (inna nazwa: uistiti białoucha) jest aktywna głównie za dnia. Łatwo przystosowuje się do nowych warunków. Żyje w stadach liczących do 15 osobników, a ich terytorium obejmuje obszar o powierzchni ok. 10-40 hektarów. Przywódczynią stada jest rozmnażająca się samica. Bywają też stada, w których dominującą pozycję zajmuje 1 lub 2 samice, a reszta grupy składa się z ich potomstwa oraz 1 lub 2 niespokrewnionych osobników. Dominująca w stadzie samica wydziela związki chemiczne zwane feromonami, które powstrzymują rozmnażanie pozostałych samic. Zaloty rozpoczyna zwykle samica, wpatrując się w wybranego samca i wykonując pokaz oblizywania i cmokania, który on następnie odwzajemnia. Pozostałe samice pomagają opiekować się młodymi samicy przywódczyni. Marmozeta ma silne poczucie własności terytorialnej.

    Przypisy

    1. a b c d e Systematyka i nazwy polskie za: Włodzimierz Cichocki, Agnieszka Ważna, Jan Cichocki, Ewa Rajska, Artur Jasiński, Wiesław Bogdanowicz: Polskie nazewnictwo ssaków świata. Warszawa: Muzeum i Instytut Zoologii PAN, 2015, s. 36. ISBN 978-83-88147-15-9.
    2. Callithrix jacchus. Czerwona księga gatunków zagrożonych (IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) (ang.).
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    Uistiti białoucha: Brief Summary ( Lehçe )

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    Uistiti białoucha (Callithrix jacchus) – gatunek małpy szerokonosej z rodziny płaksowatych.

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    Sagui-de-tufo-branco ( Portekizce )

    wikipedia PT tarafından sağlandı

    O sagui-de-tufo-branco, sagui-do-nordeste, mico-estrela ou sagui-comum (nome científico: Callithrix jacchus),[4] também genericamente designado massau, mico, saguim, sauí, sauim, soim, sonhim, tamari e xauim,[5][6] é uma espécie de macaco de pequeno porte do Novo Mundo. Originário do Nordeste do Brasil, atualmente é encontrado também em partes das regiões Sudeste e Norte, além de criado em cativeiro em diversos países.

    Etimologia

    Sagui, sauí, sauim (a partir de sauhim, de 1817), xauim, soim e sonhim derivam do tupi-guarani sa'gwi ou sa'gwĩ.[7] Saguim, por sua vez, originou-se no aportuguesamento histórico do mesmo termo tupi, ou seja, çagoym (de 1511), que depois evoluiu para a forma atual em 1587.[8] Tamari tem provável origem tupi-guarani,[9] enquanto massau tem origem obscura.[10] Por fim, mico originou-se, possivelmente através do espanhol, na extinta língua cumanagota do Caribe e significa "mono de cauda longa".[11]

    Taxonomia e evolução

     src=
    Saguis-de-tufo-branco em São Paulo, Brasil

    Os saguis que ocorrem na mata atlântica já foram considerados todos como subespécies de sagui-de-tufo-branco.[12] Contudo, atualmente, todos os taxónimos derivados são considerados como espécies separadas, e o sagui-de-tufo-branco refere-se apenas às populações que ocorrem no Nordeste brasileiro e na caatinga.[12][13][14]

    Estudos realizados com morfometria de crânios colocaram o sagui-de-tufo-branco como membro do grupo-irmão de uma classificação monofilética formada pelas espécies sagui-de-wied (Callithrix kuhlii), sagui-de-tufos-pretos (Callithrix penicillata) e sagui-de-cara-branca (Callithrix geoffroyi).[13][12] Entretanto, dados moleculares sugerem outro clado, em que o sagui-de-cara-branca faria parte do grupo-irmão de um clado com uma politomia não definida entre as espécies sagui-de-wied, sagui-de-tufos-pretos e sagui-de-tufo-branco.[15]

    Características

    Os machos de sagui-de-tufo-branco são ligeiramente mais leves que as fêmeas, com os primeiros pesando cerca de 318 gramas, e as segundas entre 322 (natureza) e 360 gramas (cativeiro).[4] Sua pelagem é estriada na orelhas e manchada de branca na testa. A coloração geral do corpo é acinzentada-clara com reflexos castanhos e pretos. A cauda é maior do que o corpo e tem a função de garantir o equilíbrio do animal.[16]

    Distribuição Geográfica e hábitat

    Habita florestas arbustivas da caatinga e a mata atlântica do Nordeste brasileiro, ocorrendo de forma nativa nos estados de Alagoas, Pernambuco, Sergipe, Paraíba, Rio Grande do Norte, Ceará, Piauí, Maranhão, Bahia e Tocantins até o sul da desembocadura do rio São Francisco.[14] Foi uma espécie introduzida em várias localidades do Brasil, sendo muito comum em remanescentes de floresta degradada da mata atlântica e existem populações estabelecidas na Ilha de Santa Catarina e até em Buenos Aires, na Argentina, e são avistados em alguns locais do Rio de Janeiro, onde originalmente não ocorriam.[14]

    No Recôncavo Baiano, parece haver uma zona de hibridação do sagui-de-tufos-pretos, fato que parece ter ocorrido devido ao desmatamento, já que provavelmente essa área era habitada por sagui-de-wied.[14] Entretanto, alguns estudos mostram que muitas dessas populações não estão consolidadas, mas se mantêm graças a novas introduções realizadas pelo homem, como observado na bacia do rio São João, no Rio de Janeiro.[17]

    Ecologia

    A espécie vive em grupos de três a quinze animais, formados por indivíduos reprodutores e não reprodutores, adaptando-se a uma área de coleta pequena, como foi comprovado em populações desses símios estudadas no Rio Grande do Norte: de 0,5 ha. a 35,5 ha.[18] Isso se deve provavelmente ao fato de possuírem uma dieta rica em goma, que permite que os animais explorem outros tipos de alimento, além de frutos, em meses de escassez.[18]

    Alimentação

    Os saguis-de-tufo-branco são onívoros e alimentam-se de sementes, flores, frutos, néctar, artrópodes, moluscos, filhotes de aves e mamíferos, anfíbios e pequenos lagartos. São também especialistas em goivagem, ou seja, escavam buracos nas árvores que produzem goma, que é sua base alimentar.[16]

    Reprodução

     src=
    Fêmea com filhotes

    Os saguis-de-tufo-branco atingem sua maturidade sexual entre os treze e quatorze meses. O período de gestação varia entre 140 e 160 dias. Nascem dois filhotes a cada gestação, os quais já não relativamente grandes. Os filhotes são aleitados por 70 dias, embora alguns mamem até os 100 dias. Aos 30 dias após o nascimento, os filhotes já são capazes de segurar alimentos com as mãos ou os comem diretamente na boca.[16]

    Galeria

    Referências

    1. Groves, C. P. (2005). «Callithrix (Callithrix) jacchus». In: Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference 3.ª ed. Baltimore, Marilândia: Imprensa da Universidade Johns Hopkins. p. 131. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494
    2. Rylands A. B.; Mittermeier R. A. (2009). «The Diversity of the New World Primates (Platyrrhini): An Annotated Taxonomy». In: Garber PA; Estrada A; Bicca-Marques JC; Heymann EW; Strier KB. South American Primates: Comparative Perspectives in the Study of Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation 3ª ed. Nova Iorque: Springer. pp. 23–54. ISBN 978-0-387-78704-6
    3. Valença-Montenegro, M. M.; Bezerra, B. M.; Ruiz-Miranda, C. R.; Pereira, D. G.; Miranda, J. M. D.; Bicca-Marques, J. C.; Oliveira, L.; da Cruz, M. A. O. M.; Valle, R. R.; Mittermeier, R. A. (2021). «Common Marmoset - Callithrix jacchus». Lista Vermelha da IUCN. União Internacional para Conservação da Natureza (UICN). p. e.T41518A191705043. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T41518A191705043.en. Consultado em 17 de julho de 2021
    4. a b «Mamíferos - Callithrix jacchus - sagui-de-tufo-branco - Avaliação do Risco de Extinção de Callithrix jacchus (Linnaeus, 1758) no Brasil». Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade (ICMBio), Ministério do Meio Ambiente. Consultado em 17 de julho de 2021
    5. «Sagui». Michaelis. Consultado em 17 de julho de 2021
    6. Editores do Aulete (2007). «Verbete "soim"». Dicionário Caldas Aulete. Consultado em 25 de setembro de 2016
    7. Houaiss, verbete sagui
    8. Houaiss, verbete saguim
    9. Houaiss, verbete tamari
    10. Houaiss, verbete massau
    11. Houaiss, verbete mico
    12. a b c Coimbra-Filho, A. F.; Mittermeier, R.A.; Rylands, A. B.; Mendes, S. L.; Kierulff, M. C. M.; Pinto, L. P. S.; et al. (2006). «The Taxonomic Status of Wied's Black-tufted-ear Marmoset, Callithrix kuhlii (Callitrichidae, Primates)» (PDF). Primate Conservation. 21: 1-24
    13. a b Marroig, G.; Cropp, S.; Cheverud, J. M. (2004). «Systematics and Evolution of the Jacchus Group of Marmosets (Platyrrhini)» (PDF). American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 123: 11-22. doi:10.1002/ajpa.10146
    14. a b c d Rylands, A.B.; Coimbra-Filho, A.F.; Mittermeier, R.A. (2009). «The Sistematics and Distribution of the Marmosets (Callithrix, Calibella, Cebuella, and Mico) and Callimico (Callimico) (Callitrichidae, Primates)». In: Ford, S.M.; Porter, L.M.; Davis, L.L.C. The Smallest Anthropoids: The Marmoset/callimico Radiation (PDF) 3.ª ed. Nova Iorque: Springer. pp. 25–63. ISBN 978-1-4419-0292-4
    15. Tagliaro, C.H.; Schneider, M. P.; Schneider, H.; Sampaio, I.C.; Stanhope, M.J. (1997). «Marmoset phylogenetics, conservation perspectives, and evolution of the mtDNA control region» (PDF). Molecular Biology and Evolution. 14 (6): 674-684 !CS1 manut: Nomes múltiplos: lista de autores (link)
    16. a b c «Callithrix jacchus, o sagui-de-tufo-branco». Ministério Público do Estado da Bahia. Consultado em 17 de julho de 2021
    17. Morais Jr, M.M.; et al. (2008). «Os sagüis, Callithrix Jacchus e penicillata, como espécies invasoras na região de ocorrência do mico-leão dourado». In: de Oliveira, P.P.; Grativol, A.D.; Miranda, C. R.R. Conservação do Mico-leão-dourado: Enfrentando os desafios de uma paisagem fragmentada (PDF). Campos de Goytacazes: Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro. pp. 87–117. ISBN 978-85-89479-11-0
    18. a b Castro, C.S.S. (2003). «Tamanho da área de vida e padrão de uso do espaço em grupos de saguis, Callithrix jacchus (Linnaeus) (Primates, Callitrichidae)». Revista Brasileira de Zoologia. 20 (1): 91-96. doi:10.1590/S0101-81752003000100011

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    Sagui-de-tufo-branco: Brief Summary ( Portekizce )

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    O sagui-de-tufo-branco, sagui-do-nordeste, mico-estrela ou sagui-comum (nome científico: Callithrix jacchus), também genericamente designado massau, mico, saguim, sauí, sauim, soim, sonhim, tamari e xauim, é uma espécie de macaco de pequeno porte do Novo Mundo. Originário do Nordeste do Brasil, atualmente é encontrado também em partes das regiões Sudeste e Norte, além de criado em cativeiro em diversos países.

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    Vit silkesapa ( İsveççe )

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    Vit silkesapa (Callithrix jacchus), vitörad marmosett eller marmosettapa som den också kallas, är en art i släktet silkesapor, (Callithrix), i familjen kloapor (Callitrichidae).[2]

    Kännetecken

    Den vita silkesapan blir 16 till 21 centimeter lång (huvud och bål) och svansen är med en längd av 24 till 31 centimeter betydlig längre. Den genomsnittliga vikten anges i olika källor med 236 eller 322 gram för honor och med 256 eller 318 gram för hannar. Pälsen färg är huvudsakligen spräcklig gråbrun med några svarta hår och på djurets rygg finns ljusare gulaktiga tvärstrimmor. Huvudet är brunaktig och vid öronen finns karakteristiska vita tofsar. Ansiktet saknar hår och ovanför ögonen finns en vit fläck. På svansen förekommer flera ljusa ringar. Extremiteterna är jämförelsevis korta. Liksom alla andra kloapor har djuret klor vid tårna istället för naglar (undantag tummen).[3][4]

    Utbredning och habitat

    Arten levde ursprungligen bara i Brasiliens nordöstra delar. Utbredningsområdet sträckte sig från delstaterna Maranhão och Piauí till floden Rio São Franciscos norra strandlinje. Idag förekommer djuret även i andra regioner i Brasilien. Habitatet utgörs av olika sorters skogar. De lever bland annat i den stäppliknande buskskogsbeväxta caatingan som förekommer även i blöta skogar längs Atlantens kustlinje. De har lätt att anpassa sig och finns även på odlingsmark eller i stadsparker.[1]

    Levnadssätt

    Vit silkesapa är aktiv på dagen. På natten vilar den i trädets håligheter eller i täta ansamlingar av klätterväxter i trädens krona. Den går på fyra fötter över grenar eller hoppar.[3]

    De lever i grupper om 6 upp till 11 djur. Grupperna består oftast av ett dominant par samt några andra unga eller vuxna individer. De icke dominanta honorna i gruppen saknar förmåga att föda ungdjur då äggcellerna blockeras i äggstocken. Det antas att feromoner spelar en viktig roll.

    Gruppens revir är med 2,2 till 5 hektar jämförelsevis litet. Territoriet markeras med vätska från körtlarna vid bröstet och vid djurets anus. Flocken vandrar varje dag 1000 till 1300 meter.[3]

    För att kommunicera använder sig vit silkesapa av olika läten, kroppsställningar och ansiktsuttryck.

    Föda

    Artens föda utgörs huvudsakligen av trädvätskor som naturgummi och insekter. Liksom andra silkesapor har de speciella tänder för att göra hål i trädens bark. På så sätt behöver de inte lika stora revir som andra primater. Födan består bara till 25 eller 30 procent av insekter. I viss mån äter de även frukter, blommor, frön, svampar, snäckor, mindre ryggradsdjur och fågelägg.[4]

    Fortplantning

    I fångenskap förekommer nästan uteslutande monogama par. Det antas att fortplantningssättet i naturen är mer varierad, så att den dominanta honan parar sig med flera hannar.[5]

    Efter dräktigheten som varar i ungefär fem månader (omkring 150 dagar) föder honan vanligen tvillingar. Ungarna är stora med ungefär en fjärde del av moderns vikt. Hannar och andra medlemmar av gruppen är delaktig i ungarnas uppfostring.[5] Efter tre månader sluter honan att ge di. Ungdjur är efter två år könsmogna.

    De lever upp till 10 i naturen och upp till 16 år i fångenskap.[5]

    Vit silkesapa och människor

    Sedan 1960-talet fångas individer som försöksdjur och för att göra de till sällskapsdjur.[1] I laboratorium hör de idag till de vanligaste primaterna. De avlas idag främst i fångenskap istället för att fånga nya individer i naturen. Dessutom hotas arten i vissa regioner genom förstöringen av levnadsområdet.

    IUCN listar arten som livskraftig (LC).[1]

    Artepitet i det vetenskapliga namnet kommer från den grekiska mytologin. Det är antingen ett synonym till Dionysos eller karaktären Iakkhos från en annan legend. Carl von Linné hämtade flera artnamn från mytologier utan att de behövde ha någon koppling till djuret.[6]

    Referenser

    Den här artikeln är helt eller delvis baserad på material från tyskspråkiga Wikipedia, 6 mars 2009.

    Noter

    1. ^ [a b c d] Bezerra, B. et al. 2015 Callithrix jacchus . Från: IUCN 2015. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2018.1. Läst 2019-01-31.
    2. ^ Wilson & Reeder (2205), Callithrix jacchus
    3. ^ [a b c] Rowe & Myers, red (2016). ”Callithrix jacchus”. All the World's Primates. Charlestown: Pogonias Press. sid. 370-371. ISBN 978-1-940496-06-1
    4. ^ [a b] Kristina Cawthon Lang (2005). ”Common marmoset” (på engelska). University of Wisconsin. http://pin.primate.wisc.edu/factsheets/entry/common_marmoset. Läst 31 januari 2019.
    5. ^ [a b c] Sarah Cover (2000). Callithrix jacchus (på engelska). Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. https://animaldiversity.org/site/accounts/information/Callithrix_jacchus.html. Läst 31 januari 2019.
    6. ^ Jacchus, The Eponym Dictionary of Mammals, sid.208 , läst 2017-02-24.

    Externa länkar

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    Vit silkesapa: Brief Summary ( İsveççe )

    wikipedia SV tarafından sağlandı

    Vit silkesapa (Callithrix jacchus), vitörad marmosett eller marmosettapa som den också kallas, är en art i släktet silkesapor, (Callithrix), i familjen kloapor (Callitrichidae).

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    Callithrix jacchus ( Vietnamca )

    wikipedia VI tarafından sağlandı

    Callithrix jacchus là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Cebidae, bộ Linh trưởng. Loài này được Linnaeus mô tả năm 1758.[4]

    Hình ảnh

    Chú thích

    1. ^ Rylands, A. B., Mittermeier, R. A., Oliveira, M. M. & Keirulff, M. C. M. (2008). Callithrix jacchus. 2008 Sách đỏ IUCN. Liên minh Bảo tồn Thiên nhiên Quốc tế 2008. Truy cập ngày 2 tháng 1 năm 2009.
    2. ^ 10th edition of Systema Naturae
    3. ^ Linnaeus, Carl (1758). Systema naturæ. Regnum animale. (ấn bản 10). tr. 27, 28. Truy cập ngày 19 tháng 11 năm 2012.
    4. ^ Groves, Colin (16 tháng 11 năm 2005). Wilson D. E. và Reeder D. M. (chủ biên), biên tập. Mammal Species of the World . Nhà xuất bản Đại học Johns Hopkins. tr. 131. ISBN 0-801-88221-4.

    Tham khảo

    Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết liên quan đến Bộ Linh trưởng này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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    Callithrix jacchus: Brief Summary ( Vietnamca )

    wikipedia VI tarafından sağlandı

    Callithrix jacchus là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Cebidae, bộ Linh trưởng. Loài này được Linnaeus mô tả năm 1758.

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    Обыкновенная игрунка ( Rusça )

    wikipedia русскую Википедию tarafından sağlandı
    Латинское название Callithrix jacchus
    Линней, 1758
    Ареал
    изображение

    wikispecies:
    Систематика
    на Викивидах

    commons:
    Изображения
    на Викискладе

    ITIS 572915 NCBI 9483 Охранный статус
    Status iucn3.1 LC ru.svg
    Вызывающие наименьшие опасения
    IUCN 3.1 Least Concern: 41518

    Обыкновенная игрунка[1] или уистити[2] (лат. Callithrix jacchus) — примат из семейства игрунковых.

    Описание

    Обыкновенные игрунки — очень маленькие обезьяны. Самцы чуть больше самок: средняя длина тела самца составляет 188 мм, в то время как самки — 185 мм. Самцы весят в среднем 256 грамм, а средний вес самки составляет 236 грамм. В 2014 году был расшифрован геном обыкновенной игрунки[3][4].

    Распространение

    Обыкновенные игрунки обитают в северо-восточных и центральных лесах Бразилии.

    Образ жизни

    Обыкновенные игрунки живут устойчивыми семьями, в каждую из которых может входить до 15 членов, однако самое распространённое число членов в такой семье — девять. Игрунки передвигаются по деревьям, подобно белкам.

    Питание

    В основном питается растительной пищей: древесным соком, камедью, латексом, плодами, семенами, цветами, нектаром и грибами. Также важным источником пищи являются насекомые. Кроме того, обыкновенные игрунки могут питаться улитками, ящерицами, древесными лягушками, яйцами птиц, птенцами и детёнышами млекопитающих.

    Размножение

    Размножаются игрунки раз в полгода. Потомство дает только альфа-самка, а альфа-самец и другие члены группы обязательно ухаживают за появившемся приплодом. Беременность протекает приблизительно 144—146 суток.

    За один раз самка наводит 2-3 детенышей по 25 г каждый. Первое время малыши передвигаются на животе самки. По истечении 7 дней о маленьких игрунятах заботятся самцы, отдавая их самкам только для кормежки. Через 2-3 месяца детеныши уже сами могут добывать себе корм, и становятся самостоятельными.

    Примечания

    1. Полная иллюстрированная энциклопедия. «Млекопитающие» Кн. 2 = The New Encyclopedia of Mammals / под ред. Д. Макдональда. — М.: Омега, 2007. — С. 457. — 3000 экз.ISBN 978-5-465-01346-8.
    2. Большая советская энциклопедия. — М.: Советская энциклопедия. 1969—1978
    3. The common marmoset genome provides insight into primate biology and evolution
    4. Учёные расшифровали геном обезьянок-игрунок


    Павиан Это заготовка статьи по приматологии. Вы можете помочь проекту, дополнив её.
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    Обыкновенная игрунка: Brief Summary ( Rusça )

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    Обыкновенная игрунка или уистити (лат. Callithrix jacchus) — примат из семейства игрунковых.

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    普通狨 ( Çince )

    wikipedia 中文维基百科 tarafından sağlandı
    二名法 Callithrix (Callithrix) jacchus
    (Linnaeus, 1758)

    普通狨(學名 Callithrix (Callithrix) jacchus),是狨屬的典型物種,屬於新世界猴,主要分佈于巴西東部。

    毛色呈灰色。耳邊有一簇白色長髮,所以也叫絨耳狨,前額有白色印記,臉部沒有毛,尾巴為灰白色。成年狨的體長為14-18釐米,體重約為400克。

    在白天活動,主要在樹上攀爬和跳躍,有時也出現在平地上。

    普通狨以4-15隻組成一群,通常為一個家庭。活動區域在300,000平方米。群體中有嚴格的等級觀念。

    普通狨以昆蟲蜘蛛、小脊椎動物和鳥為食。

    普通狨的孕期約為150天,每胎一般產兩仔,最多有產四仔的記錄。幼仔的體重大約是成體的20%-27%,性成熟期為,雄性一年,雌性20-24個月。

    平均壽命為10年。

    參考

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    普通狨: Brief Summary ( Çince )

    wikipedia 中文维基百科 tarafından sağlandı

    普通狨(學名 Callithrix (Callithrix) jacchus),是狨屬的典型物種,屬於新世界猴,主要分佈于巴西東部。

    毛色呈灰色。耳邊有一簇白色長髮,所以也叫絨耳狨,前額有白色印記,臉部沒有毛,尾巴為灰白色。成年狨的體長為14-18釐米,體重約為400克。

    在白天活動,主要在樹上攀爬和跳躍,有時也出現在平地上。

    普通狨以4-15隻組成一群,通常為一個家庭。活動區域在300,000平方米。群體中有嚴格的等級觀念。

    普通狨以昆蟲蜘蛛、小脊椎動物和鳥為食。

    普通狨的孕期約為150天,每胎一般產兩仔,最多有產四仔的記錄。幼仔的體重大約是成體的20%-27%,性成熟期為,雄性一年,雌性20-24個月。

    平均壽命為10年。

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    コモンマーモセット ( Japonca )

    wikipedia 日本語 tarafından sağlandı
    翻訳中途
    この項目「コモンマーモセット」は途中まで翻訳されたものです。(原文:英語版 "Common marmoset" 20:13, 14 August 2015 (UTC)
    翻訳作業に協力して下さる方を求めています。ノートページ履歴翻訳のガイドラインも参照してください。要約欄への翻訳情報の記入をお忘れなく。2018年2月
    コモンマーモセット Weißbüschelaffe (Callithrix jacchus).jpg
    コモンマーモセット Callithrix jacchus
    保全状況評価[1] LEAST CONCERN
    (IUCN Red List Ver.3.1 (2001))
    Status iucn3.1 LC.svg 分類 : 動物界 Animalia : 脊索動物門 Chordata 亜門 : 脊椎動物亜門 Vertebrata : 哺乳綱 Mammalia : 霊長目 Primates : マーモセット科 Callitrichidae : Callithrix : コモンマーモセット C. jacchus 学名 Callithrix jacchus (Linnaeus, 1758)[1][2][3] シノニム
    • albicollis Spix, 1823
    • communis South, 1845
    • hapale Gray, 1870
    • leucotis Lesson, 1840
    • moschatus Kerr, 1792
    • rufus Fischer, 1829
    • vulgaris Humboldt, 1812
    和名 コモンマーモセット[4][5][6][7] 英名 Common marmoset[2][8]
    White-tufted-ear marmoset[1] Callithrix jacchus distribution.svg
    生息域

    コモンマーモセットCallithrix jacchus)は、霊長目(サル目)マーモセット科(キヌザル科)Callithrix属に分類される新世界ザルの一種である。Callithrix属の模式種。

    マウスよりも人間に近い実験動物として利用される。 新世界ザルとしては初めて、全ゲノム配列が決定されている[9][10]

    もとは、ブラジルの北東沿海部、ピアウイパライバセアラリオグランデドノルテペルナンブーコアラゴアス、そしてバイーア州に生息する[11]。飼育されていた個体が逃げたり、また飼育者が意図的に放獣した事により1920年代にはブラジル南部まで生息域を広げている。例えばリオデジャネイロでは、1929年に野生化で存在している事が見出されているおり、本来の生息域ではない地域では外来種として取り扱われている。特に、近縁種、例えばシロミミマーモセットCallithrix auritaとの交雑や鳥類の巣や卵を襲う事が問題になっている[12]

    生理学ならびに形態学的特徴[編集]

     src=
    Drawing of a marmoset

    コモンマーモセットはサルとしては小型で、長い尾を特徴とする。オスとメスの大きさの差は小さいが、オスの方が若干大きい。体長はオスで平均188 mm (7.40 in)、メスで185 mm (7.28 in)、体重はオスで256 g (9.03 oz)、メスで236 g (8.32 oz)である[13]。体毛の色は多色で、茶色、灰色、黄色のものが混ざって存在している。耳は白い長い毛で覆われており、また尾には縞模様がある。顔は皮膚が露出し、前頭部には白い斑がある[14]。幼獣は茶色で、黄色い毛と耳の白い毛は後から発達してくる。

    他のマーモセット属と同様、コモンマーモセットは鉤爪を持っている。例外は足の親指で、その指だけはその他の霊長類と同様平爪となっている。[15]マーモセットはリスのような樹上生活を送っており、樹に垂直に掴まったり、飛び移ったりする。また枝の上を四つ足で歩行する。[13][16]。鉤爪は、そのような行動様式に適応した結果だと考えられる。またマーモセット属と共通な特徴として、ノミのような形をした大きな切歯と食餌に適応した盲腸があげられる[13]

    生息域と生態[編集]

    コモンマーモセットの本来生息域はブラジル東部から中部にかけてである。しかし、その他の地域にもヒトの手により分布するようになり、リオデジャネイロ、アルゼンチンブエノスアイレスにも見られる[17]。マーモセットは森林に広く分布する。大西洋に面した森林から、内陸の半落葉林、また、サバンナ森林水系森林にも分布する[18]マーモセットは乾燥した二次森林境界域にも適応している[16]

     src=
    コモンマーモセット。白い房飾毛が生えている。

    食性[編集]

    コモンマーモセットの鉤爪、切歯の形状、それから腸管は、植物の浸出物と昆虫食に特殊化していることを反映しているものと考えられている。コモンマーモセットは植物のガム樹液ラテックス樹脂を食べる[16][18]。コモンマーモセットは鉤爪を使って木の幹に掴まって、長い切歯を使って木に穴を開ける[19]。そして、浸出物をなめるか、歯で齧って食べる[20]。マーモセットの摂取行動のうちで、こうした植物の浸出物の摂取は20-70%を占める[13][19]

    マーモセットは通年、植物浸出物に食性をおいている。特に1月から4月は果実があまり取れないため、その傾向が強い。マーモセット個体は木の穴を開けるとその後もその穴から採餌する。他の動物が開けた穴の場合でもそれは当てはまる。植物浸出物に加え、昆虫もマーモセットに重要な食物である。食物摂取のための時間を24-30%を昆虫を食べることに当てている。マーモセットは体が小さいため、昆虫だけに頼った食性をすることも可能である。また、体の小ささから昆虫の採取に際しても気付かれずに接近したり待ち伏せすることができる[18]。マーモセットは他には果実、種子、花のミツカタツムリトカゲ、樹住性のカエル、鳥卵や哺乳類の幼獣を食べることが観察されている[20]。このため、マーモセットはオウムオオハシウーリーオポッサムと果実を競合している可能性がある[20]

    行動[編集]

    社会構成[編集]

    コモンマーモセットは、大家族で安定した群れを作り、その中で繁殖するのは数匹である[21][22]。マーモセットの群れは15頭程度に上る事もあるが、通常9匹程度である[20]。一つの家族は、1−2頭の繁殖するメス、1頭の繁殖するオス、そしてその子供たちと、さらにその親か兄弟などの大人の親族からなる[22]。群れの中ではメス同士の方がオス同士に比べ、血縁が濃い。オスは、自分の親族であるメスとは繁殖しない。マーモセットは成熟すると生まれた群れを去る事があるが、それは他の霊長類が青年期までには去るのとは対照的である。生まれた群れを去る理由は分かっていない[22]。繁殖するオスが死ぬと、群れは分裂する事がある[23]。群れの中では、繁殖に関わる個体はより優位であるが、繁殖に関わっているオスとメスの間では、優位性は確認し難い。しかし、繁殖に関わっているメスが二頭いる場合は、どちらかがより優位である。劣位のメスは優位のメスであるのが通常であるが、そのほかの個体間では社会優位度は年齢による[21]。優位性は様々な行動、姿勢、発声を通じて観察され、劣位の個体は優位の個体にグルーミングをする[21]

     src=
    二頭のマーモセット

    繁殖と子育て[編集]

    コモンマーモセットは複雑な繁殖システムを取る。当初、一夫一妻と考えられてきたが、一夫多妻、あるいは一妻多夫が観察された例もある[21]。それでもなお、多くの例では一夫一妻である。繁殖に関わるメスが二頭いる場合でも、劣位のメスはそのほかの群れのオスと交尾をする事が多い。劣位のメスは繁殖しても子供は状態がすぐれない事が多い[24]。しかし、他の群れのオスと交わる事で、将来的に安定な繁殖相手を見つける事にもつながる。子供を持ったのにもかかわらず、その子が死んだ場合、他の群れに移ってそこで優位な繁殖個体となる場合もある[24]

    繁殖に関わるペアは、子育てに他の個体からの援助を得る必要がある。そのため繁殖に関わる個体は、その他の個体の繁殖を行動的、また生理的に抑制する[25][26]。繁殖が抑制された個体にとっても、通常、繁殖に関わるペアと血縁関係にあることが多いため、遺伝的なつながりがある子を育てることになる[26]。また、血縁関係にあるオスの存在は、メスの排卵に影響する。実験環境下では、父親の存在により娘に当たるメスの排卵が抑制されるが、血縁関係にないオスの場合は、抑制されなかった。また、メスは母親に対して攻撃的態度をとることがあり[26]、その地位を追い去ることもある。

    適切な条件下では、成熟したメスは定期的に繁殖し続ける。メスはオスに対して舌を突き出すことで交尾を誘う。妊娠期間は5ヶ月であり、出産後およそ10日で再び交尾ができるようになる。そのため、出産間隔は5ヶ月となり、年2回出産することとなる[20]。マーモセットは通常、二卵性双生児を生む。そのため、妊娠期間と哺乳期間のメスの負担は多く、他個体からの援助が必要となる[16][20]。幼獣は母親の背中に本能的にしがみつき、生後2週間は離れることがない。それ以降は親から離れるようになる[20]。それとともに繁殖に関わるオス(おそらく父親)が世話に参加するようになり、やがて群れ全体がそれに参加する[27]。それから数週間の間、幼獣が母親の背中で過ごす時間は減り、動き回ったり遊んだりする時間が増えていく[20]。幼獣は3ヶ月で離乳する。5ヶ月には若年期に入る。この段階では、両親以外の個体との相互作用が増加する。乱暴な行動も観察され、それが将来の社会的地位につながっていく。次の子供が生まれると、その子供たちを運んだり一緒に遊んだりする[27]。マーモセットは9から14ヶ月の間に亜成体となり、大人としての行動を示し、また思春期を迎える。15ヶ月になると成獣のサイズになり、性的にも成熟するが、社会的に優位にならないかぎり繁殖はできない[27]

    コミュニケーション[編集]

     src=
    Common Marmoset in Zoo Hannover, Germany

    Common marmosets employ a number of vocal and visual communications. To signal alarm, aggression, and submission, marmosets use the "partial open mouth stare," "frown," and "slit-stare", respectively. To display fear or submission, marmosets flatten their ear-tufts close to their heads.[20] Marmosets have two alarm calls: a series of repeating calls that get higher with each call, known as "staccatos"; and short trickling calls given either intermittently or repeatedly. These are called "tsiks". Marmoset alarm calls tend to be short and high-pitched.[23] Marmosets monitor and locate group members with vibrato-like low-pitched generic calls called "trills".[28] Marmosets also employ "phees" which are whistle-like generic calls. These serve to attract mates, keep groups together, defend territories, and locate missing group members.[28] Marmosets will use scent gland on their chests and anogenital regions to mark objects. These are meant to communicate social and reproductive status.[20]

    状況[編集]

    コモンマーモセットの生息数は数多く、絶滅の危機にあるとは考えられていない。それでも生息域の縮小が加速し、67%のセラードが1990年代に開発され、最近では80%に拡がっている[29]。さらにマーモセットは捕獲されペットとして売られている。マーモセットはペットとしては人気があるが、成熟するにつれ扱いにくくなり、その結果捨てられたり殺されたりしてしまう[30]。コモンマーモセットは医学実験にも用いられる。特に、ヨーロッパでアメリカ合衆国よりも多く使われる[31]モデル動物としてよく使われる用途は、催奇形性歯周病生殖免疫内分泌肥満、そして老化の研究である[31][32]

    ゲノム[編集]

    メスのコモンマーモセットのゲノムが2014年に報告され、新世界ザルの中で初めて完全なゲノムがわかった種となった。[10]ゲノムのサイズは2.26 Gbで、21,168遺伝子を含んでいた[9]。文節的重複 英:Segmental duplicationsにより、全138 Mbの of non-redundant sequences (4.7% of the whole genome), slightly less than observed in human[33][34] or chimpanzee (~5%),[35] but more than in orangutan (3.8%).[36]

    出典[編集]

    1. ^ a b c Rylands, A.B, Mittermeier, R.A., de Oliveira, M.M. & Kierulff, M.C.M. 2008. Callithrix jacchus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2008: e.T41518A10485463. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T41518A10485463.en. Downloaded on 07 February 2018.
    2. ^ a b Colin P. Groves, Genus Callithrix, Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Johns Hopkins University Press, pp. 129-133.
    3. ^ Linnaeus, Carl (1758). Systema naturæ. Regnum animale. (10 ed.). pp. 27, 28. http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/80764#page/37/mode/1up 2012年11月19日閲覧。.
    4. ^ 増井光子 「キヌザル科」『標準原色図鑑全集 19 動物 I』 林壽郎著、保育社、^ 「マーモセット科(キヌザル科)」『世界哺乳類和名辞典』 今泉吉典監修、平凡社、^ 杉山幸丸、相見満、斉藤千映美、室山泰之、松村秀一、浜井美弥 「広鼻猿類」『サルの百科』 杉山幸丸編、嶋田雅一イラスト、データハウス、^ 名取真人 「コモンマーモセット」『世界で一番美しいサルの図鑑』 湯本貴和全体監修、高井正成監修、京都大学霊長類研究所編、エクスナレッジ、^ Rylands AB and Mittermeier RA (2009). “The Diversity of the New World Primates (Platyrrhini)”. In Garber PA, Estrada A, Bicca-Marques JC, Heymann EW, Strier KB. South American Primates: Comparative Perspectives in the Study of Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation. Springer. pp. 23–54. ISBN 978-0-387-78704-6.
    5. ^ a b Worley, Kim C; Warren, Wesley C; Rogers, Jeffrey; Locke, Devin; Muzny, Donna M; Mardis, Elaine R; Weinstock, George M; Tardif, Suzette D et al. (2014). “The common marmoset genome provides insight into primate biology and evolution”. Nature Genetics (Online). doi:10.1038/ng.3042.
    6. ^ a b Baylor College of Medicine. “Marmoset sequence sheds new light on primate biology and evolution”. ScienceDaily. http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/07/140720204224.htm 2014年7月21日閲覧。
    7. ^ Macdonald, David (Editor) (1985). Primates. All the World's Animals. Torstar Books. p. 50. ISBN 0-920269-74-5.
    8. ^ Brandão, Tulio Afflalo (2006年12月). “BRA-88: Micos-estrelas dominam selva urbana carioca” (Portuguese). 2009年4月10日閲覧。
    9. ^ a b c d Rowe, N. (1996). Pictorial Guide to the Living Primates. East Hampton: Pogonias Press. ISBN 0-9648825-0-7.
    10. ^ Groves C. (2001) Primate taxonomy. Washington DC: Smithsonian Inst Pr.
    11. ^ Garber PA, Rosenberger AL, Norconk MA. (1996) "Marmoset misconceptions". In: Norconk MA, Rosenberger AL, Garber PA, editors. Adaptive radiations of neotropical primates. New York: Plenum Pr. p 87-95.
    12. ^ a b c d Kinzey WG. 1997. "Synopsis of New World primates (16 genera) ". In: Kinzey WG, editor. New world primates: ecology, evolution, and behavior. New York: Aldine de Gruyter. p 169-324.
    13. ^ Rylands AB, Coimbra-Filho AF, Mittermeier RA. 1993. "Systematics, geographic distribution, and some notes on the conservation status of the Callitrichidae". In: Rylands AB, editor. Marmosets and tamarins: systematics, behaviour, and ecology. Oxford (England): Oxford Univ Pr. p 11-77.
    14. ^ a b c Rylands AB, de Faria DS. (1993) "Habitats, feeding ecology, and home range size in the genus Callithrix". In: 'Rylands AB, editor. Marmosets and tamarins: systematics, behaviour, and ecology. Oxford (England): Oxford Univ Pr. p 262-72.
    15. ^ a b Ferrari SF, Lopes Ferrari MA. (1989) "A re-evaluation of the social organization of the Callitrichidae, with reference to the ecological differences between genera". Folia Primatol 52: 132-47.
    16. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Stevenson MF, Rylands AB. (1988) "The marmosets, genus Callithrix". In: Mittermeier RA, Rylands AB, Coimbra-Filho AF, da Fonseca GAB, editors. Ecology and behavior of neotropical primates, Volume 2. Washington DC: World Wildlife Fund. p 131-222.
    17. ^ a b c d Digby LJ. (1995) "Social organization in a wild population of Callithrix jacchus: II, Intragroup social behavior". Primates 36(3): 361-75.
    18. ^ a b c Ferrari SF, Digby LJ. (1996) "Wild Callithrix group: stable extended families? " Am J Primatol 38: 19-27.
    19. ^ a b Lazaro-Perea C. (2001) "Intergroup interactions in wild common marmosets, Callithrix jacchus: territorial defense and assessment of neighbours". Anim Behav 62: 11-21.
    20. ^ a b Arruda MF, Araujo A, Sousa MBC, Albuquerque FS, Albuquerque ACSR, Yamamoto ME. 2005. "Two breeding females within free-living groups may not always indicate polygyny: alternative subordinate female strategies in common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) ". Folia Primatol 76(1): 10-20.
    21. ^ Baker JV, Abbott DH, Saltzman W. (1999) "Social determinants of reproductive failure in male common marmosets housed with their natal family". Anim Behav 58(3): 501-13.
    22. ^ a b c Saltzman W, Severin JM, Schultz-Darken NJ, Abbott DH. (1997) "Behavioral and social correlates of escape from suppression of ovulation in female common marmosets with the natal family". Am J Primatol 41:1-21.
    23. ^ a b c Yamamoto ME. (1993) From dependence to sexual maturity: the behavioural ontogeny of Callitrichidae". In: Rylands AB, editor. Marmosets and tamarins: systematics, behaviour, and ecology. Oxford (England): Oxford Univ Pr. p 235-54.
    24. ^ a b Jones CB. (1997) "Quantitative analysis of marmoset vocal communication". In: Pryce C, Scott L, Schnell C, editors. Marmosets and tamarins in biological and biomedical research: proceedings of a workshop. Salisbury (UK): DSSD Imagery. p 145-51.
    25. ^ Cavalcanti RB, Joly CA. (2002) "Biodiversity and conservation priorities in the cerrado region". In: Oliveira PS, Marquis RJ, editors. The cerrados of Brazil: ecology and natural history of a neotropical savanna. New York: Columbia Univ Pr. p 351-67.
    26. ^ Duarte-Quiroga A, Estrada A. (2003) "Primates as pets in Mexico City: an assessment of the species involved, source of origin, and general aspects of treatment". Am J Primatol 61: 53-60.
    27. ^ a b Abbott DH, Barnett DK, Colman RJ, Yamamoto ME, Schultz-Darken NJ. (2003) "Aspects of common marmoset basic biology and life history important for biomedical research". Compar Med 53(4): 339-50.
    28. ^ Rylands AB. (1997) "The callitrichidae: a biological overview". In: Pryce C, Scott L, Schnell C, editors. Marmosets and tamarins in biological and biomedical research: proceedings of a workshop. Salisbury (UK): DSSD Imagery. p 1-22.
    29. ^ Venter, J. C. (2001). “The Sequence of the Human Genome”. Science 291 (5507): 1304–1351. doi:10.1126/science.1058040. PMID 11181995.
    30. ^ McPherson, John D.; Marra, Marco; Hillier, LaDeana; Waterston, Robert H.; Chinwalla, Asif; Wallis, John; Sekhon, Mandeep; Wylie, Kristine et al. (2001). “A physical map of the human genome”. Nature 409 (6822): 934–941. doi:10.1038/35057157. PMID 11237014.
    31. ^ and Analysis Consortium, The Chimpanzee Sequencing (2005). “Initial sequence of the chimpanzee genome and comparison with the human genome”. Nature 437 (7055): 69–87. doi:10.1038/nature04072. PMID 16136131.
    32. ^ Locke, Devin P.; Hillier, LaDeana W.; Warren, Wesley C.; Worley, Kim C.; Nazareth, Lynne V.; Muzny, Donna M.; Yang, Shiaw-Pyng; Wang, Zhengyuan et al. (2011). “Comparative and demographic analysis of orang-utan genomes”. Nature 469 (7331): 529–533. doi:10.1038/nature09687. PMC 3060778. PMID 21270892. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3060778.

    外部リンク[編集]

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    コモンマーモセット: Brief Summary ( Japonca )

    wikipedia 日本語 tarafından sağlandı

    コモンマーモセット(Callithrix jacchus)は、霊長目(サル目)マーモセット科(キヌザル科)Callithrix属に分類される新世界ザルの一種である。Callithrix属の模式種。

    マウスよりも人間に近い実験動物として利用される。 新世界ザルとしては初めて、全ゲノム配列が決定されている。

    もとは、ブラジルの北東沿海部、ピアウイパライバセアラリオグランデドノルテペルナンブーコアラゴアス、そしてバイーア州に生息する。飼育されていた個体が逃げたり、また飼育者が意図的に放獣した事により1920年代にはブラジル南部まで生息域を広げている。例えばリオデジャネイロでは、1929年に野生化で存在している事が見出されているおり、本来の生息域ではない地域では外来種として取り扱われている。特に、近縁種、例えばシロミミマーモセットCallithrix auritaとの交雑や鳥類の巣や卵を襲う事が問題になっている。

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    비단마모셋 ( Korece )

    wikipedia 한국어 위키백과 tarafından sağlandı

    커먼마모셋 또는 비단마모셋(Callithrix jacchus), 비단원숭이신세계원숭이의 일종이다. 브라질 북동부 해안의 피아우이, 파라이바, 세아라, 페르남부쿠, 알라고아스, 바이아주에서 발견된다.[4]

    수명

    커먼마모셋의 기대 수명은 야생에서는 약 12년이지만, 사육 상태에서 일부는 16년까지 산 적도 있다.

    갤러리

    외부 링크

    각주

    1. Groves, C.P. (2005). Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M., 편집. 《Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference》 (영어) 3판. 존스 홉킨스 대학교 출판사. 131쪽. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
    2. Rylands AB and Mittermeier RA (2009). 〈The Diversity of the New World Primates (Platyrrhini)〉. Garber PA, Estrada A, Bicca-Marques JC, Heymann EW, Strier KB. 《South American Primates: Comparative Perspectives in the Study of Bahavior, Ecology, and Conservation》. Springer. 23–54쪽. ISBN 978-0-387-78704-6.
    3. “Callithrix jacchus”. 《멸종 위기 종의 IUCN 적색 목록. 2008판》 (영어). 국제 자연 보전 연맹. 2008. 2009년 1월 2일에 확인함.
    4. Macdonald, David (Editor) (1985). 《Primates》. All the World's Animals. Torstar Books. 50쪽. ISBN 0-920269-74-5.
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