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Plant Identification Guide ( Anglèis )

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Download a plant identification guide for Prunus virginiana (Chokecherry) from Project Budburst.

Project Budburst Plant Identification Guide ( Anglèis )

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Download a plant identification guide for Prunus virginiana (Chokecherry) from Project Budburst.

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Broad-scale Impacts of Plant Response to Fire ( Anglèis )

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More info for the term: prescribed fire

The Research Project Summaries
Understory recovery after low- and high-intensity fires in northern Idaho ponderosa pine forests
and Understory recovery after burning
and reburning quaking aspen stands in central Alberta
, and the Research Paper by Bowles and others 2007
provide information on prescribed fire and postfire response of several plant species
including chokecherry.
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sitassion bibliogràfica
Johnson, Kathleen A. 2000. Prunus virginiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us /database/feis/plants/tree/pruvir/all.html

Common Names ( Anglèis )

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chokecherry

western chokecherry

common chokecherry

black chokecherry
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sitassion bibliogràfica
Johnson, Kathleen A. 2000. Prunus virginiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us /database/feis/plants/tree/pruvir/all.html

Cover Value ( Anglèis )

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More info for the terms: cover, shrub

Chokecherry provides important cover and habitat for many bird species [115,116,117,118,119,120,121,122,123,124], small mammals [4,44,55,139,146,165], large mammals, and livestock [16,24,45,65,66,159]. Chokecherry is an excellent shrub for providing thermal cover and erosion control in fisheries [66]. The degree to which chokecherry provides cover for wildlife species is as follows [42]:                      CO     MT     ND     UT     WY Pronghorn            ----   Fair   Good   Poor   Fair  Elk                  Good   Fair   ----   Good   Good Mule deer            Good   Good   Good   Good   Good White-tailed deer    Good   Good   Good   ----   Good Small mammals        Good   Good   ----   Good   Good Small nongame birds  Good   Good   Good   Good   Good Upland game birds    Good   Good   Good   Good   Good Waterfowl            ----   ----   ----   Poor   Poor
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Johnson, Kathleen A. 2000. Prunus virginiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us /database/feis/plants/tree/pruvir/all.html

Description ( Anglèis )

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More info for the terms: perfect, shrub, tree

Chokecherry is a native, deciduous, thicket-forming erect shrub or small tree. Stems are numerous and slender, either branching from the base or with main branches upright and spreading [166]. Heights vary considerably according to variety and site quality, ranging from 3 to 19.5 feet (1-6 m) [73]. In the Great Basin, chokecherry may grow to almost 40 feet (12 m) with trunk diameters of approximately 8 inches (20 cm) [92]. Perfect flowers are borne on leafy twigs of the season. Fruits are drupes, each containing a small stone [73]. Chokecherries have a network of rhizomes and a deep root system established at intervals along the rhizomes [129,140,175]. Roots may extend laterally more than 35 feet (10.6 m) and vertically more than 6 feet (1.8 m) [175]. Rhizomes range from 0.4 to 0.8 inch (1-2 cm) in diameter [129].
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sitassion bibliogràfica
Johnson, Kathleen A. 2000. Prunus virginiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us /database/feis/plants/tree/pruvir/all.html

Distribution ( Anglèis )

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Chokecherry is widely distributed throughout southern Canada and much of the United States. It occurs from Newfoundland to British Columbia and south to North Carolina, Tennessee, Missouri, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, New Mexico, California, and northern Mexico. Plants showing a gradation from black chokecherry to common chokecherry occur in Kansas and Nebraska. The three varieties are distributed as follows [59,72,73]:

common chokecherry - eastern variety; occurs from Saskatchewan to Newfoundland southward to Kansas, Missouri, Tennessee and North Carolina

black chokecherry - restricted to the western portion of North America; occurs in southern Canada from eastern British Columbia to Alberta and the Dakotas; southward throughout the Rocky Mountains to New Mexico; and along the east slope of the Cascade Range to northern California

western chokecherry - occurs from British Columbia southward into northern Mexico, Texas, and California (except the coast and Central Valley)
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sitassion bibliogràfica
Johnson, Kathleen A. 2000. Prunus virginiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us /database/feis/plants/tree/pruvir/all.html

Fire Ecology ( Anglèis )

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More info for the terms: fire interval, fire regime, natural, scarification, seed, top-kill

Chokecherry is well adapted to disturbance by fire [5,25,52,97,105,174,177]. Although susceptible to to top-kill by fire, it resprouts rapidly and prolifically from surviving root crowns and rhizomes [51,97,105,162,166]. Several studies reporting chokecherry recovery by sprouting are discussed in the Fire Effects section of this report. Seed germination improves with heat treatment, suggesting scarification by fire is an important adaptation [127]. Postfire regeneration probably also involves the germination of off-site seed dispersed by mammals and birds [162].

FIRE REGIMES:

No data were found for natural intervals of fire in stands that consist mainly of chokecherry. Gartner [52] provides a description of pre and post-settlement accounts of fire in the grasslands and ponderosa forests of the Black Hills of South Dakota. The historical information is detailed, but fire return intervals are not given. Hansen [63] provides limited historical and fire interval information for Minnesota forests in Isle Royale National Park, Itasca State Park, and the Boundary Waters Canoe Area. Twenty-six lighting fires were recorded on Isle Royale from 1965 to 1949. In Itasca State Park the incidence of fires caused by lighting or set by Indians before 1859 averaged about one fire every 12 years. In the Boundary Waters Canoe Area, major fires recurred at 5- to 50-year intervals from 1600 to 1920.

FIRE REGIMES for other plant communities in which chokecherry occurs are summarized below. Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under "Find FIRE REGIMES".

Community or Ecosystem Scientific Name of Dominant Species Mean Fire Return Interval Pacific ponderosa pine* Pinus ponderosa var. ponderosa 1-47 yrs Rocky Mountain ponderosa pine* P. ponderosa var. scopulorum 2-10 yrs [30] Rocky Mountain lodgepole pine* P. contorta var. latifolia 50-300+ yrs [6,125] Colorado pinyon P. edulis 10-49 yrs Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir* Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca 40-140 yrs [30] Wyoming big sagebrush Artemisia tridentata var. wyomingensis 10-70 yrs [161,176] mountain big sagebrush A. tridentata var. vaseyana 5-15 yrs curlleaf mountain-mahogany* Cercocarpus ledifolius 13-1,350 yrs [9,132] quaking aspen (west of the Great Plains) Populus tremuloides 7-100 yrs [61,106] *Fire-return intervals vary widely; trends in variation are noted in the FEIS Species Review.
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sitassion bibliogràfica
Johnson, Kathleen A. 2000. Prunus virginiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us /database/feis/plants/tree/pruvir/all.html

Fire Management Considerations ( Anglèis )

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More info for the terms: cover, fire exclusion, grassland, herbaceous, seed, shrub, tree

Chokecherry is a component of persistent, fire-maintained seral shrubfields on steep slopes in Northern Idaho. Fuels in shrubfields differ in quantity and distribution from those on forested sites. Herbaceous and large woody fuels are relatively light. Live and dead shrub biomass, which includes chokecherry, can reach nearly 20 tons per acre. After fires, which are severe during summer drought conditions, dense shrub cover regenerates within 10 years. Trees regenerate slowly or not at all on these dry sites, because of erosion, depleted soil organic matter, high soil temperatures, and lack of seed [138].

Arno [7] hypothesized that relatively frequent fires set by Native Americans in western grassland and sagebrush communities, where chokecherry occurs, favored expansion of grasslands into adjacent shrub or tree communities. In recent times shrub and tree communities have developed in former grasslands due to fire exclusion and grazing. Arno argues that baseline information on Native American use of fire will aid land managers in predicting vegetative development under different FIRE REGIMES.

Morber and Miyanishi [112] studied fire as a tool for controlling chokecherry and black cherry in Ontario oak savanna. A controlled spring burn had no effect on chokecherry seedlings. Postfire seedling emergence was concluded to be largely dependent on postfire seed production or seed influx from adjacent unburned areas, because there was no viable soil seedbank.
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Johnson, Kathleen A. 2000. Prunus virginiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us /database/feis/plants/tree/pruvir/all.html

Growth Form (according to Raunkiær Life-form classification) ( Anglèis )

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More info on this topic.

More info for the term: phanerophyte

Phanerophyte
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sitassion bibliogràfica
Johnson, Kathleen A. 2000. Prunus virginiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us /database/feis/plants/tree/pruvir/all.html

Habitat characteristics ( Anglèis )

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More info for the term: habitat type

In the western United States, chokecherry grows at low to mid-elevations in positions in the landscape where combinations of soil and topography permit greater than average accumulation of moisture. These sites include riparian areas, wooded draws, and steep ravines [43,64,65,66,149,163]. Soils supporting chokecherry are variable, ranging from Entisols to Mollisols, and soil texture ranges from silt to sandy loam. Chokecherry can tolerate weakly saline soils but is intolerant of poor drainage and prolonged flooding [66].

Chokecherry grows in very acid to moderately alkaline soils. In the green ash/chokecherry habitat type in the northern Great Plains, pH ranged from 6.0 to 7.6 in loam, clay, and clay loam [65,163]. In deciduous forests in Vermont, glacial till soils supporting chokecherry had a pH ranging from 3.5 to 5.5 [136]. Where chokecherry occurred in forests growing on coastal Lake Michigan sand dunes, pH ranged from approximately 4.0 to 6.0 [99]. In Pennsylvania, soils in oak-pine supporting chokecherry grew on well-drained limestone residuum soil and had a pH range from 4.8 to 5.4 [2].

Elevational ranges for chokecherry are:

Idaho: 3,100 to 8,000 feet (945-2440 m) [143,173]
Michigan: 580 to 738 feet (177-225 m) [99]
Montana: 580 to 738 feet (177-225 m) [46,66,119]
Nevada and Utah: 4,986 to 10,170 feet (1520-3100 m) [11,33,79,90]
North Dakota: 1,023 to 1,095 feet (312-334 m) [171]
South Dakota: 3,002 to 3,494 feet (915-1065 m) [77]
Vermont: 1,797 to 2,798 feet (548-853 m) [136]
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sitassion bibliogràfica
Johnson, Kathleen A. 2000. Prunus virginiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us /database/feis/plants/tree/pruvir/all.html

Habitat: Cover Types ( Anglèis )

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More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in association with the following cover types (as classified by the Society of American Foresters):

1 Jack pine

5 Balsam fir

14 Northern pin oak

15 Red pine

16 Aspen

17 Pin cherry

18 Paper birch

19 Gray birch-red maple

20 White pine-northern red oak-red maple

21 Eastern white pine

22 White pine-hemlock

23 Eastern hemlock

24 Hemlock-yellow birch

25 Sugar maple-beech-yellow birch

26 Sugar maple-basswood

27 Sugar maple

28 Black cherry-maple

40 Post oak-blackjack oak

42 Bur oak

60 Beech-sugar maple

63 Cottonwood

80 Loblolly pine-shortleaf pine

81 Loblolly pine

82 Loblolly pine-hardwood

93 Sugarberry-American elm-green ash

108 Red maple

206 Engelmann spruce-subalpine fir

210 Interior Douglas-fir

211 White fir

212 Western larch

213 Grand fir

216 Blue spruce

217 Aspen

218 Lodgepole pine

219 Limber pine

220 Rocky Mountain juniper

222 Black cottonwood-willow

229 Pacific Douglas-fir

230 Douglas-fir-western hemlock

231 Port-Orford-cedar

233 Oregon white oak

234 Douglas-fir-tanoak-Pacific madrone

235 Cottonwood-willow

236 Bur oak

237 Interior ponderosa pine

238 Western juniper

239 Pinyon-juniper

243 Sierra Nevada mixed conifer

245 Pacific ponderosa pine

244 Pacific ponderosa pine-Douglas-fir

247 Jeffrey pine
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sitassion bibliogràfica
Johnson, Kathleen A. 2000. Prunus virginiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us /database/feis/plants/tree/pruvir/all.html

Habitat: Ecosystem ( Anglèis )

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More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in the following ecosystem types (as named by the U.S. Forest Service in their Forest and Range Ecosystem [FRES] Type classification):

More info for the term: shrub

FRES10 White-red-jack pine

FRES11 Spruce-fir

FRES13 Loblolly-shortleaf pine

FRES14 Oak-pine

FRES15 Oak-hickory

FRES17 Elm-ash-cottonwood

FRES18 Maple-beech-birch

FRES19 Aspen-birch

FRES20 Douglas-fir

FRES21 Ponderosa pine

FRES23 Fir-spruce

FRES26 Lodgepole pine

FRES28 Western hardwoods

FRES29 Sagebrush

FRES30 Desert shrub

FRES34 Chaparral-mountain shrub

FRES35 Pinyon-juniper

FRES36 Mountain grasslands

FRES38 Plains grasslands

FRES39 Prairie
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sitassion bibliogràfica
Johnson, Kathleen A. 2000. Prunus virginiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us /database/feis/plants/tree/pruvir/all.html

Habitat: Plant Associations ( Anglèis )

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More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in association with the following plant community types (as classified by Küchler 1964):

More info for the terms: forest, woodland

K002 Cedar-hemlock-Douglas-fir forest

K003 Silver fir-Douglas-fir forest

K005 Mixed conifer forest

K011 Western ponderosa forest

K012 Douglas-fir forest

K013 Cedar-hemlock-pine forest

K014 Grand fir-Douglas-fir forest

K015 Western spruce-fir forest

K016 Eastern ponderosa forest

K017 Black Hills pine forest

K018 Pine-Douglas-fir forest

K019 Arizona pine forest

K020 Spruce-fir-Douglas-fir forest

K021 Southwestern spruce-fir forest

K023 Juniper-pinyon woodland

K024 Juniper steppe woodland

K026 Oregon oakwoods

K028 Mosaic of K002 and K026

K029 California mixed evergreen forest

K030 California oakwoods

K033 Chaparral

K034 Montane chaparral

K037 Mountain-mahogany-oak scrub

K038 Great Basin sagebrush

K051 Wheatgrass-bluegrass

K055 Sagebrush steppe

K063 Foothills prairie

K064 Grama-needlegrass-wheatgrass

K065 Grama-buffalo grass

K066 Wheatgrass-needlegrass

K067 Wheatgrass-bluestem-needlegrass

K068 Wheatgrass-grama-buffalo grass

K074 Bluestem prairie

K081 Oak savanna

K095 Great Lakes pine forest

K097 Southeastern spruce-fir forest

K098 Northern floodplain forest

K099 Maple-basswood forest

K100 Oak-hickory

K101 Elm-ash forest

K102 Beech-maple forest

K103 Mixed mesophytic forest

K106 Northern hardwoods

K107 Northern hardwoods-fir forest

K108 Northern hardwoods-spruce forest

K111 Oak-hickory-pine

K112 Southern mixed forest
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sitassion bibliogràfica
Johnson, Kathleen A. 2000. Prunus virginiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us /database/feis/plants/tree/pruvir/all.html

Habitat: Rangeland Cover Types ( Anglèis )

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More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in association with the following Rangeland Cover Types (as classified by the Society for Range Management, SRM):

More info for the terms: forb, shrubland, woodland

107 Western juniper/big sagebrush/bluebunch wheatgrass

109 Ponderosa pine shrubland

201 Blue oak woodland

203 Riparian woodland

206 Chamise chaparral

207 Scrub oak mixed chaparral

208 Ceanothus mixed chaparral

209 Montane shrubland

210 Bitterbrush

302 Bluebunch wheatgrass-Sandberg bluegrass

303 Bluebunch wheatgrass-western wheatgrass

306 Idaho fescue-slender wheatgrass

312 Rough fescue-Idaho fescue

314 Big sagebrush-bluebunch wheatgrass

315 Big sagebrush-Idaho fescue

317 Bitterbrush-bluebunch wheatgrass

322 Curlleaf mountain-mahogany-bluebunch wheatgrass

401 Basin big sagebrush

402 Mountain big sagebrush

403 Wyoming big sagebrush

404 Black sagebrush

405 Low sagebrush

408 Other sagebrush types

409 Tall forb

411 Aspen woodland

412 Juniper-pinyon woodland

413 Gambel oak

415 Curlleaf mountain-mahogany

418 Bigtooth maple

419 Bittercherry

420 Snowbrush

421 Chokecherry-serviceberry-rose

422 Riparian

503 Arizona chaparral

504 Juniper-pinyon pine woodland

603 Prairie sandreed-needlegrass

606 Wheatgrass-bluestem-needlegrass

607 Wheatgrass-needlegrass

608 Wheatgrass-grama-needlegrass

710 Bluestem prairie
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sitassion bibliogràfica
Johnson, Kathleen A. 2000. Prunus virginiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us /database/feis/plants/tree/pruvir/all.html

Immediate Effect of Fire ( Anglèis )

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More info for the terms: fire intensity, prescribed burn, prescribed fire, shrubs

Fire often kills aboveground chokecherry stems and foliage, but it quickly sprouts, either the same year following a spring burn, or by the next growing season [97,105,162,166,177]. In the South Dakota Black Hills chokecherry sprouts were double the preburn numbers within 2 months of an early May burn [51]. Conversely, in an early May prescribed burn in central Alberta quaking aspen parkland, chokecherry shrubs did not sprout within the first 3 months following burning [63]. Fire intensity was not described for either study.

A prescribed fire study was conducted in northern Idaho to test the effect of spring versus fall burning on elk browse. Measurements were made of crown diameter, crown height, number of basal sprouts, and sprout height before and after each burn. Postfire measurements were made on 11 shrubs the first growing season after the fall burns. Seasonal fire effects were similar for chokecherry crown diameter, crown height, and sprout height. Though not statistically significant (at P = 0.05), the number of chokecherry basal sprouts was somewhat higher after the spring burn, suggesting that spring burning may be more conducive to the rapid recovery of chokecherry than fall burning [97].
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sitassion bibliogràfica
Johnson, Kathleen A. 2000. Prunus virginiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us /database/feis/plants/tree/pruvir/all.html

Importance to Livestock and Wildlife ( Anglèis )

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Chokecherry is widely regarded as an important wildlife food plant and provides habitat, watershed protection, and species diversity [36,92,121,140,147]. Fruits, leaves, and twigs are utilized. Large mammals including bears [34,83,124], moose [69,118,120,144], coyotes [38], bighorn sheep [154,160], pronghorn [41], elk [32,49,74,88,94], and deer use chokecherry as browse [7,8,26,132,145,146,147,148,149,150,156]. Chokecherry is also a food source for small mammals [37,38,62,70]. The fruits are important food for many birds [15,20,54,103]. Cattle and domestic sheep also eat chokecherry, and because of its toxicity (see below), poisoning sometimes occurs. Livestock normally do not eat fatal quantities except when other forage is scarce [66,116,166].
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sitassion bibliogràfica
Johnson, Kathleen A. 2000. Prunus virginiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us /database/feis/plants/tree/pruvir/all.html

Key Plant Community Associations ( Anglèis )

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More info for the terms: cover, forest, grassland, habitat type, hardwood, natural, series, shrub, shrubland, shrubs, tree, vines, woodland

The 3 chokecherry varieties occur in numerous habitat types and plant communities. Chokecherry often forms mixed stands with other tall shrubs. Common plant associates of chokecherry in some areas are listed below by state or province.



Idaho: Associated tall shrubs on logged sites in a northern Idaho western redcedar-western hemlock (Thuja plicata-Tsuga heterophylla) zone include Rocky Mountain maple (Acer glabrum), Saskatoon serviceberry (Amelanchier alnifolia), redstem ceanothus (Ceanothus sanguineus), snowbrush ceanothus (C. velutinus), dogwood (Cornus spp.), oceanspray (Holodiscus discolor), mockorange (Philadelphus lewisii), ninebark (Physocarpus malvaceus), bitter cherry (Prunus emarginata), cascara (Rhamnus purshiana), Scouler willow (Salix scouleriana), and red elderberry (Sambucus racemosa) [173]. In southern and central Idaho, chokecherry occurs in a number of Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca) habitat types, along with Pacific ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa var. ponderosa), Rocky Mountain maple and quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides) [143].



Michigan: Chokecherry occurs in northern Lake Michigan coastal sand dune communities that range from 175 to 835 years old, but is most prevalent in communities 225 to 400 years old. Associated overstory dominants in mixed-pine forests in a similar 200-400 year range include balsam fir (Abies balsamifera), paper birch (Betula papyrifera), red pine (Pinus resinosa), eastern white pine (Pinus strobus), white spruce (Picea glauca), and northern white-cedar (Thuja occidentalis) [99]. In northern white-cedar forests in lower northern Michigan, important plant associates are sugar maple (Acer saccharum), white ash (Fraxinus americana), mountain maple (Acer spicatum), paper birch, basswood (Tilia americana), alternate-leaved dogwood (C. alternifolia), ironwood (Ostrya virginiana) and balsam fir [3].



Minnesota: Northeastern forests: overstory species include quaking aspen, bigtooth aspen (Populus grandidentata), red pine, and jack pine (Pinus banksiana). Common tall shrub species include mountain maple, American green alder (Alnus viridis ssp. crispa), alternate-leaf dogwood, round-leaved dogwood (C. rugosa) and serviceberry (Amelanchier spp.) [13].



In the northwestern forest and transition zones of Minnesota, overstory associates include bur oak (Quercus macrocarpa), American elm (Ulmus americana), basswood, sugar maple, green ash, quaking aspen, paper birch, ironwood, and balsam poplar (Populus balsamifera). Common shrub associates include smooth sumac (Rhus glabra), dogwood (Cornus spp.), black cherry (Prunus serotina), and sugar maple. [31,47].



In Minnesota oak (Quercus spp.) savanna overstory dominants include bur oak and pin oak (Q. ellipsoidalis). Shrubs commonly associated with chokecherry include smooth sumac and American hazel (Corylus americana) [169].



Montana: Plant associates in riparian sites in western and central Montana include Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir, Rocky Mountain juniper (Juniperus scopulorum), Pacific ponderosa pine, big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata), western snowberry (Symphoricarpos occidentalis) and ninebark [46,66,119]. In eastern Montana hardwood forests that extend into the Dakotas, chokecherry occurs commonly with green ash, plains cottonwood (Populus deltoides var. monilifera), American elm, and box elder (Acer negundo) [64,66,98,119].




Nevada and Utah; Dominant associated shrubs in sagebrush (Artemisia spp.) rangelands in northeastern Nevada and mountain brush communities in Utah include Saskatoon serviceberry, shadscale (Atriplex confertifolia), rubber rabbitbrush (Chrysothamnus nauseosus), green rabbitbrush (C. viscidiflorus), antelope bitterbrush (Purshia tridentata), mountain snowberry (Symphoricarpos oreophilus), Gambel oak (Quercus gambelii), Wood's rose (Rosa woodsii), ninebark, curlleaf mountain-mahogany (Cercocarpus ledifolius), Rocky Mountain juniper, Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir, and white fir (Abies concolor). [11,33,79,90].



North Carolina: In a red spruce-Fraser fir (Picea rubens-Abies fraseri) forest in the Plott Balsam Mountains, chokecherry occurs with pin cherry, American mountain-ash (Sorbus americana), mountain maple, alternate-leaf dogwood, red maple (Acer rubrum), and willow (Salix spp.) species [128].



North Dakota: Chokecherry occurs in Missouri river slopes, floodplains, and also western woodlands. Tree associates are green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica), box elder, American elm, bur oak, basswood, quaking aspen, paper birch, Rocky Mountain juniper, ponderosa pine, and limber pine (Pinus
flexilis). Common shrubs and woody vines in the floodplains include peach-leaved willow (S. amygdaloides), dogwood, western snowberry (Symphoricarpos occidentalis), eastern poison-ivy (Toxicodendron radicans), Saskatoon serviceberry, woodbine (Parthenocissus inserta), and frost grape (Vitis vulpina) [56,64,82,98,171].



Pennsylvania: In central Pennsylvania mixed-oak valley floor forests, dominant species associated with chokecherry are white oak (Q. alba), red oak (Q. rubra), black oak (Q. velutina) and black cherry [2].



South Dakota and Wyoming: Hoffman and Alexander [77] describe a ponderosa pine (P. ponderosa var. scopulorum/chokecherry community type occurring on the Black Hills National Forest. Important associates in this community are Saskatoon serviceberry, white spirea (Spirea betulifolia), and Oregon-grape (Mahonia repens). The authors list chokecherry as an important component in bur oak, ponderosa pine and quaking aspen series of habitat types. River drainage species in green ash/chokecherry habitats are similar to those listed for North Dakota.



Vermont: In the Green Mountains chokecherry occurs where common overstory trees are sugar maple, American beech (Fagus grandifolia), yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis), red spruce, and balsam fir. Abundant understory shrub associates include striped maple (Acer pensylvanicum), mountain maple, pin cherry (P. pensylvanica), and American mountain-ash [136].



Wisconsin: In southwestern oak-hickory (Quercus-Carya spp.) forests (where replacement of oaks by others species is a recognized problem), chokecherry occurs where dominant overstory species include sugar maple, green ash, and slippery elm (Ulmus rubra) [100].



Chokecherry is listed as a dominant or indicator species in the following published classifications:



A preliminary classification of the natural vegetation of Colorado [12]

Vegetation and soils of the Rock Springs Watershed [21]

Native woodland ecology and habitat classification of southwestern North
Dakota [57]

The vegetation of the Grand River/Cedar River, Sioux, and Ashland Districts of the Custer National Forest: a habitat type classification [64]

The vegetation of Theodore Roosevelt National Park, North Dakota: a habitat type classification [65]

Classification and Management of Montana's riparian and wetland sites [66]

Grassland, shrubland, and forestland habitat types of the White
River-Arapaho National Forest [71]

Habitat types on selected parts of the Gunnison and Uncompahgre National
Forests [85]

Aspen community types on the Caribou and Targhee National Forests in
southeastern Idaho [115]

Forest habitat types of Montana [119]

Rangeland cover types of the United States [135]

Plant associations (habitat types) of Region 2., 3rd ed. [157]

Aspen community types on the Bridger-Teton National Forest in western
Wyoming [178]
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sitassion bibliogràfica
Johnson, Kathleen A. 2000. Prunus virginiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us /database/feis/plants/tree/pruvir/all.html

Life Form ( Anglèis )

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More info for the terms: shrub, tree

Tree-shrub
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Johnson, Kathleen A. 2000. Prunus virginiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us /database/feis/plants/tree/pruvir/all.html

Management considerations ( Anglèis )

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Grazing: Chokecherry is moderately tolerant of browsing [66], but heavy grazing by livestock and wild ungulates has impacted populations in many areas, especially the northern Great Plains [64,65,81,98,179].



Chokecherry foliage can be poisonous to grazing livestock [78,106,116,153]. Research has identified the toxic compound in chokecherry as the cyanogenic glycoside prunasin [101]. One-half gram of prunasin can produce approximately 46 mg of hydrogen cyanide (HCN); daily doses of 50 mg HCN/1 kg body weight are considered dangerous. Hydrogen cyanide is liberated either in the
plant as a result of frost damage or in the animal during digestion.
Results of that study indicated that prunasin concentrations are highest (5%) in the new stems and newly initiated leaves of chokecherry.
Elevated levels (greater than 2.5%) are maintained in the leaves throughout
the summer, but prunasin content of new twigs gradually diminishes over
the season. The previous season's growth is generally not as toxic
(1.2 to 2.2%) [166].

Pest management concerns: Chokecherry can be controlled by herbicides or plowing [116]. In the northeastern United
States chokecherry is a primary host of the eastern tent caterpillar
[164].



Chokecherry is susceptible to attack by the fungus Plowrightia
stansburiana, which causes knotlike cankers to develop on stems. This
condition eventually kills infected stems [92]. Afflicted plants
usually have a shortened life span [166].

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Johnson, Kathleen A. 2000. Prunus virginiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us /database/feis/plants/tree/pruvir/all.html

Nutritional Value ( Anglèis )

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The nutritional value of chokecherry is relatively high in comparison
with that of other western browse species [19,88,168]. It has 38.8% dry matter digestibility and is 8.7% crude protein [35]. Crude protein
levels do not appreciably decrease as winter progresses [39]. Dittberner
and Olson [42] rate chokecherry good in energy value and poor in protein
value.

Seasonal trends in the nutritive content of chokecherry leaves and stems in the Black
Hills of South Dakota are presented below. Units are in percent, on an oven-dry basis [39].                 Spring          Summer         Fall       
                leaves/stems    leaves/stems   leaves/stems
crude protein   21.9/17.4       15.2/9.5        6.6/8.8     
cellulose       12.3/19.7       12.6/22.8      14.7/24.2     
ash              5.9/5.4         6.2/4.3        6.1/3.0    
calcium         1.12/0.9         1.8/1.5       2.33/1.66     
phosphorus      0.51/0.41       0.39/0.21      0.37/0.21     
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sitassion bibliogràfica
Johnson, Kathleen A. 2000. Prunus virginiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us /database/feis/plants/tree/pruvir/all.html

Occurrence in North America ( Anglèis )

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AK
AZ
AR
CA
CO
CT
DE
GA
ID
IL

IN
IA
KS
KY
ME
MD
MA
MI
MN
MO

MT
NE
NV
NH
NJ
NM
NY
NC
ND
OH




OK
OR
PA
RI
SD
TN
TX
UT
VT
VA


WA
WV
WI
WY
DC








AB
BC
MB
ON
PQ
SK







MEXICO


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Johnson, Kathleen A. 2000. Prunus virginiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us /database/feis/plants/tree/pruvir/all.html

Other uses and values ( Anglèis )

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More info for the terms: fruit, natural

Chokecherry plants are widely used as ornamentals. Chokecherry produces an abundance of attractive white flowers characterized by a strong, sweet, almondlike fragrance. This species is also valued for its fruit. Plantings increase habitat and natural food supplies for birds frequenting residential areas. Chokecherry is extensively planted for windbreaks in the prairie, plains, and western mountains [166]. Chokecherries are edible and, although somewhat astringent, are relatively sweet when fully ripe. Fruits are used to make wines, syrups, jellies, and jams. Indigenous peoples gathered chokecherries and used them to make pemmican and treat cold sores [68,84,147]. The Piutes made a medicinal tea from the leaves and twigs to treat colds and rheumatism [113].
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Johnson, Kathleen A. 2000. Prunus virginiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us /database/feis/plants/tree/pruvir/all.html

Palatability ( Anglèis )

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Chokecherry is moderately palatable to all classes of livestock,
although it is more heavily browsed by domestic sheep than by cattle [36,140].
It is a preferred mule deer browse on many winter ranges throughout the Intermountain West and Northern Great Plains [39,42].



The palatability of chokecherry to livestock and wildlife has been rated as follows [42]:                      CO     MT     ND     UT     WY
Cattle               Fair   Fair   Fair   Fair   Fair
Domestic sheep       Good   Good   Good   Fair   Good
Horses               Poor   Poor   ----   Poor   Poor
Pronghorn            ----   ----   Good   Poor   Poor
Elk                  Poor   Fair   ----   Good   Fair
Mule deer            Fair   Fair   Good   Good   Good
Small mammals        Good   Good   ----   Good   Good
Small nongame birds  Good   Good   ----   Good   Good
Upland game birds    Fair   Good   Good   Good   Good
Waterfowl            ----   ----   ----   Poor   Poor
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sitassion bibliogràfica
Johnson, Kathleen A. 2000. Prunus virginiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us /database/feis/plants/tree/pruvir/all.html

Phenology ( Anglèis )

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More info on this topic.

More info for the term: seed

Generally chokecherry plants leaf out in spring to early summer and flower 1 to 3 weeks later, with fruits maturing in late summer to fall [166]. Fruits dehisce soon after maturity [59]. Average date of phenological stages for chokecherry east and west of the Continental Divide in Montana from 1928 to 1937 are presented below [130]:                            East Divide      West Divide leaf buds burst            May 2            April 29 leaves full grown          June 11          May 17 flowers start              June 4           May 19  flowers end                June 17          June 11 fruits ripe                August 22        August 14 leaves start to color      August 31        September 15 leaves begin to fall       September 10     September 28 seed fall starts           September 12     September 19 leaves fallen/withered     September 30     October 14
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Johnson, Kathleen A. 2000. Prunus virginiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us /database/feis/plants/tree/pruvir/all.html

Plant Response to Fire ( Anglèis )

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More info for the terms: cover, crown fire, density, fire frequency, fire severity, flame length, forest, frequency, fuel, herbaceous, litter, prescribed burn, severity, shrubs, surface fire, understory fire

Most studies report either an increase in chokecherry in the years following fire, or an increase followed by a return to prefire numbers. After wildfires in the oakbrush zone in Utah, McKell [105] reported twice as many chokecherry stems sprouting from root crowns on 1-year-old burns than on adjacent unburned sites. A reduction to prefire densities occurred within 18 years.

Following wildfires in Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir/Rocky Mountain juniper/Wyoming big sagebrush associations in the Missouri Breaks area of central Montana, chokecherry canopy cover increased consistently for 13 years, then stabilized [46].

Bock and Bock [22] compared data from prescribed October burns in 1974 and 1979 in the South Dakota Black Hills. The 1974 burn escaped and became a crown fire, killing ponderosa pines of all sizes. The 1979 fire remained a controlled understory fire. When measured in 1981, the 1974 burn site supported higher densities of all woody taxa except chokecherry and western poison-ivy (Toxicodendron rydbergii). There was no significant difference (P = 0.71) in numbers of chokecherry plants between the 2 burn sites. Measurements taken within the 1979 surface fire site (prefire, postfire yr 1, and postfire yr 2) showed that chokecherry stems were not significantly (P = 0.75) reduced by the fire.

Geier-Hayes [53] included chokecherry in a study of vegetation response to helicopter logging and broadcast burning in an Idaho Douglas-fir forest. Data were collected in 3 cutting units prior to burning and 1,2,5 and 10 years after. Fire severity was higher in 2 of the units and altered the vegetation from the original. Fires classed at a severity level of 2M [126] were less severe and had little or no impact on chokecherry percent cover and root frequency. 2M fires are characterized as having a flame length of 2 to 4 feet (0.6-1.2 m) and a corresponding crown scorch height of 9 to 24 feet (2.7-7.3 m), with moderate ground charring. The units that burned hotter, having a severity rating of 3M had markedly less chokecherry cover and root frequency during all postburn years measured. 3M fires have flame lengths of 8 to 12 feet (2.4-3.7 m), corresponding crown scorch to 64 feet (20 m), with moderate ground charring.

Following a September prescribed burn in a quaking aspen stand in Idaho, chokecherry biomass exceeded preburn biomass within 2 seasons and was double preburn biomass after 5 seasons [29]. Biomass was computed using weight versus stem diameter relationships [28]. Details of fuel conditions are provided: litter and woody material moisture content was 8 to 9% and herbaceous vegetation was 40 to 50% cured. Fire severity was rated as moderate to high [126].

After 24 years of annual early spring burning in quaking aspen parklands in Alberta, chokecherry percent cover had decreased but the number of stems increased in density from 6% to 15% [5].

In a 20-year study of the effects of fire frequency on Minnesota oak savanna herbs and shrubs, Tester [150,151] determined that increased fire frequency tended to increase the density of native, true prairie shrubs and decrease the density of native, non-prairie shrubs (including chokecherry). Chokecherry cover estimates were negatively correlated with burn frequency (r = -0.51, P = 0.09).
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sitassion bibliogràfica
Johnson, Kathleen A. 2000. Prunus virginiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us /database/feis/plants/tree/pruvir/all.html

Post-fire Regeneration ( Anglèis )

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More info for the terms: ground residual colonizer, root crown, root sucker, shrub

Tree with adventitious-bud root crown/soboliferous species root sucker
Tall shrub, adventitious-bud root crown
Small shrub, adventitious-bud root crown
Ground residual colonizer (on-site, initial community)
Initial-offsite colonizer (off-site, initial community)
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Johnson, Kathleen A. 2000. Prunus virginiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us /database/feis/plants/tree/pruvir/all.html

Regeneration Processes ( Anglèis )

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More info for the terms: forest, fruit, natural, presence, scarification, seed

Chokecherry reproduces sexually and vegetatively. In laboratory experiments involving excised rhizomes which were approximately 11 years of age, Schier [129] observed that chokecherry rhizomes sprouted at a faster rate and had higher sprouting percentages than Gambel oak (Quercus gambelii) rhizomes.

Seed crops are typically regular and viable [111], with seed-producing capacity higher in plants on open sites [166]. Seeds are surrounded by a stony endocarp that may offer some resistance to germination but is permeable to moisture. Chokecherry has seed dormancy; an after-ripening period in the presence of oxygen and moisture is necessary for adequate germination [60].

Rogers and Applegate [124] reported significantly (P less than 0.01) enhanced germination in chokecherry seeds ingested by black bears in Minnesota and attributed this to acid and mechanical scarification of seeds in the digestive tract.

Although large numbers of chokecherry seeds may be deposited beneath parent plants, long-distance dispersal also occurs via frugivorous birds and mammals [86,167,170,172]. Meyer and Witmer [107] studied the effect of gut-scarification on chokecherry seeds fed to captive frugivorous birds. Removal of fruit pulp was critical for germination, but they found no differences in germination success between seeds manually cleaned of pulp and bird-passed seeds lacking pulp. Seeds of chokecherry that were defecated and planted with feces, mimicking natural deposition, had reduced germination relative to manually cleaned seeds. Artificial seed treatments to enhance germination are discussed in the Value and Use section of this report.

Viable seed persists in the soil seedbank. In a closed-canopy forest in northern Idaho, chokecherry seeds were found in soil samples taken at depths of up to 4 inches (10 cm); overall seed viability equaled approximately 27% [86].
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Johnson, Kathleen A. 2000. Prunus virginiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us /database/feis/plants/tree/pruvir/all.html

Regional Distribution in the Western United States ( Anglèis )

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More info on this topic.

This species can be found in the following regions of the western United States (according to the Bureau of Land Management classification of Physiographic Regions of the western United States):

1 Northern Pacific Border

2 Cascade Mountains

3 Southern Pacific Border

4 Sierra Mountains

5 Columbia Plateau

6 Upper Basin and Range

7 Lower Basin and Range

8 Northern Rocky Mountains

9 Middle Rocky Mountains

10 Wyoming Basin

11 Southern Rocky Mountains

12 Colorado Plateau

13 Rocky Mountain Piedmont

14 Great Plains

15 Black Hills Uplift

16 Upper Missouri Basin and Broken Lands
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Johnson, Kathleen A. 2000. Prunus virginiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us /database/feis/plants/tree/pruvir/all.html

Successional Status ( Anglèis )

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More info on this topic.

More info for the terms: association, climax, cover, density, forest, habitat type, hardwood, seed, series, severity, shrub, shrubs, succession, tree, wildfire, woodland

Because chokecherry occurs so widely, it is reported in numerous habitat types and plant associations that range from post-disturbance invaders to early-successional to climax or stable. It grows in sparse stands, dense thickets, and under open forest canopies [64,66,116,119]. It is shade tolerant [31,64,99,100], but reaches its greatest density near forest edges [64,65]. Plant association descriptions for most the studies discussed below appear in the Distribution and Occurrence section of this species report.

EASTERN AND CENTRAL REGION-
In the eastern and central region of the U.S. and Canada, chokecherry occurs in a broad range of successional habitats. It been studied in both seral and climax or stable communities. It sprouts readily and also persists under open and closed forest canopies.

Chokecherry was characterized as early-successional following logging and (or) burning in northern white-cedar and jack pine forests in Michigan [1]. Chokecherry was mid-successional in coastal Lake Michigan chronosequences that focused on long-term vegetation succession on sand dunes, reaching its greatest abundance after pine and oak cover was well developed [99,117].

In Pennsylvania mixed-oak forests chokecherry was described as a later-successional understory species where the overstory is dominated by oak and pine [2].

In a 1924 study of succession in northwestern Minnesota chokecherry was prominent in non-climax brush stands in ecotones between prairie and deciduous forests [47]. In a 1951 study in northern Minnesota chokecherry was noted as a major component in the sparse shrub layer of a climax maple-basswood forest. The maple-basswood forest was characterized as having light penetration of less than 5%, indicating shade tolerance, at least in mature chokecherry [31].

In a 1964 study in Vermont, chokecherry was one of 14 shrub species documented in the understory of an old, undisturbed remnant of northern hardwood forest. Sugar maple, beech, and white ash were overstory dominants. The authors predicted that this assemblage replaces itself in forest succession, creating a stable overstory community [23].

In Ontario, following forest clearcutting and brush removal for a utility right-of-way, chokecherry was a prominent initial colonizer. The original forest cover was dominated by sugar maple, white ash, quaking aspen and black cherry. In addition to abundant chokecherry seedlings, raspberry (Rubus spp.) seedlings and sprouts, and sprouts from quaking aspen were also prolific initial colonizers. After 6 years chokecherry and quaking aspen stems had declined and white ash stems had become most numerous. The author indicated that rapid invasion by chokecherry and raspberry, followed by replacement with more shade-tolerant species was a common pattern of secondary succession [27].

In southern and western North Dakota chokecherry is an indicator species for the green ash/chokecherry woodland habitat type [64,65]. This habitat type is characterized as a topographic climax. Where disturbance from livestock grazing is heavy, shrub cover is greatly reduced and unpalatable western snowberry becomes dominant. Tree seedlings and saplings decline, leaving only older trees and an open understory [65]. In southern North Dakota chokecherry is an indicator species for the interior ponderosa pine/chokecherry habitat type, determined to be an edaphic climax. In undisturbed vegetation of this type, ponderosa pine forms a closed overstory and chokecherry shrubs reach about 3.28 feet (1 m) in height. Chokecherry responds to fire in these stands by sprouting vegetatively, and as succession advances following fire, chokecherry gradually increases while other shrubs decrease [64]. The green ash/chokecherry and interior ponderosa pine/chokecherry habitat types also occur in South Dakota and eastern Montana [64,66,77,119].

WESTERN STATES-
In the western United States, chokecherry is usually identified as seral but persists under closed canopies in mature conifer forests and in riparian areas. Central Rocky Mountain quaking aspen stands, where chokecherry is prevalent in the tall shrub layer, are thought to be a regional transition zone between sporadic groves and extensive forests. The quaking aspen/chokecherry community is categorized as seral [114].

In a classification of forest habitats of Montana [119], chokecherry is documented in numerous habitat types within forest climax series for limber pine, ponderosa pine, Douglas-fir, and Engelmann spruce. In that classification it is also an indicator species for a ponderosa pine/chokecherry type present in eastern Montana (see discussion in North Dakota section above). In river drainages of central Montana, Eichorn and Watts [46] studied succession following wildfire. In burned north-slope sites characterized by a Douglas-fir/common juniper association, chokecherry, snowberry (Symphoricarpos spp.) and rose (Rosa spp.) were predominant among shrubs that increased significantly (P less than 0.05) in years 5 through 28 following burning. In Douglas-fir habitat types in western Montana, chokecherry becomes common after stand-replacing wildfires and clearcuts with or without subsequent broadcast burns [8].

In central Idaho chokecherry is classified by Steele and Geier-Hayes [143] as mid-seral in 7 Douglas-fir habitat types. Though seral to Douglas-fir climax forests, these sites may be dominated by open-canopy stands of fire-maintained ponderosa pine. Chokecherry may regenerate vegetatively or by seed following logging or burning, depending on the type and severity of the disturbance.

In a central Utah study, Christensen [33] reported that although mountain brush stands are often interpreted as stable, chokecherry was among 10 shrub species in a mountain brush stand undergoing transition to a conifer stand dominated by white fir and Douglas-fir. The author interpreted the transition as primary succession because no evidence was found of disturbance by livestock use, fire or logging. Chokecherry is common in Gambel oak communities in Utah, which Kunzler and others [90] predicted might succeed to ponderosa pine, bigtooth maple (Acer grandidentatum), or white fir and Douglas-fir, depending on site conditions. Chokecherry is common in northern Utah quaking aspen stands, which are reported to succeed to conifer stands [14]. In a study of early succession following clearcutting of quaking aspen, chokecherry and snowberry were "by far" the most dominant shrubs in uncut control plots. In the 4 years following clearcutting, percent composition of chokecherry in the undergrowth increased by much as 5 times over that in the control plots. The authors did not indicate the method of chokecherry regeneration in the clearcuts [14].
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Johnson, Kathleen A. 2000. Prunus virginiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us /database/feis/plants/tree/pruvir/all.html

Taxonomy ( Anglèis )

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The fully documented scientific name of chokecherry is Prunus virginiana
L. (Rosaceae) [58,72,73,80]. Recognized varieties are:



Prunus virginiana var. demissa (Nutt.) Torr. - western chokecherry [73,80]

Prunus virginiana var. melanocarpa (A. Nels.) Sarg. - black chokecherry [80]

Prunus virginiana var. virginiana L. - common chokecherry [73,80]
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Johnson, Kathleen A. 2000. Prunus virginiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us /database/feis/plants/tree/pruvir/all.html

Value for rehabilitation of disturbed sites ( Anglèis )

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More info for the terms: competition, rhizome, seed, stratification

Chokecherry has been selected as a revegetation species for wildlife habitat [110,127,166], shelterbelts [131], mine spoils [109], and soil stabilization [102,104,131]. Chokecherry exhibited salt tolerance in a greenhouse study [155].

Chokecherry can be propagated from seed or rhizome cuttings [60,91,102,108,129,134,166]. About half of unstratified seed germinates within 60 days of collection; delayed germination can occur up to 120 days of sowing [166]. More consistent germination is achieved following cool, moist stratification lasting from 120 to 160 days at 36 to 41 degrees Fahrenheit (2.2-5 oC) [60,108,109]. In a heat-treatment field study, using thermocouples inserted into seedcoats, chokecherry germination was doubled to quadrupled by temperatures ranging from 180 to 280 degrees Fahrenheit (82-138 oC)[127].

Nursery-grown seedlings of chokecherry establish satisfactorily if planted free of competition on sites with at least 15 inches (38 cm) of annual precipitation. Young plants are not tolerant of competing vegetation for 2 to 3 years following planting [110].

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Johnson, Kathleen A. 2000. Prunus virginiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us /database/feis/plants/tree/pruvir/all.html

Wood Products Value ( Anglèis )

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Chokecherry wood is heavy, hard and close-grained, but rarely develops a trunk large enough to be commercially useful [116].
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Johnson, Kathleen A. 2000. Prunus virginiana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: https://www.fs.fed.us /database/feis/plants/tree/pruvir/all.html

Distribution ( Spagneul; Castilian )

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Chile Central
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Universidad de Santiago de Chile
autor
Pablo Gutierrez
sit compagn
IABIN

Prunus virginiana ( Asturian )

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Prunus virginiana,[1] el Zrezal de Virxinia,[2] capulín o capulin (del náhuatl capolcuahuitl) ye una especie del xéneru Prunus, estendida por toa Norteamérica y Méxicu, sacante'l Fondu Sur y l'alloñáu norte.

 src=
Vista del árbol

Descripción

Forma un parrotal o pequeñu árbol d'hasta unos 5 m d'altor. Les fueyes son ovales, de 3 a 10 cm de llongura con marxes toscamente serraos. Les flores surden en recímanos en númberu de 15 a 30 a finales de la primavera.
El frutu, d'alredor de 1 cm de diámetru varia ente'l colloráu brillosu al negru, con un sabor astringente y ácidu. Cuanto más madura ta la cereza más escuru ye'l so color y menos aceda.

Usos melecinales

Utilízase medicinalmente na preparación d'aguardiente pa tratar enfermedaes de los pulmones, o en xarabes pa solliviar la tos, gripa, o mal d'orín, amás d'usase la corteza, ramos y fueyes pa tratar foria, catarru y fiebre.

Ye un sedante, antiasmáticu, aromatizante, antiespasmódico y sirve pa indixestión[ensin referencies].

Ye una planta tóxica siempres si consúmese por demás; les fueyes tienres, la grana y la corteza contienen un glucósido que al ser inxeríu provoca dificultá p'alendar, tiemblos, coma o muerte repentina[ensin referencies].

Taxonomía

Prunus virginiana describióse por Carlos Linneo y espublizóse en Species Plantarum1: 473. 1753.[3]

Etimoloxía

Prunus: nome xenéricu que provién d'un antiguu nome griegu (προύνη), y depués llatín (prūnus, i) de la cirolar. Yá emplegáu por, ente otros, Virxiliu (G. 2, 34) y Pliniu'l Vieyu (13, XIX, 64)[4][5]

virginiana: epítetu xeográficu qu'alude al so localización en Virxinia.

Variedaes aceptaes
Sinonimia
  • Cerasus virginica Michx. ex hort.
  • Padus rubra Mill.
  • Padus virginiana (L.) Mill.
  • Padus virginiana (L.) M.Roem.
  • Prunus serotina Poir.
  • Prunus virginiana var. virginiana
  • Prunus virginica Steud.[6]

Ver tamién

Referencies

  1. USDA
  2. Nome vulgar preferíu en castellán, en Árboles: guía de campu; Johnson, Owen y More, David; traductor: Pijoan Rotger, Manuel, ed. Omega, 2006. ISBN 13: 978-84-282-1400-1. Versión n'español de la Collins Tree Guide.
  3. Prunus virginiana en Trópicos
  4. En Nomes botánicos
  5. Prunus en F. Gaffiot, Dictionnaire Latin-Français, Hachette, Paris, 1934.
  6. «Prunus virginiana». The Plant List. Consultáu'l 19 de xineru de 2015.

Bibliografía

  1. Cronquist, A.J., N. H. Holmgren & P. K. Holmgren. 1997. Vascular plants of the intermountain west, U.S.A., subclass Rosidae (except Fabales). 3A: 1–446. In A.J. Cronquist, A. H. Holmgren, N. H. Holmgren, J. L. Reveal & P. K. Holmgren (eds.) Intermount. Fl.. Hafner Pub. Co., New York.
  2. Fernald, M. 1950. Manual (ed. 8) i–lxiv, 1–1632. American Book Co., New York.
  3. Gleason, H. A. 1968. The Choripetalous Dicotyledoneae. vol. 2. 655 pp. In H. A. Gleason Ill. Fl. N. O.S.. New York Botanical Garden, New York.
  4. Gleason, H. A. & A.J. Cronquist. 1991. Man. Vasc. Pl. N.Y. O.S. (ed. 2) i–910. New York Botanical Garden, Bronx.
  5. Great Plains Flora Association. 1986. Fl. Great Plains i–vii, 1–1392. University Press of Kansas, Lawrence.
  6. Kearney, T. H. & R. H. Peebles. 1960. Arizona Fl. (ed. 2) 1032 pp.
  7. Moss, Y. H. 1983. Fl. Alberta (ed. 2) i–xii, 1–687. University of Toronto Press, Toronto.
  8. Porsild, A. Y. & W. Cody. 1980. Vasc. Pl. Continental Northw. Terr. Canada i–viii, 1–607. National Museum of Natural Sciences, Ottawa.

Enllaces esternos

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Prunus virginiana: Brief Summary ( Asturian )

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Prunus virginiana

Prunus virginiana, el Zrezal de Virxinia, capulín o capulin (del náhuatl capolcuahuitl) ye una especie del xéneru Prunus, estendida por toa Norteamérica y Méxicu, sacante'l Fondu Sur y l'alloñáu norte.

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Cirerer de Virgínia ( Catalan; Valensian )

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El Cirerer de Virgínia (Prunus virginiana) és una espècie de planta rosàcia originària de Nord-amèrica.

És un arbust o petit arbre de fins a 5 m d'alt. Les fulles són ovals i de marge serrat. Les flors es fan en raïms de 15-30 flors. El fruit fa un cm de diàmetre de color que va de vermell a negre i molt astringent.

Usos

Hi ha cultivars apreciats com 'Goertz', que tenen el fruit comestible. Les fulles són tòxiques pels cavalls. El 2007, va ser declarat fruit oficial de Dakota del Nord.

Fonts

Enllaços externs

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Referències


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Cirerer de Virgínia: Brief Summary ( Catalan; Valensian )

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El Cirerer de Virgínia (Prunus virginiana) és una espècie de planta rosàcia originària de Nord-amèrica.

És un arbust o petit arbre de fins a 5 m d'alt. Les fulles són ovals i de marge serrat. Les flors es fan en raïms de 15-30 flors. El fruit fa un cm de diàmetre de color que va de vermell a negre i molt astringent.

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Virginische Traubenkirsche ( Alman )

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Die Virginische Traubenkirsche[1] (Prunus virginiana) ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung Prunus. Sie ähnelt der europäischen Traubenkirsche und der Lorbeerkirsche. Im Unterschied zu vielen eurasischen Arten ist der Blausäuregehalt, außer in den Steinkernen, so gering, dass die Früchte für den menschlichen Verzehr geeignet sind. Sie war als Vitaminlieferant für die indigene Bevölkerung besonders wichtig. Auf Lakota wurde sie canpá sápa genannt, was mit „Schwarzkirsche“ übersetzt werden kann (sápa = schwarz; canpá = Kirsche, Kirschbaum, „Sauer-Baum“, can = Baum, Gehölz + pa = sauer, bitter). Sie bildet oft Dickichte und trägt so zur Boden-Stabilisierung in sandigen Gebieten bei.

Beschreibung

Die Virginische Traubenkirsche ist ein kleiner, dicht verzweigter, gedrungener, zur Verzwergung neigender Strauch oder kleiner Baum (in der Prärie selten höher als mannshoch). Die Rinde ist rötlich braun und glatt, mit kleinen hellen Warzen (Lentizellen). Die wechselständigen Laubblätter sind elliptisch bis verkehrt eiförmig und zugespitzt mit fein gesägtem Rand. Sie sind kräftig mittel- bis dunkelgrün, unbehaart und glänzend mit einer dicken Wachsschicht versehen, aber nicht so ledrig wie bei der Lorbeerkirsche. Die Blattlänge beträgt etwa 9 Zentimeter.

Die cremeweißen, unscheinbaren, süß duftenden Blüten wachsen in hängenden Trauben. Die Blütezeit ist abhängig vom Standort.

Die etwa kichererbsengroßen, runden, zunächst dunkelroten, dann schwarz glänzenden Steinfrüchte besitzen einen Steinkern pro Frucht und relativ wenig Fruchtfleisch. Noch nicht vollreife, rötliche Früchte sind leicht adstringierend. Die Früchte werden von Mensch und Tier verzehrt, besonders Bären und Vögel fressen sie gerne.

Die Chromosomenzahl beträgt für Prunus virginiana var. demissa (Nutt.) Torr. (Syn.: Prunus virginiana subsp. melanocarpa (A. Nelson) Roy L. Taylor & MacBryde) 2n = 16.[2]

 src=
Blühende Choke Cherries (Prunus virginiana, auch bitter-berry, Virginia bird cherry oder western chokecherry) entlang der Lamoille Canyon Road im Lamoille Canyon (Nevada)

Ökologie

Im nördlichen Teil des Verbreitungsgebiets wächst sie als Unterholz in Wäldern. Aufgrund der zahlreichen Kirschfrüchte ist sie für den Wildtier-Bestand des jeweiligen Biotops bedeutsam. Für Schafe, Rinder und Pferde ist das Laub aufgrund des Blausäure-Gehalts jedoch giftig. Blütezeit je nach Standortbedingungen von April bis Juni, die Blätter treiben vor der Blüte aus.

Vorkommen

Es handelt sich um die am weitesten verbreitete amerikanische Prunus-Art. Sie kommt in verschiedenen regionalen Unterarten von den kanadischen Prärie-Ländereien bis Texas und von Neufundland bis British Columbia vor. Man findet sie an den Großen Seen im Osten und von North Carolina bis Kalifornien und südlich bis New Mexico. Darüber hinaus ist sie in etwas feuchteren Arealen im gesamten Gebiet der Great Plains anzutreffen, etwa längs der Fluss- und Bachufer, in Schluchten und Tälern, an kühleren Berghängen und in zumindest teilweise bewaldeten Gebieten, und ökologisch wichtig im sonst baumarmen Missouri-Gebiet.

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Verbreitung de Virginischen Traubenkirsche (Prunus virginiana)
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Früchte

Verwendung

Für die indigene Bevölkerung war die Virginische Traubenkirsche als Vitamin-Lieferant so bedeutsam, dass die Lakota einen Monat ihres Natur-Kalenders nach der Reifezeit dieser Früchte benannten: Canpá Sápa Wi (Juli, Kirschen-schwarz-Mond). Sogar der Termin des Sonnentanzes, auf Lakota wiwányank wacípi wurde zur Reife der Wildkirschen festgesetzt. Aufgrund ihrer Bedeutung als Nahrungsmittel war sie auch generell in Zeremonien bedeutsam und wurde als Symbol der Fruchtbarkeit gereicht.

Der englische Name „Chokecherry“ (etwa: Würg-Kirsche) spielt auf die schwer zu entfernenden Steinkerne an, die beim Verzehr der frischen Früchte ausgespuckt werden müssen. Die Früchte können roh verzehrt oder zu Kompott, Gelee und Marmelade eingekocht werden. Bei den Lakota war canpá wójapi, eine Art Rote Grütze, ein traditionelles Gericht. Der Geschmack roher Früchte ist säuerlich und erinnert an die Früchte des Schlehdorns und heimischer Wildkirschen. Da die Früchte sehr schwer zu entsteinen sind, wurden von den Lakota und anderen Stämmen die Früchte wie Rosinen getrocknet und mit den Kernen zermahlen. Das so entstandene Pulver wurde als Zutat zur Herstellung von Pemmikan, auf Lakota wasná verwendet.

Literatur

  • Melvin R. Gilmore: Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region. 2. Aufl., Lincoln, Nebraska 1991, ISBN 0-8032-7034-8.
  • James R. Johnson, Gary E. Larson: Grassland Plants of South Dakota and the Northern Great Plains. Brookings, S.D. 1999, ISBN 0-913062-06-5.
  • Rebecca Netzel: Animal Nation and Plant Nation, A Fieldguide for Lakóta Children and for all those adults who still care about Creation. Trier 2007, ISBN 978-3-88476-945-4.
  • Gregory L. Tilford: Edible and Medicinal Plants of the West. Missoula, Montana 1997, ISBN 0-87842-359-1.
  • Theodore Van Bruggen: Wildflowers, Grasses and Other Plants of the Northern Plains and Black Hills. Rapid City, 5. Aufl., 2003, ISBN 0-912410-05-1.
  • Susan J. Wernert (Hrsg.): North American Wildlife. 15. Aufl., Pleasantville, N.Y., 1991, ISBN 0-89577-102-0.

Einzelnachweise

  1. Deutscher Name entsprechend Karl Hammer: Von Aprikose bis Zwetsche – Obst aus der Gattung Prunus. (PDF; 455 kB) (Nicht mehr online verfügbar.) Uni Kassel, archiviert vom Original am 19. Juli 2011; abgerufen am 9. Januar 2010.  src= Info: Der Archivlink wurde automatisch eingesetzt und noch nicht geprüft. Bitte prüfe Original- und Archivlink gemäß Anleitung und entferne dann diesen Hinweis.@1@2Vorlage:Webachiv/IABot/www.agrar.uni-kassel.de
  2. Prunus virginiana subsp. melanocarpa bei Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis.
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Virginische Traubenkirsche: Brief Summary ( Alman )

fornì da wikipedia DE

Die Virginische Traubenkirsche (Prunus virginiana) ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung Prunus. Sie ähnelt der europäischen Traubenkirsche und der Lorbeerkirsche. Im Unterschied zu vielen eurasischen Arten ist der Blausäuregehalt, außer in den Steinkernen, so gering, dass die Früchte für den menschlichen Verzehr geeignet sind. Sie war als Vitaminlieferant für die indigene Bevölkerung besonders wichtig. Auf Lakota wurde sie canpá sápa genannt, was mit „Schwarzkirsche“ übersetzt werden kann (sápa = schwarz; canpá = Kirsche, Kirschbaum, „Sauer-Baum“, can = Baum, Gehölz + pa = sauer, bitter). Sie bildet oft Dickichte und trägt so zur Boden-Stabilisierung in sandigen Gebieten bei.

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Kapuli ( quechua )

fornì da wikipedia emerging languages
Ama awaymantu nisqawan pantaychu.

Kapuli (Prunus virginiana, Prunus serotina var. salicifolia, nawa simimanta: capolli) nisqaqa huk wayuq thansam. Rurunkunatam mikhunchik.

  • kapuli ( capulí Kastilla simipi) qillqasqa 'Prunus capollins, ruru mikhuna

Hawa t'inkikuna

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Kapuli: Brief Summary ( quechua )

fornì da wikipedia emerging languages
Ama awaymantu nisqawan pantaychu.

Kapuli (Prunus virginiana, Prunus serotina var. salicifolia, nawa simimanta: capolli) nisqaqa huk wayuq thansam. Rurunkunatam mikhunchik.

kapuli ( capulí Kastilla simipi) qillqasqa 'Prunus capollins, ruru mikhuna
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Tlayolcapolcuahuitl ( Nahuatl )

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Tlaōlcapolcuahuitl (Prunus virginiana) īxōchihcual ca in tlaōlcapōlin.

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Menôtse

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Menôtse

Menôtse, na'éstse máhtáme. Ôhtséše-vóhpo'eeséotsee'êstse menö'êstse naa ma'xemenö'êstse éénano'éstove.

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Prunus virginiana ( Anglèis )

fornì da wikipedia EN

Prunus virginiana, commonly called bitter-berry,[3] chokecherry,[3] Virginia bird cherry,[3] and western chokecherry[3] (also black chokecherry for P. virginiana var. demissa),[3] is a species of bird cherry (Prunus subgenus Padus) native to North America.

Description

Chokecherry is a suckering shrub or small tree growing to 1–6 metres (3 feet 3 inches – 19 feet 8 inches) tall, rarely to 10 m (33 ft) and exceptionally 18 m (60 ft) with a trunk as thick as 30 centimetres (12 in).[4] The leaves are oval, 2.5–10 centimetres (1–4 inches) long and 1.2–5 cm (12–2 in) wide, with a serrated margin.[5] The stems rarely exceed 2 cm (34 in) in length.[6]

The flowers are produced in racemes 4–11 cm (1+124+14 in) long in late spring (well after leaf emergence), eventually growing up to 15 cm.[4] They are 1312 inch (8.47–12.70 millimetres) across.[7][8]

The fruits (drupes) are about 6–14 mm (1412 in) in diameter, range in color from bright red to black, and possess a very astringent taste, being both somewhat sour and somewhat bitter. They get darker and marginally sweeter as they ripen.[5] They each contain a large stone.[6]

Chemistry

Chokecherries are very high in antioxidant pigment compounds, such as anthocyanins. They share this property with chokeberries, further contributing to confusion.[5]

Similar species

The chokecherry is closely related to the black cherry (Prunus serotina) of eastern North America, which can reach 30 m (100 ft) tall and has larger leaves and darker fruit. The chokecherry leaf has a finely serrated margin and is dark green above with a paler underside, while the black cherry leaf has numerous blunt edges along its margin and is dark green and smooth.[5][9]

Taxonomy

The name chokecherry is also used for the related Manchurian cherry or Amur chokecherry (Prunus maackii).

Varieties

  • Prunus virginiana var. virginiana (eastern chokecherry)
  • Prunus virginiana var. demissa (Nutt. ex Torr. & A.Gray) Torr. (western chokecherry)
  • Prunus virginiana var. melanocarpa (A.Nelson) Sarg.[10][2]

Distribution

The natural historic range of P. virginiana includes most of Canada (including Northwest Territories, but excluding Yukon, Nunavut, and Labrador), most of the United States (including Alaska, but excluding some states in the Southeast), and northern Mexico (Sonora, Chihuahua, Baja California, Durango, Zacatecas, Coahuila, and Nuevo León).[11][12][5]

Ecology

The wild chokecherry is often considered a pest, as it is a host for the tent caterpillar, a threat to other fruit plants. It is also a larval host to the black-waved flannel moth, the blinded sphinx, the cecropia moth, the coral hairstreak, the cynthia moth, the elm sphinx, Glover's silkmoth, the hummingbird clearwing moth, the imperial moth, the Io moth, the polyphemus moth, the promethea moth, the red-spotted purple, the small-eyed sphinx, the spring azure, the striped hairstreak, the tiger swallowtail, the twin-spotted sphinx, and Weidemeyer's admiral.[13]

Many wildlife, including birds and game animals, eat the berries.[6] Moose, elk, mountain sheep, deer and rabbits eat the foliage, twigs, leaves, and buds.[6] Deer and elk sometimes browse the twigs profusely, not letting the plant grow above knee height.[4] The leaves serve as food for caterpillars of various Lepidoptera.

Cultivation

The chokecherry has a number of cultivars. 'Canada Red' and 'Schubert' have leaves that mature to purple and turn orange and red in the autumn.[14] 'Goertz' has a nonastringent, so palatable, fruit. Research at the University of Saskatchewan seeks to find or create new cultivars to increase production and processing.

Toxicity

The stone of the fruit is poisonous.[15] Chokecherry is toxic to horses, moose, cattle, goats, deer, and other animals with segmented stomachs (rumens), especially after the leaves have wilted (such as after a frost or after branches have been broken), because wilting releases cyanide and makes the plant sweet. The leaves themselves being poisonous,[6] about 4.5–9 kilograms (10–20 pounds) of foliage can be fatal. Symptoms of a horse that has been poisoned include heavy breathing, agitation, and weakness.

Uses

For many Native American tribes of the Northern Rockies, Northern Plains, and boreal forest region of Canada and the United States, chokecherries are the most important fruit in their traditional diets and are part of pemmican, a staple traditional food. The bark of chokecherry root is made into an asperous-textured concoction used to ward off or treat colds, fever and stomach maladies by Native Americans.[16] The inner bark of the chokecherry, as well as red osier dogwood, or alder, is also used by some tribes in ceremonial smoking mixtures, known as kinnikinnick.[17] The chokecherry fruit can be eaten when fully ripe, but otherwise contains a toxin.[18] The fruit can be used to make jam or syrup, but the bitter nature of the fruit requires sugar to sweeten the preserves.[19] The Plains Indians pound up the whole fruits—including the toxic pits—in a mortar, from which they made sun-baked cakes.[20]

Chokecherry is also used to craft wine[6] in the Western United States, mainly in the Dakotas and Utah, as well as in Manitoba, Canada.

Culture

In 2007, North Dakota governor John Hoeven signed a bill naming the chokecherry the state's official fruit, in part because its remains have been found at more archeological sites in the Dakotas than anywhere else.[21]

See also

References

  1. ^ Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI).; IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group (2018). "Prunus virginiana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T64133468A135957714. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T64133468A135957714.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
  2. ^ a b "Prunus virginiana". Richard Pankhurst et al. Royal Botanic Gardens Edinburgh. Retrieved January 27, 2014 – via The Plant List.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: others (link) Note that this website has been superseded by World Flora Online
  3. ^ a b c d e "Prunus virginiana". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved February 28, 2013.
  4. ^ a b c Arno, Stephen F.; Hammerly, Ramona P. (2020) [1977]. Northwest Trees: Identifying & Understanding the Region's Native Trees (field guide ed.). Seattle: Mountaineers Books. pp. 242–245. ISBN 978-1-68051-329-5. OCLC 1141235469.
  5. ^ a b c d e Rohrer, Joseph R. (2014). "Prunus virginiana". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). Vol. 9. New York and Oxford – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
  6. ^ a b c d e f Angier, Bradford (1974). Field Guide to Edible Wild Plants. Harrisburg, PA: Stackpole Books. p. 52. ISBN 0-8117-0616-8. OCLC 799792.
  7. ^ Hilty, John (2020). "Chokecherry (Prunus virginiana)". Illinois Wildflowers. Retrieved 6 June 2023.
  8. ^ Chayka, Katy; Dziuk, Peter (2016). "Prunus virginiana (Chokecherry)". Minnesota Wildflowers. Retrieved 7 June 2023.
  9. ^ Elias, Thomas S.; Dykeman, Peter A. (1990). Edible Wild Plants A North American Field Guide. New York: Sterling Publishing. ISBN 0-8069-7488-5.
  10. ^ Farrar, J.L. (1995). Trees in Canada. Markham, Ontario: Fitzhenry & Whiteside. ISBN 9781550411997.
  11. ^ "Prunus virginiana". State-level distribution map from the North American Plant Atlas (NAPA). Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 2014.
  12. ^ "Prunus virginiana: photos, partial distribution map". SEINet, Arizona–New Mexico chapter.
  13. ^ The Xerces Society (2016), Gardening for Butterflies: How You Can Attract and Protect Beautiful, Beneficial Insects, Timber Press.
  14. ^ "Prunus virginiana--Chokecherry". Ornamental Plants plus Version 3.0. Michigan State University Extension. Michigan State University. Archived from the original on 2001-11-26.
  15. ^ Whitney, Stephen (1985). Western Forests (The Audubon Society Nature Guides). New York: Knopf. p. 423. ISBN 0-394-73127-1.
  16. ^ Smith, Norman F. (2002). Trees of Michigan and the Upper Great Lakes (6th ed.). Thunder Bay Press. p. 81.
  17. ^ "Bearberry". Discovering Lewis and Clark. The Lewis and Clark Fort Mandan Foundation. 2009. Archived from the original on 2010-12-18. Retrieved 2011-04-29.
  18. ^ Benoliel, Doug (2011). Northwest Foraging: The Classic Guide to Edible Plants of the Pacific Northwest (Rev. and updated ed.). Seattle, WA: Skipstone. p. 69. ISBN 978-1-59485-366-1. OCLC 668195076.
  19. ^ Gibbons, Euell (1962). Stalking the Wild Asparagus. New York: David McKay.
  20. ^ Peattie, Donald Culross (1953). A Natural History of Western Trees. New York: Bonanza Books. pp. 540–41.
  21. ^ Kindscher, K. (1987). Edible Wild Plants of the Prairie: An Ethnobotanical Guide.

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Prunus virginiana: Brief Summary ( Anglèis )

fornì da wikipedia EN

Prunus virginiana, commonly called bitter-berry, chokecherry, Virginia bird cherry, and western chokecherry (also black chokecherry for P. virginiana var. demissa), is a species of bird cherry (Prunus subgenus Padus) native to North America.

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Prunus virginiana ( Spagneul; Castilian )

fornì da wikipedia ES

Prunus virginiana,[1]​ el cerezo de Virginia,[2]capulín o capulin (del náhuatl capolcuahuitl) es una especie del género Prunus, extendida desde el sur de Alaska y Canadá hasta México, excepto el Profundo Sur y el lejano norte.

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Vista del árbol

Descripción

Forma un arbusto o pequeño árbol de hasta unos 5 m de altura. Las hojas son ovales, de 3 a 10 cm de largo con márgenes toscamente serrados. Las flores surgen en racimos en número de 15 a 30 a finales de la primavera.
El fruto, de alrededor de 1 cm de diámetro varía entre el rojo brillante al negro, con un sabor astringente y ácido. Cuanto más madura está la cereza más oscuro es su color y menos ácida.

Usos medicinales

Se utiliza medicinalmente en la preparación de aguardiente para tratar enfermedades de los pulmones, o en jarabes para aliviar la tos, gripa, o mal de orín, además de usarse la corteza, ramos y hojas para tratar diarrea, catarro y fiebre.

Es un sedante, antiasmático, aromatizante, antiespasmódico y sirve para indigestión[cita requerida].

Es una planta tóxica siempre si se consume en exceso; las hojas tiernas, la semilla y la corteza contienen un glucósido que al ser ingerido provoca dificultad para respirar, espasmos, coma o muerte repentina[cita requerida].

Taxonomía

Prunus virginiana fue descrita por Carlos Linneo y publicado en Species Plantarum 1: 473. 1753.[3]

Etimología

Ver: Prunus: Etimología

virginiana: epíteto geográfico que alude a su localización en Virginia.

Variedades aceptadas
Sinonimia
  • Cerasus virginica Michx. ex hort.
  • Padus rubra Mill.
  • Padus virginiana (L.) Mill.
  • Padus virginiana (L.) M.Roem.
  • Prunus serotina Poir.
  • Prunus virginiana var. virginiana
  • Prunus virginica Steud.[4]

Referencias

  1. USDA
  2. Nombre vulgar preferido en castellano, en Árboles: guía de campo; Johnson, Owen y More, David; traductor: Pijoan Rotger, Manuel, ed. Omega, 2006. ISBN 978-84-282-1400-1. Versión en español de la Collins Tree Guide.
  3. Prunus virginiana en Trópicos
  4. «Prunus virginiana». The Plant List. Consultado el 19 de enero de 2015.

Bibliografía

  • Cronquist, A.J., N. H. Holmgren & P. K. Holmgren. 1997. Vascular plants of the intermountain west, U.S.A., subclass Rosidae (except Fabales). 3A: 1–446. In A.J. Cronquist, A. H. Holmgren, N. H. Holmgren, J. L. Reveal & P. K. Holmgren (eds.) Intermount. Fl.. Hafner Pub. Co., New York.
  • Fernald, M. 1950. Manual (ed. 8) i–lxiv, 1–1632. American Book Co., New York.
  • Gleason, H. A. 1968. The Choripetalous Dicotyledoneae. vol. 2. 655 pp. In H. A. Gleason Ill. Fl. N. U.S.. New York Botanical Garden, New York.
  • Gleason, H. A. & A.J. Cronquist. 1991. Man. Vasc. Pl. N.E. U.S. (ed. 2) i–910. New York Botanical Garden, Bronx.
  • Great Plains Flora Association. 1986. Fl. Great Plains i–vii, 1–1392. University Press of Kansas, Lawrence.
  • Kearney, T. H. & R. H. Peebles. 1960. Arizona Fl. (ed. 2) 1032 pp.
  • Moss, E. H. 1983. Fl. Alberta (ed. 2) i–xii, 1–687. University of Toronto Press, Toronto.
  • Porsild, A. E. & W. Cody. 1980. Vasc. Pl. Continental Northw. Terr. Canada i–viii, 1–607. National Museum of Natural Sciences, Ottawa.

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Prunus virginiana: Brief Summary ( Spagneul; Castilian )

fornì da wikipedia ES

Prunus virginiana,​ el cerezo de Virginia,​ capulín o capulin (del náhuatl capolcuahuitl) es una especie del género Prunus, extendida desde el sur de Alaska y Canadá hasta México, excepto el Profundo Sur y el lejano norte.

 src= Vista del árbol
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Virginiantuomi ( Finlandèis )

fornì da wikipedia FI

Virginiantuomi (Prunus virginiana) on Pohjois-Amerikasta kotoisin oleva pienikokoinen, kesävihanta pensas tai puu, joka kuuluu Prunus-sukuun ja ruusukasvien heimoon. Se on suosittu koristekasvi, joka tunnetaan parhaiten mantelin tuoksuisista kukistaan ja syötävistä, kirsikoita muistuttavista marjoistaan.[1] Virginiantuomen englanninkielinen nimi chokecherry eli ’tukehduskirsikka’ viittaa sen marjojen kitkerään makuun.[2]

Ulkonäkö ja koko

 src=
Kukinnot puhkeavat lehdekkäisiin vuosikasvaimiin.

Virginiantuomi on juurivesallinen, oraton pensas tai pieni puu, joka kasvaa 2–9 metriä korkeaksi ja muodostaa usein tiheikköjä.[2][3] Great Basinin alueella se voi kasvaa jopa 12 metriä korkeaksi ja rungoltaan 20 senttimetriä paksuksi.[1] Sillä on monihaarainen runko, pystyt tai siirottavat haarat, harmaan- tai punertavanruskea kuori, juurakkomainen maavarsi ja laaja juuristo.[1][3]

Nuori haararanka on kalju, ja kapeakorvakkeiset lehdet sijaitsevat varrella kierteisesti.[3][4] Lehtiruodit ovat 1–2 senttimetriä pitkiä ja kärjestään 2–6-nystyisiä. Lehtilapa on 4–12 senttimetriä pitkä, leveänsoikea tai vastapuikea, sahalaitainen, pyöreä- tai leveänsuippotyvinen ja kärjestä lyhytsuippuinen; laitahampaat ovat hyvin suippoja. Lehtien yläpinta on vihreä, heikosti kiiltävä ja sileä – alta ne ovat sinertävän- tai harmaanvihreitä ja kaljuja, joskus suonihangoista karvaisia.[3]

Virginiantuomi on yksikotinen kasvi, joka kukkii huhti–heinäkuussa pian lehtien puhkeamisen jälkeen.[2][3][4] Sillä on valkoiset kukat, jotka muodostavat 7–15 senttimetriä pitkiä, tiheitä terttuja lehdekkäisiin vuosikasvaimiin.[1][2][3] Kukat ovat säteittäisiä ja maljakehämäisiä, ja niiden verhiö on jakaantunut viiteen kolmiomaiseen ja tylppään liuskaan, jotka ovat kukkapohjuksen pituisia ja nysty- ja hammaslaitaisia. Teriö muodostuu viidestä yksittäisesta terälehdestä, jotka ovat pyöreitä ja vain 2,5–4 millimetrin pituisia. Kukat ovat kaksineuvoisia ja niissä on paljon pitkiä heteitä mutta vain yksi emi. Hedelmä on noin 1 senttimetrin mittainen, tummanpunainen, harvoin musta tai likaisenvalkoinen luumarja, jonka sisällä on yksi sileä siemen.[3][4] Villieläimet sekä painovoima levittävät siemenet puun ympäristöön. Virginiantuomi lisääntyy myös suvuttomasti maavarresta kasvavien tyvivesojen avulla.[1]

Levinneisyys

 src=
Valkoiset kukat tuoksuvat mantelille ja muodostavat tiheitä terttuja.

Virginiantuomea tavataan miltei kaikkialla Yhdysvalloissa ja Kanadan eteläosissa.[1] Siitä tunnetaan seuraavat kaksi maantieteellistä muunnosta:[5]

Elinympäristö

Virginiantuomi menestyy parhaiten runsasravinteisessa, kosteassa ja melko happamassa maaperässä, joka läpäisee hyvin vettä.[1][2] Se sietää hyvin varjostusta, vaikka kasvaakin yleensä tuoreissa, runsasravinteisissa metsänreunoissa, pienillä aukioilla, jokivarsipensaikoissa ja tienvarsilla.[1][3]

Käyttö

Virginiantuomen puuaines on raskasta, kovaa ja tiheäsyistä, mutta sitä hyödynnetään teollisesti vain vähän rungon ohuuden takia. Sen sijaan se on suosittu koristekasvi mantelille tuoksuvien kukkiensa ansiosta. Sitä istutetaan myös paljon tuulensuojaksi preerialla, tasankoalueilla ja läntisillä vuorilla. Sen marjat ovat hyvin happamia mutta muuttuvat ylikypsinä makeiksi. Niistä tehdään muun muassa viiniä, siirappia, hyytelöä ja hilloa. Pohjois-Amerikan intiaanit valmistivat marjoista ravitsevaa pemmikaania ja hoitivat niillä vilustumisen oireita. Paiutet hauduttivat lehdistä ja vuosikasvaimista teetä, jolla hoidettiin vilustumista sekä reumatismia.[1][2]

Virginiantuomen oksia peittää usein rengaskehrääjien kutoma hopeanhohtoinen seitti.[2] Kotieläimet syövät joskus sen lehtiä, lampaat enemmän kuin lehmät. Ne ovat myös tärkeää talviravintoa muulipeuroille, joita elää Kalliovuorten ja Kaskadien välissä sekä Suurten tasankojen pohjoisosissa. Vastapuhjenneet lehdet sisältävät runsaasti prunasiinia, joka muuttuu ruoansulatuskanavassa vaaralliseksi sinihapoksi ja tappaa silloin tällöin kotieläimiä. Lehtien prunasiinipitoisuus kuitenkin vähenee kesän aikana ja marjojen kypsyessä ne ovat yleensä jo vaarattomia.[1][2]

Lähteet

  • Leena Hämet-Ahti, Annikki Palmén, Pentti Alanko & Peter M. A. Tigerstedt: Suomen puu- ja pensaskasvio. Helsinki: Dendrologian Seura, 1992. ISBN 951-96557-0-0.

Viitteet

  1. a b c d e f g h i j k Kathleen A. Johnson: Prunus virginiana Fire Effects Information System. USDA Forest Service. Viitattu 25.6.2011. (englanniksi)
  2. a b c d e f g h Prunus virginiana Native Plant Database. The University of Texas at Austin. Viitattu 25.6.2011. (englanniksi)
  3. a b c d e f g h Alanko et al. 1992, s. 200.
  4. a b c Alanko et al. 1992, s. 191.
  5. Prunus virginiana information from NPGS/GRIN GRIN Taxonomy for Plants. Germplasm Resources Information Network. Viitattu 25.6.2011. (englanniksi)
  6. Prunus virginiana var. demissa information from NPGS/GRIN GRIN Taxonomy for Plants. Germplasm Resources Information Network. Viitattu 25.6.2011. (englanniksi)
  7. Prunus virginiana var. virginiana information from NPGS/GRIN GRIN Taxonomy for Plants. Germplasm Resources Information Network. Viitattu 25.6.2011. (englanniksi)
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Virginiantuomi: Brief Summary ( Finlandèis )

fornì da wikipedia FI

Virginiantuomi (Prunus virginiana) on Pohjois-Amerikasta kotoisin oleva pienikokoinen, kesävihanta pensas tai puu, joka kuuluu Prunus-sukuun ja ruusukasvien heimoon. Se on suosittu koristekasvi, joka tunnetaan parhaiten mantelin tuoksuisista kukistaan ja syötävistä, kirsikoita muistuttavista marjoistaan. Virginiantuomen englanninkielinen nimi chokecherry eli ’tukehduskirsikka’ viittaa sen marjojen kitkerään makuun.

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Cerisier de Virginie ( Fransèis )

fornì da wikipedia FR

Prunus virginiana

Le Cerisier de Virginie (Prunus virginiana) est un arbrisseau ou un petit arbre de la famille des Rosaceae. Il est utilisé comme arbuste ornemental.

Caractéristiques

Le fruit est mûr à la mi-août (Canada). Les fruits sont de petites drupes rouges regroupées en grappes, d'où le nom courant de« cerisier à grappes ». La cerise à grappe est légèrement amère et astringente (rend la bouche pâteuse). Ce fruit est souvent consommé avec du sel afin d'en diminuer l'effet astringent. Il peut être liquéfié ou macéré; fermenté et produire un nectar bio sans égaler toutefois une vraie culture.

Variétés

  • Prunus virginiana var. virginiana. Nord est américain
  • Prunus virginiana var. demissa. Ouest américain

Culture

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Liens externes taxinomiques

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Cerisier de Virginie: Brief Summary ( Fransèis )

fornì da wikipedia FR

Prunus virginiana

Le Cerisier de Virginie (Prunus virginiana) est un arbrisseau ou un petit arbre de la famille des Rosaceae. Il est utilisé comme arbuste ornemental.

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Virginijska borovnica ( Croat )

fornì da wikipedia hr Croatian

Virginijska borovnica (lat. Prunus virginiana) je grm podrijetlom iz Sjeverne Amerike, gdje se uzgaja širom cijelog kontinenta. 2007. guverner Sjeverne Dakote John Hoeven imenovao je virginijsku borovnicu službenim voćem Sjeverne Dakote

Opis

Ova biljka naraste do 5 m visine. Listovi su ovalni, 3-10 cm dugi. Imaju grubo nazubljene ivice. Gornji dio lista je tamnozelene boje, a donji dio je svjetliji. Lišće služi kao hrana gusjenicama raznih leptira. Cvijeta u kasno proljeće.

Plodovi su bobice promjera 1 cm. Ispočetka su svjetlocrvene boje, a kasnije, kad potpuno sazriju su crne boje. Imaju kiselkast i opor okus. Mogu se koristiti u pripremi marmelade, želea i sirupa, ali ih je potrebno dosta zasladiti.

Izvori

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Virginijska borovnica: Brief Summary ( Croat )

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Virginijska borovnica (lat. Prunus virginiana) je grm podrijetlom iz Sjeverne Amerike, gdje se uzgaja širom cijelog kontinenta. 2007. guverner Sjeverne Dakote John Hoeven imenovao je virginijsku borovnicu službenim voćem Sjeverne Dakote

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Virginska kitkata wišnja ( Sorbian superior )

fornì da wikipedia HSB

Virginska kitkata wišnja (Prunus virginiana) je štom ze swójby róžowych rostlinow (Rosaceae).

Wopis

Stejnišćo

Rozšěrjenje

Wužiwanje

Žórła

  • Brankačk, Jurij: Wobrazowy słownik hornjoserbskich rostlinskich mjenow na CD ROM. Rěčny centrum WITAJ, wudaće za serbske šule. Budyšin 2005.
  • Kubát, K. (Hlavní editor): Klíč ke květeně České republiky. Academia, Praha (2002)
  • Lajnert, Jan: Rostlinske mjena. Serbske. Němske. Łaćanske. Rjadowane po přirodnym systemje. Volk und Wissen Volkseigener Verlag Berlin (1954)
  • Rězak, Filip: Němsko-serbski wšowědny słownik hornjołužiskeje rěče. Donnerhak, Budyšin (1920)
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Virginska kitkata wišnja: Brief Summary ( Sorbian superior )

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Virginska kitkata wišnja (Prunus virginiana) je štom ze swójby róžowych rostlinow (Rosaceae).

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Virgininė ieva ( lituan )

fornì da wikipedia LT

Virgininė ieva (lot. Padus virginiana) – erškėtinių (Rosaceae) šeimos krūmas ar nedidelis medis. Auga beveik visoje Šiaurės Amerikoje, išskyrus tolimąją šiaurę ir tropinius pietus.

Aukštis iki 5 m. Lapai maži, smailūs, 3–10 cm ilgio, žvilgantys. Žiedai balti, smulkūs, susitelkę į kekes po 15-30. Vaisius - tamsiai raudonas kaulavaisis, didesnis už paprastosios ievos.

Lietuvoje virgininė ieva kaip dekoratyvinis augalas auginama želdynuose[1].

 src=
Vaisiai

Šaltiniai

Vikiteka

  1. Virgininė ieva. Tarybų Lietuvos enciklopedija, T. 2 (Grūdas-Marvelės). – Vilnius: Vyriausioji enciklopedijų redakcija, 1986. 40 psl.
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Virgininė ieva: Brief Summary ( lituan )

fornì da wikipedia LT

Virgininė ieva (lot. Padus virginiana) – erškėtinių (Rosaceae) šeimos krūmas ar nedidelis medis. Auga beveik visoje Šiaurės Amerikoje, išskyrus tolimąją šiaurę ir tropinius pietus.

Aukštis iki 5 m. Lapai maži, smailūs, 3–10 cm ilgio, žvilgantys. Žiedai balti, smulkūs, susitelkę į kekes po 15-30. Vaisius - tamsiai raudonas kaulavaisis, didesnis už paprastosios ievos.

Lietuvoje virgininė ieva kaip dekoratyvinis augalas auginama želdynuose.

 src= Vaisiai
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Virginiahegg ( norvegèis )

fornì da wikipedia NO

Virginiahegg (Prunus virginiana) er en inntil 3 meter høy, høyreist busk i kirsebærslekten. I samme familie finner man også hegg, kirsebær og morell. Virginiahegg stammer fra Nord-Amerika, og er innført til Norge hvor den kan finnes gjenstående fra park- og hageanlegg. Den dyrkes også i Norden, og blomstrer i juni. Arten har rotskudd.

Barken er mørkt grå og velluktende. Bladene på 5 - 10 cm er bredt ovale-eggerunde til bredt lansettformede, med spiss og rund eller svakt spisset grunn. Bladplatene er matte grønne og spisst tannete - og har 8-11 par sidenerver. De gulgrønne bladskaftene er 1 - 2 cm lange. Blomstene er små til mellomstore, på opprette lange klaser (lik laurbærhegg), på blomsterstilker omtrent like lange som blomsten eller litt lengre. Frukten er maksimalt 1 cm lang og ganske rund, og mørkt rød.

Kilder

  • Lie, Johannes og Dagny Tande, Norsk flora, versjon 2007, 7.utgaven. ISBN 978-82-521-6029-1.
  • Stenberg, Lennart & Bo Mossberg, Steinar Moen (norsk red.), Gyldendals store nordiske flora, Gyldendal, Oslo 2007. ISBN 978-82-05-32563-0.

Eksterne lenker

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Virginiahegg: Brief Summary ( norvegèis )

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Virginiahegg (Prunus virginiana) er en inntil 3 meter høy, høyreist busk i kirsebærslekten. I samme familie finner man også hegg, kirsebær og morell. Virginiahegg stammer fra Nord-Amerika, og er innført til Norge hvor den kan finnes gjenstående fra park- og hageanlegg. Den dyrkes også i Norden, og blomstrer i juni. Arten har rotskudd.

Barken er mørkt grå og velluktende. Bladene på 5 - 10 cm er bredt ovale-eggerunde til bredt lansettformede, med spiss og rund eller svakt spisset grunn. Bladplatene er matte grønne og spisst tannete - og har 8-11 par sidenerver. De gulgrønne bladskaftene er 1 - 2 cm lange. Blomstene er små til mellomstore, på opprette lange klaser (lik laurbærhegg), på blomsterstilker omtrent like lange som blomsten eller litt lengre. Frukten er maksimalt 1 cm lang og ganske rund, og mørkt rød.

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Czeremcha wirginijska ( polonèis )

fornì da wikipedia POL
Commons Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons
 src=
Owoce

Czeremcha wirginijska (Prunus virginiana L.) – gatunek dużego krzewu z rodziny różowatych. Pochodzi z Ameryki Północnej, w Europie Środkowej bywa uprawiana. Tworzy mieszańce z czeremchą amerykańską i czeremchą zwyczajną[4].

Morfologia

Gatunek krzewiasty, tworzący odrosty. Ma liście błyszczące o długości do 6 cm i szerokości do 3 cm. Owoce są ciemnoczerwone[4].

Przypisy

  1. Stevens P.F.: Angiosperm Phylogeny Website (ang.). 2001–. [dostęp 2012-09-27].
  2. a b Taxon: Prunus serotina (ang.). W: Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) [on-line]. United States Department of Agriculture. [dostęp 2012-09-27].
  3. Padus virginiana (ang.). W: The Plant List [on-line]. [dostęp 2012-09-27].
  4. a b Owen Johnson, David More: Drzewa. Przewodnik Collinsa. Warszawa: MULTICO Oficyna Wydawnicza, 2009, s. 342. ISBN 978-83-7073-643-9.
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Czeremcha wirginijska: Brief Summary ( polonèis )

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 src= Owoce

Czeremcha wirginijska (Prunus virginiana L.) – gatunek dużego krzewu z rodziny różowatych. Pochodzi z Ameryki Północnej, w Europie Środkowej bywa uprawiana. Tworzy mieszańce z czeremchą amerykańską i czeremchą zwyczajną.

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Virginiahägg ( svedèis )

fornì da wikipedia SV

Virginiahägg (Prunus virginiana) är en art i familjen rosväxter från norra och centrala Nordamerika, söderut till norra Mexico.

Form

Virginiahäggen bildar vanligen 5-8 meter höga buskträd. Kronan är bredare och öppnare än häggens (P. padus). Skotten är slankare och längre än häggens och har en ljus gråbrun ton med ljusa korkporer. Knoppar strödda, spetsiga med brunfläckiga knoppfjäll. Bladen är brett ovala till omvänt äggrunda, plötsligt kort tillspetsade, 4–12 cm långa, 6–8 cm breda, fint sågade. Friskt gröna blad, ovansidan slätare än häggens. Nervatur rödaktig, liksom bladskaftet som är försedd med 2-6 körtlar. Under bra höstar får Virginia-häggen en svagt gulorange höstfärg. De små vita blommorna har karakteristisk häggdoft, de blir 8 mm i diameter, och sitter i 8–15 cm långa klasar. Virginiahäggen blommar direkt efter bladsprickningen. Frukten är 8–10 mm i diameter, som mogen är den vanligen vackert röd, senare mörknande. Stenen är spetsig och har slät yta i motsats till häggen som har fårad.

Underarter

Två varieteter accepteras, den östliga subsp. virginiana som har kala bladundersidor, endast med dunhår i bladnervsvinklarna, och i väster subsp. demissa, vars bladundersidor är dunhåriga. Ibland nämns även subsp. melanocarpa. Denna räknas här som en kultivar till subsp. demissa.

Användning

Virginiahägg odlas ibland som prydnadsväxt. Vissa utvalda plantor producerar mindre sträva frukter och dessa kan ätas färska. I övrigt används frukten till sylt och likör.

Trivialnamn

Arten kallas på engelska Sycamore, American Planetree, Occidental Plane eller Buttonwood. Av svenskarna i Nya Sverige kallades den vattubok.[1]

Synonymer

subsp. virginiana

Cerasus canadensis (L.) Miller
Cerasus duerinckii M.Martens
Cerasus serotina Hooker nom. illeg.
Cerasus virginiana (L.) Michaux
Cerasus virginiana var. humilior Michaux
Cerasus virginiana var. pendula G.Kirchn.
Padus canandensis (L.) Romer
Padus nana (Duroi) Borckh.
Padus rubra Miller
Padus virginiana (L.) Miller
Padus virginiana M.Roemer nom. illeg.
Padus virginiana f. duerinckii (M.Martens) C.K.Schneider
Padus virginiana f. leucocarpa (S.Watson) C.K.Schneider
Padus virginiana f. monstrosifolia C.K.Schneider
Padus virginiana f. xanthocarpa (Sargent) Moldenke
Padus virginiana var. leucocarpa (S.Watson) N.I.Belozor
Padus virginiana var. monstrosifolia (Schneid.) N.I.Belozor
Padus virginiana var. nana (Duroi) N.I.Belozor
Padus virginiana var. pendula (Kirchn.) N.I.Belozor
Padus virginiana var. rubra (Miller) N.I.Belozor
Padus virginiana var. salicifolia (Dippel) N.I.Belozor
Padus virginiana var. typica C.K.Schneider
Padus virginiana var. xanthocarpa (Sargent) N.I.Belozor
Prunus canadensis L.
Prunus duerinckii (Mart.) Walpers
Prunus nana Du Roi
Prunus nana Focke nom. illeg.
Prunus serotina Poiret nom. illeg.
Prunus virginiana L.
Prunus virginiana f. deamii G.N.Jones
Prunus virginiana f. duerinckii (M.Martens) Rehder
Prunus virginiana f. leucocarpa (S.Watson) Haynie
Prunus virginiana f. pachyrrhachis (Koehne) Sargent
Prunus virginiana f. xanthocarpa Sargent
Prunus virginiana subsp. duerinckii (M.Martens) Zabel
Prunus virginiana var. leucocarpa S.Watson
Prunus virginiana var. pumicea E.J.Palmer
Prunus virginiana var. rubra Dippel
Prunus-Cerasus canadensis Marsh. nom. illeg.

subsp. demissa (Nuttall) R.L.Taylor & B.MacBryde

Cerasus demissa Nuttall
Padus demissa (Nuttall) M.Roemer
Padus virginiana var. demissa (Nuttall) C.K.Schneider
Padus virginiana var. demissa (Nuttall) Zvirgdz
Prunus demissa (Nuttall) D.Dietr.
Prunus demissa (Nuttall) Walpers nom. illeg.
Prunus demissa f. angusta Koehne
Prunus demissa f. hemitricha Koehne
Prunus demissa f. holotricha Koehne
Prunus demissa f. howellii Koehne
Prunus demissa f. leiodisca Koehne
Prunus demissa f. microdonta Koehne
Prunus demissa f. pachyrrhachis Koehne
Prunus demissa f. rydbergii Koehne
Prunus demissa f. trichodisca Koehne
Prunus demissa var. nuttalli Koehne
Prunus virginiana subsp. demissa (Nuttall) E.Murray nom. illeg.
Prunus virginiana var. demissa (Nuttall) Torrey

subsp. demissa 'Melanocarpa'

Cerasus demissa var. melanocarpa A.Nelson
Padus melanocarpa (A.Nelson) Shafer
Padus virginiana subsp. melanocarpa (A.Nelson) W.A.Weber
Padus virginiana var. melanocarpa (A.Nelson) Moldenke
Prunus melanocarpa (A.Nelson) Rydberg
Prunus virginiana subsp. melanocarpa (A.Nelson) E.Murray
Prunus virginiana subsp. melanocarpa (A.Nelson) R.L.Taylor & B.MacBryde
Prunus virginiana var. melanocarpa (A.Nelson) Sargent

Referenser

Noter

  1. ^ Pehr Kalm, Pehr Kalms resa till Norra Amerika, Helsingfors 1904, del 2, sid. 141.

Övriga källor

Externa länkar

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Virginiahägg: Brief Summary ( svedèis )

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Virginiahägg (Prunus virginiana) är en art i familjen rosväxter från norra och centrala Nordamerika, söderut till norra Mexico.

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Prunus virginiana ( vietnamèis )

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Prunus virginiana, hay còn gọi là anh đào đắng, anh đào chim Virginia, chokecherry[1], là một loại cây bụi thuộc chi Mận mơ, mọc nhiều ở Bắc Mỹ. Loài này được tìm thấy ở phần lớn Canada (không bao gồm Yukon, NunavutLabrador), hầu hết các bang Hoa Kỳ (tính cả Alaska nhưng không tính các tiểu bang ở đông nam) và một phần phía bắc của Mexico (bao gồm Sonora, Chihuahua, Baja California, Durango, Zacatecas, CoahuilaNuevo León)[2][3].

 src=
Quả của Prunus virginiana

Mô tả

P. virginiana là một loại cây bụi rụng lá, cao đến 5 mét. Lá hình bầu dục, dài từ 3 đến 10 cm, có răng cưa 2 bên mép. Hoa mọc thành chùm, cuống dài khoảng 40 - 76 cm, nở vào cuối xuân. Hoa có mùi thơm khá gắt làm cho nhiều người cảm thấy khó chịu. Quả hình cầu, đường kính khoảng 1 cm, có màu đỏ sậm hoặc đen, có vị chua xen lẫn vị đắng khi chưa chín, quả chín màu đỏ sậm thường ngọt hơn. Quả của P. virginiana chứa hàm lượng cao các chất chống ôxy hóa, chẳng hạn như anthocyanins[4].

P. virginiana có nhiều nét tương đồng với anh đào đen (loài Prunus serotina) ở khu vực miền đông Bắc Mỹ nên dễ gây nhầm lẫn. Anh đào đen P. serotina có thân cao hơn và lá dài hơn, quả chín lại có màu đỏ tươi; thứ hai, răng cưa ở mép lá của P. serotina cùn hơn so với P. virginiana[4][5].

P. virginiana trong hoang dã là vật chủ của loài sâu bướm lều, là loài phá hoại các loại cây ăn quả khác. Các phân loài của P. virginiana[1][6]:

  • Prunus virginiana var. virginiana
  • Prunus virginiana var. demissa
  • Prunus virginiana var. melanocarpa

Sử dụng

 src=
Prunus virginiana

Đối với nhiều bộ tộc người Mỹ bản địa, quả của P. virginiana là nguồn thực phẩm quan trọng nhất trong các bữa ăn của họ. Lớp vỏ rễ của P. virginiana được sử dụng để ngăn ngừa, điều trị cảm lạnh, sốt và các chứng bệnh liên quan đến dạ dày[7]. Vỏ thân của nó cũng được thêm vào hỗn hợp các thảo dược để làm thuốc hút của người bản địa[8]. Quả của nó được dùng làm mứt hoặc siro, nhưng vì vị đắng của nó nên cần nhiều đường để làm ngọt[9].

Lá của P. virginiana có thể giết chết các động vật móng guốc nếu ăn phải vì chúng có chứa xyanua kịch độc[10]. Tuy nhiên, sâu bướm lại ăn được loại lá này. P. virginiana cũng được dùng để chế biến rượu vang ở miền tây Hoa Kỳ (chủ yếu ở hai bang Dakota và Utah) và bang Manitoba của Canada[10].

Năm 2007, P. virginiana được xem là loài bản địa của bang North Dakota, thông qua một dự luật được ký bởi thống đốc bang John Hoeven, bởi vì những bằng chứng khảo cổ của nó được tìm thấy nhiều nhất tại đây[10][11].

Liên kết ngoài

Chú thích

  1. ^ a ă "Prunus virginiana". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)
  2. ^ “Biota of North America Program 25014 state-level distribution map”.
  3. ^ “SEINet, Southwestern Biodiversity, Arizona chapter”.
  4. ^ a ă "Prunus virginiana". Flora of North America (FNA). Missouri Botanical Garden – via eFloras.org
  5. ^ Thomas S. Elias, Peter A. Dykeman (1990), Edible Wild Plants A North American Field Guide, Sterling Publishing Company Inc., New York, NY ISBN 0-8069-7488-5
  6. ^ The Plant List, Prunus virginiana L.
  7. ^ Norman F. Smith (2002), Trees of Michigan and the Upper Great Lakes (tái bản lần 6), Thunder Bay Press, tr.81 ISBN 978-1882376087
  8. ^ Staff (2009), "Bearberry", Discovering Lewis and Clark The Lewis and Clark Fort Mandan Foundation
  9. ^ Gibbons, Euell. (1962). Stalking the Wild Asparagus. David McKay, New York ISBN 978-0911469035
  10. ^ a ă â “Michigan State University Extension Information Management Program”.
  11. ^ Kindscher, K. (1987). Edible Wild Plants of the Prairie: An Ethnobotanical Guide ISBN 978-0700603251
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Prunus virginiana: Brief Summary ( vietnamèis )

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Prunus virginiana, hay còn gọi là anh đào đắng, anh đào chim Virginia, chokecherry, là một loại cây bụi thuộc chi Mận mơ, mọc nhiều ở Bắc Mỹ. Loài này được tìm thấy ở phần lớn Canada (không bao gồm Yukon, NunavutLabrador), hầu hết các bang Hoa Kỳ (tính cả Alaska nhưng không tính các tiểu bang ở đông nam) và một phần phía bắc của Mexico (bao gồm Sonora, Chihuahua, Baja California, Durango, Zacatecas, CoahuilaNuevo León).

 src= Quả của Prunus virginiana
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Черёмуха виргинская ( russ; russi )

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У этого термина существуют и другие значения, см. Черёмуха.
Царство: Растения
Подцарство: Зелёные растения
Отдел: Цветковые
Надпорядок: Rosanae
Порядок: Розоцветные
Семейство: Розовые
Подсемейство: Сливовые
Триба: Amygdaleae Juss., 1789
Род: Слива
Вид: Черёмуха виргинская
Международное научное название

Prunus virginiana L., 1753

Ареал

изображение

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Систематика
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ITIS 24806NCBI 133204EOL 630083GRIN t:30151IPNI 30003056-2TPL rjp-72

Черёмуха вирги́нская (лат. Prúnus virginiána) — дерево подрода Cerasus рода Слива, происходящее из Северной Америки, вырастающее до 10—15 м в высоту.

Ботаническое описание

 src=
Ботаническая иллюстрация из книги А. Мишо The North American Sylva. 1819

Черёмуха виргинская — дерево с широкой и развесистой кроной. В условиях культуры черёмуха виргинская вырастает до 5—7 м в высоту.

Молодые побеги тёмно-бурого цвета. Почки яйцевидно-конические, желтовато-бурого или тёмно-коричневого цвета. Длина почек 3—5 мм.

Листья овально-ланцетные или овальные, блестящие, плотные, длиной 3—10 см, зазубренные по краям. С верхней стороны листья ярко-зелёные. С нижней стороны они несколько светлее. Осенью листья становятся красноватыми.

Цветки белого цвета, собраны в соцветия по 15—30 штук. Появляются поздней весной, в мае, после появления листьев. На севере ареала цветёт в июне.

Плод — круглая костянка, диаметром 1 см, с вяжущим кислым вкусом. Цвет плодов от тёмно-красного до почти чёрного. Плоды крупнее, чем у черёмухи обыкновенной.

Prunus virginiana (5069721122).jpg
Prunus virginiana0.jpg
Black cherry 1.JPG
Prunus virginiana.jpg
Слева направо: цветки, соцветие, зрелые плоды, осенняя окраска листьев

Распространение и среда обитания

Родина — Северная Америка. В культуре распространена повсеместно в районах с умеренным климатом.

Хозяйственное значение и применение

Плоды употребляют в пищу.

Декоративное растение. Выведены краснолистные сорта, сорта с розовыми цветками.

Черёмуха виргинская в культуре

Черёмуха виргинская менее морозоустойчива, чем черёмуха обыкновенная. Цветёт позднее черёмухи обыкновенной на 2—3 недели. Образует много корневой поросли. Среди сортов есть самоплодные и самобесплодные.

Ботаническая систематика

Синонимы

По данным The Plant List на 2013 год, в синонимику вида включены следующие названия[2]:

Примечания

  1. Об условности указания класса двудольных в качестве вышестоящего таксона для описываемой в данной статье группы растений см. раздел «Системы APG» статьи «Двудольные».
  2. Prunus virginiana L. is an accepted name (англ.). The Plant List (2013). Version 1.1. Published on the Internet; http://www.theplantlist.org/. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and Missouri Botanical Garden (2010). Проверено 2 декабря 2014.
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Черёмуха виргинская: Brief Summary ( russ; russi )

fornì da wikipedia русскую Википедию

Черёмуха вирги́нская (лат. Prúnus virginiána) — дерево подрода Cerasus рода Слива, происходящее из Северной Америки, вырастающее до 10—15 м в высоту.

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