Cladia is a genus of lichenized fungi in the family Cladoniaceae. Cladia species have a crustose primary thallus and a fruticose, secondary thallus, often referred to as pseudopodetium. The type species of the genus, Cladia aggregata, is widely distributed, occurring from South America, South Africa, Australasia and South-East Asia to southern Japan and India. Most of the other species are found in the Southern Hemisphere.
Taxonomy
Cladia was circumscribed by Finnish lichenologist William Nylander in 1870 with Cladia aggregata as the type species.[3] Rex Filson created a separate family, the Cladiaceae, to contain the genus,[4] but this is no longer used and the genus is classified in the family Cladoniaceae.[5] An updated phylogeny of the Cladoniaceae was published in 2018.[6]
Molecular phylogenetic evidence showed that the genera Heterodea and Ramalinora were nested within Cladina,[7][8] so they are now synonyms. Because the name Heterodea predated Cladina, the generic name Cladia was proposed for conservation against Heterodea to avoid several nomenclatural changes that would have been necessary.[9][10] The proposal was accepted by both the Nomenclature Committee for Fungi and the General Committee.[11][12]
Description
Cladia consists of fruticose lichens with typically a perforate pseudopodetia with an external cartilaginous layer. The apothecia are black or brown and have a persistent proper margin and a flat disc. The asci are eight-spored with a well-developed amyloid tholus with a darker-staining central tube. The pycnidia are immersed in grossly black to brown projections that are initially blunt and measure up to 0.5 mm long and eventually become needle-like and up to 1 mm long.[13]
Ecology
Eight species of lichenicolous fungi are known to grow on Cladia:[14] Echinothecium cladoniae Keissl. nom. nud. (on C. aggregata from Columbia; Etayo 2002), Lichenoconium echinosporum D. Hawksw. (on C. muelleri from Australia; Hawksworth 1977), Roselliniella heterodeae Matzer & Hafellner (on C. muelleri from Australia; Matzer & Hafellner 1990); Pyrenidium actinellum Nyl. agg. (on C. aggregata from Columbia; Etayo 2002); Endococcus cladiae Zhurb. & Pino-Bodas; Lichenopeltella soiliae Zhurb. & Pino-Bodas, and Lichenosticta hoegnabbae Zhurb. & Pino-Bodas.
Chemistry
The type species, Cladia aggregata, is highly variable morphologically and has extensive chemical variation.[15] Kantvilas & Elix (1999) revised the C. aggregata complex in Tasmania and identified six chemotypes in C. aggregata sensu stricto.[13] Similarly, five chemotypes were found in specimens from the states of Paraná and Santa Catarina, Brazil. In both studies, most of them contained barbatic acid and 4-O-demethylbarbatic acid.[16] Barbatic acid is cytotoxic, and kills the worms of Schistosoma mansoni in in vitro studies. This is the causative agent of Schistosomiasis.[17]
Species
Revisions of Cladia published in 2012 and 2013 included 23 species in the genus.[18][19] As of December 2020, Species Fungorum accepts 20 species in Cladia:[20]
References
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^ "Synonymy: Cladia Nyl". Species Fungorum. Retrieved 18 December 2020.
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^ Lumbsch, H.T.; Rambold, G.; Elix, J.A. (1995). "Ramalinora (Ramalinaceae) – a new lichen genus from Australia". Australian Systematic Botany. 8 (3): 521–530. doi:10.1071/SB9950521.
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^ Nylander, William (1870). Recognitio Monographica Ramalinarum (in French). Caen. p. 69.
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^ Filson, R.B. (1981). "A revision of the lichen genus Cladia Nyl". Journal of the Hattori Botanical Laboratory. 49: 1–75.
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^ Wijayawardene, Nalin; Hyde, Kevin; Al-Ani, LKT; Dolatabadi, S; Stadler, Marc; Haelewaters, Danny; et al. (2020). "Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa". Mycosphere. 11: 1060–1456. doi:10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/8.
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^ Stenroos, Soili; Pino‐Bodas, Raquel; Hyvönen, Jaakko; Lumbsch, Helge Thorsten; Ahti, Teuvo (2018). "Phylogeny of the family Cladoniaceae (Lecanoromycetes, Ascomycota) based on sequences of multiple loci". Cladistics. 35 (4): 351–384. doi:10.1111/cla.12363. hdl:10261/247495. S2CID 92664622.
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^ Lumbsch, H. Thorsten; Parnmen, Sittiporn; Rangsiruji, Achariya; Elix, J. (2010). "Phenotypic disparity and adaptive radiation in the genus Cladia (Lecanorales, Ascomycota)". Australian Systematic Botany. 23 (4): 239–247. doi:10.1071/SB10010.
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^ Parnmen, Sittiporm; Rangsiruji, Achariya; Mongkolsuk, Pachara; Boonpragob, Kansri; Elix, John A.; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten (2010). "Morphological disparity in Cladoniaceae: The foliose genus Heterodea evolved from fruticose Cladia species (Lecanorales, lichenized Ascomycota)". Taxon. 59 (3): 841–849. doi:10.1002/tax.593013.
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^ Lumbsch, H. T.; Ahti, T.; Parmen, S. (2010). "(1926) Proposal to conserve Cladia against Heterodea (Ascomycota)". Taxon. 59 (2): 643. doi:10.1002/tax.592032.
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^ Lumbsch, H. T.; Ahti, T.; Parmen, S. (2010). "Proposal 1926: To conserve Cladia against Heterodea (Ascomycota)". Mycotaxon. 111: 509–511.
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^ Norvell, L. L. (2011). "Report of the Nomenclature Committee for Fungi: 16". Taxon. 60 (1): 223–226. doi:10.1002/tax.601023. JSTOR 41059839.
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^ Barrie, F. (2011). "Report of the General Committee: 11". Taxon. 60 (4): 1211–1214. doi:10.1002/tax.604026.
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^ a b c d e f Kantvilas, Gintaras; Elix, John A. (1999). "Studies on the lichen genus Cladina Nyl. in Tasmania: the C. aggregata complex". Muelleria. 12 (2): 135–162.
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^ Zhurbenko, Mikhail P.; Pino-Bodas, Raquel (2015). "New lichenicolous fungi growing on Cladia in New Zealand". The Lichenologist. 47 (6): 395–402. doi:10.1017/S002428291500033X.
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^ a b Ahti, T. (2000). Cladoniaceae. Flora Neotropica Monograph. Vol. 78. pp. 1–362.
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^ Charnei, Ana Marcia; Eliasaro, Sionara (2013). "Notes on the chemical variation of the lichenized Ascomycota Cladia aggregata (Cladoniaceae) in the states of Paraná and Santa Catarina, Brazil". Acta Botanica Brasilica. 27 (3): 624–625. doi:10.1590/S0102-33062013000300020.
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^ Silva, H.A.M.F.; Aires, A.L.; Soares, C.L.R.; Sá, J.L.F.; Martins, M.C.B.; Albuquerque, M.C.P.A.; Silva, T.G.; Brayner, F.A.; Alves, L.C.; Melo, A.M.M.A.; Silva, N.H. (2020). "Barbatic acid from Cladia aggregata (lichen): Cytotoxicity and in vitro schistosomicidal evaluation and ultrastructural analysis against adult worms of Schistosoma mansoni". Toxicology in Vitro. 65: 104771. doi:10.1016/j.tiv.2020.104771. PMID 31935486.
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^ a b c d e f g Parnmen, Sittiporn; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten (2012). "New combinations in the genus Cladia". The Lichenologist. 44 (2): 297–298. doi:10.1017/S0024282911000715.
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^ Parnmen, Sittiporn; Leavitt, Steven D.; Rangsiruji, Achariya; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten (2013). "Identification of species in the Cladia aggregata group using DNA barcoding (Ascomycota: Lecanorales)". Phytotaxa. 115 (1): 1. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.115.1.1.
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^ Species Fungorum. "Cladia". Catalogue of Life. Retrieved 18 December 2020.
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^ Kantvilas, G.; Elix, J.A. (1987). "A new species of Cladia (lichenized Ascomycotina) from Tasmania". Mycotaxon. 29: 199–205.
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^ Kantvilas, G.; Jarman, S.J.; McCaffrey, N. (2012). "A contribution to the flora of the Meredith Range, north-west Tasmania". Kanunnah. 5: 127–140.
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^ Elix, John A.; McCarthy, Patrick M. (2018). "Ten new lichen species (Ascomycota) from Australia". Australasian Lichenology. 82: 20–59. doi:10.7751/telopea11598.
