dcsimg

Comments ( Anglèis )

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Native Americans used Carya ovata medicinally as an antirheumatic, a gynecological aid, a tonic, and an anthelmintic (D. E. Moerman 1986).

Carya ovata hybridizes with C . cordiformis ( C . × laneyi Sargent), C . illinoinensis , and C . laciniosa ( C . × dunbarii Sargent). The Mexican shagbark appears to be a good variety.

The Mexican hickory ( Carya ovata var. mexicana (Hemsley) W. E. Manning) appears to be synonymous with C . ovata .

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drit d'autor
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
sitassion bibliogràfica
Flora of North America Vol. 3 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Description ( Anglèis )

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Trees , to 46 m. Bark light gray, fissured or exfoliating, separating freely into long strips or broad plates that persist, ends often curling away from trunk. Twigs greenish, reddish, or orangish brown, retaining color or turning black on drying, stout or slender, hirsute or glabrous. Terminal buds tan to dark brown to black, ovoid, 6-18 mm, tomentose or nearly glabrous; bud scales imbricate; axillary buds protected by bracteoles fused into hood. Leaves 3-6 dm; petiole 4-13 cm, petiole and rachis hirsute or mainly glabrous. Leaflets (3-)5(-7), lateral petiolules 0-1 mm, terminal petiolules 3-17 mm; blades ovate, obovate, or elliptic, not falcate, 4-26 × 1-14 cm, margins finely to coarsely serrate, with tufts of hairs in axils of proximal veins of serrations, often weathering to only a few in fall, apex acute to acuminate; surfaces abaxially hirsute with unicellular and 2-4-rayed fasciculate hairs, occasionally restricted to midrib and major veins or essentially without hairs, with few to many large peltate scales and small round, irregular, and 4-lobed peltate scales. Staminate catkins pedunculate, to 13 cm, stalks and bracts without hairs; anthers hirsute. Fruits brown to reddish brown, spheric to depressed-spheric, not compressed, 2.5-4 × 2.5-4 cm; husks rough, 4-15 mm thick, dehiscing to base, sutures smooth; nuts tan, ovoid, obovoid, or ellipsoid, compressed, 4-angled, rugulose; shells thick. Seeds sweet.
licensa
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
drit d'autor
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
sitassion bibliogràfica
Flora of North America Vol. 3 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
sorgiss
Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
editor
Flora of North America Editorial Committee
proget
eFloras.org
original
visité la sorgiss
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eFloras

Synonym ( Anglèis )

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Juglans ovata Miller, Gard. Dict. ed. 8, Juglans no. 6. 1768; Hicoria ovata (Miller) Britton
licensa
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
drit d'autor
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
sitassion bibliogràfica
Flora of North America Vol. 3 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
sorgiss
Flora of North America @ eFloras.org
editor
Flora of North America Editorial Committee
proget
eFloras.org
original
visité la sorgiss
sit compagn
eFloras

Broad-scale Impacts of Fire ( Anglèis )

fornì da Fire Effects Information System Plants
In an oak-hickory stand in southeastern Missouri, most hickories were
top-killed by a wildlfire [38]. Fire-caused mortality of shagbark
hickory can be predicted using a mathematical model [39].
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cc-publicdomain
sitassion bibliogràfica
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Carya ovata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Broad-scale Impacts of Plant Response to Fire ( Anglèis )

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More info for the term: hardwood

Postfire origin of hickory ingrowth following a late summer fire in a
Connecticut mixed hardwood stand was 105 sprouts and 162 seedlings per
hectare in burned areas, compared to four sprouts and nine seedlings per
hectare in unburned areas. Hickories of sprout origin represented 31
percent of stems of all species on unburned plots and 39 percent on
burned sites [60].
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cc-publicdomain
sitassion bibliogràfica
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Carya ovata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Common Names ( Anglèis )

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shagbark hickory
shellbark hickory
scalybark hickory
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cc-publicdomain
sitassion bibliogràfica
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Carya ovata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Cover Value ( Anglèis )

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More info for the term: cover

Shagbark hickory presumably provides cover for a variety of birds and
mammals and are probably used as den trees by squirrels [11].
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sitassion bibliogràfica
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Carya ovata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Description ( Anglèis )

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More info for the terms: fruit, monoecious, tree

Shagbark hickory is a medium to large deciduous tree which commonly
grows to 60 or 80 feet (20-25 m) in height and up 20 inches (51 cm) in
diameter [21,29]. On favorable sites, trees may grow to 131 feet (40 m)
or more in height and reach up to 9 feet 8 inches (295 cm) in diameter
[57]. Open-grown plants are characterized by an oblong crown, whereas
those growing in forested areas tend to have a straight, slender
columnar crown [29]. The shaggy gray bark exfoliates in long platelike
strips [2,24,57]. Shagbark hickory has a deep taproot [29].

Shagbark hickory is monoecious [54]. Staminate flowers are borne on
long-stalked catkins at the tip of old wood or in the axils of the
previous season's leaves [23,24,54]. Pistillate flowers occur in short
terminal spikes [23,54]. The fruit is a smooth, globose or subglobose
nut [46]. Nuts are borne singly or in clusters of two or three [24].
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sitassion bibliogràfica
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Carya ovata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Distribution ( Anglèis )

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Shagbark hickory occurs throughout most of the eastern North America but
is largely absent from the southeastern and Gulf coastal plains and the
lower Mississippi Delta. It is found from southeastern Nebraska and
southeastern Minnesota eastward through southern Ontario and Quebec to
Maine and extends southward to Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana,
and eastern Texas [23]. Disjunct populations have been reported in the
mountains of northeastern Mexico [23,36].

The variety ovata encompasses most of the species' range and grows
westward to southeastern Missouri and eastward to Louisiana. The
variety australis occurs in southeastern North America [36].
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cc-publicdomain
sitassion bibliogràfica
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Carya ovata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Fire Ecology ( Anglèis )

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More info for the terms: density, fire frequency, fire regime, fire suppression, forest, frequency, root crown, tree

Periodic fires tend to favor oak over over the less fire-resistant
hickory. The slow-growing, thin-barked shagbark hickory is reduced by
short fire intervals [33]. Frequent burning at prairie margins reduces
or eliminates shagbark hickory seedlings [33].

Fire suppression in parts of the Northeast has reduced fire frequency
and converted oak-hickory forests to more mesophytic stands [60].
However, in an oak-hickory forest in Indiana, fire suppression since
1917 has contributed to the recruitment of shagbark hickory, sugar
maple, white ash (Fraxinus americana), and American elm (Ulmus
americana) [45]. Increases in tree density in oak-hickory forests in
Michigan have also been attributed to fire suppression [10]. In the
Great Smoky Mountains, fire suppression since 1940 has allowed hickories
to reach fire-resistant size [28].

Shagbark hickory usually sprouts from the root crown or stembase after
abovegrund foliage is killed by fire. Seedling establishement may also
occur.

FIRE REGIMES :
Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this
species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under
"Find FIRE REGIMES".
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cc-publicdomain
sitassion bibliogràfica
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Carya ovata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Fire Management Considerations ( Anglèis )

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Scattered surviving hickories often develop large crowns and exhibit
good nut production after fire. These trees may be particularly
valuable for many wildlife species.
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sitassion bibliogràfica
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Carya ovata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Growth Form (according to Raunkiær Life-form classification) ( Anglèis )

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More info on this topic.

More info for the term: phanerophyte

Phanerophyte
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sitassion bibliogràfica
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Carya ovata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat characteristics ( Anglèis )

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More info for the term: swamp

Shagbark hickory is most commonly associated with upland slopes in the
North, and with river bottoms and coves in the South [23]. It also
grows on the lower slopes of wooded bluffs, in ravines, valleys, and at
the edges of swamps [21,29]. Shagbark hickory generally occurs as
scattered individuals or in small groups but rarely forms pure stands
[2,51].

Plant associates: Shagbark hickory occurs as a principal dominant in
drier parts of the upper Midwest with oaks (Quercus spp.) and other
hickories. [59]. It also grows as aminor component in bur oak (Q.
macrocarpa), chestnut osk (Q. prinus), white oak (Q. alba)-black
oak-northern red oak, pine (Pinus spp.)-oak-sweetgum (Liquidambar
styraciflua),loblolly pine (Pinus taeda)-hardwood, and swamp chestnut
oak (Quercus prinoides)-cherrybark oak (Q. falcata var. pagodaefolia)
[23]. Many oaks, including white oak, northern red oak, black oak,
northern pin oak (Quercus ellipsoidalis), southern red oak (Q. falcata),
chinkapin oak (Q. muehlenbergii), bur oak, and other hickories are
generally prominent overstory associates [1,23,59]. Red maple (Acer
rubrum), sugar maple (A. saccharum), hophornbeam (Ostrya virginiana),
shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata), American basswood (Tilia americana),
redbud (Cercis canadensis), and sourgum (Nyssa sylvatica) also commonly
occur with shagbark hickory [2,48].

Understory associates are numerous and varied throughout the species'
range. Raspberries and blackberries (Rubus spp.), blueberries and
huckleberries (Vaccinium spp.), rhododendron (Rhododendron spp.),
serviceberry (Amelanchier spp.), gooseberries (Ribes spp.), hawthorn
(Crataegus spp.), hazel (Corylus cornuta), muscadine grape (Vitis
rotundifolia), common greenbrier (Smilax rotundifolia), western
snowberry (Symphoricarpos occidentalis), common witch-hazel (Hamamelis
virginiana), wild ginger (Asarum caudatum), nettle (Urtica spp.), and
Canada beadruby (Maianthemum canadense) are important understory
components in many areas [2,3,9].

Climate: Shagbark hickory grows across a wide range of climatic
conditions but grows best in a humid climate. It can survive
temperature extremes of -40 degrees F (-40 deg C) and 115 degrees F (46
deg C). Growing season length varies from 140 days in the North to 260
days in the South [23].

Soils: Shagbark hickory reaches greatest abundance on deep, rich, moist
soils [29,42]. It occurs on soils derived from a variety of sedimentary
and metamorphic parent materials and grows across a wide range of soil
fertility conditions [23]. It appears to be tolerant of soils with high
concentrations of lead and zinc [6]. In Arkansas, it is common on
clayey soils derived from Mississippian and Pennsylvanian shales [23].

Elevation: Shagbark hickory generally occurs at high elevations in much
of the North [42]. It typically occurs below 3,000 feet (910 m) in the
foothills of West Virginia [15]. In the Blue Ridge Mountains of North
and South Carolina, it occurs up to 3,000 feet (910 m) and in northern
Arkansas at elevtions below 2,000 feet (610 m) [23].
licensa
cc-publicdomain
sitassion bibliogràfica
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Carya ovata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat: Cover Types ( Anglèis )

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More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in association with the following cover types (as classified by the Society of American Foresters):

More info for the terms: hardwood, swamp

21 Eastern white pine
42 Bur oak
43 Bear oak
44 Chestnut oak
45 Pitch pine
51 White pine - chestnut oak
52 White oak - black oak - norther red oak
53 White oak
57 Yellow poplar
59 Yellow poplar - white oak - northern red oak
60 Beech - sugar maple
64 Sassafras - persimmon
65 Pin oak - sweet gum
75 Shortleaf pine
76 Shortleaf pine - oak
78 Virginia pine - oak
80 Loblolly pine - shortleaf pine
81 Loblolly pine
82 Loblolly pine - hardwood
87 Sweet gum - yellow poplar
91 Swamp chestnut oak - cherrybark oak
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sitassion bibliogràfica
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Carya ovata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat: Ecosystem ( Anglèis )

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More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in the following ecosystem types (as named by the U.S. Forest Service in their Forest and Range Ecosystem [FRES] Type classification):

FRES10 White - red - jack pine
FRES13 Loblolly - shortleaf pine
FRES14 Oak - pine
FRES15 Oak - hickory
FRES16 Oak - gum - cypress
FRES18 Maple - beech - birch
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cc-publicdomain
sitassion bibliogràfica
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Carya ovata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat: Plant Associations ( Anglèis )

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More info on this topic.

This species is known to occur in association with the following plant community types (as classified by Küchler 1964):

More info for the term: forest

K081 Oak savanna
K089 Black Belt
K100 Oak - hickory forest
K102 Beech - maple forest
K103 Mixed mesophytic forest
K111 Oak - hickory pine forest
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cc-publicdomain
sitassion bibliogràfica
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Carya ovata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Immediate Effect of Fire ( Anglèis )

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More info for the terms: fire intensity, top-kill, tree

All sizes of shagbark hickory are susceptible to damage by fire [20].
However, trees less than 10 inches [25 cm] in d.b.h. tend to be more
susecptible to damage or mortality than trees larger than 10 inches
d.b.h. [53,60]

The effect of fire on hickories varies with topography, slope, aspect,
season of burn, and fire intensity [37]. Light fires commonly top-kill
sprouts and seedlings but leave underground portions undamaged [23].
Hot fires often kill or damage even large trees [23]. Trees are
generally less severely damaged if burned while dormant [37].

The tight, solid bark of hickories is more susceptible to fire-scarring
than is the rough or corky bark of other species [31]. Fire-scarred
hickories are susceptible to rot [23,42], which can ultimately kill the
tree.
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sitassion bibliogràfica
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Carya ovata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Importance to Livestock and Wildlife ( Anglèis )

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More info for the term: mast

Browse: Shagbark hickory is seldom browsed by deer unless preferred
foods are limited or unavailable [23]. It is browsed by livestock only
when other food is scarce.

Nuts: Shagbark hickory nuts are readily eaten by a wide variety of
birds and mammals. The black bear, red fox, gray fox, white-footed
mouse, eastern chipmunk, and rabbits eagerly feed on the nuts [23].
They are a preferred food of the fox squirrel during August, September,
October, February, and March [52], and in some areas, hickory nuts
comprise 5 to 10 percent of the eastern chipmunk's diet [23]. Black
bears consume large quantities of hickory nuts during the fall in parts
of New England. The abundance of mast crops such as acorns and hickory
nuts can affect black bear reproductive success during the following
year [18].

Many birds, including the mallard, wood duck, northern bobwhite, and
wild turkey, feed on shagbark hickory nuts [23]. The ring-necked
pheasant, common crow, bluejay, white-breasted nuthatch, red-bellied
woodpecker, and yellow-bellied sapsucker also consume hickory nuts [41].
licensa
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sitassion bibliogràfica
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Carya ovata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Key Plant Community Associations ( Anglèis )

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More info for the terms: association, codominant

In certain floodplain communities, shagbark hickory grows as a
codominant with black oak (Quercus velutinus), green ash (Fraxinus
pennsylvanica), and northern red oak (Quercus rubra). Shagbark hickory
is included as a codominant or indicator in the following community type
(cts) and plant association (pas) classifications:

Area Classification Authority

IL general veg., cts Thomson and Anderson 1976
NE general veg., cts Aikman 1926
NE, KS general veg., cts Weaver 1960
NE, KS general veg., cts Weaver and Albertson 1945
OH general veg., cts Hamilton and Limbird 1982
sw OH general veg., pas Braun 1936
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cc-publicdomain
sitassion bibliogràfica
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Carya ovata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Life Form ( Anglèis )

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More info for the term: tree

Tree
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sitassion bibliogràfica
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Carya ovata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Management considerations ( Anglèis )

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More info for the term: mast

Insects/diseases: Shagbark hickory is susceptible to numerous insects
and diseases [23]. Damage can be serious, particularly during drought
years.

Mechanical treatment: Hickories (Carya spp.) commonly produce epicormic
branches or water sprouts after pruning [12].

Wildlife considerations: In New England, black bears are most likely to
damage crops in poor mast (acorn and hickory nut) years [18].

Silviculture: Shagbark hickory is long-lived and slow-growing.
Consequently, it does not respond well to even-aged management systems
if rotations are less than 100 years. It does respond well to release
and is reportedly favored by management for long rotations (200 years or
more) [23].

Following timber harvest, most hickory stems develop from advance
regeneration. Some advance regeneration may be damaged during logging
operations, but plants typically sprout and many quickly overtop older
residual stems [49]. New sprouts are characterized by a straight bole
and rapid growth and are considered the most desirable hickory
regeneration in new stands. Derivation of hickory regeneration
following various types of timber harvest was documented as follows in
an Indiana oak-hickory stand [49]:

clearcut shelterwood med. partial
(percent of total reproduction)

new seedlings 2 2 2
adv. regeneration 30 77 73
new sprouts 56 21 24
stump sprouts 12 0 1
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cc-publicdomain
sitassion bibliogràfica
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Carya ovata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Nutritional Value ( Anglèis )

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Browse: The nutrient content of shagbark hickory browse varies
seasonally. Loomis [39] reported an average fall ash content of 8.1
percent and a spring ash content of 9.6 percent.

Nuts: Shagbark hickory nuts are high in protein, fats, and
carbohydrates [58]. Caloric content is as follows [52]:

plant cal./g dry wt. cal./nut

kernel 6,570 6,700
shell 4,240 8,600
husk 4,150 16,100
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cc-publicdomain
sitassion bibliogràfica
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Carya ovata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Occurrence in North America ( Anglèis )

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AL AR CT DE GA IL IN IA KS KY
LA ME MD MA MI MN MS MO NE NH
NJ NY NC OR OK PA RI SC TN TX
VT VA WV WI ON PQ MEXICO
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sitassion bibliogràfica
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Carya ovata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Other uses and values ( Anglèis )

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More info for the term: tree

Shagbark hickory nuts are sweet and edible [54]. They were once a
staple food of some Native American peoples [34] and today are the
important hickory nut of commerce [57]. Shagbark hickory was first
cultivated in 1911 [7], and many cultivars are now available [57]. At
least one ornamental cultivar has been developed, but it has not been
widely planted. Shagbark hickory is an important shade tree in some
residential areas and is well suited for planting as a specimen tree in
landscaping [23].
licensa
cc-publicdomain
sitassion bibliogràfica
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Carya ovata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Palatability ( Anglèis )

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Shagbark nuts are highly palatable to many birds and mammals. Hickory
nuts are rated as having fair value for upland game birds and songbirds
and good value for fur and game mammals [13]. Hickory browse appears to
be low of low palatability to most big game species and to all classes
of domestic livestock [23].
licensa
cc-publicdomain
sitassion bibliogràfica
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Carya ovata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Phenology ( Anglèis )

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More info on this topic.

More info for the terms: fruit, seed, vines

Shagbark hickory flowers in late March at the southwestern edge of its
range and as late as early June in the North and Northeast [23].
Flowers open when the leaves are nearly full grown [23]. Fruit ripens
in September and October and splits into four pieces [34]. Seed is
dispersed from September thrugh December. Generalized flowering and
fruiting dates by geographic location are:

Location Flowering Fruiting Authority

New England May 29-June 28 ---- Seymour 1985
n-c Plains April-May Sept.-Oct. Stephens 1973
Great Plains April-May ---- Great Plains
Flora Assoc. 1986
se U.S. May ---- Duncan & Duncan 1988
sw U.S. March-June Sept.-Cot. Vines 1960
NC, SC May October Radford & others 1968
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cc-publicdomain
sitassion bibliogràfica
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Carya ovata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Plant Response to Fire ( Anglèis )

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More info for the terms: density, root collar, root crown

Mature hickories often sprout from the root crown when top-killed by
fire [38]; top-killed seedlings sometimes sprout from dormant buds
located on the root collar or lower portions of the stem [49]. Some
seedling establishment may also occur.

Postfire increases in stem density have been reported, but recovery is
often relatively slow. Fifty-five years after a late summer fire in
Connecticut, hickories exhibited greater "relative and absolute levels"
than on adjacent unburned sites [60].

The Research Paper by Bowles and others 2007 provides information on
postfire responses of several plant species, including shagbark
hickory, that was not available when this species review was written.
licensa
cc-publicdomain
sitassion bibliogràfica
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Carya ovata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Post-fire Regeneration ( Anglèis )

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More info for the terms: caudex, root crown, seed

survivor species; on-site surviving root crown or caudex
off-site colonizer; seed carried by animals or water; postfire yr 1&2
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Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Carya ovata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Regeneration Processes ( Anglèis )

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More info for the terms: fresh, seed, stratification, tree

Shagbark hickory regenrates through seed and by vegettaive means.

Seed: Shagbark hickory begins producing seed at approximately 40 years
of age. Optimum seed production occurs between 60 and 200 years of age;
maximum age of seed production is approximately 300 years [57]. Good
crops occur at 1- to 3-year intervals, with little or no seed production
in intervening years [23]. During favorable years, some trees can
produce 1.5 to 2 bushels (53-70 L) of nuts [7]. Tree (stem) diameter
and crown size apparently serve as the best indicators of seed
production [23]. Seed is dispersed by gravity and by birds and mammals
[23,61]. Squirrels and chipmunks are typically much more important as
dispersal agents than birds are. The now-extinct passenger pigeon
dispersed seeds of many species of hickory [61]. During poor seed
years, seed predation by birds, mammals, and insects can eliminate most
of the seed crop [23].

Hickory seeds exhibit embryo dormancy that can be broken by
stratification at 37 degrees F (3 deg C) for 90 to 120 days [23].
Germination of fresh seed ranges from 50 to 75 percent.

Vegetative regeneration: Shagbark hickory typically sprouts
prolifically after plants are cut or damaged by fire [23]. Trees with
diameters up to 8 to 10 inches (20-24 cm) typically sprout from the
stump. As diameter increases stump-sprouting declines, but
"root-suckering" increases. Young sprouts generally compete well in
newly regenerated stands, but after 10 to 20 years, the rate of sprout
growth declines and shagbark hickory may be outcompeted by faster
growing associates [23].
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Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Carya ovata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Successional Status ( Anglèis )

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More info on this topic.

More info for the terms: climax, forest

Shagbark hickory is slow growing and intermediate in shade tolerance.
Saplings can persist for many years beneath a forest canopy and respond
rapidly when released. It grows as a climax species in most oak-hickory
forests [23]. It is a prominenent late seral or climax species in
old-growth oak stands in Indiana where it replaces early to mid seral
species such as honey locust (Gleditsia triacanthos), black walnut
(Juglans nigra), and oak [45]. It replaces bur oak, black cherry
(Prunus serotina), and white oak in bur oak-chinkapin oak-black oak
forests of Wisconsin and northeastern Kansas [1,16]. It may ultimately
be replaced by more shade-toleant species such as sugar maple, American
basswood, and hophornbeam [1,16].

At the western edge of its range, shagbark hickory has invaded the
prairie [32], but heavy-seeded species such as shagbark hickory are
generally slow to invade new areas [22]. Shagbark hickory has invaded
oldfield communities, but seedlings are rarely observed more than 100
feet (30 m) from the forest margin [11]. In parts of east-central
Indiana and elsewhere, it often establishes in gaps created by dead elms
(Ulmus spp.) [44].
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Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Carya ovata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Synonyms ( Anglèis )

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Hicoria ovata (P. Mill.) Britt.
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Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Carya ovata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Taxonomy ( Anglèis )

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The currently accepted scientific name of shagbark hickory is Carya
ovata (P. Mill.) K. Koch [30]. It is a member of the walnut family,
Juglandaceae [23]. Two varieties are commonly recognized [30]:

Carya ovata var. ovata (Miller) K. Koch
Carya ovata var. australis (Ashe) Little

At least five other varieties, including C. o. var. fraxinifilia Sarg.,
C. o. var. nuttallii Sarg., and C. o. var. pubescens, were formerly
recognized by many authorities [23,50,57]. However, although
occasionally encountered in the literature, they are no longer
recognized by most taxonomists.

Shagbark hickory hybridizes naturally with butternut hickory (C.
cordiformis), pecan (C. illinoensis), and shellbark hickory (C.
laciniosa) [24,36]. Common hybrid products and their derivatives follow
[57]:

Dunbar hickory C. X dunbarii (C. laciniosa x C. ovata)
Laney hickory C. X laneyi Sarg. (C. cordiformis x C. ovata)

Horticultural hybrids between shagbark hickory and butternut hickory,
pecan, shellbark hickory, and mockernut hickory (C. tomentosa) have
also been reported [57].
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Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Carya ovata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Value for rehabilitation of disturbed sites ( Anglèis )

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More info for the term: seed

Shagbark hickory may have potential for use on many types of disturbed
sites. It naturally recolonizes strip mines in Maryland and West
Virginia [25], and lead pit mines with high levels of lead and zinc in
the soil [6]. Strains obtained from floodplain habitats are
particularly well adapted to streambank plantings [14].

Shagbark hickory can be readily propagated from seed. Cleaned seed
averages 100 per pound (221/kg) [57]. Seed may be planted during the
fall, or stratified and planted in the spring [7]. Mulching generally
improves the results of fall plantings.
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Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Carya ovata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Wood Products Value ( Anglèis )

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The wood of shagbark hickory is tough, heavy, hard, and resilient
[23,54]. It is well suited to uses which require a wood capable of
resisting impact and stress [23]. The close-grained heartwood is
reddish brown and the sapwood nearly white [29,57]. Wood was formerly
used to make wheels and spokes for wagons, carriages, carts, and early
automobiles [29]. Shagbark hickory wood is currently used to make
furniture, flooring, tool handles, dowels, ladders, and sporting goods
[29,43].

Shagbark hickory is an excellent fuelwood. It has high heat value and
burns evenly with a long-lasting steady heat. The wood imparts a
hickory-smoked flavor to foods and is often used to make charcoal [23].
licensa
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sitassion bibliogràfica
Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. Carya ovata. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Distribution ( Spagneul; Castilian )

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Chile Central
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Associated Forest Cover ( Anglèis )

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Hickories are consistently present in the broad forest association commonly called oak-hickory but are not generally abundant (20). Shagbark hickory is specifically listed as a minor component in six forest cover types (7): Bur Oak (Society of American Foresters Type 42), Chestnut Oak (Type 44), White Oak-Black Oak-Northern Red Oak (Type 52), Pin Oak-Sweetgum (Type 65), Loblolly Pine-Hardwood (Type 82), and Swamp Chestnut Oak-Cherrybark Oak (Type 91). It is also a probable associate in the Eastern White Pine (Type 21), Beech-Sugar Maple (Type 60), White Oak (Type 53), and Northern Red Oak (Type 55) forest cover types. Through most of its range, shagbark hickory is associated with oaks, other hickories, and various mixed upland hardwoods. In the South it is also associated with a number of bottom-land hardwood species.

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Damaging Agents ( Anglèis )

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Shagbark hickory at all ages is susceptible to damage by fire. Light fires can result in top kill of reproduction and saplings (most of which later sprout). Hotter fires may kill larger trees and wound others, making them subject to butt rot and resultant degrade of lumber, loss of sound volume, or both (15,16). Holes made through the bark by sapsuckers (birdpeck) cause a discoloration of the wood that results in the rejection of a considerable amount of hickory lumber (18).

Hickories are affected by at least 133 known fungi and 10 other diseases (9). Most of the fungi are saprophytes but a few may cause damage to foliage, produce cankers, or cause trunk or root rots.

Canker rot caused by the fungus Poria spiculosa probably is the most widespread and serious of the diseases of the true hickories. Cankers form around dead branch stubs and the wood-rotting fungus can eventually spread throughout the heartwood. Though R spiculosa is the most common trunk rot species, a large number of fungi will rot the living cylinder of hickories that have been injured by fire, logging damage, etc. (9).

Other common diseases of hickory are: anthracnose, (Gnomonia caryae) which causes irregular purplish- or reddish-brown spots on the upper leaf surface and dull brown spots beneath. These may merge to form irregular blotches and cause defoliation in wet seasons; mildew (Microstroma juglandis) invades leaves and twigs and may form witches' broom by stimulating bud formation; bunch disease (virus) also will cause witches'-brooms similar in appearance to those of M. Juglandis. The virus possibly is carried by sucking insects. Heavily affected trees may die prematurely. Crown gall (Agrobacterium tumefaciens) is a bacterial disease which causes tumors or wartlike aberrations on roots or at the base of the trunk, resulting eventually in a gradual decline and death of the tree. A gall-forming fungus species of Phomopsis can produce warty excrescences ranging from small twig galls to very large trunk burls.

At least 180 species of insects and mites are reported to infest hickory trees and wood products but few cause serious damage. The hickory bark beetle (Scolytus quadrispinosus) is the most important insect enemy of hickory and other hardwoods in the Eastern United States (1). During drought periods, outbreaks often develop in the Southeast, and large tracts of timber are killed. At other times, damage may be confined to single trees or tops of trees. The foliage of infested trees turns red within a few weeks after attack, and the trees soon die. Control measures include felling of infested trees and destroying the bark during the winter months or storing infested logs in ponds. To be effective, this type of control should be conducted over large areas.

The twig girdler (Oncideres cingulata) and twig pruner (Elaphidionoides villosus) often will severely prune heavily infested shade and park trees and can cause distortion in seedling and saplings in newly generated stands.

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Flowering and Fruiting ( Anglèis )

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Shagbark hickory is monoecious and flowers in the spring. The staminate catkins are 10 to 15 cm (4 to 6 in) long and develop from axils of previous season leaves or from inner scales of the terminal buds at the base of the current growth. The pistillate flowers appear in short spikes about 8 mm (0.3 in) long on peduncles terminating in shoots of the current year. Flowers open when leaves are nearly full size in late March in the southwest to early June in the north and northeastern part of the range.

The fruit, a nut, is variable in size and shape. Borne 1 to 3 together, individual fruits are 3 to 6 cm (I to 2.5 in) long, oval to subglobose or obovoid, depressed at the apex, and enclosed in a thin husk developed from the floral involucre. The fruit ripens in September and October and seeds are dispersed from September through December. Husks are green prior to maturity and turn brown to brownish black as they ripen. The husks become dry at maturity and split freely to the base into four valves along grooved sutures. The enclosed nut is light brownish white, oblong-ovate, somewhat compressed, usually prominently four-angled at the apex and rounded at the base (25). The shell is relatively thin and the kernel is sweet and edible. The bulk of the edible embryonic plant is cotyledonary tissue.

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Genetics ( Anglèis )

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Population Differences Two varieties of shagbark hickory are recognized: Carya ovata var. ovata, which includes C. mexicana Engelm. ex Hemsl., and C. ovata var. australis (Ashe) Little, sometimes known as C. carolinae-septentrionalis (Ashe) Engl. & Graebner and often referred to as Carolina hickory or southern shagbark hickory (11, 12). The fruits are usually longer than 3.5 cm (1.4 in); the dark brown or black terminal bud scales and the generally lanceolate or oblanceolate terminal leaflets of var. australis serve to separate it from var. ovata with its smaller fruits (less than 3.5 cm (1.4 in) long), tan or light brown bud scales, and usually obovate terminal leaflets.

Races Shagbark hickory shows a wide variety in morphological characteristics throughout its natural range and typically displays considerable diversity in nut size, shape, and color, as well as in shell thickness and in sweetness of the nutmeat (16). Based on variability in size and shape of the nut and in character and amount of pubescence on leaves and branches, five additional varieties of Carya ovata were accepted in 1933 (22), but none of these is recognized by more recent authors (6,12).

Hybrids Carya ovata is reported to hybridize with C. laciniosa (C. x dunbarii Sarg.) and C. cordiformis (C. x laneyi Sarg.), and a cross between shagbark and pecan has been recorded. There are five named clones of shagbark-pecan hybrids, three cultivars for shagbark-shellbark hybrids, and seven cultivars of shagbark-bitternut hybrids (13).

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Growth and Yield ( Anglèis )

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Shagbark hickory is a medium-sized tree averaging 21 to 24 m (70 to 80 ft) tall, 30 to 61 cm (12 to 24 in) in d.b.h., and may reach heights of 40 m (130 ft) with a diameter of 122 cm (48 in). The tree characteristically develops a clear straight cylindrical bole, but there is a tendency for the main stem to fork at one-half to two-thirds of the tree height (16). Although shagbark is one of the fastest growing hickories, its growth rates are less than most of the oaks and other associated species in upland stands. Representative height and d.b.h. by age are shown in table 1 for shagbark in different geographic areas. Regional volume tables for hickory trees and even-aged hickory stands are also available (2,23). Hickory normally constitutes a small percentage of the stocking in upland hardwood stands and the most appropriate per acre yields of such stands are those presented by Schnur (23), Gingrich (8), and Dale (5).



Table 1-Average diameter and height of shagbark hickory in selected geographic areas (adapted from 2) Age D.b.h. Height S. Indiana and
N.Kentuck¹ Ohio
Valley¹ Cumberland
Mountains² Mississippi
Valley² (yr) (cm) (m) (m) (m) 10 3 2.1 0.9 1.2 20 7 5.5 4.0 2.4 30 10 9.8 6.1 4.6 40 14 13.1 8.2 7.0 50 17 15.5 10.4 9.8 60 20 17.7 12.5 12.5 70 24 19.5 14.6 15.2 80 27 21.3 16.5 17.7 90 29 22.9 18.3 19.8 (yr) (in) (ft) (ft) (ft) 10 1.2 7 3 4 20 2.8 18 13 8 30 4.0 32 20 15 40 5.4 43 27 23 50 6.8 51 34 32 60 8.0 58 41 41 70 9.4 64 48 50 80 10.5 70 54 58 90 11.6 75 60 65 ¹Second growth.
²Virgin forest.

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Reaction to Competition ( Anglèis )

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Shagbark hickory is classed as intermediate in shade tolerance. Saplings and small reproduction persist under dense overstory canopies for many years and respond rapidly when released (16). It is a climax species in much of the oak-hickory forest area. The relatively slow growth habit of shagbark (and other hickories) places it at a distinct disadvantage under the even-aged management systems presently recommended for upland hardwood stands (if rotations are less than 100 years) (19,20,21). On most sites, height growth of hickory is slower than that of oaks and associated species and by midrotation the hickories are in the subdominant crown positions and become prime candidates for removal in periodic thinnings. Since hickories are long-lived trees and have the ability to withstand shade and crowding and respond when released, they are excellent species (along with white oak) for management on long rotations (200 or more years).

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Rooting Habit ( Anglèis )

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Shagbark seedlings typically develop a large and deep taproot with few laterals. The taproot may penetrate to a depth of 0.6 to 0.9 m (2 to 3 ft) in the first 3 years with a correspondingly slow growth of seedling shoots. Shagbark is rated as windfirm on most sites.

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Seed Production and Dissemination ( Anglèis )

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Shagbark hickory reaches commercial seedbearing age at 40 years. Although maximum seed production occurs from 60 to 200 years, some seed is produced up to 300 years (16). Good seed crops occur at intervals of 1 to 3 years with light crops or no seed during the intervening years. Tree diameter and crown size or surface are probably the best indicators of shagbark seed production. In southeastern Ohio, 6-year seed production of dominant and codominant shagbark hickory trees with mean d.b.h. of 20.7 cm (8.1 in) (age 60 years), 26.1 cm (10.3 in) (age 90 years) and 45.1 cm (17.8 in) (age 75 years) averaged 16, 36, and 225 sound seed per tree per year, respectively (17). Some individual shagbark trees have been known to produce 53 to 70 liters (1.5 to 2 bushels) of nuts during a good year (4). The germination of fresh seed is 50 to 75 percent.

Several species of insects influence seed production by causing aborting or premature dropping of fruits or by reducing the germinative capacity of mature nuts. Especially serious are the hickory shuckworm (Laspeyresia caryana), pecan weevil (Curculio caryae), and the hickorynut curculios (Conotrachelus affinis and C. hicoriae). In good seed years about half of the total seed crop is sound, but in years of low seed production, insect depredation could be proportionally higher, and a very low percentage of sound seed is produced (17).

Shagbark nuts are heavy, averaging about 220/kg (100/lb) and are disseminated primarily by gravity with some extension of seeding range caused by squirrels and chipmunks.

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Seedling Development ( Anglèis )

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Shagbark seeds show embryo dormancy that is overcome naturally by over wintering in the duff, or artificially by stratification in a moist medium or plastic bag at about 3° C (37° F) for 90 to 120 days (3). Shagbark nuts should be stored in airtight containers at 5° C (41° F) and 90 percent relative humidity. Nuts stored longer than 2 years have lower germination percents and require only 60 days stratification (3). In forest tree nurseries, unstratified nuts are sown in the fall and stratified nuts are sown in the spring. Mulching is recommended and protection from rodents is often required (4). Germination is hypogeal.

Shagbark seedlings normally produce a long taproot and very little top growth during early development. In the Ohio Valley, 1-year-old seedlings grown in the open or under light shade in red clay soil produced an average root length of 0.3 (1 t) and a top height of 7 cm (2.8 in). By age 3 the taproot extended to about 0.8 m (2.6 ft) while the top increased only to 19.8 cm (7.8 in) (16).

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Special Uses ( Anglèis )

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Hickories serve as food for many wildlife species. The nuts are a preferred food of squirrels and are eaten from the time fruits approach maturity in early August until the supply is gone. Hickory nuts also are 5 to 10 percent of the diet of eastern chipmunks. In addition to the mammals above, black bears, gray and red foxes, rabbits, and white-footed mice plus bird species such as mallards, wood ducks, bobwhites, and wild turkey utilize small amounts of hickory nuts (14). Hickory is not a preferred forage species and seldom is browsed by deer when the range is in good condition. Hickory foliage is browsed by livestock only when other food is scarce.

The bark texture and open irregular branching of shagbark hickory make it a good specimen tree for naturalistic landscapes on large sites. It is an important shade tree in previously wooded residential areas. At least one ornamental cultivar of shagbark hickory has been reported (10), but it is not planted as an ornamental to any great extent.

The species normally contributes only a very small percentage of total biomass of a given forest stand. Its adaptability to a wide range of site conditions and vigorous sprouting when cut make shagbark a candidate for coppice fuelwood. However, difficulty in planting and generally slow growth makes shagbark less attractive than many faster growing species.

Hickory has traditionally been very popular as a fuelwood and as a charcoal-producing wood. The general low percentage of hickory in the overstory of many privately owned woodlots is due in part to selective cutting of the hickory for fuelwood. Hickory fuelwood has a high heat value, burns evenly, and produces long-lasting steady heat; the charcoal gives food a hickory-smoked flavor.

The wood of the true hickories is known for its strength, and no commercial species of wood is equal to it in combined strength, toughness, hardness, and stiffness (18). Dominant uses for hickory lumber are furniture, flooring, and tool handles. The combined strength, hardness, and shock resistance make it suitable for many specialty products such as ladder rungs, dowels, athletic goods, and gymnasium equipment.

Shagbark hickory is probably the primary species, after pecan (Carya illinoensis), with potential for commercial nut production. The nuts have sweet kernels and fair cracking quality (which is often better in cultivars). The species can be successfully top-grafted on shagbark, and shellbark rootstocks and grafts on older rootstocks can bear in 3 to 4 years.

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Vegetative Reproduction ( Anglèis )

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Shagbark hickory is a prolific sprouter. Nearly all of the cut or fire-killed hickories with stump diameters up to 20 to 24 cm (8 to 10 in) will produce sprouts. As stump diameters increase in size, stump sprouting declines, and proportion of root suckers increases (16). Young hickory sprouts are vigorous and can maintain a competitive position in the canopy of a newly regenerated stand. After 10 to 20 years the rate of sprout height growth declines and hickory will normally lose crown position to the faster growing oaks and associated species.

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Carya ovata ( Anglèis )

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Carya ovata, the shagbark hickory, is a common hickory in the Eastern United States and southeast Canada. It is a large, deciduous tree, growing well over 100 ft (30 m) tall, and can live more than 350[2] years. The tallest measured shagbark, located in Savage Gulf, Tennessee, is over 150 ft (46 m) tall. Mature shagbarks are easy to recognize because, as their name implies, they have shaggy bark. This characteristic is, however, only found on mature trees; young specimens have smooth bark.

The shagbark hickory's nut is edible and has a very sweet taste.

The leaves are 30–60 cm (12–24 in) long, pinnate, with five (rarely three or seven) leaflets, the terminal three leaflets much larger than the basal pair. The shagbark hickory is monoecious. Staminate flowers are borne on long-stalked catkins at the tip of old wood or in the axils of the previous season's leaves. Pistillate flowers occur in short terminal spikes.[3] The fruit is a drupe 2.5 to 4.0 cm (1 to 1+12 in) long, an edible nut with a hard, bony shell, contained in a thick, green four-sectioned husk which turns dark and splits off at maturity in the fall.[4] The terminal buds on the shagbark hickory are large and covered with loose scales.[5] Shagbark hickory nuts were a significant food source for the Algonquins. Red squirrels, gray squirrels, raccoons, chipmunks, and mice are consumers of hickory nuts.[6] Other consumers include black bears, gray and red foxes, rabbits, and bird species such as mallards, wood ducks, bobwhites, and wild turkey.[7]

The two varieties are:

  • Carya ovata var. ovata (northern shagbark hickory) has its largest leaflets over 20 cm (8 in) long and nuts 3.0–4.0 cm (1+181+58 in) long.
  • Carya ovata var. australis (southern shagbark hickory or Carolina hickory) has its largest leaflets under 20 cm (8 in) long and nuts 2.5–3.0 cm (1–1+18 in) long.

Some sources regard southern shagbark hickory as the separate species Carya carolinae-septentrionalis.[8]

Name

The word hickory is an aphetic form from earlier pohickory, short for even earlier pokahickory, borrowed from the Virginia Algonquian word pawcohiccora, hickory-nut meat or a nut milk drink made from it.[4] Other names for this tree are Carolina Hickory, Scalybark Hickory, Upland Hickory, and Shellbark Hickory, with older binomial names of Carya ovata var. fraxinifolia, Carya ovata var. nuttallii, Carya ovata var. pubescens, Hicoria alba, Hicoria borealis, and Hicoria ovata.[9]

Distribution

Shagbark hickory is found throughout most of the eastern United States, but it is largely absent from the southeastern and Gulf coastal plains and lower Mississippi Delta areas.[10] An isolated population grows in eastern Canada as far north as Lavant Township, Canadian zone 4b.[11] Scattered locations of shagbark hickory occur in the Sierra Madre Oriental of eastern Mexico.[12]

Shagbark hickory was introduced in Europe in the 17th century. It can still be found in Central Europe as a non-native species.[13]

Uses

Carya ovata fruit
Mature fruit
Carya ovata spring leaf cluster
Phylloxera caryaeglobuli galls on C. ovata leaves

The nuts are edible[14] with an excellent flavor, and are a popular food among people and squirrels alike. They are unsuitable to commercial or orchard production due to the long time it takes for a tree to produce sizable crops and unpredictable output from year to year. Shagbark hickories can grow to enormous sizes but are unreliable bearers. The nuts can be used as a substitute for the pecan[14] in colder climates and have nearly the same culinary function.

C. ovata begins producing seeds at about 10 years of age, but large quantities are not produced until 40 years and will continue for at least 100. Nut production is erratic, with good crops every 3 to 5 years, in between which few or none appear and the entire crop may be lost to animal predation.

Andrew Jackson, the seventh president of the United States, was popularly nicknamed Old Hickory, a play on the toughness of hickory wood.[15] In 1830, he began planning the construction of his tomb at The Hermitage, his plantation in Tennessee. The grave site was surrounded by a variety of trees, including six shagbark hickories. They stood there for 168 years until a storm in 1998 demolished over 1,200 trees at the site. Work on replanting them remains an ongoing project. In modern times, shagbark hickory is rarely used as an ornamental due to its large size, slow growth, difficulty of transplanting (all Juglandaceae species have large taproots) and nut litter.

Hickory nuts were a food source for Native Americans,[16] who used the kernel milk to make corn cakes, kanuchi and hominy.[15]

Shagbark hickory wood is used for smoking meat and for making the bows of Native Americans of the northern area. The lumber is heavy, hard, and tough, weighing 63 lb/ cu ft when air-dried,[17] and has been employed for implements and tools that require strength. These include axles, axe handles, ploughs, skis, and drum sticks.[18]

The bark of the shagbark hickory is also used to flavor a maple-style syrup.

Genetics

Shagbark hickory hybridizes with pecan, Carya illinoensis, and shellbark hickory, C. laciniosa (C. x dunbarii Sarg.). Shagbark hickory has 32 chromosomes. In general, species within the genus with the same chromosome number are able to cross. Numerous hybrids among the Carya species with 32 chromosomes (pecan, bitternut, shellbark, and shagbark) have been described, though most are unproductive or have other flaws. A few hican varieties are commercially propagated.

Gallery

References

  1. ^ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0 - Carya ovata, Shagbark Hickory". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 6 May 2020.
  2. ^ "Eastern OLDLIST: A database of maximum tree ages for Eastern North America".
  3. ^ Tirmenstein, D. A. 1991. "Carya ovata." In: Fire Effects Information System [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer).[1]. Retrieved 2013-08-10.
  4. ^ a b Hilton Pond Center: Shaggybark Tree. Retrieved 2013-08-10.
  5. ^ Barnes, Burton V.; Wagner, Warren H., Jr (2004). Michigan trees: a Guide to the Trees of the Great Lakes Region (Rev. and updated ed.). Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan Press. pp. 272–273. ISBN 0-472-08921-8.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  6. ^ Beaulieu, David. "Growing Shagbark Hickories, Harvesting Hickory Nuts". about.com. Retrieved 2013-08-10.
  7. ^ "Shagbark Hickory Tree". cirrusimage.com. Red Planet Inc. Retrieved 2013-08-10.
  8. ^ Bioimages: Carya carolinae-septentrionalis Archived 2006-02-16 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2013-08-10.
  9. ^ "PLANT DATABASE: Carya ovata". Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center, The University of Texas at Austin. 2015-12-15. Retrieved 2020-03-09.
  10. ^ Graney, David L. (1990). "Carya ovata". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). Hardwoods. Silvics of North America. Washington, D.C.: United States Forest Service (USFS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Vol. 2. Retrieved 2013-08-10 – via Southern Research Station.
  11. ^ "The Lavant Shagbarks". Eastern Chapter Society of Ontario Nut Growers. 2010-01-26. Retrieved 2016-06-09.
  12. ^ Christman, Steve (2003-11-09). "#836 Carya ovata". Floridata.com. Retrieved 2012-09-30.
  13. ^ Wilgan, Robin; Leski, Tomasz; Kujawska, Marta; Karliński, Leszek; Janowski, Daniel; Rudawska, Maria (2020-04-01). "Ectomycorrhizal fungi of exotic Carya ovata in the context of surrounding native forests on Central European sites". Fungal Ecology. 44: 100908. doi:10.1016/j.funeco.2019.100908. ISSN 1754-5048. S2CID 214538885.
  14. ^ a b Elias, Thomas S.; Dykeman, Peter A. (2009) [1982]. Edible Wild Plants: A North American Field Guide to Over 200 Natural Foods. New York: Sterling. p. 243. ISBN 978-1-4027-6715-9. OCLC 244766414.
  15. ^ a b Little, Elbert L. (1980). The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees: Eastern Region. New York: Knopf. p. 353. ISBN 0-394-50760-6.
  16. ^ Grauke, LJ. "Hickories: Carya ovata". Texas A&M University, Department of Horticultural Science. Retrieved 2013-08-10.
  17. ^ Collingwood, C.H., and Warren D. Brush. 1974. Knowing Your Trees. Revised and edited by Devereux Butcher. Washington, District of Columbia: The American Forestry Association. pp. 168–169.
  18. ^ Peattie, Donald Culross (1934). Trees You Want to Know. Racine, Wisconsin: Whitman Publishing Company.

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Carya ovata: Brief Summary ( Anglèis )

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Carya ovata, the shagbark hickory, is a common hickory in the Eastern United States and southeast Canada. It is a large, deciduous tree, growing well over 100 ft (30 m) tall, and can live more than 350 years. The tallest measured shagbark, located in Savage Gulf, Tennessee, is over 150 ft (46 m) tall. Mature shagbarks are easy to recognize because, as their name implies, they have shaggy bark. This characteristic is, however, only found on mature trees; young specimens have smooth bark.

The shagbark hickory's nut is edible and has a very sweet taste.

The leaves are 30–60 cm (12–24 in) long, pinnate, with five (rarely three or seven) leaflets, the terminal three leaflets much larger than the basal pair. The shagbark hickory is monoecious. Staminate flowers are borne on long-stalked catkins at the tip of old wood or in the axils of the previous season's leaves. Pistillate flowers occur in short terminal spikes. The fruit is a drupe 2.5 to 4.0 cm (1 to 1+1⁄2 in) long, an edible nut with a hard, bony shell, contained in a thick, green four-sectioned husk which turns dark and splits off at maturity in the fall. The terminal buds on the shagbark hickory are large and covered with loose scales. Shagbark hickory nuts were a significant food source for the Algonquins. Red squirrels, gray squirrels, raccoons, chipmunks, and mice are consumers of hickory nuts. Other consumers include black bears, gray and red foxes, rabbits, and bird species such as mallards, wood ducks, bobwhites, and wild turkey.

The two varieties are:

Carya ovata var. ovata (northern shagbark hickory) has its largest leaflets over 20 cm (8 in) long and nuts 3.0–4.0 cm (1+1⁄8–1+5⁄8 in) long. Carya ovata var. australis (southern shagbark hickory or Carolina hickory) has its largest leaflets under 20 cm (8 in) long and nuts 2.5–3.0 cm (1–1+1⁄8 in) long.

Some sources regard southern shagbark hickory as the separate species Carya carolinae-septentrionalis.

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Carya ovata ( Spagneul; Castilian )

fornì da wikipedia ES

Carya ovata, jicoria ovada[1]​ o hicoria ovada, es una hicoria común en el este de los Estados Unidos y el sureste de Canadá. Es un árbol de hoja caduca de gran tamaño, que crece hasta los 27 m de alto, y puede vivir hasta 200 años. Al igual que el fruto del pecán, su nuez es comestible y tiene un sabor muy dulce. Las hojas tienen 30–60 cm de largo, son pinnatifolios, con cinco (raramente tres o siete) folíolos.

Hay dos variedades:

  • Carya ovata var. ovata, septentrional, con largas hojas de más de 20 cm largo; nueces 3–4 cm largo.
  • Carya ovata var. australis, meridional, o de Carolina, las hojas más largas están por debajo de los 20 cm de largo; nueces 2.5–3 cm largo.

Referencias

  1. Nombre vulgar preferido en castellano, en Árboles: guía de campo; Johnson, Owen y More, David; traductor: Pijoan Rotger, Manuel, ed. Omega, 2006. ISBN 978-84-282-1400-1. Versión en español de la Collins Tree Guide.

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Carya ovata: Brief Summary ( Spagneul; Castilian )

fornì da wikipedia ES

Carya ovata, jicoria ovada​ o hicoria ovada, es una hicoria común en el este de los Estados Unidos y el sureste de Canadá. Es un árbol de hoja caduca de gran tamaño, que crece hasta los 27 m de alto, y puede vivir hasta 200 años. Al igual que el fruto del pecán, su nuez es comestible y tiene un sabor muy dulce. Las hojas tienen 30–60 cm de largo, son pinnatifolios, con cinco (raramente tres o siete) folíolos.

Hay dos variedades:

Carya ovata var. ovata, septentrional, con largas hojas de más de 20 cm largo; nueces 3–4 cm largo. Carya ovata var. australis, meridional, o de Carolina, las hojas más largas están por debajo de los 20 cm de largo; nueces 2.5–3 cm largo.
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Caryer ovale ( Fransèis )

fornì da wikipedia FR

Carya ovata

Le Caryer ovale, Carya blanc, Noyer blanc ou Noyer tendre (Carya ovata), est une espèce d'arbres de la famille des Juglandaceae. C'est une espèce proche du caryer cordiforme[1] (Carya cordiformis) et du pacanier (Carya illinoinensis). Il est aussi appelé caryer à noix douce, arbre à noix piquées, caryer blanc, noyer tendre et noyer blanc d'Amérique[2].

Habitat

Cette espèce d'arbres est originaire de l’Est de l’Amérique du Nord. Elle est présente depuis le Texas jusqu’au sud du Canada dans la même aire de répartition que le caryer cordiforme[1]. Elle apprécie un ensoleillement moyen mais résiste moins au gel que le caryer cordiforme[1].

L'espèce a été introduite en Europe en 1629[1]. Elle fut plantée avant la Seconde Guerre Mondiale en France et en Allemagne pour son bois de qualité[1].

Description

Le caryer ovale est un arbre pouvant atteindre 25 mètres de hauteur et vivre jusqu'à 200 ans[2].

L’écorce grisâtre s'effiloche en de longues bandes verticale. Les bourgeons sont protégés par des écailles noires. Les feuilles sont imparipennées et longues de 20 à 30 cm[1]. Elles sont composées de 5 folioles. Les fleurs mâles sont réunies par trois en chatons verts allongés, tandis que les fleurs femelles prennent la forme d'un épi court[3]. Le fruit est une drupe globuleuse de 2 à 3,5 cm de diamètre. L’enveloppe est verte. Les noix, beige clair, mesurent environ 2 centimètres de long et portent quatre arêtes saillantes longitudinales ce qui leur donne une section presque rectangulaire.

Utilisations

Le bois du noyer blanc est très apprécié pour la fabrication de meubles et de manches d'outils. Il est également très estimé par l'industrie du fumage car sa fumée donne un goût exceptionnel aux aliments[4].

Ses fruits, qui contiennent jusque 50 % de lipide, permettent de produire de l’huile[1]. Comme son cousin le pacanier, les noix de ce caryer sont utilisées dans la cuisine des États-Unis, en particulier dans les États du sud des Appalaches. C'était traditionnellement une importante source de nourriture pour les Cherokees; ils ramassaient les drupes tombées chaque automne et en faisaient une soupe appelée kanuchi[5]. Les colons de cette région ont adapté la noix à leur alimentation au début des années 1700. À ce jour, ils sont un ingrédient très prisé dans les bonbons, les gâteaux, et comme variante locale de la tarte aux pacanes[6],[7],[8],[9],[10].

Galerie

Synonyme

  • Juglans ovata Mill.

Notes et références

  1. a b c d e f et g (fr) Arbres - Jaromir Pokorny - p.176 - (ISBN 2-7000-1818-4) - Éditions Gründ - 1987
  2. a et b John Laird Farrar, Les Arbres du Canada, Saint-Laurent, Fides, 1996, 502 p. (ISBN 2-7621-1824-7, lire en ligne), p. 204-205
  3. Ministère des Terres et Forêts, Service de l'inventaire forestier, Petite flore forestière du Québec, Montréal, France-Amérique, 1974, 216 p. (ISBN 2-89001-025-2), p. 89
  4. « Caryer ovale - Carya ovata - Un arbre rare à saveur de pacane », sur arbres-fruitiers.ca (consulté le 8 septembre 2018)
  5. https://www.cherokeephoenix.org/Article/index/3346
  6. (en) inconnu, « Hickory nut candy », 13 mai 2011
  7. http://www.dvo.com/recipe_pages/kelloggs/Hickory_Nut_Kisses.php
  8. https://www.savoringkentucky.com/blog/hickory-nut-pie-a-kentucky-wonder
  9. https://www.kentucky.com/living/article51069670.html
  10. https://www.tasteofhome.com/recipes/grandma-s-hickory-nut-cake/

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Caryer ovale: Brief Summary ( Fransèis )

fornì da wikipedia FR

Carya ovata

Le Caryer ovale, Carya blanc, Noyer blanc ou Noyer tendre (Carya ovata), est une espèce d'arbres de la famille des Juglandaceae. C'est une espèce proche du caryer cordiforme (Carya cordiformis) et du pacanier (Carya illinoinensis). Il est aussi appelé caryer à noix douce, arbre à noix piquées, caryer blanc, noyer tendre et noyer blanc d'Amérique.

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Skihickory ( norvegèis )

fornì da wikipedia NO

Skihickory (Carya ovata) er et løvfellende tre i valnøttfamilien. Den blir opptil 46 m høy og er lett å kjenne på barken som faller av i store flak. Bladene er finnete og 30–60 cm lange. Det er som regel 5 tannete småblad.

Skihickory vokser i mange ulike skogtyper sammen med andre hickoryarter og eik. Utbredelsen omfatter østlige Nord-Amerika fra sørvestlige Nebraska og sørøstlige Minnesota gjennom sørlige Ontario og sørlige Québec til sørlige Maine, sørover til Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana og østlige Texas, samt noen disjunkte forekomster i fjellene i nordøstlige Mexico. Den mangler på kystslettene i sør og øst og i nedre del av Mississippi-dalen.

Trevirket brukes til ved, grillkull, verktøyskaft og i møbelproduksjon. Nøttene er ettertraktet av ekorn og andre dyr, og blir også spist av mennesker.

Litteratur

Eksterne lenker

 src=
Stammer hos skihickory
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Skihickory: Brief Summary ( norvegèis )

fornì da wikipedia NO

Skihickory (Carya ovata) er et løvfellende tre i valnøttfamilien. Den blir opptil 46 m høy og er lett å kjenne på barken som faller av i store flak. Bladene er finnete og 30–60 cm lange. Det er som regel 5 tannete småblad.

Skihickory vokser i mange ulike skogtyper sammen med andre hickoryarter og eik. Utbredelsen omfatter østlige Nord-Amerika fra sørvestlige Nebraska og sørøstlige Minnesota gjennom sørlige Ontario og sørlige Québec til sørlige Maine, sørover til Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana og østlige Texas, samt noen disjunkte forekomster i fjellene i nordøstlige Mexico. Den mangler på kystslettene i sør og øst og i nedre del av Mississippi-dalen.

Trevirket brukes til ved, grillkull, verktøyskaft og i møbelproduksjon. Nøttene er ettertraktet av ekorn og andre dyr, og blir også spist av mennesker.

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Orzesznik pięciolistkowy ( polonèis )

fornì da wikipedia POL
 src=
Owoce

Orzesznik pięciolistkowy (Carya ovata (Mill.) K.Koch), zwany także przeorzechem pięciolistkowym lub hikorą pięciolistkową – gatunek drzewa należącego do rodziny orzechowatych. Występuje naturalnie w Ameryce Północnej – od prowincji Quebec w Kanadzie po północno-wschodni Meksyk[2]. W Europie jest znany od dawna (1629). W Polsce jest czasami uprawiany w parkach północnej i zachodniej części kraju (np. w Arboretum w Glinnej, Arboretum w Karnieszewicach, Parku Południowym we Wrocławiu).

Morfologia

Pokrój
Drzewo dorastające w Polsce do 31 m wysokości[3]. Korona jest wąska i wyniosła. Posiada długi pień, z którego wyrastają długie, lekkie i łukowato wygięte gałęzie. Bardzo łamliwy podczas porywistych wiatrów bądź burz[2].
Kora
Kora ma barwę jasnoszarą. Łuszcząca się wąskimi pasmami, które odstają od pnia. Przypuszcza się, że ma do służyć odstraszaniu wiewiórek, które żywią się owocami tego gatunku[2].
Pędy
Pędy są grube, często aksamitne. Przy pąkach zazwyczaj występuje czerwono-brązowy kutner[2].
Pąki
Pokryte są czarnymi łuskami. Pąk szczytowy jest gruby. Ma około 15 mm grubości. Ma barwę zielono-brązową bądź matowozłotą. Czasami bywa jedwabiście omszony[2].
Liście
Liście nieparzystopierzaste składające się z 5 (bardzo rzadko z 7) listków. Szczytowy listek jest największy i może osiągać nawet do 30 cm długości. Listki są eliptyczne lub odwrotnie jajowate, piłkowane. Listki są grube i często tłuste. Ogonek liściowy jest sztywny i jest zwykle owłosiony tylko u nasady. Są prawie nagie, choć rudawe owłosienie może się pojawiać na brzegach liści. Jesienią przebarwiają się na złotożółty kolor[2].
Kwiaty
Drobne, rozdzielnopłciowe. Kwiaty męskie zebrane w kotki, kwiaty żeńskie po kilka w kłosy na szczytach pędów.
Owoce
Kuliste do 6 cm średnicy, w grubej okrywie, pękającej i odpadającej po dojrzeniu. Orzech jest wyraźnie żebrowany i posiada cienką, białą skorupkę. Dość smaczny, jadalny[2].

Biologia i ekologia

Rośnie w dolinach rzek, na zboczach, na równinach, na żyznych, dostatecznie wilgotnych glebach. Wchodzi w skład wielogatunkowych lasów liściastych. Jest wytrzymały na mrozy.

Zmienność

Podgatunki orzesznika pięciolistkowego:

  • Carya ovata var. australis, syn. C. australis lub C. carolinae-septentrionalis
  • Carya ovata var. ovata

Zastosowanie

  • W Ameryce jest uprawiany w licznych odmianach ze względu na cenne drewno, a także w przeszłości stanowił źródło pożywienia rdzennych amerykanów mimo iż owoce nie są tak smaczne jak orzesznik jadalny Carya illinoinensis.
  • W Polsce uprawiany czasami w parkach jako roślina ozdobna.

Przypisy

  1. Stevens P.F.: Angiosperm Phylogeny Website (ang.). 2001–. [dostęp 2010-01-08].
  2. a b c d e f g Johnson O., More D.: Drzewa. Warszawa: Multico, 2009, s. 176. ISBN 978-83-7073-643-9.
  3. Shagbark hickory in the dendrological garden, Glinna. www.monumentaltrees.com. [dostęp 2015-11-09].

Bibliografia

  1. Zbigniew Podbielkowski: Słownik roślin użytkowych. Warszawa: PWRiL, 1989. ISBN 83-09-00256-4.
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Orzesznik pięciolistkowy: Brief Summary ( polonèis )

fornì da wikipedia POL
 src= Owoce

Orzesznik pięciolistkowy (Carya ovata (Mill.) K.Koch), zwany także przeorzechem pięciolistkowym lub hikorą pięciolistkową – gatunek drzewa należącego do rodziny orzechowatych. Występuje naturalnie w Ameryce Północnej – od prowincji Quebec w Kanadzie po północno-wschodni Meksyk. W Europie jest znany od dawna (1629). W Polsce jest czasami uprawiany w parkach północnej i zachodniej części kraju (np. w Arboretum w Glinnej, Arboretum w Karnieszewicach, Parku Południowym we Wrocławiu).

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Карія овальна ( ucrain )

fornì da wikipedia UK

Будова

Листяне дерево висотою до 30 м. Рослина має перисте листя, яке вона скидає на зиму.

Поширення та середовище існування

Росте у листяних лісах у річкових долинах в США на схід від Канзасу та у Канаді на крайньому південному сході. Кора у карії овальної відшаровується довгими товстими пластинами. Кінці таких пластин загнуті, так що увесь стовбур дерева здається кудлатим.

Практичне використання

Восени рослина дуже декоративна. Проте повільний ріст і погана приживлюваність робить її невигідною для озеленення культурою.

Деревина карії щільна і міцна, тому ідеально підходить для виготовлення ручок для різних інструментів.

Дрова карії популярні для копчення м'яса, оскільки мають характерний приємний запах.

Маленькі горіхи карії їстівні, мають солодкуватий смак.

Галерея

Примітки

Джерела

  • Ліс. — К.Махаон-Україна, 2008. — 304 с., іл. — С. 136
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Carya ovata ( vietnamèis )

fornì da wikipedia VI

Carya ovata là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Óc chó. Loài này được (Mill.) K.Koch mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1869.[1]

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

  1. ^ The Plant List (2010). Carya ovata. Truy cập ngày 14 tháng 9 năm 2013.

Liên kết ngoài


Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết Bộ Cử (Fagales) này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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Carya ovata: Brief Summary ( vietnamèis )

fornì da wikipedia VI

Carya ovata là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Óc chó. Loài này được (Mill.) K.Koch mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1869.

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Кария яйцевидная ( russ; russi )

fornì da wikipedia русскую Википедию
 src=
Ствол с отслаивающейся корой, благодаря которой этот вид получил одно из своих названий

Ка́рия яйцеви́дная, или Гикори яйцевиднолистное[2] (лат. Carya ovata) — вид растений из рода Гикори (Carya) семейства Ореховые (Juglandaceae), произрастающий в Северной Америке (Канада, США, Мексика)[3]. Культивируется также в Европе.

Название

В литературе упоминается также под названиями Кария белая (не путать с Carya tomentosa), а также Гикори лохматый, или Гикори косматый (из-за отслаивающейся коры ствола)[4].

Ботаническое описание

Дерево высотой до 30 с серой бороздчатой корой, отслаивающейся большими вертикальными лентами (до 50 см длиной). Листья длиной до 20—35 см, непарноперистые, с пятью (иногда тремя или семью) эллиптическими или обратнояйцевидными листочками.

Цветки раздельнополые, тычиночные в растущих по 3 вместе серёжках длиной до 10 см, пестичные цветки по 3—5 на одном цветоносе.

Перикарп плода красновато-коричневый, толстостенный (6—8 мм), раскрывается при созревании. Эндокарп (орех) почти белый, длиной до 3,5 см, прямоугольно-округлой формы с 4—6 гранями. Ядро коричневатое, съедобное.

Значение и применение

Ядро ореха сладкое, ароматное, употребляется в пищу так же, как и ядра пекана.

Древесина твёрдая, крепкая и прочная, с широкой белой заболонью и коричневым или красновато-коричневым ядром. Как и древесина других видов карии, применяется в строительстве и для изготовления различных столярных изделий[5].

Очень декоративное дерево, пригодное как для одиночной, так и групповой посадки[6].

Примечания

  1. Об условности указания класса двудольных в качестве вышестоящего таксона для описываемой в данной статье группы растений см. раздел «Системы APG» статьи «Двудольные».
  2. Русское название таксона — согласно следующему изданию:
    Шрётер А. И., Панасюк В. А. Словарь названий растений = Dictionary of Plant Names / Межд. союз биол. наук, Нац. к-т биологов России, Всерос. ин-т лек. и ароматич. растений Рос. сельскохоз. академии; Под ред. проф. В. А. Быкова. — Koenigstein: Koeltz Scientific Books, 1999. — С. 156. — 1033 с. — ISBN 3-87429-398-X.
  3. Кария яйцевидная (англ.): информация на сайте GRIN. (англ.)
  4. Орехоплодные лесные и садовые культуры / Ф. Л. Щепотьев, А. А. Рихтер, Ф. А. Павленко и др. — 2-е, перераб. и доп. — М.: Агропромиздат, 1985. — С. 201—202. — 224 с.
  5. Древесные породы мира. В 3-х т. / Под ред. Г. И. Воробьёва. — М.: Лесн. пром-сть, 1982. — Т. 2. — С. 136—138. — 352 с.
  6. Колесников А. И. Декоративная дендрология. — М.: «Лесная промышленность», 1974. — С. 504—505.
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Кария яйцевидная: Brief Summary ( russ; russi )

fornì da wikipedia русскую Википедию
 src= Ствол с отслаивающейся корой, благодаря которой этот вид получил одно из своих названий

Ка́рия яйцеви́дная, или Гикори яйцевиднолистное (лат. Carya ovata) — вид растений из рода Гикори (Carya) семейства Ореховые (Juglandaceae), произрастающий в Северной Америке (Канада, США, Мексика). Культивируется также в Европе.

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