Broad-scale Impacts of Plant Response to Fire
(
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)
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More info for the terms:
fire use,
prescribed fireThe following Research Project Summaries
provide information on prescribed
fire use and postfire response of plant
community species, including sourwood,
that was not available when this
species review was originally
written:
- sitassion bibliogràfica
- Coladonato, Milo. 1992. Oxydendrum arboreum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Common Names
(
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)
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sourwood
sorrel-tree
lily-of-the-valley-tree
- sitassion bibliogràfica
- Coladonato, Milo. 1992. Oxydendrum arboreum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Cover Value
(
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)
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Sourwood snags provide cavity-nesting sites for various birds in
southern Appalachian forests [
24].
- sitassion bibliogràfica
- Coladonato, Milo. 1992. Oxydendrum arboreum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Description
(
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)
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More info for the terms:
capsule,
fruit,
treeSourwood is a native, deciduous, medium-sized tree, 40 to 60 feet (12-15
m) tall [
13,
30]. It develops a slender trunk and small crown in dense
stands. In the open it forms a short, often leaning trunk dividing into
several stout, ascending limbs [
32]. The inflorescence is a raceme
emanating from a central axis. The simple, alternate leaves are 4 to 7
inches (10-18 cm) long and variable in shape. The fruit is a capsule
0.25 to 0.5 inch (6-13 mm) long containing many tiny seeds [
9,
23,
42].
No information on the rooting habit of sourwood was found in the
literature.
- sitassion bibliogràfica
- Coladonato, Milo. 1992. Oxydendrum arboreum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Distribution
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)
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Sourwood grows in upland forests of the southeastern United States. It
is found from southern Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Indiana, to southeastern
Louisiana and the panhandle of Florida. It also grows in the
mountainous regions of Kentucky and Tennessee and along the Atlantic
Coast from North Carolina to Virginia. The main range of sourwood lies
between 30 and 40 degrees N. and 75 and 92 degrees W. Sourwood reaches
its largest size on the western slopes of the Great Smoky Mountains in
Tennessee [
9,
30,
32].
- sitassion bibliogràfica
- Coladonato, Milo. 1992. Oxydendrum arboreum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Fire Ecology
(
Anglèis
)
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More info for the terms:
fire regime,
root crownSourwood has the ability to sprout from the root crown or stump
following fire [
4,
11,
16].
FIRE REGIMES : Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this
species may occur by entering the species name in the
FEIS home page under
"Find FIRE REGIMES".
- sitassion bibliogràfica
- Coladonato, Milo. 1992. Oxydendrum arboreum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Fire Management Considerations
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)
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If used as a management tool, Trousdell [
39] recommends one winter fire
followed by three summer fires as the treatment most effective in
controlling sourwood.
- sitassion bibliogràfica
- Coladonato, Milo. 1992. Oxydendrum arboreum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Growth Form (according to Raunkiær Life-form classification)
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)
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More info on this topic. More info for the term:
phanerophyte Phanerophyte
- sitassion bibliogràfica
- Coladonato, Milo. 1992. Oxydendrum arboreum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Habitat characteristics
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)
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More info for the terms:
cover,
cover type,
mesic,
swampIn the central Appalachian Mountains sourwood is most abundant on
subxeric open slopes and ridges occupied by chestnut oak (Quercus
prinus), white oak (Q. alba), scarlet oak (Q. coccinea), and Virginia
pine (Pinus virginiana). It is less frequent on more mesic sites such
as coves and sheltered slopes. Throughout this area sourwood is found
up to 5,000 feet (1,520 m) but rarely to 5,600 feet (1,710 m) in
elevation [
3,
6,
32].
Sourwood grows throughout the Piedmont uplands. It is also found along
Piedmont streams on well-drained lowland areas not subject to flooding.
In the Coastal Plain it is found on gently rolling areas. Toward the
coast it is restricted to old dunes and well-drained slopes and ridges
above streams and swamp borders. Sourwood is commonly found growing on
soils in the orders Ultisols, Inceptisols, and Entisols [
5,
26,
32].
Other associates of sourwood in addition to the cover type species are
sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua), yellow-poplar (Liriodendron
tulipifera), southern red oak (Q. falcata), red and sugar maple (Acer
rubrum and A. saccharum), shagbark, bitternut, pignut, and mockernut
hickory (Carya ovata, C. cordiformis, C. glabra, and C. tomentosa),
white ash (Fraxinus americanus), American beech (Fagus grandifolia),
eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), flowering dogwood (Cornus florida),
sassafras (Sassafras albidum), American hornbeam (Carpinus caroliniana),
eastern hophornbeam (Ostrya virginiana), and redbud (Cercis canadensis)
[
2,
18,
32].
- sitassion bibliogràfica
- Coladonato, Milo. 1992. Oxydendrum arboreum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Habitat: Cover Types
(
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)
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More info on this topic. This species is known to occur in association with the following cover types (as classified by the Society of American Foresters):
40 Post oak - blackjack oak
44 Chestnut oak
52 White oak - black oak - northern red oak
53 White oak
75 Shortleaf pine
76 Shortleaf pine - oak
78 Virginia pine - oak
79 Virginia pine
81 Loblolly pine
82 Loblolly pine - hardwood
- sitassion bibliogràfica
- Coladonato, Milo. 1992. Oxydendrum arboreum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Habitat: Ecosystem
(
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)
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More info on this topic. This species is known to occur in the following ecosystem types (as named by the U.S. Forest Service in their Forest and Range Ecosystem [FRES] Type classification):
FRES13 Loblolly - shortleaf pine
FRES14 Oak - pine
FRES15 Oak - hickory
- sitassion bibliogràfica
- Coladonato, Milo. 1992. Oxydendrum arboreum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Habitat: Plant Associations
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)
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More info on this topic. This species is known to occur in association with the following plant community types (as classified by Küchler 1964):
More info for the term:
forest K100 Oak - hickory forest
K104 Appalachian oak forest
K111 Oak - hickory - pine forest
K112 Southern mixed forest
- sitassion bibliogràfica
- Coladonato, Milo. 1992. Oxydendrum arboreum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Immediate Effect of Fire
(
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)
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More info for the term:
ground fireLow-severity fire typically top-kills sourwood [
1,
20]. Oosting [
31]
reports that a single high-severity ground fire completely eliminated
sourwood from a loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) community in North Carolina.
- sitassion bibliogràfica
- Coladonato, Milo. 1992. Oxydendrum arboreum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Importance to Livestock and Wildlife
(
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)
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More info for the term:
forestSourwood sprouts are often browsed by white-tailed deer [
14,
30]. In a
study on 35 acres (14 ha) of the Pisgah National Forest in North
Carolina, browse utilization of sourwood twigs by white-tailed deer was
74 percent [
8].
- sitassion bibliogràfica
- Coladonato, Milo. 1992. Oxydendrum arboreum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Life Form
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)
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More info for the term:
treeTree
- sitassion bibliogràfica
- Coladonato, Milo. 1992. Oxydendrum arboreum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Management considerations
(
Anglèis
)
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Sourwood sprouts often compete with the establishment of more desirable
species in second-growth and cutover areas [
25,
39]. Methods and
effectiveness of herbicide treatment for controlling sourwood and other
undesirable hardwoods have been given in detail [
27,
28,
29,
36].
Damaging Agents: Several insects attack sourwood. The dogwood-twig
borer (Oberea tripunctata) and the twig girdler (Oncideres cingulata)
attack the twigs. The fall webworm (Hyphantria cunea) and the hickory
horn devil (the larvae of the regal moth [Citheronia regalis]) consume
the foliage. There are no known serious diseases that affect sourwood
[
32].
- sitassion bibliogràfica
- Coladonato, Milo. 1992. Oxydendrum arboreum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Occurrence in North America
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)
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AL FL GA KY LA MD MS NC OH PA
SC TN VA WV
- sitassion bibliogràfica
- Coladonato, Milo. 1992. Oxydendrum arboreum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Other uses and values
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)
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Sourwood is occasionally used as an ornamental because of the brilliant
fall color of its leaves and midsummer flowers. The flowers of sourwood
are also an important source of honey [
30,
32].
- sitassion bibliogràfica
- Coladonato, Milo. 1992. Oxydendrum arboreum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Phenology
(
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)
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More info on this topic. More info for the term:
fruitSourwood blooms from late June to August; the fruit ripens from
September through October [
30,
41].
- sitassion bibliogràfica
- Coladonato, Milo. 1992. Oxydendrum arboreum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Plant Response to Fire
(
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)
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More info for the terms:
density,
forest,
low-severity fire,
prescribed fireSourwood is usually an increaser following low-severity fire [
32].
Following an early summer prescribed fire on the Sumter National Forest
in South Carolina, sourwood stem density increased from 33 stems per acre
(82 stem/ha) to 420 stems per acre (1,040 stems/ha) [
38].
- sitassion bibliogràfica
- Coladonato, Milo. 1992. Oxydendrum arboreum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Post-fire Regeneration
(
Anglèis
)
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More info for the term:
tree Tree with adventitious-bud root crown/root sucker
- sitassion bibliogràfica
- Coladonato, Milo. 1992. Oxydendrum arboreum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Regeneration Processes
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)
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More info for the terms:
capsule,
epigeal,
litter,
root crown,
seedSeed production and dissemination: Estimated seed production ranging
from 1,850,000 to 5,500,000 seeds per pound (4,080,000-12,250,000
seeds/kg) has been reported [
32,
42]. The fruits are shed in the fall
and the seeds are dispersed gradually throughout the winter by the
dehiscing capsule. Sourwood seeds germinate well without special
treatment [
32,
33].
Seedling development: Germination is epigeal. Seedbed requirements for
sourwood have not been reported. In the Piedmont, sourwood seed
germination and establishment may occur on litter and under partially
shaded conditions. Techniques for sourwood seed collection, storage,
and germination have been described [
32].
Vegetative reproduction: Sourwood sprouts prolifically and persistently
from the stump and root crown [
11,
17]. It is difficult to propagate
from cuttings; no reports were found of propagation from grafting [
32].
- sitassion bibliogràfica
- Coladonato, Milo. 1992. Oxydendrum arboreum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Successional Status
(
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)
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More info on this topic. Facultative seral species.
Sourwood is shade tolerant. In the Piedmont sourwood seedlings and
saplings are found in all stages of successsion from young pine (Pinus
spp.) stands to oak-hickory (Quercus spp.- Carya spp.) forests.
Sourwood's response to release is not known [
7,
32,
35].
- sitassion bibliogràfica
- Coladonato, Milo. 1992. Oxydendrum arboreum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Taxonomy
(
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)
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The currently accepted scientific name for sourwood is Oxydendrum
arboreum (L.) DC. [
21]. Oxydendrum is a monotypic genus [
15]. There
are no recognized subspecies, varieties, or forms.
- sitassion bibliogràfica
- Coladonato, Milo. 1992. Oxydendrum arboreum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Wood Products Value
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)
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More info for the term:
fuelSourwood is of little value as a commercial timber species. The wood
is used to make tool handles and for fuel. Sourwood is used with a
mixture of other species for pulp [
30,
41].
- sitassion bibliogràfica
- Coladonato, Milo. 1992. Oxydendrum arboreum. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Comprehensive Description
(
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)
fornì da North American Flora
Oxydendrum arboreum (I,.) DC. Prodr. 7: 601. 1839
Andromeda arborea L. Sp. PI. 394. 1753.
Lyonia arborea D. Don, Edinb. New Phil. Jour. 17: 159. 1834.
A tree sometimes 25 m. tall, with glabrous or sparingly puberulent twigs; leaf -blades oblong, elliptic, or oval, or sometimes oblong-lanceolate, 8-20 cm. long, acuminate, sometimes short-acuminate, finely serrate, shining above, paler and sometimes glaucescent beneath, and also puberulent and sparingly pubescent on the veins, especially when young, acute or abruptly narrowed at the base, rather slender-petioled ; panicles mostly -1-2 dm. long, the branches distichous, puberulent; pedicels drooping in anthesis, erect in fruit; calyx-lobes ovate to lanceolate, 3-4 mm. long, acuminate; corolla wax-like, 6-7 mm. long, constricted at the throat, the lobes obtuse to mucronulate; stamens 5-6 mm. long; capsules ovoid, sometimes narrowly so, 4-5 mm. long, usually slightly constricted below the apex, canescent.
Type locality: Virginia. ^
Distribution: In or near the mountains, Pennsylvania and Ohio to Florida and Mississippi.
- sitassion bibliogràfica
- John Kunkel Small, NathanieI Lord Britton, Per Axel Rydberg, LeRoy Abrams. 1914. ERICALES, CLETHRACEAE, LENNOACEAE, PTROLACEAE, MONOTROPACEAE, ERICACEAE, UVA-URSI. North American flora. vol 29(1). New York Botanical Garden, New York, NY
Associated Forest Cover
(
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)
fornì da Silvics of North America
Sourwood is an understory to midcanopy associate of the following
forest cover types (Society of American Foresters) (6):
40 Post Oak-Blackjack Oak
44 Chestnut Oak
51 White Pine-Chestnut Oak
52 White Oak-Black Oak-Northern Red Oak
53 White Oak
75 Shortleaf Pine
76 Shortleaf Pine-Oak
78 Virginia Pine-Oak
79 Virginia Pine
81 Loblolly Pine
82 Loblolly Pine-Hardwood
110 Black Oak
Other associates, in addition to the cover type species,
are sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua); yellow-poplar
(Liriodendron tulipifera); scarlet and southern red oak
(Q. falcata); red and sugar maple (Acer rubrum and
A. saccharum); shagbark, bitternut, pignut, and mockernut
hickory (Carya ovata, C. cordiformis, C. glabra, and C.
tomentosa); white ash (Fraxinus americana); American
beech (Fagus grandifolia); eastern hemlock (Tsuga
canadensis); flowering dogwood (Cornus florida); sassafras
(Sassafras albidum); American hornbeam (Carpinus
caroliniana); eastern hophornbeam (Ostrya virginiana);
and redbud (Cercis canadensis).
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Climate
(
Anglèis
)
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Annual precipitation within the range of sourwood varies from 1020
mm (40 in) in the North to 2030 mm (80 in) in the central
Appalachians. Warm season precipitation ranges from 530 mm (21
in) in the North to 910 mm. (36 in) on the gulf coast and in the
Appalachians, and annual snowfall varies from none along the gulf
coast to 152 cm (60 in) in the Appalachians. The length of the
growing season fluctuates from 150 days in the mountains of
southern Pennsylvania to 300 days in northern Florida.
Temperature extremes vary from -29° C (-20° F) to 42°
C (107° F) within the range of sourwood.
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Damaging Agents
(
Anglèis
)
fornì da Silvics of North America
Several insects attack sour wood but
normally do no serious harm (1). The dog. wood-twig borer, Oberea
tripunctata, and the twig girdler, Oncideres cingulata,
attack the twigs; the fall webworm, Hyphantria cunea (7),
and the hickory horned devil (the larva of the regal moth), Citheronia
regalis, attack the foliage.
There are no known reports of serious diseases that affect
sourwood.
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Flowering and Fruiting
(
Anglèis
)
fornì da Silvics of North America
Sourwood is among the latest of
the flowering shrubs and trees to bloom, The white, bell-shaped
perfect flowers appear from late June to August in copious masses
on one-sided racemes clustered in an open particle. The flowers
are insect pollinated and are an important honey source in some
areas (14).
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Genetics
(
Anglèis
)
fornì da Silvics of North America
No studies on the genetic characteristics of sourwood have been
reported.
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Growth and Yield
(
Anglèis
)
fornì da Silvics of North America
The maximum size for sourwood is 24 in
(80 ft) in height and 61 cm (24 in) in diameter. It is typically
much smaller, reaching 6 to 15 in (20 to 50 ft) in height and 20
to 30 cm (8 to 1 in) in diameter (11).
Sourwood usually remains in the forest understory from seedling to
maturity. It occasionally enters the overstory in Piedmont
lowland pine stands, but on upland sites it attains the upper
canopy only if some disturbance removes the overtopping
vegetation (10)
Sourwood develops a slender trunk and small crown in dense stands.
In more open situations it forms a short, often leaning trunk
dividing into several stout, ascending limbs. Growth is slow in
established stands, but the initial growth of sprout in cutover
areas is rapid enough to hinder establishment of more desirable
species (7,12). Per-acre volume estimates are not available for
this specie because it usually grows in mixture with other
species rather than in pure stands.
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Reaction to Competition
(
Anglèis
)
fornì da Silvics of North America
Sourwood is classed as tolerant
of shade and can grow and reproduce in the understory of climax
(oak-hickory) forest (3,10,11). Its response to release is not
definitely known but is thought to be poor.
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Rooting Habit
(
Anglèis
)
fornì da Silvics of North America
No information is currently available on
the rooting habit of sourwood.
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Seed Production and Dissemination
(
Anglèis
)
fornì da Silvics of North America
The fruit is a capsule
6 to 13 min (0.25 to 0.5 in) in length. It ripens in September
and October, and the tiny seeds are dispersed gradually
throughout the winter by the dehiscing capsule. The number of
seeds in clean lots range from 4 080 000 to 12 125 000 seeds per
kilogram (1,850,000 to 5,500,000/lb) (14).
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Seedling Development
(
Anglèis
)
fornì da Silvics of North America
Seedbed requirements are not known
for natural regeneration. In the Piedmont, however, sourwood
seedlings and saplings are found in all stages of succession from
young pine stands to the oak-hickory climax (10). This indicates
that seed germination and establishment may occur on litter and
under partially shaded conditions.
Techniques have been described for sourwood seed collection,
storage, and germination (2,5,14). Acid sandy peat is recommended
as a seedbed for sourwood. Germination is epigeal.
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Soils and Topography
(
Anglèis
)
fornì da Silvics of North America
In the central Appalachians sourwood is most abundant on subxeric
open slopes and ridges occupied by chestnut oak (Quercus
prinus), white oak (Q. alba), scarlet oak (Q.
coccinea), and Virginia pine (Pinus virginiana). It
appears less frequently on more mesic sites such as coves and
sheltered slopes (17). Throughout this area sourwood is found up
to 1520 m (5,000 ft) but rarely to 1710 m (5,600 ft) (13).
Sourwood grows throughout the Piedmont uplands. It is also found
along Piedmont streams on well-drained lowland areas not subject
to ordinary flooding (10). Where it enters the Coastal Plain it
is found on the gently rolling areas of the upper portion; toward
the coast it is restricted to old dunes and well-drained slopes
and ridges above streams and swamp borders.
Like most of the Ericaceae, sourwood generally does not grow on
soils of limestone origin (8,11) but is most commonly found
growing on soils in the orders Ultisols, Inceptisols, and
Entisols.
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Special Uses
(
Anglèis
)
fornì da Silvics of North America
Sourwood is occasionally used as an ornamental because of its
brilliant fall color and midsummer flowers (7). It is of little
value as a timber species the wood is heavy and is used locally
for handles and fuel and in mixture with other species for pulp
(8). Sourwood is important as a source of honey in some areas and
sourwood honey is marketed locally.
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Vegetative Reproduction
(
Anglèis
)
fornì da Silvics of North America
Sourwood sprouts prolifically and
persistently from the stump and often must be treated with
herbicides to release more desirable species in second growth and
in cutover areas (7,9,12,15). Sourwood is difficult to propagate
from cuttings. A single report found softwood cuttings (short
side shoots), made with a heel and taken in late July with a 90
ppm IBA soak, rooted 80 percent when placed in a sand:peat (equal
volumes) mix under mist (5). No reports were found of
propagation by grafting.
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Distribution
(
Anglèis
)
fornì da Silvics of North America
Sourwood is found from southwest Pennsylvania to southern Ohio,
and southern Indiana, south to southeastern Louisiana and the
coastal region of Mississippi, Alabama, and northwest Florida;
west to western Kentucky and Tennessee, and to the Delta in
Mississippi; and east to the Atlantic coast from southern
Virginia to central North Carolina, and to the edge of the
Coastal Plain in South Carolina and Georgia. The main range lies
between latitude 30° and 40° N. and longitude 75°
and 92° W. Sourwood reaches its largest size on the western
slopes of the Great Smoky Mountains in Tennessee.
-The native range of sourwood.
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Brief Summary
(
Anglèis
)
fornì da Silvics of North America
Ericaceae -- Heath family
Ronald P. Overton
Sourwood (Oxydendrum arboreum) grows in the upland forests
of the southeastern United States. Also known as sorrel-tree or
lily-of-the-valley-tree, its flowers are an important source of
honey in some areas but it is of little value as a timber
species. Sourwood sprouts often interfere with the establishment
of more desirable species in second-growth and cutover areas.
This mid-summer flowering tree is an attractive ornamental.
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Oxydendrum arboreum
(
Asturian
)
fornì da wikipedia AST
Oxydendrum ye un xéneru de plantes pertenecientes a la familia de les Ericácees. Trátase d'un xéneru monotípicu, que cunta con una sola especie: Oxydendrum arboreum, llamada comúnmente Oxidendro.[1] Ye nativu del este de Norteamérica, dende'l sur de Pennsylvania sur y noroeste de Florida y oeste y sur d'Illinois; ye bien común nes zones baxes de los Montes Apalaches. Ye l'únicu miembru de la tribu Oxydendreae.
Descripción
Ye un pequeñu árbol o gran parrotal qu'algama 10-20 m d'altor y el tueru 50 cm de diámetru. Les fueyes disponer n'espiral, caduques, de 8-20 cm de llargor y 4-9 cm d'anchu colos marxes serraos finamente. Les flores son blanques, acampanaes de 6-9 mm de llargor, producíes en panícules. El frutu ye una pequeña cápsula.
Cultivu y usos
El Oxydendrum arboreum ye perfectamente resistente nel norte y ye un dignu árbol ornamental en xardinos y parques. El so floriamientu tardíu fai que sía deseable, y el so coloríu serondiegu ye particularmente formosu y brillosu. Les fueyes tán fuertemente cargada d'ácidu, y hasta ciertu puntu tien l'apariencia de la del piescu.[2] Les fueyes son tamién utilizaes como un laxante.
Ye famosu pol néctar, y pal miel que se produz a partir d'ella. El zusmiu de les sos flores utilizar pa faer auria. Los biltos fueron utilizaos polos Cheroqui y el Catawba pa faer fleches.
Taxonomía
Oxydendrum arboreum describióse por (L.) DC. y espublizóse en Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 7(2): 601. 1839.[3]
- Sinonimia
Ver tamién
Referencies
-
↑ Nome vulgar preferíu en castellán, en Árboles: guía de campu; Johnson, Owen y More, David; traductor: Pijoan Rotger, Manuel, ed. Omega, 2006. ISBN 13: 978-84-282-1400-1. Versión n'español de la Collins Tree Guide.
-
↑ Keeler, Harriet L. (1900). Our Native Trees and How to Identify Them (n'inglés). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 192–194.
-
↑ «Oxydendrum arboreum». Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. Consultáu'l 14 d'avientu de 2013.
-
↑ Oxydendrum arboreum en PlantList
Bibliografía
- Anonymous. 1986. List-Based Rec., Soil Conserv. Serv., O.S.D.A. Database of the O.S.D.A., Beltsville.
- Fernald, M. 1950. Manual (ed. 8) i–lxiv, 1–1632. American Book Co., New York.
- Gleason, H. A. 1968. The Sympetalous Dicotyledoneae. vol. 3. 596 pp. In H. A. Gleason Ill. Fl. N. O.S. (ed. 3). New York Botanical Garden, New York.
- Gleason, H. A. & A.J. Cronquist. 1991. Man. Vasc. Pl. N.Y. O.S. (ed. 2) i–910. New York Botanical Garden, Bronx.
- Radford, A. Y., H. Y. Ahles & C. R. Bell. 1968. Man. Vasc. Fl. Carolinas i–lxi, 1–1183. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill.
- Small, J. K. 1933. Man. S.Y. Fl. i–xxii, 1–1554. Published by the Author, New York. View in BotanicusView in Biodiversity Heritage Library
- Wunderlin, R. P. 1998. Guide Vasc. Pl. Florida i–x, 1–806. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.
Enllaces esternos
Esta páxina forma parte del wikiproyeutu Botánica, un esfuerciu collaborativu col fin d'ameyorar y organizar tolos conteníos rellacionaos con esti tema. Visita la páxina d'alderique del proyeutu pa collaborar y facer entrugues o suxerencies.
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Oxydendrum arboreum: Brief Summary
(
Asturian
)
fornì da wikipedia AST
Oxydendrum arboreum Oxydendrum ye un xéneru de plantes pertenecientes a la familia de les Ericácees. Trátase d'un xéneru monotípicu, que cunta con una sola especie: Oxydendrum arboreum, llamada comúnmente Oxidendro. Ye nativu del este de Norteamérica, dende'l sur de Pennsylvania sur y noroeste de Florida y oeste y sur d'Illinois; ye bien común nes zones baxes de los Montes Apalaches. Ye l'únicu miembru de la tribu Oxydendreae.
Ilustración
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Kysloun stromový
(
Cech
)
fornì da wikipedia CZ
Kysloun stromový (Oxydendrum arboreum) je jediný druh rodu kysloun z čeledi vřesovcovité. Kysloun stromový je ve své domovině nazýván „šťovíkový strom“[2]. Přirozeně se vyskytuje v Severní Americe od jižní Pensylvánie přes jih po severozápad státu Florida až na západ po jižní Illinois. Nejhojnější je ve spodní části Appalačského pohoří.
Popis
Kysloun stromový je malý strom nebo (jako v ČR) velký keř, rostoucí do výšky 10–20 m, s kmenem až do průměru 50 cm. Kůra je šedá s načervenalým nádechem, hluboce zbrázděná a šupinatá. Větvičky jsou nejdříve světle žlutozelené, později načervenale hnědé. Dřevo načervenale hnědé, těžké, tvrdé, jemně zrnité, má vysoký lesk.
Zimní pupeny jsou axilární, tmavě červené, částečně kryté v kůře.
Listy jsou vřetenovitě uspořádány, jsou opadavé, 8–20 cm dlouhé a 4–9 cm široké, s jemně zoubkovanými okraji, podlouhle oválné až opačně kopinaté, klínovitě se zužující u báze, zoubkované. Nápadné je střední žebro žilnatiny. Při rašení jsou listy bronzově zeleně lesklé a zářivé, hladké, při plném růstu jsou tmavě zelené, lesklé a světle šedivé na rubu. Na podzim mění barvu na zářivě červenou. Listy jsou silně nasyceny kyselinou.[3]
Květy jsou krémově bílé, zvonkovité, 6–9 mm dlouhé. Kysloun stromový vykvétá v latách, 15–25 cm dlouhých. Kalich je pětidílný, koruna vejčitě válcovitá, zúžená dole, krémovitě bílá, pětizubá. Obsahuje deset tyčinek. Plody jsou malé, dřevité tobolky[3].
Kořeny jsou mělké. Strom roste nejlépe, když má malou kořenovou konkurenci, ale pro úspěšný růst také vyžaduje kyselé půdy. Listy lze žvýkat (ale neměly by být polykány), pomáhají zmírňovat pocit sucha v ústech.
Pěstování a využití
Kysloun stromový je dokonale odolný proti chladu a je cenným okrasným stromem v parcích USA. Jeho pozdní kvetení je ceněné, ale jeho podzimní zbarvení je také obdivované. U nás je pěstován jen v botanických sbírkách.
Kysloun stromový je proslulý jako medonosný strom. Šťáva z jeho květů se používá k výrobě želé „sourwood jelly“. Listy působí projímavě.
Letorosty byly používány indiány kmene Cherokee a Catawba k výrobě šípů.
Zajímavost
"Sourwood Mountain" (Sourwood je obecně rozšířený název pro kysloun stromový) je název skladby ve stylu Old Time Music, rozšířeného v Appalačské oblasti Spojených států. [1] [2]
Galerie
Blízký pohled na podzimní zbarvení, NC. 10-30-2008.
Odkazy
Reference
V tomto článku byl použit překlad textu z článku Sourwood na anglické Wikipedii.
-
↑ Červený seznam IUCN 2018.1. 5. července 2018. Dostupné online. [cit. 2018-08-10]
-
↑ Sunset Western Garden Book, 1995:606–607
-
↑ a b KEELER, Harriet L. Our Native Trees and How to Identify Them. New York: Charles Scriber's Sons, 1900. S. 192–194.
Externí odkazy
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Kysloun stromový: Brief Summary
(
Cech
)
fornì da wikipedia CZ
Kysloun stromový (Oxydendrum arboreum) je jediný druh rodu kysloun z čeledi vřesovcovité. Kysloun stromový je ve své domovině nazýván „šťovíkový strom“. Přirozeně se vyskytuje v Severní Americe od jižní Pensylvánie přes jih po severozápad státu Florida až na západ po jižní Illinois. Nejhojnější je ve spodní části Appalačského pohoří.
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Sauerbaum
(
Alman
)
fornì da wikipedia DE
Der Sauerbaum (Oxydendrum arboreum) ist die einzige Pflanzenart der einzigen Gattung Oxydendrum der Tribus Oxydendreae, die zur Familie der Heidekrautgewächse (Ericaceae) gehört. Die Trivialnamen, im Deutschen Sauerbaum, im Englischen „Sourwood“ und der botanische Gattungsname Oxydendrum – Griechisch: oxy für sauer und dendron für Baum – beziehen sich auf die sauer schmeckenden Blätter.
Beschreibung
Der Sauerbaum bildet sommergrüne, mittelgroße Bäume (Lebensform: Phanerophyt) und kann Wuchshöhen von etwa 12 bis 15 Meter erreichen. Diese langsam wachsende Art ist schattentolerant, kommt aber auch an sonnigen Standorten zurecht. Die rostig-braune Borke ist anfangs glatt und wird dann rissig. Die wechselständigen Laubblätter sind einfach, 10 bis 18 cm lang und variabel in der Form. Der Blattrand ist glatt bis gesägt. Auffällig ist scharlachrote Herbstfärbung des Laubes. Nach einem Feuer erfolgt ein Neuaustrieb aus dem Wurzelstock oder aus dem Stamm.
Ausschnitt eines Blütenstandes mit den glockenförmigen Blüten
An den Zweigenden (endständig) stehen in 20 bis 25 Zentimeter langen, rispigen Gesamtblütenständen wenige traubige Teilblütenstände zusammen. Es sind Tragblätter und in Paaren stehende Deckblätter vorhanden. Die gestielten, süßlich duftenden, fünfzähligen Blüten sind zwittrig und radiärsymmetrisch. Die fünf Kelchblätter sind an ihrer Basis verwachsen. Die weißen, etwa 8 mm langen Kronblätter sind glockig verwachsen mit nur kurzen Kronlappen. Es sind zwei Kreise mit je fünf fertilen Staubblättern vorhanden. Die geraden Staubfäden und die tetrasporangiaten Staubbeutel besitzen jeweils keine Anhängsel. Fünf Fruchtblätter sind zu einem oberständigen Fruchtknoten verwachsen. Die maiglöckchenartigen Blütenstände blühen im Spätsommer Juni bis August.
Es ist die einzige Art innerhalb der Ericaceae, die eine länglich-eiförmige Kapselfrucht besitzt; sie ist 6 bis 13 mm lang. Die Kapselfrucht enthält viele winzige Samen (ein Bericht schreibt von 4.080.000 bis 12.250.000 Samen/kg). Die Kapselfrüchte reifen noch im gleichen Jahr wie die Blüte von September bis Oktober, öffnen sich im Winter und entlassen dann die Samen nicht auf einmal.
Die Chromosomenzahl beträgt 2n = 24.[1]
Ökologie
Der Weißwedelhirsch (Odocoileus virginianus) frisst die jungen Zweige.
Oberea tripunctata und Oncideres cingulata greifen die Zweige an. Die Larve des Weißen Bärenspinners (Hyphantria cunea) und die von Citheronia regalis fressen die Blätter.
Vorkommen
Der Sauerbaum stammt aus dem Osten der USA. Er kommt vor in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Missouri, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia und West Virginia.[1] Das Hauptverbreitungsgebiet reicht von 30 bis 40° N und von 75 bis 92° W. Die größten Bäume dieser Art wachsen an den Westhängen der Great Smoky Mountains in Tennessee. Es wird saurer Boden bevorzugt (diese Art kommt mit pH 4 bis 6 zurecht). Diese Art ist auch in Mitteleuropa frosthart (Winterhärte: USDA-Klimazonen 5–9).
Nutzung
Das rötlich-braune, harte und schwere Holz wird nicht sehr häufig genutzt. Man fertigt daraus Werkzeuggriffe und nutzt es als Feuerholz.
Sauerbaum wird für Gewürzmischungen verwendet. Die Blüten sind wichtig zur Honiggewinnung.
Die sauren Blätter werden roh gegessen. Medizinische Verwendungen wurden untersucht.[2]
Besonders auf Grund seiner schönen Herbstfärbung wird der Sauerbaum als Ziergehölz verwendet.
Quellen
-
Oxydendreae bei Ericaceae-Homepage von Kathleen A. Kron.
- USDA Datenblatt.
- Kathleen A. Kron, W. S. Judd, P. F. Stevens, D. M. Crayn, A. A. Anderberg, P. A. Gadek, C. J. Quinn & J. L. Luteyn: A phylogenetic classification of Ericaceae: Molecular and morphological evidence., in Botanical Review, 68, 2002, S. 335–423. (Zusammenfassung)
Einzelnachweise
-
↑ a b Walter S. Judd: Oxydendrum de Candolle. In: Flora of North America, vol. 8. [1].
-
↑ Eintrag bei Plants for a Future
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Sauerbaum: Brief Summary
(
Alman
)
fornì da wikipedia DE
![src=]()
Der Titel dieses Artikels ist mehrdeutig. Weitere Bedeutungen sind unter
Sauerbaum (Begriffsklärung) aufgeführt.
Der Sauerbaum (Oxydendrum arboreum) ist die einzige Pflanzenart der einzigen Gattung Oxydendrum der Tribus Oxydendreae, die zur Familie der Heidekrautgewächse (Ericaceae) gehört. Die Trivialnamen, im Deutschen Sauerbaum, im Englischen „Sourwood“ und der botanische Gattungsname Oxydendrum – Griechisch: oxy für sauer und dendron für Baum – beziehen sich auf die sauer schmeckenden Blätter.
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Oxydendrum
(
Anglèis
)
fornì da wikipedia EN
Oxydendrum arboreum, /ˌɒksɪˈdɛndrəm ɑːrˈbɔːriəm/[2] the sourwood or sorrel tree, is the sole species in the genus Oxydendrum, in the family Ericaceae. It is native to eastern North America, from southern Pennsylvania south to northwest Florida and west to southern Illinois; it is most common in the lower chain of the Appalachian Mountains. The tree is frequently seen as a component of oak-heath forests.[3][4]
Growth
Sourwood is a small tree or large shrub, growing to 10–20 m (33–66 ft) tall with a trunk up to 50 cm (20 in) diameter. Occasionally on extremely productive sites, this species can reach heights in excess of 30 meters and 60 cm diameter. The leaves are alternately arranged, deciduous, 8–20 cm (3.1–7.9 in) long and 4–9 cm (1.6–3.5 in) broad, with a finely serrated margin; they are dark green in summer, but turn vivid red in fall. The flowers are white, bell-shaped, 6–9 mm ( 1/4 to 1/3 inch) long, produced on 15–25 cm (5.9–9.8 in) long panicles. The fruit is a small woody capsule. The roots are shallow, and the tree grows best when there is little root competition; it also requires acidic soils for successful growth. The leaves can be chewed (but should not be swallowed) to help alleviate a dry-feeling mouth.
Description
The bark is gray with a reddish tinge, deeply furrowed and scaly. Branchlets at first are light yellow green, but later turn reddish brown. The wood is reddish brown, with paler sapwood; it is heavy, hard, and close-grained, and will take a high polish. Its specific gravity is 0.7458, with a density of 46.48 lb/cu ft.
The winter buds are axillary, minute, dark red, and partly immersed in the bark. Inner scales enlarge when spring growth begins.
Leaves are alternate, four to seven inches long, 1.5 to 2.5 inches wide, oblong to oblanceolate, wedge-shaped at the base, serrate, and acute or acuminate. Leaf veins are feather-veined, the midrib is conspicuous. They emerge from the bud revolute, bronze green and shining, and smooth; when full-grown, they are dark green, shining above, and pale and glaucous below. In autumn, they turn bright scarlet. Petioles are long and slender, with stipules wanting. They are heavily laden with acid.
In June and July, cream-white flowers are borne in terminal panicles of secund racemes seven to eight inches long; rachis and short pedicels are downy. The calyx is five-parted and persistent; lobes are valvate in bud. The corolla is ovoid-cylindric, narrowed at the throat, cream-white, and five-toothed. The 10 stamens are inserted on the corolla; filaments are wider than the anthers; anthers are two-celled. The pistil is ovary superior, ovoid, and five-celled; the style is columnar; the stigma is simple; the disk is ten-toothed, and ovules are many.
The fruit is a capsule, downy, five-valved, five-angled, and tipped by the persistent style; the pedicels are curving.[5]
Cultivation and uses
The sourwood is perfectly hardy in the north and a worthy ornamental tree in lawns and parks. Its late bloom makes it desirable, and its autumnal coloring is particularly beautiful and brilliant. The leaves are heavily charged with acid, and to some extent have the poise of those of the peach.[5] The leaves are also a laxative.[6]
It is renowned for nectar, and for the honey which is produced from it.[7][8] Juice from its blooms is used to make sourwood jelly. The shoots were used by the Cherokee and the Catawba to make arrowshafts.
In Appalachian culture
Sourwood Mountain is a popular old-time tune in the Appalachian region of the United States.
Gallery
Sourwood in autumn foliage on top of Pilot Mtn., NC. (10-30-2008)
References
-
^ Stritch, L. (2018). "Oxydendrum arboreum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T62002889A62003254. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T62002889A62003254.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
-
^ Sunset Western Garden Book. 1995. pp. 606–607.
-
^ "The Natural Communities of Virginia Classification of Ecological Community Groups (Version 2.3)". Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation. 2010. Archived from the original on 2009-01-15.
-
^ Schafale, M. P.; A. S., Weakley (1990). Classification of the natural communities of North Carolina: third approximation. North Carolina Natural Heritage Program, North Carolina Division of Parks and Recreation.
-
^ a b Keeler, Harriet L. (1900). Our Native Trees and How to Identify Them. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 192–194.
-
^ "Sourwood | Augusta, GA - Official Website". www.augustaga.gov. Retrieved 2019-02-01.
-
^ Honey Bee Biology and Beekeeping, Dewey M. Caron and Lawrence John Conner, 2013. page 151
-
^ National Audubon Society Field Guide to Trees, Eastern Region, North America, 2003, page 626
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Oxydendrum: Brief Summary
(
Anglèis
)
fornì da wikipedia EN
Oxydendrum arboreum, /ˌɒksɪˈdɛndrəm ɑːrˈbɔːriəm/ the sourwood or sorrel tree, is the sole species in the genus Oxydendrum, in the family Ericaceae. It is native to eastern North America, from southern Pennsylvania south to northwest Florida and west to southern Illinois; it is most common in the lower chain of the Appalachian Mountains. The tree is frequently seen as a component of oak-heath forests.
Foliage
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Oxydendrum arboreum
(
Spagneul; Castilian
)
fornì da wikipedia ES
Oxydendrum es un género de plantas pertenecientes a la familia de las Ericáceas. Se trata de un género monotípico, que cuenta con una sola especie: Oxydendrum arboreum, llamada comúnmente oxidendro.[1] Es nativo del este de Norteamérica, desde el sur de Pennsylvania sur y noroeste de Florida y oeste y sur de Illinois; es muy común en las zonas bajas de las Montañas Apalaches. Es el único miembro de la tribu Oxydendreae.
Descripción
Es un pequeño árbol o gran arbusto que alcanza 10-20 m de altura y el tronco 50 cm de diámetro. Las hojas se disponen en espiral, caducas, de 8-20 cm de longitud y 4-9 cm de ancho con los márgenes serrados finamente. Las flores son blancas, acampanadas de 6-9 mm de longitud, producidas en panículas. El fruto es una pequeña cápsula.
Cultivo y usos
El Oxydendrum arboreum es perfectamente resistente en el norte y es un digno árbol ornamental en jardines y parques. Su floración tardía hace que sea deseable, y su colorido otoñal es particularmente hermoso y brillante. Las hojas están fuertemente cargada de ácido, y hasta cierto punto tiene la apariencia de la del melocotón.[2] Las hojas son también utilizadas como un laxante.
Es famoso por el néctar, y para la miel que se produce a partir de ella. El jugo de sus flores se utiliza para hacer jalea. Los brotes fueron utilizados por los Cheroqui y el Catawba para hacer flechas.
Taxonomía
Oxydendrum arboreum fue descrita por (L.) DC. y publicado en Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 7(2): 601. 1839.[3]
- Sinonimia
Referencias
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- Autores y editores de Wikipedia
Oxydendrum arboreum: Brief Summary
(
Spagneul; Castilian
)
fornì da wikipedia ES
Oxydendrum es un género de plantas pertenecientes a la familia de las Ericáceas. Se trata de un género monotípico, que cuenta con una sola especie: Oxydendrum arboreum, llamada comúnmente oxidendro. Es nativo del este de Norteamérica, desde el sur de Pennsylvania sur y noroeste de Florida y oeste y sur de Illinois; es muy común en las zonas bajas de las Montañas Apalaches. Es el único miembro de la tribu Oxydendreae.
Ilustración
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Oxydendrum arboreum
(
Fransèis
)
fornì da wikipedia FR
Oxydendrum arboreum est une espèce d'arbres de la famille des Éricacées, c'est l'unique espèce du genre Oxydendrum (taxon monotypique).
Oxydendrum arboreum, connu sous le nom sourwood en anglais, est une plante native de l'Est des États-Unis, principalement distribuée dans la partie inférieure des Appalaches. Son écorce présente des sillons profonds.
Usage
Les fleurs permettent la production d'un miel apprécié. Cet arbre est aussi utilisé pour l'ornement.
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Oxydendrum arboreum: Brief Summary
(
Fransèis
)
fornì da wikipedia FR
Oxydendrum arboreum est une espèce d'arbres de la famille des Éricacées, c'est l'unique espèce du genre Oxydendrum (taxon monotypique).
Oxydendrum arboreum, connu sous le nom sourwood en anglais, est une plante native de l'Est des États-Unis, principalement distribuée dans la partie inférieure des Appalaches. Son écorce présente des sillons profonds.
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Kiselo drvo
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Croat
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Kiselo drvo (lat. Oxydendrum ), biljni rod iz porodice vrjesovki čiji je jedini predstavnik listopadno stablo Oxydendrum arboreum, lokalno je poznato pod imenom sourwood, zbog kiselog okusa lista. Ime mu dolazi iz grčke riječi oxys (kiseo) dendron (drvo).
Naraste od 10 do 20 metara visine. Cvijet je bijele boje, cvate od lipnja do srpnja, blagog je mirisa i privlačni pčelama, koje od njega daju cijenjeni med[1]. Rašireno je po istoku i jugoistoku Sjedinjenih Država. Često se sadi kao ukrasno drvo.
Na Zajedničkom poslužitelju postoje datoteke vezane uz: Kiselo drvo Wikivrste imaju podatke o:
Oxydendrum arboreum Izvori
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Kiselo drvo: Brief Summary
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O. arboreum, deblo
O. arboreum, listovi
O. arboreum, cvjetovi
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Syretre
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Syretre (Oxydendrum arboreum) er et løvfellende tre eller stor busk som er utbredt i sørøstlige USA. Den er den eneste arten i slekta Oxydendrum i lyngfamilien.
Den blir som regel opptil 25 m høy, men i vestskråningen til Great Smoky Mountains kan den bli 35 m. Barken er grå og har brede ribber på eldre trær. Sevjen smaker surt. Bladene sitter spredt og er ellipseformet avlange, 5,5–23,5 cm lange og 2–8 cm brede. De er fint sagtannede, glinsende mørkegrønne på oversiden og glatte og grågrønne på undersiden. Om høsten blir bladene skarlagensrøde til mørkerøde mens blomstene ennå sitter på.
Blomstene er samlet i endestilte blomsterstander. Blomsterstilkene er opptil 25 cm lange og har seks eller flere, 10–15 cm lange greiner med hvite blomster. Blomstringen skjer fra slutten av juni til august. Frukten er en kapsel som er 3,5–8,5 mm lang og 2–4 mm bred.
Syretre vokser som undervegetasjon i eike- og furuskoger på sur, godt drenert jord. Andre trær som vokser her er ambratre, tulipantre, rødlønn, sukkerlønn, skihickory, bitterhickory, svinehickory, kvithickory, kvitask, amerikabøk, canadahemlokk, blomsterkornell, sassafras, amerikaagnbøk, virginiahumlebøk og amerikajudastre.
Arten er hovedsakelig utbredt i Appalachene og i åsene som omgir fjellkjeden opp til 1600 moh. Den finnes nordover til sørvestlige Pennsylvania, sørlige Ohio og sørlige Indiana, sørover til sørøstlige Louisiana og kystområdene i Mississippi, Alabama og nordvestlige Florida, vestover til vestlige Kentucky, Tennessee og Mississippi-deltaet og østover til atlanterhavskysten fra sørlige Virginia til sentrale Nord-Carolina og kanten til kystsletta i Sør-Carolina og Georgia.
Den plantes av og til som prydtre på grunn av den seine blomstringen og de praktfulle høstfargene. Blomstene besøkes av honningbier som produserer en ettertraktet honningtype.
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Syretre: Brief Summary
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norvegèis
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Syretre (Oxydendrum arboreum) er et løvfellende tre eller stor busk som er utbredt i sørøstlige USA. Den er den eneste arten i slekta Oxydendrum i lyngfamilien.
Den blir som regel opptil 25 m høy, men i vestskråningen til Great Smoky Mountains kan den bli 35 m. Barken er grå og har brede ribber på eldre trær. Sevjen smaker surt. Bladene sitter spredt og er ellipseformet avlange, 5,5–23,5 cm lange og 2–8 cm brede. De er fint sagtannede, glinsende mørkegrønne på oversiden og glatte og grågrønne på undersiden. Om høsten blir bladene skarlagensrøde til mørkerøde mens blomstene ennå sitter på.
Blomstene er samlet i endestilte blomsterstander. Blomsterstilkene er opptil 25 cm lange og har seks eller flere, 10–15 cm lange greiner med hvite blomster. Blomstringen skjer fra slutten av juni til august. Frukten er en kapsel som er 3,5–8,5 mm lang og 2–4 mm bred.
Syretre vokser som undervegetasjon i eike- og furuskoger på sur, godt drenert jord. Andre trær som vokser her er ambratre, tulipantre, rødlønn, sukkerlønn, skihickory, bitterhickory, svinehickory, kvithickory, kvitask, amerikabøk, canadahemlokk, blomsterkornell, sassafras, amerikaagnbøk, virginiahumlebøk og amerikajudastre.
Arten er hovedsakelig utbredt i Appalachene og i åsene som omgir fjellkjeden opp til 1600 moh. Den finnes nordover til sørvestlige Pennsylvania, sørlige Ohio og sørlige Indiana, sørover til sørøstlige Louisiana og kystområdene i Mississippi, Alabama og nordvestlige Florida, vestover til vestlige Kentucky, Tennessee og Mississippi-deltaet og østover til atlanterhavskysten fra sørlige Virginia til sentrale Nord-Carolina og kanten til kystsletta i Sør-Carolina og Georgia.
Den plantes av og til som prydtre på grunn av den seine blomstringen og de praktfulle høstfargene. Blomstene besøkes av honningbier som produserer en ettertraktet honningtype.
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Oxydendrum
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portughèis
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Oxydendrum: Brief Summary
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portughèis
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Oxydendrum é um género botânico pertencente à família Ericaceae.
«Oxydendrum — World Flora Online». www.worldfloraonline.org. Consultado em 19 de agosto de 2020
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Kislikavec
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Spagneul; Castilian
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Kislikavec (znanstveno ime Oxydendrum arboreum) je edini predstavnik rodu Oxydendrum. Gre za manjše listopadno drevo ali večji grm, katerega domovina so vzhodne ZDA, kjer je samonikel od južne Pensilvanije do severozahodne Floride ter jugozahodnega Illinoisa. Najpogostejši je v Apalačih. Pogosto se pojavlja v hrastovih sestojih.[1][2]
Opis
V višino doseže med 10 in 20, izjemoma do 30 m in ima premer debla do 50, izjemoma do 60 cm. Listi so dolgi med 8 in 20 cm ter široki med 4 in 9 cm in imajo nazobčan rob. Poleti so temno zelene barve, v jeseni pa se obarvajo živo rdeče. Cvetovi so bele barve in imajo obliko zvončkov. Dolgi so med 6 in 9 mm, zbrani pa so v metlasta socvetja, ki v dolžino merijo med 15 in 25 cm. Drevo ima plitve korenine in potrebuje za rast kislo zemljo.
Zaradi prijetnega videza in dobrega medenja je kislikavec priljubljen med čebelarji.[3][4] To je eden od razlogov, da so kislikavec zanesli v Evropo, kjer je ponekod postal invaziven.
Reference
-
↑ "The Natural Communities of Virginia Classification of Ecological Community Groups (Version 2.3)". Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation. 2010. Arhivirano iz prvotnega spletišča dne 2009-01-15.
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↑ Schafale, M. P.; A. S., Weakley (1990). Classification of the natural communities of North Carolina: third approximation. North Carolina Natural Heritage Program, North Carolina Division of Parks and Recreation.
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↑ Honey Bee Biology and Beekeeping, Dewey M. Caron and Lawrence John Conner, 2013. page 151
-
↑ National Audubon Society Field Guid to Trees, Eastern Region, North America, 2003, str 626
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Kislikavec: Brief Summary
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Spagneul; Castilian
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Kislikavec (znanstveno ime Oxydendrum arboreum) je edini predstavnik rodu Oxydendrum. Gre za manjše listopadno drevo ali večji grm, katerega domovina so vzhodne ZDA, kjer je samonikel od južne Pensilvanije do severozahodne Floride ter jugozahodnega Illinoisa. Najpogostejši je v Apalačih. Pogosto se pojavlja v hrastovih sestojih.
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Oxydendrum arboreum
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vietnamèis
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fornì da wikipedia VI
Oxydendrum arboreum là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Thạch nam. Loài này được (L.) DC. mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1839.[1]
Hình ảnh
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Oxydendrum arboreum: Brief Summary
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vietnamèis
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Oxydendrum arboreum là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Thạch nam. Loài này được (L.) DC. mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1839.
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Оксидендрум
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russ; russi
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fornì da wikipedia русскую Википедию
Листва
Oxydendrum arboreum
Ареал
Растения встречаются в восточной части Северной Америки, от юга южной Пенсильвании до северо-запада Флориды, а также западнее до южного Иллинойса. Часто рассматриваются в качестве компонента дубово-верескового леса[4][5].
Биологическое описание
Листопадные деревья высотой до 12 м. Ствол до 50 см в диаметре. Листья 8—20 см в длину и 4—9 см в ширину, с зазубренным краем, тёмно-зеленого цвета, расположены по спирали. Цветки белые, мелкие, колокольчатые, пахучие. Плод представляет собой опушённую капсулу, которая составляет от 6 до 13 мм и содержит много мелких семян; плодоножка изогнутая[6].
Использование в культуре
Оксидендрум отличается высокой зимостойкостью и выращивается в северных районах как декоративное растение на газонах и в парках. Багровая осенняя окраска листьев растений считается особенно красивой. Деревья являются медленно растущими и теневыносливыми, но растут и в солнечных местах. Кислые листья вида Oxydendrum arboreum употребляются в пищу в сыром виде; изучалось их применение в медицине[7].
Примечания
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Оксидендрум: Brief Summary
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Листва Oxydendrum arboreum
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酸模樹
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cinèis
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二名法 Oxydendrum arboreumL. 酸模樹(Oxydendrum arboreum),(英文:Sourwood或Sorrel Tree)是小樹或大灌木,多在美洲東北生長。酸模樹是酸模樹屬底下唯一的物種。
酸模樹長於阿巴拉契亞山脈山麓處。酸模樹花蜜最出名,是最頂級的蜂蜜。
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酸模樹: Brief Summary
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