Broad-scale Impacts of Plant Response to Fire
(
Anglèis
)
fornì da Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
cover,
density,
shrub,
treeLoftin [
16] found that white ratany resprouted rapidly after a fire in
an Arizona Uplands desert scrub site in the Sonoran Desert and returned
to prefire levels within 35 months. He reported the following preburn
and postburn density levels and cover values in an open shrub and a tree
microhabitat [
16]:
Density (number of plants per hectare)
Micro- Time (months postburn)
habitat Preburn Postburn 5 11 12 29 35
Open shrub 138 63 52 63 104 108 139
Tree 141 109 16 63 125 125 167
Cover (square meters per hectare)
Micro- Time (months postburn)
habitat Preburn Postburn 5 11 12 29 35
Open shrub 100 75 44 60 29 63 56
Tree 39 21 6 31 63 60 107
- sitassion bibliogràfica
- Griffith, Randy Scott. 1991. Krameria grayi. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Common Names
(
Anglèis
)
fornì da Fire Effects Information System Plants
white ratany
chacate
crimson-beak
Gray's Krameria
Gray's ratany
ratany
- sitassion bibliogràfica
- Griffith, Randy Scott. 1991. Krameria grayi. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Description
(
Anglèis
)
fornì da Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
fruit,
indehiscent,
shrubWhite ratany is a native, perennial, densely branched, deciduous shrub
from 12 to 24 inches (30-60 cm) tall. The leaves are alternate and
simple. The fruit is one-seeded, globose, indehiscent, thick walled and
spiny [
14,
20].
The roots form grafts with members of the same or different species,
forming protocooperation or a parasitic relationship [
29]. This
relationship may help explain white ratany's drought resistance.
- sitassion bibliogràfica
- Griffith, Randy Scott. 1991. Krameria grayi. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Distribution
(
Anglèis
)
fornì da Fire Effects Information System Plants
White ratany is found in the arid regions of the southwestern United
States and northern Mexico. It occurs from southern California east to
western Texas and from southern Nevada and Utah south to northern Mexico
[
14,
39].
- sitassion bibliogràfica
- Griffith, Randy Scott. 1991. Krameria grayi. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Fire Ecology
(
Anglèis
)
fornì da Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
fire regime,
root crownWhite ratany resprouts from the root crown after fire [
16,
24].
FIRE REGIMES : Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this
species may occur by entering the species name in the
FEIS home page under
"Find FIRE REGIMES".
- sitassion bibliogràfica
- Griffith, Randy Scott. 1991. Krameria grayi. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Fire Management Considerations
(
Anglèis
)
fornì da Fire Effects Information System Plants
When prescribing a fire treatment, soil moisture must be considered as one
of the crucial aspects of white ratany's recovery [
10,
16,
24].
- sitassion bibliogràfica
- Griffith, Randy Scott. 1991. Krameria grayi. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Growth Form (according to Raunkiær Life-form classification)
(
Anglèis
)
fornì da Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. More info for the terms:
geophyte,
phanerophyteUndisturbed State: Phanerophyte (nanophanerophyte).
Burned or Clipped State: Cryptophyte (geophyte).
- sitassion bibliogràfica
- Griffith, Randy Scott. 1991. Krameria grayi. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Habitat characteristics
(
Anglèis
)
fornì da Fire Effects Information System Plants
White ratany's habitat is the desert environs, where it occupies sandy
to rocky flats, bajadas, and washes [
26].
Soil: White ratany occurs in Alfisol, Aridisol, and Entisol soil orders
[
7,
13].
Climate: White ratany inhabits the fringe between cool and warm
deserts. In the northern portion of its range the precipitation is
received primarily during the winter, whereas in the southern portion it
is received in the summer. The mean rainfall is 10.8 inches (27.4 cm),
with an evapotransporation rate of 85 inches (216 cm) [
2,
3].
Elevation: White ratany generally grows at elevations ranging from
1,000 to 4,000 feet (303-1,212 m) [
29].
- sitassion bibliogràfica
- Griffith, Randy Scott. 1991. Krameria grayi. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Habitat: Cover Types
(
Anglèis
)
fornì da Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. This species is known to occur in association with the following cover types (as classified by the Society of American Foresters):
66 Ashe juniper - redberry (Pinchot) juniper
67 Mohrs ("shin") oak
68 Mesquite
220 Rocky Mountain juniper
239 Pinyon - juniper
241 Western live oak
242 Mesquite
- sitassion bibliogràfica
- Griffith, Randy Scott. 1991. Krameria grayi. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Habitat: Ecosystem
(
Anglèis
)
fornì da Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. This species is known to occur in the following ecosystem types (as named by the U.S. Forest Service in their Forest and Range Ecosystem [FRES] Type classification):
More info for the term:
shrubFRES30 Desert shrub
FRES32 Texas savanna
FRES33 Southwestern shrubsteppe
FRES34 Chaparral - mountain shrub
FRES35 Pinyon - juniper
FRES40 Desert grasslands
- sitassion bibliogràfica
- Griffith, Randy Scott. 1991. Krameria grayi. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Habitat: Plant Associations
(
Anglèis
)
fornì da Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. This species is known to occur in association with the following plant community types (as classified by Küchler 1964):
More info for the terms:
cactus,
shrub,
woodlandK023 Juniper - pinyon woodland
K031 Oak - juniper woodlands
K033 Chaparral
K039 Blackbrush
K041 Creosotebush
K042 Creosotebush - bursage
K043 Paloverde - cactus shrub
K044 Creosotebush - tarbush
K045 Ceniza shurb
K058 Grama - tobosa shrubsteppe
K059 Trans-Pecos shrub savanna
K086 Juniper - oak savanna
- sitassion bibliogràfica
- Griffith, Randy Scott. 1991. Krameria grayi. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Immediate Effect of Fire
(
Anglèis
)
fornì da Fire Effects Information System Plants
White ratany is partially or completely top-killed by fire [
16,
24].
- sitassion bibliogràfica
- Griffith, Randy Scott. 1991. Krameria grayi. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Importance to Livestock and Wildlife
(
Anglèis
)
fornì da Fire Effects Information System Plants
White ratany is an important forage for all classes of livestock [
27].
It is one of the most important browse species for mule deer (Odocoileus
hemionus) and desert bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis mexicana) in the
Sonoran Desert [
18,
23,
25]. Black-tailed jack rabbits (Lepus
californicus) rely almost exclusively on white ratany during the winter
[
12].
The seeds of white ratany comprises up to 5 percent of the diet of
scailed quail (Callipepla squamata) in southeastern New Mexico [
5].
- sitassion bibliogràfica
- Griffith, Randy Scott. 1991. Krameria grayi. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Key Plant Community Associations
(
Anglèis
)
fornì da Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
association,
habitat type,
shrub,
treeWhite ratany is not currently listed as a dominant and/or indicator in
published plant association or habitat type classifications. It occurs
in the understory of ironwood (Olneya tesota), Joshua tree (Yucca
brevifolia), juniper (Juniperus spp.), and shrub live oak (Quercus
turbinella) [
10,
27]. In the shrub layer white ratany is associated with
creosote bush (Larrea spp.), bursage (Ambrosia spp.), and little-leaf
paloverde (Cercidium microphyllum) [
9,
13,
23].
- sitassion bibliogràfica
- Griffith, Randy Scott. 1991. Krameria grayi. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Life Form
(
Anglèis
)
fornì da Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
shrubShrub
- sitassion bibliogràfica
- Griffith, Randy Scott. 1991. Krameria grayi. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Management considerations
(
Anglèis
)
fornì da Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
densityWhite ratany decreases in response to grazing [
30]. Blydenstein and
others [
2] found that after 50 years of protection from grazing on a
site in the Sonoran Desert white ratany showed the greatest increase in
density. Goldberg and Turner [
10] confirmed these findings and added
that recovery from grazing is a slow process. Even when protected from
grazing white ratany will not increase in density until favorable
moisture regimes occur.
Under heavy grazing pressure white ratany produces phenolic acids
(cinnamic and salcyclic acids) to reduce herbivory by reducing the
palatability [
31].
- sitassion bibliogràfica
- Griffith, Randy Scott. 1991. Krameria grayi. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Nutritional Value
(
Anglèis
)
fornì da Fire Effects Information System Plants
Rautenstrauch and others [
23] reported the bimonthly nutritional
composition of white ratany as follows:
Percent Composition
Dry Cell Hemi-
Matter Protein Lignin Soluble Cellulose cellulose
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Jan. 57.69 7.90 9.91 43.35 27.19 19.68
Mar. 56.49 7.79 9.27 46.16 26.98 17.27
May 59.65 10.54 10.18 46.22 26.61 17.06
July 61.91 8.38 10.46 45.59 25.17 18.55
Sept. 46.82 9.63 11.38 38.24 27.02 22.96
Nov. 59.38 8.19 11.86 37.11 37.03 16.30
- sitassion bibliogràfica
- Griffith, Randy Scott. 1991. Krameria grayi. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Occurrence in North America
(
Anglèis
)
fornì da Fire Effects Information System Plants
AZ CA CO NV NM TX UT MEXICO
- sitassion bibliogràfica
- Griffith, Randy Scott. 1991. Krameria grayi. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Other uses and values
(
Anglèis
)
fornì da Fire Effects Information System Plants
The Pima Indians used an infusion of the roots to treat skin irritations
and sores. The roots also provided them with a reddish-yellow dye [
29].
The Seri Indians used an infusion of the flowers to treat an upset
stomach and diarrhea, and an infusion of the stems with the bark removed
was used to make "the blood very red". The stems, dried and ground,
were applied to sores [
8].
White ratany's roots are commercially important in the production of
aniline stain [
21].
- sitassion bibliogràfica
- Griffith, Randy Scott. 1991. Krameria grayi. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Palatability
(
Anglèis
)
fornì da Fire Effects Information System Plants
White ratany is relished by all classes of livestock [
27], mule deer,
and desert bighorn sheep [
18,
23]. The relish and degree of use shown by
livestock and wildlife species for white ratany in several western
states has been rated as follows [
13,
18,
23,
27]:
AZ NM NV TX UT
Cattle good good good good good
Sheep good good good good good
Burros good good good good good
Bighorn sheep good good good good good
Mule deer good good good good good
White-tailed deer fair fair fair fair fair
Upland game birds good good good good good
- sitassion bibliogràfica
- Griffith, Randy Scott. 1991. Krameria grayi. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Phenology
(
Anglèis
)
fornì da Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. White ratany begins active growth in early April; flowering may start in
late April to early May; and fruiting may begin in late May to early
August, depending on latitude and elevation [
14,
20,
29].
- sitassion bibliogràfica
- Griffith, Randy Scott. 1991. Krameria grayi. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Plant Response to Fire
(
Anglèis
)
fornì da Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
cover,
density,
mesic,
shrub,
treeWhite ratany's well-developed root system allows the plant to exploit
the decreased albedo, and increased water and nutrient availability
after a fire to recover density quite rapidly. However, cover values
remain lower in the open shrub microhabitat than in the more mesic tree
microhabitat. Revovery is moisture dependent. With high soil moisture
or in a more mesic microhabitat, postfire cover can be greater than
prefire cover [
16].
- sitassion bibliogràfica
- Griffith, Randy Scott. 1991. Krameria grayi. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Post-fire Regeneration
(
Anglèis
)
fornì da Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
caudex,
root crown,
seedsurvivor species; on-site surviving root crown or caudex
off-site colonizer; seed carried by animals or water; postfire yr 1&2
- sitassion bibliogràfica
- Griffith, Randy Scott. 1991. Krameria grayi. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Regeneration Processes
(
Anglèis
)
fornì da Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
seedWhite ratany reproduces sexually by seed. In years with high soil
moisture it will flower twice, in the spring and again in the fall [
29].
- sitassion bibliogràfica
- Griffith, Randy Scott. 1991. Krameria grayi. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Regional Distribution in the Western United States
(
Anglèis
)
fornì da Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. This species can be found in the following regions of the western United States (according to the Bureau of Land Management classification of Physiographic Regions of the western United States):
6 Upper Basin and Range
7 Lower Basin and Range
11 Southern Rocky Mountains
12 Colorado Plateau
13 Rocky Mountain Piedmont
- sitassion bibliogràfica
- Griffith, Randy Scott. 1991. Krameria grayi. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Successional Status
(
Anglèis
)
fornì da Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. More info for the terms:
association,
climaxWhite ratany is a climax component of the creosotebush-tarbush
(Flourensia cernua) plant association. This plant association has been
termed a "super climax". After a disturbance, the site is recolonized
by same species present in the predisturbance vegetative community.
These species then persist until the next disturbance [
19].
- sitassion bibliogràfica
- Griffith, Randy Scott. 1991. Krameria grayi. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Taxonomy
(
Anglèis
)
fornì da Fire Effects Information System Plants
The currently accepted scientific name of white ratany is Krameria grayi
Rose & Painter [
20]. The genus Krameria was named in honor of the
Austrian botanist Henry Kramer [
29]. IT has been included in the
families Leguminosae (Fabaceae), Polygalaceae, and Krameriaceae [
11].
Dhillon [
6] concluded, based on the vascular anatomy of the flower of
range ratany (Krameria parvifolia), that the genus Krameria belongs in
the family Polygalaceae.
- sitassion bibliogràfica
- Griffith, Randy Scott. 1991. Krameria grayi. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Comprehensive Description
(
Anglèis
)
fornì da North American Flora
Krameria grayi Rose & Painter, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 10: 108. 1906.
Krameria canescens A. Gray. PI. Wright. 1: 42. 1852. Not Willd. 1825.
A much-branched shrub, 3-6 dm. high, the twigs and peduncles densely canescent. Leaves linear to oblong, sessile, sericeous, acute or obtuse, 6-10 mm. long; peduncles mostly longer than the leaves, about 2 cm. long or shorter, bearing 2 leaf-Uke bracts at or above the middle; sepals 5, lanceolate, acute or acutish, purple, 9-15 mm. long, canescent; lower petals suborbicular, often tubercled, about 3 mm. in diameter; upper petals spatulate, slender-clawed, distinct, about 6 mm. long; stamens distinct; fruit globose-ovoid, the body densely woolly, 7-8 mm. long, the acicular spines 3-4 mm. long, barbed at the apex.
Type locality: Pariries near Pecos, Texas.
Distribution: Texas to Arizona, Nevada, California, Chihuahua, and Lower California.
- sitassion bibliogràfica
- Nathaniel Lord Britton and Joseph Nelson Rose. 1928. (ROSALES); MIMOSACEAE. North American flora. vol 23(1). New York Botanical Garden, New York, NY
Comprehensive Description
(
Anglèis
)
fornì da North American Flora
Krameria sonorae Britton, sp. nov
A shrub, the very slender young branches 2-3 dm. long, finely strigillose, or rather densely strigose when young. Leaves scattered, distant, linear, 10 mm. long, or shorter, strigose when very young, glabrate when old, acute; peduncles about 10 mm. long, 2-bracted below the middle; sepals lanceolate, acute, strigose, 7-9 mm. long; lower petals suborbicular, tuberculate, 2.5 mm. broad; upper petals distinct, 3.5 mm. long, only about one-half as long as the distinct stamens; fruit globular, the body densely tomentose, about 9 mm. in diameter, the acicular spines about 4 mm. long, barbed at the apex only.
Guaymas, Sonora, 1887, E. Palmer 15 J.
- sitassion bibliogràfica
- Nathaniel Lord Britton and Joseph Nelson Rose. 1928. (ROSALES); MIMOSACEAE. North American flora. vol 23(1). New York Botanical Garden, New York, NY
Krameria bicolor
(
Anglèis
)
fornì da wikipedia EN
Krameria bicolor is a perennial shrub or subshrub of the family Krameriaceae, the rhatanies. It is commonly known as white rhatany, crimson-beak, and chacate in Spanish (cosahui in the state of Sonora). It is found in drier environments of the southwestern United States from California to Texas, and in northern Mexico.
It is a low lying, densely branched shrub, commonly up to 2 feet (1 m), but exceptionally to beyond 5.0 feet (2 m). The branches are spiny in form but not sharp nor firm at the tips. The leaves are grey-green to greenish, finely-haired, narrow and only one half to three quarters of an inch long.
The color of the plant and branches is grayish-green to gray, or whitish-gray, to dull browns or tinged with red. The flowers are often sparse and sometimes inconspicuous, but plants in some locales can bloom prolifically in red flowers. The plant is used for dyes in the basketry of Seri people in Mexico.
The shrub is adapted to dry, desert environments, but it can take advantage of high soil moisture. The plant is partially parasitic, for example on creosote bush, Larrea tridentata.
References
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- Wikipedia authors and editors
Krameria bicolor: Brief Summary
(
Anglèis
)
fornì da wikipedia EN
Krameria bicolor is a perennial shrub or subshrub of the family Krameriaceae, the rhatanies. It is commonly known as white rhatany, crimson-beak, and chacate in Spanish (cosahui in the state of Sonora). It is found in drier environments of the southwestern United States from California to Texas, and in northern Mexico.
It is a low lying, densely branched shrub, commonly up to 2 feet (1 m), but exceptionally to beyond 5.0 feet (2 m). The branches are spiny in form but not sharp nor firm at the tips. The leaves are grey-green to greenish, finely-haired, narrow and only one half to three quarters of an inch long.
The color of the plant and branches is grayish-green to gray, or whitish-gray, to dull browns or tinged with red. The flowers are often sparse and sometimes inconspicuous, but plants in some locales can bloom prolifically in red flowers. The plant is used for dyes in the basketry of Seri people in Mexico.
The shrub is adapted to dry, desert environments, but it can take advantage of high soil moisture. The plant is partially parasitic, for example on creosote bush, Larrea tridentata.
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- cc-by-sa-3.0
- drit d'autor
- Wikipedia authors and editors
