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Plancia ëd Grevillea robusta A. Cunn. ex R. Br.
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Grevillea robusta A. Cunn. ex R. Br.

Comments ( Anglèis )

fornì da eFloras
Wood is used in furniture and panelling. Fruits and seeds contain Cyanophoric glucosides.
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drit d'autor
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
sitassion bibliogràfica
Flora of Pakistan Vol. 0: 3 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
sorgiss
Flora of Pakistan @ eFloras.org
editor
S. I. Ali & M. Qaiser
proget
eFloras.org
original
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eFloras

Description ( Anglèis )

fornì da eFloras
A handsomely straight evergreen tree, 10-25 m tall. Leaves 15-33 cm long; leaflets 7-19, 3-12 cm long, sessile, entire or pinnatifid, olive green above, silver grey silky hairy beneath; margin recurved. Racemes 5-15 cm long, appearing on the old wood, solitary, 2 or a few forming a panicle. Flowers solitary, in twos or threes; pedicel 1-1.5 cm long, glabrous, leaving a permanent white lenticular scar. Sepals 1.5-2 cm long, hooded, at first all fused together except on one side, later on fused in twos basally and apically, free for the greater length in the middle, these pairs in their turn free from each other or slightly fused above, orange yellow to orange or golden yellow to lemon yellow with dark red inner base. Stamens sessile; connective not produced beyond the anther cells; anthers about 1 mm long. Disc semi-annular. Gynophore about 2-3 mm long. Ovary glabrous; style lemon yellow, 1-2.5 cm long, dilated at the apex and bearing a greenish-yellow 1 mm long stigmatic cone. Follicle 2-seeded, 1.5-2. cm long, about 1 cm broad, silver grey to olive green, dehiscent. Seeds 1-1.5 cm long, 0.5-1 cm broad, broadly winged, thin, ovate, non-endospermic.
licensa
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
drit d'autor
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
sitassion bibliogràfica
Flora of Pakistan Vol. 0: 3 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
sorgiss
Flora of Pakistan @ eFloras.org
editor
S. I. Ali & M. Qaiser
proget
eFloras.org
original
visité la sorgiss
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eFloras

Distribution ( Anglèis )

fornì da eFloras
Distribution:- Silver or silky oak, an endemic of E. Australia, is extensively cultivated in tropics and sub-tropics as an ornamental, road-side tree and as a shade or wind break tree in tea and coffee gardens. Cultivated throughout Pakistan since long, especially in cantonments and satellite towns. It has recently been planted in large numbers in Islamabad.
licensa
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
drit d'autor
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
sitassion bibliogràfica
Flora of Pakistan Vol. 0: 3 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
sorgiss
Flora of Pakistan @ eFloras.org
editor
S. I. Ali & M. Qaiser
proget
eFloras.org
original
visité la sorgiss
sit compagn
eFloras

Distribution ( Anglèis )

fornì da eFloras
Cultivated in Nepal and elsewhere; native of Australia.
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cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
drit d'autor
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
sitassion bibliogràfica
Annotated Checklist of the Flowering Plants of Nepal Vol. 0 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
sorgiss
Annotated Checklist of the Flowering Plants of Nepal @ eFloras.org
autor
K.K. Shrestha, J.R. Press and D.A. Sutton
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eFloras.org
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eFloras

Elevation Range ( Anglèis )

fornì da eFloras
760-1500 m
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cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
drit d'autor
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
sitassion bibliogràfica
Annotated Checklist of the Flowering Plants of Nepal Vol. 0 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
sorgiss
Annotated Checklist of the Flowering Plants of Nepal @ eFloras.org
autor
K.K. Shrestha, J.R. Press and D.A. Sutton
proget
eFloras.org
original
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eFloras

Flower/Fruit ( Anglèis )

fornì da eFloras
Fl. Per: March-April.
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cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
drit d'autor
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
sitassion bibliogràfica
Flora of Pakistan Vol. 0: 3 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
sorgiss
Flora of Pakistan @ eFloras.org
editor
S. I. Ali & M. Qaiser
proget
eFloras.org
original
visité la sorgiss
sit compagn
eFloras

Derivation of specific name ( Anglèis )

fornì da Flora of Zimbabwe
robusta: robust
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cc-by-nc
drit d'autor
Mark Hyde, Bart Wursten and Petra Ballings
sitassion bibliogràfica
Hyde, M.A., Wursten, B.T. and Ballings, P. (2002-2014). Grevillea robusta A. Cunn. ex R. Br. Flora of Zimbabwe website. Accessed 28 August 2014 at http://www.zimbabweflora.co.zw/speciesdata/species.php?species_id=164130
autor
Mark Hyde
autor
Bart Wursten
autor
Petra Ballings
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Flora of Zimbabwe

Description ( Anglèis )

fornì da Flora of Zimbabwe
Large semi-deciduous tree. Leaves pinnately compound with deeply lobed leaflets, dark green above, silvery-grey below. The flowers are borne in horizontal, one-sided, brush-like inflorescences, orange-yellow.
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cc-by-nc
drit d'autor
Mark Hyde, Bart Wursten and Petra Ballings
sitassion bibliogràfica
Hyde, M.A., Wursten, B.T. and Ballings, P. (2002-2014). Grevillea robusta A. Cunn. ex R. Br. Flora of Zimbabwe website. Accessed 28 August 2014 at http://www.zimbabweflora.co.zw/speciesdata/species.php?species_id=164130
autor
Mark Hyde
autor
Bart Wursten
autor
Petra Ballings
original
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Flora of Zimbabwe

Worldwide distribution ( Anglèis )

fornì da Flora of Zimbabwe
Native of Australia
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cc-by-nc
drit d'autor
Mark Hyde, Bart Wursten and Petra Ballings
sitassion bibliogràfica
Hyde, M.A., Wursten, B.T. and Ballings, P. (2002-2014). Grevillea robusta A. Cunn. ex R. Br. Flora of Zimbabwe website. Accessed 28 August 2014 at http://www.zimbabweflora.co.zw/speciesdata/species.php?species_id=164130
autor
Mark Hyde
autor
Bart Wursten
autor
Petra Ballings
original
visité la sorgiss
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Flora of Zimbabwe

Distribution ( Spagneul; Castilian )

fornì da IABIN
Chile Central
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drit d'autor
Universidad de Santiago de Chile
autor
Pablo Gutierrez
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IABIN

Associated Forest Cover ( Anglèis )

fornì da Silvics of North America
Where planted in pure stands in Hawaii, silk-oak maintains its purity with little woody competition. In naturalized stands, it grows in association with many other tree species including the native koa (Acacia koa), 'ohi 'a (Metrosideros collina), and introduced species such as tropical ash (Fraxinus uhdei), jacaranda (Jacaranda mimosifolia), molucca albizzia (Albizia falcataria), black-wattle (Acacia decurrens), Christmas-berry (Schinus terebinthifolius), and guava (Psidium guajava).

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USDA, Forest Service

Climate ( Anglèis )

fornì da Silvics of North America
In Hawaii, silk-oak has been planted extensively in both wet and dry locations on all islands from near sea level to more than 900 in (3,000 ft) elevation (9). The mean temperature ranges from 10° to 26° C (50° to 78° F) within this elevational range, with extremes of 4° and 35° C (40° and 95° F). Silk-oak, for many years, was thought to be best suited for planting in and areas because of its success as a seedling and sapling in such areas. Later it became apparent that frequent severe moisture stress in the dry areas (less than 760 mm [30 in] annual rainfall) caused disease susceptibility resulting in dieback as the trees became older. Natural reproduction, however, was sometimes excellent in these dry locations. The largest silk-oak trees in Hawaii grow in 3050 min (120 in) winter maximum or evenly distributed annual rainfall at 610 m (2,000 ft) elevation, but the most prolific natural reproduction coupled with excellent growth occurs in 1780 to 2400 min (70 to 95 in) evenly distributed annual rainfall at 460 to 670 in (1,500 to 2,000 ft) elevation. Elsewhere than Hawaii, silk-oak is reported to be capable of withstanding occasional light frosts but must be considered frost-tender (16). It is also reported elsewhere to be fairly hardy to drought but tends to die back on droughty sites at 15 to 20 years of age (2).

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USDA, Forest Service

Damaging Agents ( Anglèis )

fornì da Silvics of North America
The oleander pit scale, Asterolecanium pustulans Cockerell, was so damaging in Puerto Rico that further planting of the species was discouraged (7). Amphichaeta grevilleae is a serious leaf spot and defoliating disease in India where it kills young plants (14). Also in India, a serious dieback is caused by a fungus, Corticium salmonicolor (8). No serious primary insects or diseases of the species have been noted in Hawaii, although severe dieback, believed caused by drought, is common on most droughty sites.

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USDA, Forest Service

Flowering and Fruiting ( Anglèis )

fornì da Silvics of North America
In Hawaii, silk-oak flowers from March through October, with the peak of flowering usually in June. The perfect yellowish orange, showy flowers are borne on 8- to 18-cm (3 to 7-in) long racemes that occur in panicles of one to several branches (3). Trees usually begin to flower at about 10 years. The fruit, a podlike follicle, 20 mm (0.8 in) in diameter, is slightly flattened and has a long-curved style. The hard dark-brown to black follicle splits open in late fall to release the one or two seeds it contains but remains on the tree up to 1 year after opening. Trees near San Jose in California have been observed to flower, fruit, and seed at times similar to those in Hawaii.

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USDA, Forest Service

Genetics ( Anglèis )

fornì da Silvics of North America
No studies of the genetics of the species have been reported (2). A test of 11 different genera in Brazil showed 1-year-old silk-oak seedlings to be the most uniform in height growth (Silva and Reichmann 1975 cited in 2).

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USDA, Forest Service

Growth and Yield ( Anglèis )

fornì da Silvics of North America
In Hawaii, the tree usually produces a straight, erect stem even when open-grown (15). Where subjected to drought stress sufficiently severe to cause dieback, it forms forks and multiple leaders. On good sites (500 m; 1,600 ft altitude; 2030 mm.; 80 in annual rainfall), dominant trees planted at spacing of 3 by 3 m (10 by 10 ft) can be expected to be 8 to 9 m (25 to 30 ft) tall in 5 years, 15 m (48 ft) in 10 years, and 20 m (65 ft) or more in 20 years (11). Mean annual increment of dominants on 21 different sites in Uganda, for trees 2 to 20 years in age, ranged from 1.3 to 3.3 cm (0.5 to 1.3 in) in diameter and from 0.5 to 3.4 m (1.7 to 11.2 ft) in height (4). This indicates that the tree is fast growing as a sapling and pole.

Many plots have been measured in 32- to 48-yearold silk-oak plantations in Hawaii (11). All the plantations had been planted at 3 by 3 m (10 by 10 ft) and left untended since planting. Average d.b.h. of dominant and codominant trees at 44 years in four of the plots was 46 cm (18 in), and the average total height was 32 m (105 ft). The most outstanding stand, at 36 years, yielded a mean annual increment of 17.5 m/ha (1,250 fbm/acre) (11). Typically, merchantable trees in these untended stands were 36 to 46 cm (14 to 18 in) d.b.h. with 9 to 11 m (30 to 36 ft) of branch-free stem.

In India, trees reach 50 cm (20 in) diameter in 30 years when grown at an initial spacing of 3 by 4 m (10 by 13 ft) and thinned once at about 5 years, and again later if needed to maintain growth rate. Such stands yield about 140 m³/ha (2,000 ft³/acre) with another 70 m³/ha (1,000 ft³/acre) from thinnings (13).

One 14-year-old plantation had a mean diameter of 27 cm (11 in) and height of 19 in (61 ft) and yielded 217 m³/ha (3,100 ft³/acre) (13). Another author in India suggests that silk-oak at 10 to 15 years and 1,000 stems per hectare (370/acre) yields 10 to 12 m³/ha (143 to 172 ft³/acre) (10). In the western Himalayas, 6-yearold silk-oak had outgrown 45 other species, including such fast growers as Eucalyptus globulus, Populus x euroamericana, and Albizia lebbek (17).

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USDA, Forest Service

Reaction to Competition ( Anglèis )

fornì da Silvics of North America
Silk-oak is classed as very intolerant of shade. In Australia, seedlings do not survive beneath closed pure stands of the species because of some substance toxic to them that is produced by or associated with roots of the trees (18). This substance is specific to silk-oak seedlings, causing rapid chlorosis, blackening, and death of seedlings soon after they emerge and begin to grow. Consequently, the tree is nongregarious in its natural habitat. The toxic substance has not been investigated in Hawaii, but it has been observed that reproduction is lacking within dense stands or directly beneath individual trees.

In Hawaii, silk-oak has been planted in mixture with numerous other species. Two of the species it dominates when in mixture are melaleuca (Melaleuca quinquenervia) and horsetail casuarina (Casuarina equisetifolia). Three that grow well in mixture with it are Australian toon (Toona ciliata var. australis), tropical ash, and koa. Three that dominate silk-oak are Norfolk-Island-pine (Araucaria heterophylla), saligna eucalyptus (Eucalyptus saligna), and robusta eucalyptus (E. robusta).

In Brazil, several spacing studies indicated that at 2 years, a spacing of 1 by 3 in (3 by 10 ft) resulted in the best height growth, but at 6 years, 2 by 2 in (6 by 6 ft) was best, with thinning planned at age 10 or 15 (Viega 1958 as cited in 2). In Brazil, an attempt is made to maintain a basal area of 49 to 61 m²/ha (213 to 265 ft²/acre) throughout the life of the stand. In Hawaii, silk-oak has always been planted at a spacing of 3 by 3 in (10 by 10 ft) and left untended. In Uganda experiments, a number of thinnings were made at various ages, but with little apparent effect on mean annual diameter increment (4).

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USDA, Forest Service

Rooting Habit ( Anglèis )

fornì da Silvics of North America
Silk-oak does not develop a strong taproot and roots shallowly on sites that lack moisture stress (16). On droughty sites it roots throughout the soil profile to depths of about 2 in (6 ft).

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Seed Production and Dissemination ( Anglèis )

fornì da Silvics of North America
Silk-oak is a prolific seeder. Seeds are about 10 mm (0.4 in) long, flattened, and surrounded by a membranous wing. There are reported to be 64,000 to 154,000 seeds per kilogram (29,000 to 70,000/lb). Because of their relatively large wing, the lightweight seeds are widely disseminated by wind. Possibly because seedfall coincides with the onset of winter rains in dry leeward rangeland in Hawaii, regeneration is most prolific on these sites.

The seeds, if kept at 10 percent or less moisture content, can be stored for as long as 2 years at -7° to 3° C (20° to 38° F) with little loss in germinability. Germination of fresh, unstratified seeds requires about 20 days. Stratification at 3° C (38° F) for 30 days, or a 48-hour water soak, substantially increases germinative capacity of seeds that have been stored (19).

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USDA, Forest Service

Seedling Development ( Anglèis )

fornì da Silvics of North America
Germination is epigeal. Seedlings are grown in flats or containers in nurseries. Methods vary among the countries where silkoak is grown. In some countries 4- to 6-week-old wildings are lifted and potted and later replanted (2). Elsewhere plants are grown to 45-cm (18-in) heights in large baskets so that they can compete when outplanted (12). In Hawaii, seedlings in individual containers can be grown to a plantable size of 20 cm (8 in) height and 4 mm (0. 16 in) caliper in 12 to 14 weeks.

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USDA, Forest Service

Soils and Topography ( Anglèis )

fornì da Silvics of North America
Silk-oak is tolerant of a wide range of soils if they are well drained (16). It will grow on neutral to strongly acid soils but does best on those that are slightly acid (2,12). In Hawaii, good growth is achieved on soils of a wide range of orders. Silk-oak grows well on Histosols, Inceptisols, and Ultisols. The majority of the best stands are on Dystrandepts and Tropofolists developed on gentle to moderate slopes of basalt lava rock or ash.

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USDA, Forest Service

Special Uses ( Anglèis )

fornì da Silvics of North America
Grevillea robusta is a popular ornamental because of its fernlike foliage even in areas where it does not flower abundantly, such as California and Florida north of Miami. In more tropical climates its showy flowers cause it to be widely used.

It has been planted extensively in India and Sri Lanka as shade for tea, and in Hawaii, India, and Brazil to some extent as shade for coffee (2,12,14,16). It is frequently used as a windbreak, although opinions differ as to its wind firmness and branch-shedding tendencies (2). Silk-oak is an important honey tree in India where it is also regarded as a good fuelwood producer (13).

The tree produces an attractively figured, easily worked wood, which was once a leading face veneer in world trade, where it was marketed as "lacewood." The wood contains an allergen that causes dermatitis for many people (15).

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USDA, Forest Service

Vegetative Reproduction ( Anglèis )

fornì da Silvics of North America
Silk-oak coppices when cut. After being damaged by fire, a 5-year-old stand in Karnataka State, India, was cut. One year later, 93 percent of the stumps had coppiced. After 2 years 72 percent of the stumps still retained the coppice shoots, which by then averaged 4 m (13 ft) in height (1). As far as is known, vegetative propagation has not been practiced with the species.

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USDA, Forest Service

Brief Summary ( Anglèis )

fornì da Silvics of North America
Proteaceae -- Protea family

Roger G. Skolmen

Silk-oak (Grevillea robusta), also often called silver-oak, is a medium to large tree commonly planted as an ornamental in many warm-temperate and semitropical climates. It has been established as a forest tree in some countries and shows promise as a fast-growing timber tree.

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Distribution ( Anglèis )

fornì da Silvics of North America
Silk-oak is native to coastal eastern Australia from the Clarence River, New South Wales, to Maryborough, Queensland, and is now naturalized in Hawaii and southern Florida (3,16). It was introduced into Hawaii about 1880 and is found on all islands where it reproduces prolifically in certain leeward grassland locations. Although a nongregarious tree in its native habitat, it grows well in pure plantations in Hawaii (18). It is common as an ornamental in Hawaii, Florida, California, and Puerto Rico (5). Because of its prolific reproduction, it has been classed a noxious weed on ranchland in Hawaii (9). In the tropical highlands of India, where it has also been extensively planted, it is often an undesirable escapee from cultivation (13).

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USDA, Forest Service

Silwereik ( Afrikaans )

fornì da wikipedia AF

Die silwereik (Grevillea robusta) is 'n indringerplant en groot immergroen boom wat tot 30 m hoog kan word. Dit is inheems in die ooste van Australië. Die boom het 'n reguit stam, die takke is dikwels kaal met 'n slordige voorkoms. Dit staan ook bekend as die Australiese silwereik. Die saamgestelde blare is varingagtig, grysgroen aan die bokant en silwerig aan die onderkant. Die blomme is goudgeel en kom in trosse voor; dit is die opvallendste in die vroeë somer. Die vrug is 'n harde houtagtige kapsule. Die boom groei vinnig en word in parke en tuine aangeplant.

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Blare en blomme
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Blaar

Sien ook

Bron

Eksterne skakels

Wiki letter w.svg Hierdie artikel is ’n saadjie. Voel vry om Wikipedia te help deur dit uit te brei.
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Silwereik: Brief Summary ( Afrikaans )

fornì da wikipedia AF

Die silwereik (Grevillea robusta) is 'n indringerplant en groot immergroen boom wat tot 30 m hoog kan word. Dit is inheems in die ooste van Australië. Die boom het 'n reguit stam, die takke is dikwels kaal met 'n slordige voorkoms. Dit staan ook bekend as die Australiese silwereik. Die saamgestelde blare is varingagtig, grysgroen aan die bokant en silwerig aan die onderkant. Die blomme is goudgeel en kom in trosse voor; dit is die opvallendste in die vroeë somer. Die vrug is 'n harde houtagtige kapsule. Die boom groei vinnig en word in parke en tuine aangeplant.

 src= Blare en blomme  src= Blaar
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Grevillea robusta ( Aser )

fornì da wikipedia AZ

Grevillea robusta (lat. Grevillea robusta) - proteyakimilər fəsiləsinin qrevilleya cinsinə aid bitki növü.

İstinadlar

Inula britannica.jpeg İkiləpəlilər ilə əlaqədar bu məqalə qaralama halındadır. Məqaləni redaktə edərək Vikipediyanı zənginləşdirin.
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Grevillea robusta: Brief Summary ( Aser )

fornì da wikipedia AZ

Grevillea robusta (lat. Grevillea robusta) - proteyakimilər fəsiləsinin qrevilleya cinsinə aid bitki növü.

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Grevillea (arbre) ( Catalan; Valensian )

fornì da wikipedia CA
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Fulles i flors

La Grevillea (Grevillea robusta), és una espècie d'arbre originari de l'est d'Austràlia.

Arriba a fer de 18 a 35 metres d'alt i creix de pressa. Les fulles, de 15 a 30 cm de llarg, són semblants a les de la falguera. Les flors són taronja daurades i són bones per l'apicultura. Les llavors són alades.


Usos

Abans de l'ús de l'alumini la fusta d'aquest arbre es feia servir per a l'exterior de les finestres, ja que triga molt a podrir-se, també es feia servir en ebenisteria. Es fa servir també com a planta ornamental (també a Barcelona).

Enllaços externs

En altres projectes de Wikimedia:
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Commons (Galeria)
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Commons (Categoria) Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata
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Grevillea (arbre): Brief Summary ( Catalan; Valensian )

fornì da wikipedia CA
 src= Fulles i flors

La Grevillea (Grevillea robusta), és una espècie d'arbre originari de l'est d'Austràlia.

Arriba a fer de 18 a 35 metres d'alt i creix de pressa. Les fulles, de 15 a 30 cm de llarg, són semblants a les de la falguera. Les flors són taronja daurades i són bones per l'apicultura. Les llavors són alades.


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ʻOke ( Tongan )

fornì da wikipedia emerging languages

Ko e ʻoke pe ʻoka kilika (ko e ua mei he lea fakapilitānia) ko e fuʻu ʻakau lahi ia, ʻomi ki Tongá ni mei ʻAositelēlia. ʻOku manakoa ʻi he ngoue Tonga koeʻuhi hono matalaʻiʻakau.

Hingoa ʻi he ngaahi lea kehe

Tataku

Ko e kupu ʻeni ko e potuʻi ia (stub). ʻIo, ko koe, kātaki tokoni mai ʻi hono .
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ʻOke: Brief Summary ( Tongan )

fornì da wikipedia emerging languages

Ko e ʻoke pe ʻoka kilika (ko e ua mei he lea fakapilitānia) ko e fuʻu ʻakau lahi ia, ʻomi ki Tongá ni mei ʻAositelēlia. ʻOku manakoa ʻi he ngoue Tonga koeʻuhi hono matalaʻiʻakau.

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काँगियो (वनस्पति) ( nepalèis )

fornì da wikipedia emerging languages
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पात र फूल

काँगियो रूख वर्गमा पर्ने वनस्पति हो । यसमा लाग्ने पहेँलो फूलमा गुलियो रस लाग्ने भएकोले मौरीको लागि यो वनस्पति अत्यन्तै लाभदायक हुन्छ ।

चित्र दिर्घा

सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू

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विकिपेडिया लेखक र सम्पादकहरू

काँगियो (वनस्पति): Brief Summary ( nepalèis )

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काँगियो रूख वर्गमा पर्ने वनस्पति हो । यसमा लाग्ने पहेँलो फूलमा गुलियो रस लाग्ने भएकोले मौरीको लागि यो वनस्पति अत्यन्तै लाभदायक हुन्छ ।

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மலைச் சவுக்கு - க்ரிவில்லியா ரோபேஸ்டா ( tamil )

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மலைச் சவுக்கு (Grevillia robusta)[1] கூம்பு வடிவமும், பளிச்சென மின்னும் புறணியிலை[2] போன்ற பிளவுகளுள்ள இலைகளும், மஞ்சள் நிறப் பூக்களும் உடைய அழகிய மரம். இது புரோடியேசி[3] குடும்பத்தைச் சார்ந்தது. லண்டனிலுள்ள ராயல் தோட்டக்கலை நிறுவனத்தை[4] நிர்மாணித்தவர்களுள் ஒருவராகிய ரைட் ஆனரபிள் சார்லஸ் பிரான்சிஸ் க்ரேவில்லி என்பவரின் நினைவாக முதற்பெயர் சூட்டப்பட்டுள்ளது. இந்த க்ரிவில்லியா இனத்தில் பெரிய மரமாக மலைச் சவுக்கு இருப்பதால், இதற்கு ரோபேஸ்டா என்ற பெயரை இணைத்தனர்.

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பொது பண்புகள்

மலைச் சவுக்கின் தாயகம் ஆஸ்திரேலியாவில் உள்ள குயின்ஸ்லாந்து மற்றும் நியூசவுத்வேல்ஸ் பகுதிகளாகும். இந்திய, ஸ்ரீலங்கா போன்ற நாடுகளில் மித வெப்பப் பகுதிகளில் பரவியுள்ளது. வட இந்தியாவில் டேஹ்ரடுன்பகுதியிலும், தென் இந்தியாவில் நீலகிரி, ஏற்காடு பகுதிகளிலும் வளர்கின்றன. கோவை மற்றும் பொள்ளாச்சி ஆகிய இடங்களில் சமவெளியிலும் வளர்கிறது.

மலைச் சவுக்கு, நெடிதுயர்ந்து வளரும். 18 முதல் 35 மீட்டர் உயரத்தையும் எட்டிடும். கூம்பு வடிவ தழையமைப்புடன் இருக்கும். பசுமை மாறா மரமாகும். மரப் பட்டை சாம்பல் நிறமுடையது. இதன் இலைகள் புறணி இலைகளைப் போன்று. பல பிளவுகளுடன் இருக்கும். மாற்று இலைஅமைப்புடையது. பிளவு இலைகள் 4 - 9செ. மீட்டர் நீளத்துடன் பல ஈட்டி போன்ற நாக்குகளையும் கொண்டிருக்கும். இலையின் மேற்புறம் நல்ல பச்சை நிறமாகவும், கீழ்ப்புறம் வெள்ளி நிறத்தில் மென் மயிர்கள் அடர்ந்துமிருக்கும. சூரிய ஒளியில் இலைகள் அசையும் பொழுது அடிப்புறம் நன்கு பளபளப்பாகப் பிரகாசிக்கும். அதன் காரணமாக, வெள்ளி ஓக்[5] (சில்வர் ஓக் ) என்ற பெயரும் ஆங்கிலத்தில் ஏற்பட்டுள்ளது.

ஏற்காட்டில் ஆண்டிற்கு இரு முறை பூக்கிறது. பிற இடங்களில் ஒரே ஒரு தடவை தான் பூக்கிறது. பின்பு நீளமான தட்டையான நெற்றுக்கள் உருவாகும். இவை ஒருபுறமாகப் பிளந்து, விதைகள் சிதறும். ஒரு நெற்றில் 1 - 2 விதைகள் இருக்கும். 1 செ.மீட்டர் அளவில் கோள வடிவமுடைய விதைகள் பழுப்பு நிறத்தில் சிறு இறக்கையுடனிருக்கும்.

பயன்கள்

1. காபி, தேயிலைத் தோட்டங்களுக்கு இலை சிறந்த தழை எருவாகும். இலைகளில் குயிராகிடல் (Queorachitol) மற்றும் அர்புடின் (arbutin) என்ற ஆல்கலாய்டுகள் உள்ளன.

2. மலர்களில் பீடா - கரோடின், லுடின் மற்றும் கிரிப்டோ சாந்தின் என்ற நிறமிகள் உள்ளன.

3. மரப் பட்டையில், டானின் பொருள் உள்ளது.

4.மலைச் சவுக்கு மரம் பல்வேறு மரச்சாமான்கள் செய்யவும், காகிதக் குழம்பு செய்யவும் ஏற்றது.

உசாத்துணைகள்

1. Mani P.S & Kamala Nagarajan (1994). Valamtharum marangal - Part - 5, Chennai, New century book house pvt ltd.,

2. Overseas-grown Australian Timber Species Retrieved on 11 2017.

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இலைகள் மற்றும் பூக்கள்

மேற்கோள்கள்

  1. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grevillea_robusta&action=edit
  2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frond
  3. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteaceae
  4. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Horticultural_Society
  5. http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/silver-oak-should-continue-to-be-exempted-from-timber-transit-rules-small-tea-growers/article3933904.ece
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மலைச் சவுக்கு - க்ரிவில்லியா ரோபேஸ்டா: Brief Summary ( tamil )

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மலைச் சவுக்கு (Grevillia robusta) கூம்பு வடிவமும், பளிச்சென மின்னும் புறணியிலை போன்ற பிளவுகளுள்ள இலைகளும், மஞ்சள் நிறப் பூக்களும் உடைய அழகிய மரம். இது புரோடியேசி குடும்பத்தைச் சார்ந்தது. லண்டனிலுள்ள ராயல் தோட்டக்கலை நிறுவனத்தை நிர்மாணித்தவர்களுள் ஒருவராகிய ரைட் ஆனரபிள் சார்லஸ் பிரான்சிஸ் க்ரேவில்லி என்பவரின் நினைவாக முதற்பெயர் சூட்டப்பட்டுள்ளது. இந்த க்ரிவில்லியா இனத்தில் பெரிய மரமாக மலைச் சவுக்கு இருப்பதால், இதற்கு ரோபேஸ்டா என்ற பெயரை இணைத்தனர்.

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விக்கிபீடியா ஆசிரியர்கள் மற்றும் ஆசிரியர்கள்

Gereveliya ( kinyarwanda )

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Gereverya
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Gereverya

Gereveliya cyangwa Gereverya (izina ry’ubumenyi mu kilatini Grevillea robusta) ni igiti

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Grevillea robusta ( Anglèis )

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Leaves and flowers
Stamen and pistil

Grevillea robusta, commonly known as the southern silky oak, silk oak or silky oak, silver oak or Australian silver oak,[1] is a flowering plant in the family Proteaceae. It is a tree, the largest species in its genus but is not closely related to the true oaks, Quercus. It is a native of eastern coastal Australia, growing in riverine, subtropical and dry rainforest environments.

Description

Grevillea robusta is a fast-growing evergreen tree with a single main trunk, growing to 5–40 m (20–100 ft) tall. The bark is dark grey and furrowed. Its leaves are fern-like, 10–34 cm (4–10 in) long, 9–15 cm (4–6 in) wide and divided with between 11 and 31 main lobes. Each lobe is sometimes further divided into as many as four, each one linear to narrow triangular in shape. It loses many of its leaves just before flowering.[2][3][4]

The flowers are arranged in one-sided, "toothbrush"-like groups, sometimes branched, 12–15 cm (5–6 in) long. The carpel (the female part) of each flower has a stalk 21–28 mm (0.8–1 in) long. The flowers are glabrous and mostly yellowish orange, or sometimes reddish. Flowering occurs from September to November and the fruit that follows is a glabrous follicle.[2][3]

Taxonomy and naming

Grevillea robusta was first formally described in 1830 by Robert Brown after an unpublished description by Allan Cunningham. The type specimen was collected by Cunningham on the eastern edge of Moreton Bay in 1827. Brown's description was published in Supplementum primum Prodromi florae Novae Hollandiae.[5][6] The specific epithet (robusta) is a Latin word meaning "strong like oak" or "robust".[7]

Distribution and habitat

Silky oak occurs naturally on the coast and ranges in southern Queensland and in New South Wales as far south as Coffs Harbour where it grows in subtropical rainforest, dry rainforest and wet forests. It is now relatively rare in its natural habitat but has been widely planted, including on Norfolk Island and Lord Howe Island. It has become naturalised in many places, including on the Atherton Tableland in Australia and in South Africa, New Zealand, Hawaii, French Polynesia, Jamaica and Florida. It is regarded as a weed in parts of New South Wales and Victoria, as "invasive" in Hawaii and as an "invader" in South Africa.[1][2][8]

Uses

Before the advent of aluminium, Grevillea robusta timber was widely used for external window joinery, as it is resistant to wood rot. It has been used in the manufacture of furniture, cabinetry, and fences. Owing to declining G. robusta populations, felling has been restricted.[4]

Recently G. robusta has been used for side and back woods on guitars made by Larrivée and others, because of its tonal and aesthetic qualities.

Cultivation

When young, it can be grown as a houseplant where it can tolerate light shade, but it prefers full sun because it grows best in warm zones. If planted outside, young trees need protection on frosty nights. Once established it is hardier and tolerates temperatures down to −8 °C (18 °F).[9] It needs occasional water but is otherwise fairly drought-resistant. Care needs to be taken when planting it near bushland because it can be invasive.[10]

G. robusta is often used as stock for grafting difficult-to-grow grevilleas. It has been planted widely throughout the city of Kunming in south-western China, forming shady avenues.

G. robusta is grown in plantations in South Africa,[11] and can also be grown alongside maize in agroforestry systems.[12]

In the UK, G. robusta has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.[13][14]

Toxicity and allergic reactions

The flowers and fruit contain toxic hydrogen cyanide.[15] Tridecylresorcinol in G.robusta is responsible for contact dermatitis.[16]

References

  1. ^ a b "Grevillea robusta". Queensland Government. Retrieved 19 June 2018.
  2. ^ a b c Makinson, Robert O. "Grevillea robusta". Royal Botanic Garden Sydney. Retrieved 19 June 2018.
  3. ^ a b RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. 2008. p. 1136. ISBN 978-1405332965.
  4. ^ a b "Grevillea robusta". National Arboretum Canberra. Retrieved 18 June 2018.
  5. ^ "Grevillea robusta". APNI. Retrieved 20 June 2018.
  6. ^ Brown, Robert (1830). Supplementum primum Prodromi florae Novae Hollandiae. London. p. 24. Retrieved 19 June 2018.
  7. ^ Brown, Roland Wilbur (1956). The Composition of Scientific Words. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. p. 556.
  8. ^ F.A. Zich; B.P.M Hyland; T. Whiffen; R.A. Kerrigan (2020). "Grevillea robusta". Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants, Edition 8. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO). Retrieved 2 March 2021.
  9. ^ "Silkoak (Robusta)". Garden Guides. Leaf Group. Archived from the original on 2011-07-16. Retrieved 2019-05-02.
  10. ^ "Grevillea robusta (silky oak)". Invasive Species Compendium. CAB International. Retrieved 2019-05-02.
  11. ^ Overseas-grown Australian Timber Species Retrieved on 8 December 2008
  12. ^ Jackson, N. (2000). "Tree pruning as a means of controlling water use in an agroforestry system in Kenya". Forest Ecology and Management. 126 (2): 133–152. doi:10.1016/S0378-1127(99)00096-1.
  13. ^ "Grevillea robusta AGM". RHS Plant Finder. Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 15 July 2020.
  14. ^ "AGM Plants - Ornamental" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 43. Retrieved 3 March 2018.
  15. ^ Everist, S.L., Poisonous Plants of Australia, Angus & Robertson, 1974.
  16. ^ Menz, J., Rossi, R., Taylor, W.C, Wall, L., Contact dermatitis from Grevillea "Robyn Gordon", Contact Dermatitis, Vol. 15, Iss. 3, pp 126-131, Apr 2006

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Grevillea robusta: Brief Summary ( Anglèis )

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Leaves and flowers Stamen and pistil

Grevillea robusta, commonly known as the southern silky oak, silk oak or silky oak, silver oak or Australian silver oak, is a flowering plant in the family Proteaceae. It is a tree, the largest species in its genus but is not closely related to the true oaks, Quercus. It is a native of eastern coastal Australia, growing in riverine, subtropical and dry rainforest environments.

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Grevillea robusta ( Spagneul; Castilian )

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Hojas y flores.

Grevillea robusta, roble sedoso, roble australiano, roble plateado, árbol de fuego, pino de oro o gravilia es la especie más grande del género Grevillea. Nativo de las costas del este de Australia.

Descripción

Es un árbol perennifolio de rápido crecimiento, de 18 a 35 m de altura con hojas verde oscuras delicadamente dentadas bipinnadas reminiscentes de fronda de helecho. Estas hojas generalmente son de 15 a 30 cm de largo con el envés de color blanco grisáceo mohoso. Sus flores son doradas naranjas, de 8 a 15 cm de largo en primavera, en tallos de 2 a 3 cm de largo. Las semillas maduran desde finales de invierno hasta principios de primavera, fructificando en folículos dehiscentes pardo oscuros aterciopelados, de 2 cm de largo, con una o dos semillas planas aladas.

A las personas con la piel sensible puede ocasionar dermatitis por contacto.[1]

Usos

Grevillea robusta es usada en la elaboración de instrumentos musicales incluyendo guitarras. Antes del advenimiento del aluminio, la madera de este árbol era ampliamente usada ebanistería externa de ventanas debido a su resistencia a la pudrición. También era popular para elaborar mueblería. Existen severas restricciones para su explotación en su medio ambiente natural ahora que el número de árboles silvestres se ha reducido considerablemente. Es un excelente árbol para ser usado como cerca y uno de los árboles de crecimiento más rápido.

Cultivo

Jóvenes crecen muy bien en invernadero donde toleran sombra, pero prefieren pleno sol en zonas templadas. Plantadas al exterior, necesitan protección contra las heladas nocturnas. Una vez establecido es más resistente y tolera temperaturas de hasta −8 °C.[2]​ Necesitan ocasionalmente agua, pero por lo demás son resistentes a sequía. Grevillea robusta es usado frecuentemente como cepa para injertar grevileas difíciles de cultivar.

Se necesita cuidado cuando se planta cerca de vegetación nativa en Australia debido a su comportamiento invasor.

Taxonomía

Grevillea robusta fue descrita por A.Cunn. ex R.Br. y publicado en Supplementum primum prodromi florae Novae Hollandiae 24. 1830.[3]

Etimología

Grevillea, el nombre del género fue nombrado en honor de Charles Francis Greville, co-foundador de la Royal Horticultural Society.

robusta: epíteto latíno que significa "robusta"

Sinonimia

Toxicidad y reacciones alérgicas

Las flores y la fruta contienen el tóxico cianuro de hidrógeno.[4]​ Tridecylresorcinol en Greviellea robusta es responsable de la dermatitis de contacto.[5]

  • Grevillea robusta var. compacta auct.
  • Grevillea robusta var. forsteri L.H.Bailey
  • Grevillea umbratica A.Cunn. ex Meisn.
  • Grevillea venusta A.Cunn. ex Meisn.
  • Stylurus robustus (A.Cunn.) O.Deg.[6]

File:銀樺 Grevillea robusta 20210411151850 02.jpg

Galería

Notas y referencias

  1. Revista del Zoo de Barcelona nº 3-2008, pág. 29
  2. «Guías de jardines: Roble sedoso (inglés)».
  3. Grevillea robusta en Trópicos
  4. Verdcourt, B.; Everist, S. L. (1976). «Poisonous Plants of Australia». Kew Bulletin 31 (1): 191. ISSN 0075-5974. doi:10.2307/4109010. Consultado el 20 de septiembre de 2018.
  5. Menz, Jennifer; Rossi, Ric; Taylor, Wal C.; Wall, Leon (1986-08). «Contact dermatitis fromGrevillea‘Robyn Gordon’». Contact Dermatitis 15 (3): 126-131. ISSN 0105-1873. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.1986.tb01311.x. Consultado el 20 de septiembre de 2018.
  6. Grevillea robusta en PlantList

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Grevillea robusta: Brief Summary ( Spagneul; Castilian )

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 src= Hojas y flores.

Grevillea robusta, roble sedoso, roble australiano, roble plateado, árbol de fuego, pino de oro o gravilia es la especie más grande del género Grevillea. Nativo de las costas del este de Australia.

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Grevillea robusta ( Fransèis )

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Grevillea robusta, communément appelé le chêne soyeux d'Australie ou chêne gris, est le plus grand représentant du genre Grevillea.

Description

Aspect général

C'est un arbre à feuillage persistant, à croissance rapide, pouvant atteindre 30 mètres de haut[2].

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Malgré les apparences, il s'agit bien d'une feuille simple, mais très découpée.

Feuilles

Les feuilles sont vert foncé sur le dessous, blanches ou gris rouillé dessous. Leur limbe étant profondément découpé jusqu'à la nervure centrale, les feuilles, pourtant simples, semblent donner l'apparence de feuilles bipennées. Elles mesurent généralement 15 à 30 cm de long[2].

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Fleur en "brosse à bouteille"
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Étamine et pistil

Fleurs

Les inflorescences, qui apparaissent au printemps, sont des racèmes jaune-orangé qui mesurent entre 8 et 15 centimètres de long. Ce sont les longs stigmates recourbés des fleurs qui donnent à l'inflorescence son aspect de brosse à bouteille[2]. Les fleurs sont si nectarifères qu'en Nouvelle-Calédonie, elles ont la réputation d'enivrer mortellement les abeilles et les roussettes[3].

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Fruit et graines

Fruits

Les graines arrivent à maturité en fin d'hiver et au début de printemps. Les fruits sont des capsules déhiscentes couleur cuir brun foncé, d'environ 2 cm de long, avec une ou deux graines ailées plates. L'espèce se reproduit exclusivement par anémochorie[2].

Distribution

L'espèce est originaire des zones côtières de l'est de l'Australie, poussant au bord des cours d'eau, dans les forêts subtropicales et tropicales sèches recevant en moyenne plus de 1000 mm d'eau par an[réf. souhaitée].

Utilisation

Les fleurs sont utilisées pour la production du miel.

En Nouvelle-Calédonie, où l'espèce a été introduite en 1902[4], son bois est utilisé comme bois d'oeuvre[2] et dans l'ébénisterie[3]. Il a été importé dans cet archipel pour la sylviculture et en tant que plante ornementale[2],[3].

Caractère envahissant

En Nouvelle-Calédonie, l'espèce présente un caractère envahissant modéré, qui reste à surveiller du fait de l'existence de risques d'hybridation avec des espèces endémiques pouvant pousser sur des sols ultramafiques (maquis minier)[4]. Des peuplements se sont déjà formés dans le centre et sur la côte est de la Grande Terre[2], ainsi qu'en milieu urbain (zone du Sémaphore)[3].

L'espèce produit une substance allélopathique qui nuit à la croissance des autres espèces végétales environnantes[2].

Références

  1. IPNI. International Plant Names Index. Published on the Internet http://www.ipni.org, The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries and Australian National Botanic Gardens., consulté le 13 juillet 2020
  2. a b c d e f g et h Groupe espèces envahissantes, Plantes envahissantes pour les milieux naturels de Nouvelle-Calédonie, Nouméa, Agence pour la prévention et l'indemnisation des calamités agricoles ou naturelles (APICAN), janvier 2012, 222 p., pp. 190-191
  3. a b c et d Bernard Suprin, Mille et une plantes en Nouvelle-Calédonie, Nouméa, Editions Photosynthèse, 2013, 382 p. (ISBN 9782952731638), p. 245
  4. a et b Vanessa Hequet, Mickaël Le Corre, Frédéric Rigault, Vincent Blanfort, Les espèces exotiques envahissantes de Nouvelle-Calédonie, IRD, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, septembre 2009, 87 p. (lire en ligne), pp. 46, 48

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Grevillea robusta: Brief Summary ( Fransèis )

fornì da wikipedia FR

Grevillea robusta, communément appelé le chêne soyeux d'Australie ou chêne gris, est le plus grand représentant du genre Grevillea.

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Grevillea robusta ( Italian )

fornì da wikipedia IT

Grevillea robusta (A.Cunn. ex R.Br., 1830) è una pianta appartenente alla famiglia delle Proteacee, endemica dell'Australia[2].

Descrizione

È un albero sempreverde a crescita rapida, alto 18–35 m, con foglie verde scuro delicatamente dentellate che ricordano le fronde di una felce. È la pianta più grande del genere Grevillea, con un tronco che raggiunge diametri di 1 m. Le foglie sono generalmente lunghe 15–30 cm (6–12 pollici) con superfici inferiori bianche grigiastre o color ruggine.

I suoi fiori sono arancioni-dorati a forma di fiorellini di parviflora, lunghi 8–15 cm, in primavera, su uno stelo di 2–3 cm e sono usati per produrre miele. Come altri dello stesso genere, i fiori non hanno petali, hanno invece un lungo calice che si divide in 4 lobi. I semi maturano alla fine dell’inverno e danno frutti su follicoli deiscenti ruvidi color marrone scuro, lunghi circa 2 cm, con uno o due semi appiattiti e alati.

Distribuzione e habitat

È nativa della zona costiera orientale dell’Australia, in ambienti fluviali, subtropicali di foreste pluviali secche e riceve 1000 millimetri annuali di precipitazioni medie.

Note

  1. ^ https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/61956847/61956849
  2. ^ (EN) Grevillea robusta A.Cunn. ex R.Br., su Plants of the World Online, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. URL consultato il 3 febbraio 2021.

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Grevillea robusta: Brief Summary ( Italian )

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Grevillea robusta (A.Cunn. ex R.Br., 1830) è una pianta appartenente alla famiglia delle Proteacee, endemica dell'Australia.

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Australische zilvereik ( olandèis; flamand )

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De Australische zilvereik (Grevillea robusta) is een tot 30 m hoge boom met een rechte, in de kroon doorlopende stam. De kroon is los, slank en rijzig. De bladeren zijn afwisselend geplaatst, tot 25 cm lang, bijna varenachtig, geveerd met 11 tot 23 deelblaadjes, die zelf weer diep ingesneden tot geveerd zijn. Aan de onderzijde is het blad zilvergrijs behaard.

De bloemen zijn geel met oranje of zelden rood en groeien in eenzijdige, borstelachtige, tot 13 cm lange trossen, die meestal in groepen aan oudere twijgen groeien. De individuele bloemen zijn circa 2 cm lang en even lang als hun steel. Ze bestaan uit vier bloembladen, die lang met elkaar verbonden blijven en met de meeldraden zijn vergroeid. De stijl steekt lange tijd boogvormig uit de bloem, maar als de bloembladen later los van elkaar komen steekt de stijl loodrecht uit de bloem. De stempel is knotsvormig verdikt. De vruchten zijn rijp bruine, bootvormige, circa 2 cm lange kokervrucht met een lange snavel. Elke vrucht bevat een of twee gevleugelde zaden.

De Australische zilvereik komt oorspronkelijk uit Australië, waar grote bomen zeldzaam zijn geworden omdat er veel vraag is naar het hout voor de fabricage van meubels. Hij is bestand tegen droogte, wind en felle zon waardoor hij veel wordt aangeplant in de (sub)tropen. Hij wordt vaak aangeplant voor herbebossing van kaalgeslagen terreinen en als schaduwboom bij koffie- en theeplantages. Ook komt hij verwilderd voor zoals op Hawaï. Daarmee is het de meest voorkomende soort van de familie Proteaceae in de tropen.

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Australische zilvereik: Brief Summary ( olandèis; flamand )

fornì da wikipedia NL

De Australische zilvereik (Grevillea robusta) is een tot 30 m hoge boom met een rechte, in de kroon doorlopende stam. De kroon is los, slank en rijzig. De bladeren zijn afwisselend geplaatst, tot 25 cm lang, bijna varenachtig, geveerd met 11 tot 23 deelblaadjes, die zelf weer diep ingesneden tot geveerd zijn. Aan de onderzijde is het blad zilvergrijs behaard.

De bloemen zijn geel met oranje of zelden rood en groeien in eenzijdige, borstelachtige, tot 13 cm lange trossen, die meestal in groepen aan oudere twijgen groeien. De individuele bloemen zijn circa 2 cm lang en even lang als hun steel. Ze bestaan uit vier bloembladen, die lang met elkaar verbonden blijven en met de meeldraden zijn vergroeid. De stijl steekt lange tijd boogvormig uit de bloem, maar als de bloembladen later los van elkaar komen steekt de stijl loodrecht uit de bloem. De stempel is knotsvormig verdikt. De vruchten zijn rijp bruine, bootvormige, circa 2 cm lange kokervrucht met een lange snavel. Elke vrucht bevat een of twee gevleugelde zaden.

De Australische zilvereik komt oorspronkelijk uit Australië, waar grote bomen zeldzaam zijn geworden omdat er veel vraag is naar het hout voor de fabricage van meubels. Hij is bestand tegen droogte, wind en felle zon waardoor hij veel wordt aangeplant in de (sub)tropen. Hij wordt vaak aangeplant voor herbebossing van kaalgeslagen terreinen en als schaduwboom bij koffie- en theeplantages. Ook komt hij verwilderd voor zoals op Hawaï. Daarmee is het de meest voorkomende soort van de familie Proteaceae in de tropen.

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Bast

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Plant in Gan Shemu'el in Israël

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Blad

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Bloeiwijze

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Grevillea robusta

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Onrijpe vruchten

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Vrucht en zaden

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Grevílea-robusta ( portughèis )

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Grevílea-robusta (Grevillea robusta) é a maior planta do gênero Grevillea. É nativa da costa leste da Austrália. É uma árvore de crescimento rápido, de folha perene, que atinge 18–35 m de altura e tem folhas verdes delicadamente denteadas e bipinuladas, semelhantes à folhagem dos fetos. As folhas têm geralmente o tamanho de 15–30 cm de comprimento com o lado inferior branco acinzentado ou cor de ferrugem. Suas flores são cor laranja-ouro com floração tipo Callistemon, com 8–15 cm de comprimento na primavera, num caule de 2–3 cm. As sementes, maduras no final do inverno ou começo da primavera, frutificam em folículos marrom escuro, com cerca de 2 cm de comprimento, com uma ou duas sementes chatas, com asas.

Cultivo

Quanto jovem pode ser cultivada como uma planta de interior por tolerar a sombra, mas prefere lugares ensolarados, por isso cresce melhor em zonas quentes. Se plantada ao ar livre, as mudas jovens necessitam de proteção contra geada. Necessita água ocasionalmente, mas é tolerante à seca.

Galeria de fotos

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Grevílea-robusta: Brief Summary ( portughèis )

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Grevílea-robusta (Grevillea robusta) é a maior planta do gênero Grevillea. É nativa da costa leste da Austrália. É uma árvore de crescimento rápido, de folha perene, que atinge 18–35 m de altura e tem folhas verdes delicadamente denteadas e bipinuladas, semelhantes à folhagem dos fetos. As folhas têm geralmente o tamanho de 15–30 cm de comprimento com o lado inferior branco acinzentado ou cor de ferrugem. Suas flores são cor laranja-ouro com floração tipo Callistemon, com 8–15 cm de comprimento na primavera, num caule de 2–3 cm. As sementes, maduras no final do inverno ou começo da primavera, frutificam em folículos marrom escuro, com cerca de 2 cm de comprimento, com uma ou duas sementes chatas, com asas.

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Velika grevilka ( Spagneul; Castilian )

fornì da wikipedia SL

Velika grevilka (znanstveno ime Grevillea robusta) je vednozeleno drevo Avstralije iz družine Proteaceae.

Opis

Znanstveno ime je drevo dobilo po enem od ustanoviteljev londonskega hortikulturnega društva Charlesu F. Grevillu. To drevo zraste do 45 metrov visoko, odraslo pa ima sivorjavo razpokano skorjo. Listi so dvojno pernato razrasli, podobni pa so listom praproti in nikoli ne odpadejo. Po zgornji strani so zeleni, po spodnji strani pa sivkaste barve. Cvetovi so združeni v socvetja, razvijejo pa se na dveletnih vejah. Barva cvetov je oranžna, nimajo pa cvetnega odevala. Čaša je kratka in ima štiri zakrivljene pole, štiri prašnike, ki imajo sedeče prašnice in eno samo dolgo brazdo. Velika grelivka je žužkocvetka, kar pomeni, da jo oprašujejo žuželke. Prav zato so polni peloda. Plodovi so nekakšni mešički, v katerih je eno ali dve ploščati semeni. Seme je obrobljeno s tanko kožico, ki služi kot krilo, da ga veter odnese čim dlje od matičnega drevesa.

Mlada drevesa so priljubljene sobne in okrasne rastline.

Razširjenost in uporabnost

Velika grelivka je domorodna v Queenslandu in Novem Južnem Walesu. Prenese temperature pod lediščem, prav tako pa uspešno prenaša sušo. Dobro uspeva na kislih tleh. Razmnožuje se s semeni, ki hitro vzkalijo.

Les velike grelivke je prožen in obstojen, zaradi česar ga veliko uporabljajo v mizarstvu in pri izdelavi glasbenih inštrumentov.

Galerija

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Velika grevilka: Brief Summary ( Spagneul; Castilian )

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Velika grevilka (znanstveno ime Grevillea robusta) je vednozeleno drevo Avstralije iz družine Proteaceae.

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Silvergrevillea ( svedèis )

fornì da wikipedia SV

Silvergrevillea (Grevillea robusta) är ett snabbväxande träd som förekommer naturligt i östra Australien. Det hör till familjen proteaväxter (Proteaceae). Arten odlas som kulturväxt i många tropiska och subtropiska länder jorden runt.

Det är ett städsegrönt lövträd med parbladigt sammansatta blad. Bladen är således mörkgröna på ovansidan och ljust silverhåriga på undersidan, därav de folkliga namnen både på svenska och engelska (Australian silvery oak). Bladen kan bli upp till 30 cm långa. Småbladen är ojämnt smalflikiga vilket ger ett ormbunksliknande utseende.

Allan Cunningham beskrev och namngav arten.

Blommor och frukter av silvergrevillea innehåller en giftig vätecyanid.[1] Även andra ämnen i växten kan ge en kontaktallergi.[2]

Referenser

  1. ^ Everist, S.L., Poisonous Plants of Australia, Angus & Robertson, 1974.
  2. ^ Menz, J., Rossi, R., Taylor, W.C, Wall, L., Contact dermatitis from Grevillea'Robyn Gordon', Contact Dermatitis, Vol. 15, Iss. 3, pp 126-131, Apr 2006

Externa länkar

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Silvergrevillea: Brief Summary ( svedèis )

fornì da wikipedia SV

Silvergrevillea (Grevillea robusta) är ett snabbväxande träd som förekommer naturligt i östra Australien. Det hör till familjen proteaväxter (Proteaceae). Arten odlas som kulturväxt i många tropiska och subtropiska länder jorden runt.

Det är ett städsegrönt lövträd med parbladigt sammansatta blad. Bladen är således mörkgröna på ovansidan och ljust silverhåriga på undersidan, därav de folkliga namnen både på svenska och engelska (Australian silvery oak). Bladen kan bli upp till 30 cm långa. Småbladen är ojämnt smalflikiga vilket ger ett ormbunksliknande utseende.

Allan Cunningham beskrev och namngav arten.

Blommor och frukter av silvergrevillea innehåller en giftig vätecyanid. Även andra ämnen i växten kan ge en kontaktallergi.

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Гревілея могутня ( ucrain )

fornì da wikipedia UK

Назва

Рослина відома в англійській мові як «південний шовковий дуб», «шовковий дуб» (англ. southern silky oak) або «Австралійський срібний дуб» (англ. Australian silver oak), хоча вона не є близько спорідненою зі справжнім дубом Quercus.

Морфологічна характеристика

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Листя та квіти

Це найбільше дерево роду Гревілея, що швидко росте, з діаметром стовбура понад 1 м та висотою 18-35 м. Вічнозелене дерево з темно-зеленим зазубленим листям. Інші автори називають рослину напівлистопадна, оскільки вона частково скидає листя наприкінці весни, щоб стали помітнішими її суцвіття.[1] Листя переважно довжиною 15-30 см з нижньої сторони сріблясто-білого кольору або кольору іржі.

Квіти гревілеї могутньої бульбашкоподібні золотаво-помаранчевого кольору довжиною 8-15 см, весною на стеблі 2-3 см завдовжки, є медоносними. Квіти не мають пелюсток, як і інші рослини з їх роду, а натомість мають довгу чашечку, розділену на 4 частину. Період дозрівання насіння від кінця зими до ранньої весни. Плоди — жорсткі стручки темно-коричневого кольору, завдовжки 3 см, з одною або двома плоскими насінинами з крильцями.

Поширення та середовище існування

Гревілея могутня росте на східному узбережжі Австралії, в прирічковій смузі, субтропічних і сухих лісах, де середня щорічна кількість опадів більше 1,000 мм.

Використання

До відкриття алюмінію, Гревіллея могутня широко використовувалась для зовнішніх віконних конструкцій, так як вона стійка до гниття деревини. Вона використовується при виготовленні меблів, огорож. Внаслідок зниження чисельності Гревілеї могутньої , її вирубка була обмежена.

Вирощування

Коли рослина молода, її можна вирощувати як кімнатну рослину, адже вона може переносити легке затінення. Але надає перевагу повному освітленні, так як найкраще росте в теплих поясах. Якщо рослину садити на вулиці, то молоді дерева потребують захисту в морозні ночі. Після того як дерево прийметься, стає холодостойким і переносить морози до −8 °C (18 °F).[2] Рослина потребує нечастої поливки, але загалом є досить посухостійкою.

Гревілея робуста часто використовується як підщепа для щеплення важкоростучих гревілей.

Рослину необхідно доглядати, якщо вона росте поряд з чагарниками, адже в іншому випадку буде кволою.

Багато цих дерев висаджують у місті Куньмін на південному заході Китаю, утворюючи тінисті алеї.

Рослина отримала премію Королівського садівничого товариства (Royal Horticultural Society's) — Award of Garden Merit.

Гревілея могутня також вирощується на плантаціях в Південній Африці, а також може вирощуватись вздовж маїсових (кукурудзяних) полів в агролісомеліораційних системах.

Гревілея могутня натуралізована на Гаваях, спостерігають інвазивні тенденції.

Токсичність та алергічні реакції

Квіти та плоди містять ціанідну кислоту. Тридецілрезорцин у Гревілеї викликає контактний дерматит.[3]

Галерея

Примітки

  1. Ліс. — К.Махаон-Україна, 2008. — 304 с., іл. — С. 150
  2. Garden Guides: Silkoak.[недоступне посилання з квітень 2019]
  3. Menz, J., Rossi, R., Taylor, W.C, Wall, L., Contact dermatitis from Grevillea «Robyn Gordon», Contact Dermatitis, Vol. 15, Iss. 3, pp 126—131, Apr 2006
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Trải bàn ( vietnamèis )

fornì da wikipedia VI

Trải bàn[1] hay còn gọi ngân hoa (danh pháp khoa học: Grevillea robusta) là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Quắn hoa. Loài này được A.Cunn. ex R.Br. miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1830.[2]

Loài có nguồn gốc xuất xứ từ đảo TasmaniaNouvelle-Calédonie, trong tiếng Việt cây có tên gọi trải bàn vì lá đẹp thường được dùng trang trí bàn khách.[1]

Chú thích

  1. ^ a ă Phạm Hoàng Hộ; Cây cỏ Việt Nam - tập 2; Nhà xuất bản Trẻ - 1999; Trang 17.
  2. ^ The Plant List (2010). Grevillea robusta. Truy cập ngày 25 tháng 6 năm 2013.

Liên kết ngoài


Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết tông thực vật Embothrieae này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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Trải bàn: Brief Summary ( vietnamèis )

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Trải bàn hay còn gọi ngân hoa (danh pháp khoa học: Grevillea robusta) là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Quắn hoa. Loài này được A.Cunn. ex R.Br. miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1830.

Loài có nguồn gốc xuất xứ từ đảo TasmaniaNouvelle-Calédonie, trong tiếng Việt cây có tên gọi trải bàn vì lá đẹp thường được dùng trang trí bàn khách.

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Гревиллея крупная ( russ; russi )

fornì da wikipedia русскую Википедию
Царство: Растения
Подцарство: Зелёные растения
Отдел: Цветковые
Надпорядок: Proteanae Takht., 1967
Порядок: Протеецветные
Семейство: Протейные
Подсемейство: Grevilleoideae
Триба: Embothrieae
Подтриба: Hakeinae
Вид: Гревиллея крупная
Международное научное название

Grevillea robusta A.Cunn. ex R.Br.

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ITIS 27783NCBI 105748EOL 582736GRIN t:18006IPNI 50798-3TPL kew-2832700

Гревиллея крупная (лат. Grevillea robusta) — вид цветковых растений рода Гревиллея (Grevillea) семейства Протейные (Proteaceae).

Представители вида произрастают в Австралии — штаты Новый Южный Уэльс и Квинсленд[2].

Ботаническое описание

Дерево высотой до 14 м.

Листья длиной 15—20 см, с 25—35 ланцетными сегментами, с загнутыми краями, сверху голыми, снизу пушистыми.

Цветки в боковых односторонних кистях, длиной до 12 см, душистые.

Таксономия

Вид Гревиллея крупная входит в род Гревиллея (Grevillea) семейства Протейные (Proteaceae) порядка Протеецветные (Proteales).

Первые описания в 1809 использовали имя «Grevillia». Имя рода взято в честь Charles Francis Greville (1749—1809), члена Королевского Общества и Linnean Society of London.


ещё 2 семейства (согласно Системе APG II) ещё около 360 видов порядок Протеецветные род Гревиллея отдел Цветковые, или Покрытосеменные семейство Протейные вид
Гревиллея крупная
ещё 44 порядка цветковых растений
(согласно Системе APG II) ещё около 80 родов

Примечания

  1. Об условности указания класса двудольных в качестве вышестоящего таксона для описываемой в данной статье группы растений см. раздел «Системы APG» статьи «Двудольные».
  2. По данным сайта GRIN (см. карточку растения).
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Гревиллея крупная: Brief Summary ( russ; russi )

fornì da wikipedia русскую Википедию

Гревиллея крупная (лат. Grevillea robusta) — вид цветковых растений рода Гревиллея (Grevillea) семейства Протейные (Proteaceae).

Представители вида произрастают в Австралии — штаты Новый Южный Уэльс и Квинсленд.

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银桦 ( cinèis )

fornì da wikipedia 中文维基百科
二名法 Grevillea robusta
A.Cunn. ex R.Br.

银桦学名Grevillea robusta),为山龙眼科银桦属下的一个植物种。原產地為澳洲,現於台灣是常見的樹種。[1]

参考资料

  1. ^ 银桦 Grevillea robusta A. Cunn. ex R. Br.. 中国植物物种信息数据库. [2013-01-15].


小作品圖示这是一篇與植物相關的小作品。你可以通过编辑或修订扩充其内容。
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银桦: Brief Summary ( cinèis )

fornì da wikipedia 中文维基百科

银桦(学名:Grevillea robusta),为山龙眼科银桦属下的一个植物种。原產地為澳洲,現於台灣是常見的樹種。

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シルキーオーク ( Giaponèis )

fornì da wikipedia 日本語
ハゴロモノキ Grevillea robusta flowering in Gan Shmuel01.jpg
ハゴロモノキ
分類 : 植物界 Plantae : 被子植物門 Magnoliophyta : 双子葉植物綱 Magnoliopsida 亜綱 : バラ亜綱 Rosidae : ヤマモガシ目 Proteales : ヤマモガシ科 Proteaceae : グレビレア属 Grevillea : ハゴロモノキ Grevillea robusta 学名 Grevillea robusta 和名 ハゴロモノキ 英名 southern silky oak
Australian Silver-oak
Silky-oak
Silver-oak

ハゴロモノキ(学名: Grevillea robusta英語: Southern silky oak, Silky-oak, Australian silver oak, Silver-oak)またはシルキーオークとは、ヤマモガシ科樹木である。「オーク」という名が付いているが、ナラカシなどの「コナラ属」(ブナ科)ではない。

分布[編集]

オーストラリア大陸東部(クイーンズランド州及びニューサウスウェールズ州)に生息。アフリカ大陸でも生育が良いため、造林樹種として取り入れ、植林のため移入しているもある。

特性・特徴[編集]

  • アレロパシー作用を持っており、一定の範囲内には、自分の子孫までもが生育できないような毒素を出す。
  • 導管の配列の仕方はヤマモガシ科特有の特徴である。横断面をみると、小さい道管が、接線方向に並んで、帯を形作り、規則的に配列している。
  • 普通、心材辺材の境は明らかでない。

利用[編集]

放射組織が大きく、装飾的価値が高い。

画像[編集]

  •  src=

    ハゴロモノキの

  •  src=

    ハゴロモノキの

  •  src=

    ハゴロモノキの花と葉

  •  src=

    ハゴロモノキの花つき

  •  src=

    ハゴロモノキの(樹皮)

  •  src=

    ハゴロモノキの熟れていない

  •  src=

    ハゴロモノキの生っている莢

  •  src=

    ハゴロモノキの落ちた莢

  •  src=

    ハゴロモノキの種子と莢

関連項目[編集]

 src= ウィキメディア・コモンズには、ハゴロモノキに関連するカテゴリがあります。  src= ウィキスピーシーズにハゴロモノキに関する情報があります。 執筆の途中です この項目は、植物に関連した書きかけの項目です。この項目を加筆・訂正などしてくださる協力者を求めていますプロジェクト:植物Portal:植物)。 執筆の途中です この項目は、オーストラリアに関連した書きかけの項目です。この項目を加筆・訂正などしてくださる協力者を求めていますプロジェクト:オーストラリア/Portal:オーストラリア)。
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シルキーオーク: Brief Summary ( Giaponèis )

fornì da wikipedia 日本語

ハゴロモノキ(学名: Grevillea robusta、英語: Southern silky oak, Silky-oak, Australian silver oak, Silver-oak)またはシルキーオークとは、ヤマモガシ科樹木である。「オーク」という名が付いているが、ナラカシなどの「コナラ属」(ブナ科)ではない。

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