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Pareidae ( Alman )

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Die Pareidae (früher Pareatidae[1]) sind eine in Nordostindien, Südostasien, China, Taiwan und Japan vorkommende Familie kleiner Schlangen, die sich auf die Erbeutung von Schnecken spezialisiert hat.

Merkmale

Bei den Pareidae handelt es sich durchweg um kleine bis mittelgroße, natternartige Schlangen. Die größte Art, Aplopeltura boa, erreicht eine Länge von 70 bis 80 cm. Einige der morphologischen Merkmale der Paraeidae finden sich auch bei den Schnecken fressenden Schlangen der Natternunterfamilie Dipsadinae und entstanden in Anpassung an diese für Schlangen ungewöhnlichen Nahrung konvergent in beiden Taxa. In der Vergangenheit wurden deshalb auch die Arten und Gattungen der Paraeidae zu den Dipsadinae gezählt[2] oder sie wurden als Unterfamilie Pareatinae der Nattern aufgefasst.

Die Kiefer der Pareidae sind kurz und kräftig. Die Zähne sind lang und schmal, der vordere Teil der Maxillare ist zahnlos. Die Flügelbeine haben keinen Kontakt zu den Unterkieferknochen und dem Quadratbein. Ein spezieller, mit der Speicheldrüse verbundener Muskel bewirkt das Absondern des Sekrets. Der Hemipenis ist sehr tief gegabelt, jeder Hemipenis ist von einem ungewöhnlichen Gewebering umgeben.[3] Wie bei den Dipsadinae ist bei den Pareatidae nicht die rechte, sondern die linke Lunge reduziert, im Unterschied zu den Dipsadinae ist von der rechten allerdings noch ein Rudiment übrig.[2]

Systematik

Die Pareidae sind eine von über zehn Familien Nattern- und Vipernartiger Schlangen. Nach Zaher et al. ergibt sich innerhalb dieser Gruppe folgende Systematik:[4]

Nattern- und Vipernartige

Höckernattern (Xenodermatidae)



Pareidae



Vipern (Viperidae)



Wassertrugnattern (Homalopsidae)



Elapoidea (Giftnattern (Elapidae) und Verwandte)


Colubroidea (Nattern (Colubridae))







Vorlage:Klade/Wartung/Style

Innerhalb der Familie der Pareidae gibt es vier Gattungen mit insgesamt 30 Arten:[5][6]

 src=
Kurzkopf-Schneckennatter (Aplopeltura boa)
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Hamptons Schneckennatter (Pareas hamptoni)
 src=
Pareas iwasakii: Die Schnecke wird mit dem Unterkiefer herausgezogen

Einzelnachweise

  1. J.A.Y.M. Savage (2015): What are the correct family names for the taxa that include the snake genera Xenodermus, Pareas, and Calamaria. Herpetological Review 46(4): 664–665.
  2. a b K. Deckert, G. Deckert, G. E. Freytag, G. Peters, G. Sterba: Urania Tierreich, Fische, Lurche, Kriechtiere, Seite 658, Urania-Verlag, 1991, ISBN 3-332-00376-3
  3. Hussam Zaher, Felipe Gobbi Grazziotin, John E. Cadle, Robert W. Murphy, Julio Cesar de Moura-Leite, Sandro L. Bonatto: Molecular phylogeny of advanced snakes (Serpentes, Caenophidia) with an emphasis on South American Xenodontines: a revised classification and descriptions of new taxa. Pap. Avulsos Zool. (São Paulo) vol.49 no.11 São Paulo, 2009, doi:10.1590/S0031-10492009001100001 PDF
  4. Hussam Zaher, Robert W. Murphy, Juan Camilo Arredondo, Roberta Graboski, Paulo Roberto Machado-Filho, Kristin Mahlow, Giovanna G. Montingelli, Ana Bottallo Quadros, Nikolai L. Orlov, Mark Wilkinson, Ya-Ping Zhang, Felipe G. Grazziotin (2019): Large-scale molecular phylogeny, morphology, divergence-time estimation, and the fossil record of advanced caenophidian snakes (Squamata: Serpentes). PLOS ONE, Mai 10, 2019. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216148
  5. Pareidae In: The Reptile Database
  6. a b V. Deepak, Sara Ruane and David J. Gower. 2019. A New Subfamily of Fossorial Colubroid Snakes from the Western Ghats of Peninsular India. Journal of Natural History. 52(45-46) DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2018.1557756
  7. a b Chung-Wei You, Nikolay A. Poyarkov & Si-Min Lin. 2015. Diversity of the snail-eating snakes Pareas (Serpentes, Pareatidae) from Taiwan. Zoologica Scripta. 00:0-0. DOI: 10.1111/zsc.12111
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Pareidae: Brief Summary ( Alman )

fornì da wikipedia DE

Die Pareidae (früher Pareatidae) sind eine in Nordostindien, Südostasien, China, Taiwan und Japan vorkommende Familie kleiner Schlangen, die sich auf die Erbeutung von Schnecken spezialisiert hat.

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Pareidae ( Anglèis )

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Pareidae is a small family of snakes found largely in southeast Asia, with an isolated subfamily endemic to southwestern India. It encompasses 42 species in four genera divided into two subfamilies: Pareinae and Xylophiinae. Both families are thought to have diverged from one another during the early-mid Eocene, about 40-50 million years ago.[1][2][3]

Pareidae was once considered a subfamily of Colubridae (called "Pareatinae"), but it is now known that pareids are not closely related to colubrids.[4] The correct spelling is Pareidae, not Pareatidae.[5]

Members of the subfamily Pareinae are active, predatory snakes. Many are snail-eating snakes that have asymmetrical lower jaws, allowing them to pry the soft bodies of snails from their spiral shells. One species, Pareas iwasakii, has an average of 17.5 teeth in its left mandible and 25 teeth in its right mandible.[6] Predation by pareids on dextral (clockwise-coiled or "right handed") snails is thought to favor the evolution of sinistral (counter-clockwise or "left handed") snails in southeast Asia, where 12% of snail species are sinistral (as opposed to 5% worldwide).

The Xylophiinae have a very different lifestyle, being primarily ground-dwelling, burrowing snakes, unlike the more arboreal nature of their northern cousins.[3]

Genera and species

References

  1. ^ a b Pareidae at the Reptarium.cz Reptile Database. Accessed 25 April 2017.
  2. ^ V. Deepak, Sara Ruane & David J. Gower (2018) A new subfamily of fossorial colubroid snakes from the Western Ghats of peninsular India, Journal of Natural History, 52:45-46, 2919-2934, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2018.1557756
  3. ^ a b "An array of new snakes from India have been described". www.nhm.ac.uk. Retrieved 2021-04-17.
  4. ^ Pyron, RA; Burbrink, F; Wiens, JJ (2013). "A phylogeny and revised classification of Squamata, including 4161 species of lizards and snakes". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 13: 93. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-13-93. PMC 3682911. PMID 23627680.
  5. ^ Savage, JM (2015). "What are the correct family names for the taxa that include the snake genera Xenodermus, Pareas, and Calamaria?". Herpetological Review. 46: 664–665.
  6. ^ Hoso, M; Asami, T; Hori, M (2007). "Right-handed snakes: convergent evolution of asymmetry for functional specialization". Biology Letters. 3 (2): 169–172. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2006.0600. PMC 2375934. PMID 17307721.

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Pareidae: Brief Summary ( Anglèis )

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Pareidae is a small family of snakes found largely in southeast Asia, with an isolated subfamily endemic to southwestern India. It encompasses 42 species in four genera divided into two subfamilies: Pareinae and Xylophiinae. Both families are thought to have diverged from one another during the early-mid Eocene, about 40-50 million years ago.

Pareidae was once considered a subfamily of Colubridae (called "Pareatinae"), but it is now known that pareids are not closely related to colubrids. The correct spelling is Pareidae, not Pareatidae.

Members of the subfamily Pareinae are active, predatory snakes. Many are snail-eating snakes that have asymmetrical lower jaws, allowing them to pry the soft bodies of snails from their spiral shells. One species, Pareas iwasakii, has an average of 17.5 teeth in its left mandible and 25 teeth in its right mandible. Predation by pareids on dextral (clockwise-coiled or "right handed") snails is thought to favor the evolution of sinistral (counter-clockwise or "left handed") snails in southeast Asia, where 12% of snail species are sinistral (as opposed to 5% worldwide).

The Xylophiinae have a very different lifestyle, being primarily ground-dwelling, burrowing snakes, unlike the more arboreal nature of their northern cousins.

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Pareidae ( Spagneul; Castilian )

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Los paréidos (Pareidae) son una familia de serpientes no-venenosas cuya área de distribución se extiende por las regiones tropicales de Asia.

Géneros

Género[2]​ Autor de taxón[3]​ Especies[2]​ Nombre común Distribución geográfica[3]Aplopeltura Duméril, 1853 1 Sudeste Asiático. Asthenodipsas Peters, 1860 5 Sudeste Asiático. PareasT Bibron, 1840 14 Sudeste Asiático y China.

T Género tipo.[3]

Referencias

  1. Savage, Jay M. 2015. What are the correct family names for the taxa that include the snake genera Xenodermus, Pareas, and Calamaria. Herpetological Review 46(4):664-665.
  2. a b Uetz, P. & Jirí Hošek (ed.). «Pareidae». Reptile Database. Reptarium. Consultado el 16 de abril de 2016.
  3. a b c McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T. 1999. Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, vol. 1. Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume).

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Pareidae: Brief Summary ( Spagneul; Castilian )

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Los paréidos (Pareidae) son una familia de serpientes no-venenosas cuya área de distribución se extiende por las regiones tropicales de Asia.

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Pareatidae ( Fransèis )

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Les Pareatidae sont une famille de serpents.

Répartition

Les espèces de cette famille se rencontrent dans les régions tropicales d'Asie.

Liste des genres

Selon Reptarium Reptile Database (16 nov. 2011)[1] :

Notes et références

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Pareatidae: Brief Summary ( Fransèis )

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Les Pareatidae sont une famille de serpents.

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파레아스과 ( Corean )

fornì da wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

파레아스과(Pareatidae)는 뱀목뱀아목에 속하는 파충류 과의 하나이다. 뱀과에 속하는 파레아스아과(Pareatinae)로 분류하기도 한다.

하위 분류

  • Aplopeltura
    • Aplopeltura boa (BOIE, 1828)
  • Asthenodipsas
    • Asthenodipsas laevis (BOIE, 1827)
    • Asthenodipsas lasgalenensis LOREDO, WOOD, QUAH, ANUAR, GREER, AHMAD & GRISMER, 2013
    • Asthenodipsas malaccanus PETERS, 1864
    • Asthenodipsas tropidonotus (LIDTH DE JEUDE, 1923)
    • Asthenodipsas vertebralis (BOULENGER, 1900)
  • 파레아스속 (Pareas)
    • Pareas boulengeri (ANGEL, 1920)
    • Pareas carinatus (BOIE, 1828)
    • Pareas chinensis (BARBOUR, 1912)
    • Pareas formosensis (VAN DENBURGH, 1909)
    • Pareas hamptoni (BOULENGER, 1905)
    • Pareas iwasakii (MAKI, 1937)
    • Pareas margaritophorus (JAN, 1866)
    • Pareas monticola (CANTOR, 1839)
    • Pareas nigriceps GUO & DENG, 2009
    • Pareas nuchalis (BOULENGER, 1900)
    • Pareas stanleyi (BOULENGER, 1914)

계통 분류

다음은 2013년과 2014년, 피론(Pyron, R.A.), 2016년 정(Zheng, Yuchi)과 존(John J. Wiens) 등의 연구에 기초한 계통 분류이다.[1][2][3]

뱀아목    

가는장님뱀과

     

게르호필루스과

     

제노티프롭스과

   

장님뱀과

           

미국실뱀과

       

파이프뱀과

   

난쟁이왕뱀과

       

제노피디온과

         

아시아파이프뱀과

   

가시꼬리뱀과

         

햇살뱀과

     

멕시코비단뱀과

   

비단뱀과

           

제노피디온과

   

왕뱀사촌과

       

칼라바비단뱀과

왕뱀과

마다가스카르나무왕뱀아과

     

운갈리오피스아과

     

태평양왕뱀아과

     

모래왕뱀아과

   

왕뱀아과

                       

줄판비늘뱀과

   

제노데르무스과

       

파레아스과

     

살무사과

       

호말롭시스과

     

람프로피스과

   

코브라과

       

뱀과

                   

각주

  1. Pyron, R.A.; Frank T Burbrink, John J Wiens 2013. “A phylogeny and revised classification of Squamata, including 4161 species of lizards and snakes.”. 《BMC Evol Biol 13: 93》.
  2. R. ALEXANDER PYRON, R. GRAHAM REYNOLDS & FRANK T. BURBRINK. “A Taxonomic Revision of Boas (Serpentes: Boidae)” (PDF). 《Zootaxa 3846 (2): 249–260》.
  3. Zheng, Yuchi; John J. Wiens (2016). “Combining phylogenomic and supermatrix approaches, and a time-calibrated phylogeny for squamate reptiles (lizards and snakes) based on 52 genes and 4162 species” (PDF). 《Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 94: 537–547, doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2015.10.009》.
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