dcsimg

Brief Summary ( Anglèis )

fornì da EOL authors
The Fall Armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) is native to the new world in tropical regions from the southern US to Argentina. It is known for its destructive larval phase, a serious agricultural pest that can wreak havoc with crops if left to multiply. While it will eat a very broad range of plants, its preferred food is small grain crops and grasses, including field corn, sweet corn, sorghum, alfalfa, barley, Bermuda grass, buckwheat, cotton, clover, corn, oat, millet, peanut, rice, ryegrass, sorghum, sugarbeet, sudangrass, soybean, sugarcane, timothy, tobacco, and wheat. The armyworm’s name is derived from its feeding habits: in a large numbers, armyworms will consume everything in an area and once the food supply is exhausted the entire "army" will move to the next available food source. Caterpillars grow to about 50 mm long. It pupates underground, hatching into a small, nocturnal brown and grey moth (wingspan: 32 to 40 mm). The fall armyworm does not undergo diapause, and cannot survive long periods of cold weather. Adult moths, however, are strong flyers which disperse long distances, and in summer months it is found in almost all states east of the Rocky Mountains. More northern states only see one generation per year, while in warmer states, especially Florida and Texas, where the fall armyworm inflicts most of its damage on US crops, moths can even be found year-round and the species undergoes up to four generations in a year. Methods of control include insecticides (especially those applied during early vegetation and reproduction stages in corn), cultural practices of planting early, and the application of the bacterial pathogen bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is sometimes effective. A sex hormone has been identified and is used in pheromone traps to monitor populations.

Spodoptera frugiperda cells (Sf9 and Sf21 cell lines) are commonly used in biomedical research for the purpose of recombinant protein expression using insect-specific viruses called baculoviruses.

(Capinera 1999; Wikipedia 2011)

licensa
cc-by-nc
original
visité la sorgiss
sit compagn
EOL authors

Comprehensive Description ( Anglèis )

fornì da Memoirs of the American Entomological Society
Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith)
Figs. 56, 73, 96, 114, 150, 168, 253-258, 305, 323, 353, 385, 417, 449, 489^91, 534
Phalaena fmgiperda J.E. Smith 1797: 191, plate 96. Laphygma macra Guenee in Boisduval & Guenee 1852a:
157; Walker 1856: 189; Druce 1889: 267; Viette 1951: Laphygma inepta Walker 1856: 190. Prodenia signifera Walker 1856: 193; Druce 1889: 269. Prodenia plagiata Walker 1856: 194. Prodenia autumnalis Riley 1871: 109. Laphygma frugiperda var. fulvosa Riley 1876: 49, fig. 27b. Laphygma frugiperda var. obscura Riley 1876: 49, fig. 27c. Laphygma frugiperda; Walker 1856: 189; Smith 1891: 45;
Smith 1893: 168; Grote 1895: 42; Dyar 1902: 123;
Hampson 1909: 262; Barnes & McDunnough 1917:
67; Draudt 1926: 256; McDunnough 1938: 96. Spodoptera frugiperda; Linsley & Usinger 1966: 160;
Hayes 1975: 176; Todd & Poole 1980: 726; Fran-
clemont & Todd 1983: 141; Poole 1989: 923; Poole &
Gentili 1996: 774.
Diagnosis. — Males resemble S. ornithogalli, but apex of forewing of S. frugiperda with a distinct white patch and lacking white scales at end of discal cell along veins M and CuA (Figs. 253, 257). Female forewing ground color brown and resembling S. exigua, but orbicular spot of S. frugiperda is ovate and central scales darker (Figs. 254-256, 258). Male genitalia with valves wide, rectangular, apex truncate; coremata a single lobe, elongate
ostium bursa elongate, distal margin straight (Fig. 449).
Description. Adult Male. — Head: Basal segment of labial palpus cream with median patch variably mixed with black and rufous scales; median segment cream with black median band variably mixed with rufous scales; apical segment variably mixed with black and rufous scales, apex cream. Frons with short scales brown; long scales brown; lateral spots at eye margin black; vertex brown. Antenna filiform; scape rufous and cream; flagellum cream (annulated brown becoming brown at mid-length).
Thorax: Patagium light brown with a median brown transverse band. Tegula light brown. Mesothorax light brown. Underside of thorax white. Prothoracic femur fuscous and cream; tibia with lateral scale tufts not extending beyond first tarsal segment, cream and fuscous, subapical spot absent; first tarsal segment mixed cream and fuscous with cream apical ring, remainder fuscous, second tarsal segment with cream apical ring, lacking apical rings on tarsal segments 3-5. Mesothoracic femur cream and fuscous; tibia fuscous and cream, inner spur more than twice length of outer spur, mediolateral surface broadly devoid of scales on both spurs; tarsal segments fuscous with cream apical rings. Metathoracic femur cream and fuscous; tibia cream and fuscous; first tarsal segment cream mixed with fuscous, segments 2-5 fuscous with cream bases.
Forewing: Length, 10.5-15 mm; ground color brown; basal line absent; short longitudinal black dash at base of Cu vein; R vein from base to reniform spot gray; basal scale patch between R and Cu veins absent; basal half circle scale patch below Cu vein absent; antemedial line absent; claviform spot absent; basal scale patch absent; gray patch covering anal cell and half of cell CuA2 absent; oblique brown mark from fifth outer marginal spot to vein CuA2 absent; curved white line from antemedial line to postmedial line absentorbicular spot oval, cream, with buff to brown center, outlined in black; reniform spot indistinct, partially outlined with black, apex cream with a white V-shaped mark; a small patch of white scales at junction of veins M3 and CuAl which can extend to orbicular spot; postmedial line black, indistinct, from just below costa to posterior margin, wavy; postmedian band with an indistinct, round, black spot along subterminal line; black scale patches in middle of cells in postmedian area absent; subterminal line white, curved; apex with a white patch; dark gray spindle
shaped spots along outer margin; fringe gray. Underside ground color pale gray, cream below discal cell, variable amount of cream in discal cell, mixed with cream scales in subterminal area; outer margin with black spots; reniform spot absent.
Hindwing: Ground color white; apex, outer margin to vein CuA2, and distal ends of veins Rs to CuA2 with light brown scales (some specimens with outer margin scales extending to anal veins); fringe light brown to pale gray at apex and median line, becoming white toward anal veins. Underside ground color white; costal cells C and Sc white speckled with gray scales; outer margin with gray triangular spots in middle of cells Sc to CuAl; no spot on underside.
Abdomen: Dorsum pale gray; venter cream and rufous; disto-lateral black spots on sternites; 8th tergite with spiculate patches present on caudal margin.
Genitalia: Uncus curved in apical half; slender, gradually narrowing toward pointed apex; setae absent or few. Scaphium elongate, weakly developed. Tegumen lacking a pair of projecting arms on upper third. Costa slightly bent at middle
at base of costa on inner edge; perpendicular to costa of valve. Cucullus apex truncate; not produced. Anellifer with lightly sclerotized plate bearing setae present. Ampulla elongate, slightly curved with a decurved apex; extending to just below apex of valve (Figs. 323, 353). Clasper proper absent. Clavus a minute round projection. Sacculus widest at one-third its length, distal half narrow, of constant width; apex truncate. Valvula wider than valve; well differentiated from valve, apex free; apex round; indentation large, ventral margin round. Coremata elongate, more than 0.5 length of valve; composed of a single lobe. Juxta a narrow rectangular band, median process moderately broad at base and elongate, ventral margin broadly concave. Anellus membranous. Vinculum U-shaped with parallel arms and a robust base. Aedoeagus straight; coecum smaller in diameter than shaft; patch of spines absent on apex of membranous sheath surrounding aedoeagus. Vesica curving ventrally; short, less than 0.75 length of aedoeagus; apicobasal cornutal patch a narrow ribbon; short, extending just beyond apex of aedoeagus; cornuti in form of minute flat granules; lateral cornutal patch a narrow elongate ribbon; a mixture of granular and large spines at
apex; dense cornutal patch on apical diverticulum; distal cornutus an ovate plate with large spines at apex.
Adult Female. — Essentially as described for male except:
Thorax: Prothoracic femur fuscous and cream; tibia with lateral scale tufts not extending beyond first tarsal segment; cream and fuscous, subapical spot absent; first tarsal segment cream with rufous scales, remainder fuscous, apical ring on second tarsal segments only. Mesothoracic femur cream and fuscous; tibia cream and rufous, inner spur more than twice length of outer spur, spurs completely scaled; tarsal segments fuscous with cream apical rings. Metathoracic femur cream and fuscous; tibia cream and fuscous; first tarsal segment cream mixed with fuscous, segments 2-5 fuscous with cream bases.
Foreiuing: Length, 11-18 mm. Ground color dark brown; basal line absent; R vein not a contrasting color; antemedial line absent; curved white line from antemedial line to postmedial line absent; orbicular spot oval, ground colored, outlined in cream; reniform spot absent to being represented by a few cream scales; postmedial line indistinct, beginning below costa and consisting of only a few brown scales that become white below discal cell, wavy; subterminal line absentapex lacking a white patch; dark gray spindleshaped spots along outer margin (faint, can be absent); fringe gray. Underside ground color pale gray, cream below discal cell, variable amount of cream in discal cell, mixed with cream scales in subterminal area; outer margin with black spots (faint); reniform spot absent.
Abdomen: Fine dense scales on 8th segment buff.
Genitalia: Ventral plate of ostium bursa with height greater than width; distal margin straight; ventrolateral invaginated pocket of 8th sternite absent. Ductus bursae short (length less than twice width); completely sclerotized. Appendix bursae partially sclerotized. Corpus bursae bulbous, length less than twice width; striate convolutions. Signum in basal half of corpus bursae; short, length less than 0.65 mm; forming less than 45 and greater than a 30 degree angle to vertical axis of corpus bursae, oriented left to right.
Larva. — See description, p. 108.
Type material. — Phalaena frugiperda J.E. Smith. The type material was not located during this study and is considered lost. The neotype 6
[USNM, here designated] is labeled: MD: Laurel; Prince Georges; Co. Em. 4-X-96; D. C. Ferguson. Reared from; larva on Pokeweed. Photo. USNM ENT 00064639. The neotype is designated and labeled to ensure nomenclatural stability in this confusing group of species and is illustrated in Fig. 253. Type locality: Laurel, Prince George's County, Maryland, USA.
Laphygma macra Guenee. The lectotype 9 [MNHP], designated by Viette 1951: 160. Type locality: Colombia.
Laphygma inepta Walker. The lectotype 9 [BMNH, here designated] is labeled: Syntype, Brazil, Santarem, Bates; Noc. gen. Slide No. 3481 9 . The lectotype is designated to ensure nomenclatural stability in this confusing group of species and is illustrated in Fig. 255. Type locality: Santarem, Brazil.
Prodenia signifera Walker. The lectotype 8 [BMNH, here designated] is labeled: U. S. America, Georgia, 39-6-19, 1522; Noc. gen. Slide No. 3480 8. The lectotype is designated to ensure nomenclatural stability in this confusing group of species and is illustrated in Fig. 258. Type locality: Georgia, USA.
Prodenia plagiata Walker. The holotype 8 (Fig. 257) [BMNH] is labeled: Jamaica, Gosse, 45-110; Noc. gen. Slide No. 3475 8 . Type locality: Jamaica.
Prodenia autumnalis Riley. The lectotype 8 [USNM, here designated] is labeled: 431, 6/9 84; Type, No. 201, U.S.N.M.; Laphygma, (Prodenia), autumnalis, Riley. The lectotype is designated to ensure nomenclatural stability in a common economically important species. Type locality: Missouri. The following syntypes become paralectotypes: (1) 8, Label data: 5665; Type, No. 201, U.S.N.M.; Collection of, C.V. Riley. (2) 9, Label data: 431, Nov. 2/ 74; Collection of, C.V. Riley; Type, No. 201, U.S.N.M. (3) 9, Label data: 381. Prodenia, autumnalis, dark caterpillar, Nov. 2/74; Type, No. 201, U.S.N.M.; Collection of, C.V. Riley.
Laphygma frugiperda var. fidvosa Riley. The holotype 8 [USNM] labeled: Tex.; 27/10; Barnes, Collection; 458. var., fidvosa; 358 Laphygma frugiperda, var. fidvosa Riley Texas. Type locality: Texas.
Laphygma frugiperda var. obscura Riley. The holotype 9 [USNM] labeled: Tex.; 458. var., obscura; 358 Laphygma frugiperda, var. obscura Riley Texas. Type locality: Texas.
Material Examined. — Specimens were examined from the following countries: Antigua, Ar-
gentina, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bermuda, Bolivia, Brazil, British Virgin Islands, Canada, Cayman Islands, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, French Guiana, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Puerto Rico, St. Croix, St. Lucia, St. Vincent, Surinam,Trinidad, United States, Uruguay, Venezuela.
Distribution (Fig. 534). — This is a widely distributed species occurring from south central to eastern Canada, coast to coast in the United States, south to Argentina and throughout the Caribbean.
licensa
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
sitassion bibliogràfica
Pogue, M.G. 2002. A world revision of the genus Spodoptera Guenée (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Memoirs of the American Entomological Society vol. 20. Philadelphia, USA

Herfskommandowurm ( Afrikaans )

fornì da wikipedia AF

Die herfskommandowurm (Spodoptera frugiperda) is 'n insek wat Afrika vanaf Suid-Amerika binnegedring het en as 'n besonder skadelike plaag beskou word. Hierdie wurm is 'n ander spesie as die kommandowurm. Die wurm is geïdentifiseer in Limpopo- en Noordwesprovinsies. Daar word tans 'n plaagbeheermiddel geregistreer om die insek mee te beveg. Die wurm val veral mielies asook aartappels, sojabone, sorghum en grondbone aan.

 src=
Insek in wurmfase

Bron

  • Taakspan kyk na verspreiding van kommandowurm, Beeld, 7 Februarie 2017.
licensa
cc-by-sa-3.0
drit d'autor
Wikipedia skrywers en redakteurs
original
visité la sorgiss
sit compagn
wikipedia AF

Herfskommandowurm: Brief Summary ( Afrikaans )

fornì da wikipedia AF

Die herfskommandowurm (Spodoptera frugiperda) is 'n insek wat Afrika vanaf Suid-Amerika binnegedring het en as 'n besonder skadelike plaag beskou word. Hierdie wurm is 'n ander spesie as die kommandowurm. Die wurm is geïdentifiseer in Limpopo- en Noordwesprovinsies. Daar word tans 'n plaagbeheermiddel geregistreer om die insek mee te beveg. Die wurm val veral mielies asook aartappels, sojabone, sorghum en grondbone aan.

 src= Insek in wurmfase
licensa
cc-by-sa-3.0
drit d'autor
Wikipedia skrywers en redakteurs
original
visité la sorgiss
sit compagn
wikipedia AF

Spodoptera frugiperda ( Catalan; Valensian )

fornì da wikipedia CA

Spodoptera frugiperda és una espècie de lepidòpter ditrisi de la família Noctuidae molt coneguda en l'àmbit agrícola per ser una plaga bastant important atacant diferents cultius d'importància econòmica, com per exemple Zea mays (blat de moro), Gossypium spp. (cotó) entre altres.

 src= A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Spodoptera frugiperda Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata
licensa
cc-by-sa-3.0
drit d'autor
Autors i editors de Wikipedia
original
visité la sorgiss
sit compagn
wikipedia CA

Spodoptera frugiperda ( Alman )

fornì da wikipedia DE
 src=
Raupe von Spodoptera frugiperda

Spodoptera frugiperda ist eine Schmetterlingsart aus der Familie der Eulenfalter (Noctuidae). Die Raupe wird im Englischen als fall armyworm („Herbst-Heerwurm“) bezeichnet. Die in Amerika fallweise auftretende Massenvermehrung der Falterart verursacht große Schäden auf Weiden und an Kulturpflanzen aus der Familie der Gräser, insbesondere an Mais.

Merkmale

Die Falter haben eine Flügelspannweite von 32–40 mm, wobei die Weibchen im Durchschnitt etwas größer sind.[1][2] Sie besitzen graubraune Vorder- sowie irisierende silber-weiß farbene Hinterflügel.[1][2] An den Spitzen der Vorderflügel der männlichen Falter befindet sich ein dreiecksförmiger weißer Fleck.[1][2] Die Raupen besitzen an ihrem Kopf eine charakteristische helle Y-förmige Zeichnung.[1]

Verbreitung

Die Schmetterlingsart ist im tropischen und subtropischen Amerika heimisch.[1] In den Vereinigten Staaten ist sie hauptsächlich im Süden und Südosten vertreten.[1] In Südamerika reicht ihr Vorkommen bis nach Argentinien.[1] Spodoptera frugiperda wurde mittlerweile nach Afrika eingeschleppt.[2][3] Sie wurde im Januar 2016 erstmals in den westafrikanischen Staaten Nigeria, Benin und Togo beobachtet.[2][3] Seitdem breitet sie sich über weite Teile des südlichen Afrika aus und verursacht dort schwere Ernteschäden an Maisfeldern.[2][3] Mit Stand November 2017 ist die Art in 38 Ländern Afrikas zu finden, und es wird befürchtet, dass 21 der ansonsten zu erwartenden 39 Millionen Tonnen der Maisernte durch diese Art vernichtet werden.[4]

2018 wurde der Schädling erstmals in Indien beobachtet und es ist zu befürchten, dass er sich von dort in weiten Teilen Asiens ausbreitet.[5] 2019 wurde von einer großflächigen Ausbreitung in China berichtet.[6]

Lebensweise

Die Falter fliegen in Florida von April bis Dezember.[1] Sie sind dämmerungs- und nachtaktiv.[1] Die Art bildet in nördlichen Gefilden (Minnesota und New York) lediglich eine Generation, während sie an der Golfküste bis zu 4 bilden kann.[1] Es gibt 6 Raupenstadien. Im letzten Stadium erreichen die Raupen eine Länge von 34,2 mm.[1] Die Verpuppung findet gewöhnlich im Erdboden in einer Tiefe von wenigen Zentimetern statt.[1] Die Raupen fressen an verschiedenen Gräsern. Zu ihren Futterpflanzen gehören jedoch auch Kulturpflanzen wie Mais, Sorghumhirse, Luzerne und Hundszahngras (Cynodon dactylon).[1] Die erwachsenen Raupen verursachen die größten Fraßschäden.[1]

Nutzung

Im November 2021 wurde bekannt, dass die Raupe von Spodoptera frugiperda zur Herstellung eines proteinbasierten Totimpfstoffes gegen das Coronavirus COVID-19 verwendet wird. Die Pharmaunternehmen Novavax und Sanofi/GSK synthetisieren dabei das Spike-Protein in Zelllinien, die von den Ovarien des Nachtfalters abgeleitet wurden.[7]

Einzelnachweise

  1. a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Featured Creatures – Spodoptera frugiperda. University of Florida UF/IFAS. Abgerufen am 15. Februar 2017.
  2. a b c d e f Marinda Visser: Fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (PDF 1,3 MB) www.grainsa.co.za. Abgerufen am 15. Februar 2017.
  3. a b c Roman Goergen: Der 'Heerwurm' frisst die Felder kahl. www.spektrum.de. Abgerufen am 15. Februar 2017.
  4. Raupe breitet sich rasant aus. ORF, 24. November 2017, abgerufen am 27. November 2017.
  5. Fall Armyworm to spread across Asia.: Detail. Rural 21, The international journal for rural development, 22. August 2018, abgerufen am 22. August 2018 (englisch).
  6. FAZ-Artikel vom 12.Juni 2019: Seuchen überrollen Asien und führen zu höheren Preisen.
  7. Novavax: Wie proteinbasierte Corona-Impfstoffe die Pandemie verändern könnten. Abgerufen am 9. Dezember 2021.
licensa
cc-by-sa-3.0
drit d'autor
Autoren und Herausgeber von Wikipedia
original
visité la sorgiss
sit compagn
wikipedia DE

Spodoptera frugiperda: Brief Summary ( Alman )

fornì da wikipedia DE
 src= Raupe von Spodoptera frugiperda

Spodoptera frugiperda ist eine Schmetterlingsart aus der Familie der Eulenfalter (Noctuidae). Die Raupe wird im Englischen als fall armyworm („Herbst-Heerwurm“) bezeichnet. Die in Amerika fallweise auftretende Massenvermehrung der Falterart verursacht große Schäden auf Weiden und an Kulturpflanzen aus der Familie der Gräser, insbesondere an Mais.

licensa
cc-by-sa-3.0
drit d'autor
Autoren und Herausgeber von Wikipedia
original
visité la sorgiss
sit compagn
wikipedia DE

Kiwavijeshi wa Amerika ( swahili )

fornì da wikipedia emerging languages

Viwavijeshi wa Amerika ni viwavi wa nondo Spodoptera frugiperda katika familia Noctuidae. Kwa kawaida viwavi hao hawatembei chanjari kama viwavijeshi wa Afrika lakini wadumili huhama mbali kubwa katika makundi makubwa.

Wakitoka mayai viwavi hao ni weupe wenye kichwa cheusi. Baadaye wanakuwa kijani wenye kichwa cha rangi ya machungwa. Hatua za mwisho ni hudhurungi au kijivu.

Mabawa ya mbele ya mdumili ni hudhurungi yenye madoa kahawia na meusi na yale ya madume yana doa moja jeupe kwenye ncha. Mabawa ya nyuma ni meupe yenye mlia mweusi pembezoni.

Viwavi hao hula zaidi ya spishi 80 za mimea lakini wanapenda sana nyasi na nafaka na pia mpamba. Mara nyingi hula ndugu zao mpaka kiwavi mmoja anabaki tu katika mmea mmoja. Wadumili hula mbochi.

Msambazo wa awali wa spishi hii ni Amerika kutoka majimbo ya kusini ya Marekani mpaka Amerika ya Kusini lakini inaweza kuhama kaskazini mpaka kusini kwa Kanada. Tangu 2016 nondo hawa wamewasilishwa katika Afrika ya Magharibi. Kisha walihama katika takriban nchi zote za Afrika kusini kwa Sahara. Siku hizi wanapatikana hata katika Uhindi na Sri Lanka.

Mzunguko wa maisha

 src=
Mayai

Mzunguko wa maisha wa kiwavijeshi wa Amerika unakamilika ndani ya siku 30 hadi 90 kulingana na nyuzijoto. Idadi ya vizazi ya nondo huyu inategemea hali ya hewa. Kwa sababu mabuu hawawezi kuingia kwenye diapause hawawezi kuishi wakati wa hali ya hewa baridi.

Mayai

Kwa kawaida majike hutaga mayai takriban 1,500 katika maisha yao. Mayai hayo yana umbo la kuba na yana kipenyo cha mm 0.4 na urefu wa mm 0.3. Majike wanapendelea kutaga mayai kwenye upande wa chini wa majani, lakini ikiwa idadi ni kubwa watayataga takriban popote. Wakati wa hali ya hewa ya joto mabuu hutoka katika mayai ndani ya siku chache.

Viwavi

 src=
Kiwavi hatua ya sita

Viwavi hupitia hatua sita tofauti, zinazotofautiana kidogo katika mwonekano wa kiwiliwili na kilingo. Pamoja hatua zote hudumu siku 14 hadi 30 kulingana na nyuzijoto. Kiwavi aliyekomaa ana urefu wa takriban mm 38-51. Hii ni hatua ya maisha haribifu kabisa kwani viwavi wana sehemu za kinywa zinazokeketa. Kichwa kina muundo kama Y iliyopinduliwa juu ya paji. Kuna madoa manne meusi juu ya pingili ya nane ya fumbatio.

Mabundo

 src=
Mdumili wa kiume

Kiwavi wa hatua ya mwisho aliyekomaa huwa bundo chini ya ardhi kwa siku 7 hadi 37 katika kifukofuko anachounda kwa udongo na hariri. Muda wa kuishi kwa hatua ya bundo hutegemea nyuzijoto ya mazingira.

Mdumili

Baada ya kuibuka wadumili wanaishi siku 10 hadi 21. Jike hutaga mayai mapema kwa maisha yake. Wadumili hukiakia usiku na kufanya bora wakati usiku ni moto na mnyevu.

Uhamiaji

Wadumili wana uwezo wa kuruka mbali ndefu, kwa hivyo, ijapokuwa hawawezi kupita majira ya baridi kaskazini kwa eneo la kusini wa Marekani, nondo hawa wanaweza kuhama kaskazini hadi kusini mwa Kanada wakati wa miezi ya joto. Kiwango cha uhamiaji wao ni haraka inayoshangaza na kinakadiriwa kuwa km 500 kwa kila kizazi. Wanasayansi fulani wanadhani kwamba uhamiaji huu wenye kasi unasaidiwa na miendo ya hewa katika masi za hewa. Baada ya kuingia Afrika ya Magharibi mara ya kwanza mnamo 2016, spishi hiyo ilivuka kwenda Afrika ya Mashariki na ya Kusini ndani ya mwaka mmoja.

Chakula

Viwavi

Lishe ya kiwavijeshi wa Amerika hujumuisha nyasi na mazao ya punje ndogo kama vile muhindi, lakini spishi hiyo imekumbwa kutumia mimea zaidi ya 80. Viwavijeshi walipata jina lao la kawaida kwa kula maada yote ya mimea wanayokutana nayo katika mitawanyiko yao, kama jeshi kubwa. Aina kadhaa za muhindi mtamu zina ukinzani kwa sehemu, lakini sio kamili, dhidi ya viwavijeshi. Ukinzani huo hutokana na proteasi ya kipekee ya kDa 33 ambayo muhindi huzalisha wakati unaliwa na viwavijeshi au lava wengine. Proteasi hii ilipatwa kupungua kwa kiasi kikubwa ukuaji wa lava wa kiwavijeshi.

Ulaji wa wenzake

Inapowezekana, lava atakula lava wa hatua ndogo zaidi. Uchunguzi wa 1999 ulionyesha kuwa ulaji wa wenzake unafaida kiwavi tu wakati chakula kingine ni chache. Licha ya hii viwavi watakula wenzake wakati wowote wanaweza, ingawa ilipatwa kupungua siha yao katika visa vingi. Sababu moja inayojulikana kwa nini ulaji wa wenzake ni hatari kwa kiwavijeshi wa Amerika ni kwa sababu ya uenezaji wa magonjwa kwa mlawenzake. Asilini athari hasi za ulaji wa wenzake zinaweza kusawazishwa na ukweli kwamba ulaji wa wenzake huondoa washindani na hivyo kufanya rasilimali zaidi kupatikana na kuongezeka siha ya viwavijeshi wa Amerika.

Wadumili

Nondo wapevu huchubuwa mbochi ya maua.

Udhibiti

Maadui ya asili

Kiwavijeshi wa Amerika ana maadui ya asili ambao wanaweza kupunguza idadi ya mdudu huyo. Wadudu mbuai hula viwavi. K.m. wadudu-kibibi na wadudu-koleo, lava na wapevu, hula mayai na viwavi wadogo wa hatua za kwanza hadi tatu. Sisimizi hula viwavi wa hatua zote. Mbawakawa wakimbiaji hula viwavi wanaojiangusha chini ili kuwa bundo. Ni muhimu kutokutumia dawa za kikemikali kwa wingi ili kuhifadhi maadui hawa na kuzuia mlipuko wa viwavi. Sisimizi hata wanaweza kuvutwa kwa kupulizia mimea maji na sukari au supu ya samaki. Sukari inavuta nyigu mbuai pia.

Wadudu wengine ni vidusia wa mayai au viwavi, nyigu vidusia hasa. K.m. nyigu wa jenasi Trichogramma na Telenomus hutaga mayai yao juu ya mayai ya nondo kisha lava huyala. Nyigu wa jenasi Chelonus, Campoletis na Cotesia hutaga mayai ao juu ya miili ya viwavi. Spishi za Trichogramma zinaweza kufugwa na kuachiliwa kwa wingi ili kupunguza idadi ya viwavi.

Viwavijeshi huambukizwa pia na pathojeni, kama vile virusi, bakteria na kuvu. Mifano ya virusi ni virusi ya granulosi ya Spodoptera frugiperda na virusi ya wingi ya polihedrosi ya kiina ya S. frugiperda. Kiwavi akiwa mgonjwa anapanda juu ya mmea wa lishe, kisha anakufa na mwili unapasuka ambayo inasababisha virusi kutoka na kunajisi majani. Viwavi wengine wakikula majani hayo wanaambukizwa na virusi.

Pathojeni aina za kuvu ni spishi za jenasi Beauveria na Metarhizium. Spishi moja ya bakteria, Bacillus thuringiensis, huzalishwa kama dawa ya kibiolojia inayoitwa Bt.

Dawa za kikemikali

Wakulima wengi hutumia dawa za kikemikali, kama vile Coragen, Dichlorvos, Match, Orthene, Profen, Prove na Voliam Targo. Dawa hizi huua haraka lakini kuua wadudu wengine pia pamoja na maadui wa kiwavijeshi.

Udhibiti wa kibiolojia

Kuna dawa kadhaa za kibiolojia ambazo zina Bt ndani yao, k.m. Dipel na Thuricide. Feromoni zinaweza kutumiwa ili kuvuta madume wa kiwavijeshi. Kwa kawaida hutumika katika mitego pamoja na karatasi yenye kunata na pengine katika vibao vilivyotiwa feromoni na dawa Dichlorvos.

Picha

licensa
cc-by-sa-3.0
drit d'autor
Waandishi wa Wikipedia na wahariri

Kiwavijeshi wa Amerika: Brief Summary ( swahili )

fornì da wikipedia emerging languages

Viwavijeshi wa Amerika ni viwavi wa nondo Spodoptera frugiperda katika familia Noctuidae. Kwa kawaida viwavi hao hawatembei chanjari kama viwavijeshi wa Afrika lakini wadumili huhama mbali kubwa katika makundi makubwa.

Wakitoka mayai viwavi hao ni weupe wenye kichwa cheusi. Baadaye wanakuwa kijani wenye kichwa cha rangi ya machungwa. Hatua za mwisho ni hudhurungi au kijivu.

Mabawa ya mbele ya mdumili ni hudhurungi yenye madoa kahawia na meusi na yale ya madume yana doa moja jeupe kwenye ncha. Mabawa ya nyuma ni meupe yenye mlia mweusi pembezoni.

Viwavi hao hula zaidi ya spishi 80 za mimea lakini wanapenda sana nyasi na nafaka na pia mpamba. Mara nyingi hula ndugu zao mpaka kiwavi mmoja anabaki tu katika mmea mmoja. Wadumili hula mbochi.

Msambazo wa awali wa spishi hii ni Amerika kutoka majimbo ya kusini ya Marekani mpaka Amerika ya Kusini lakini inaweza kuhama kaskazini mpaka kusini kwa Kanada. Tangu 2016 nondo hawa wamewasilishwa katika Afrika ya Magharibi. Kisha walihama katika takriban nchi zote za Afrika kusini kwa Sahara. Siku hizi wanapatikana hata katika Uhindi na Sri Lanka.

licensa
cc-by-sa-3.0
drit d'autor
Waandishi wa Wikipedia na wahariri

Spodoptera frugiperda ( Antërlenga (Assossiassion Antërnassional për na Lenga Ausiliaria) )

fornì da wikipedia emerging languages

Spodoptera frugiperda es un specie de Spodoptera.

Nota

Iste action ha essite automaticamente identificate como damnose, e per consequente es prohibite. Si tu crede que tu action esseva constructive, per favor informa un administrator de lo que tu tentava facer. Un breve description del regula anti-abuso correspondente a tu action es: Iste articulo es troppo curte. Per favor, adde alcun phrases.

licensa
cc-by-sa-3.0
drit d'autor
Wikipedia authors and editors

வீழ்ச்சி படைப்புழு ( tamil )

fornì da wikipedia emerging languages
 src=
வீழ்ச்சி படைப்புழு

வீழ்ச்சி படைப்புழு அல்லது வரத்துப் படைப்புழு, வெளிநாட்டு ராணுவப் படைப்புழு ( fall armyworm) (Spodoptera frugiperda) என்பது லெபிடோப்டர் வரிசையைச் சேர்ந்த ஒரு இனம் மற்றும் வீழ்ச்சி படைப்புழு அந்துப்பூச்சியின் லார்வா என்னும் குடம்பி வாழ்க்கை நிலை ஆகும். "படைப்புழு" என்ற சொல்லானது பல இனங்களைக் குறிப்பதாக இருக்கலாம். வீழ்ச்சிப் படைப்புழுவானது ஒரு தீங்குயிர் ஆகும். இது பலவகையான பயிர்களைத் தாக்கி, பெருமளவிலான பொருளாதார சேதத்தை வேளாண் மக்களுக்கு ஏற்படுத்த்கூடியது. இதன் அறிவியல் பெயரானது ஃப்ரூஜ்பெர்டாடா (frugiperda) என்ற இலத்தீன் சொல்லில் இருந்து தோன்றியது. இதன் பொருள் இலத்தீன் மொழியில் இழந்த பழம் என்பது ஆகும், ஏனென்றால் இது பயிர்களை அழிப்பதால் இப்பெயர் சூட்டப்பட்டது.[1]

விளக்கம்

 src=
விளக்கம்

வயதுக்கு வந்த இந்த அந்துப்பூசிகளானது ஒரு இறகு முனையில் இருந்து மறு இறகு முனைவரை 32 முதல் 40 மிமீ இருக்கும். இந்தப் பூச்சிகள் பால் ஈருருமை தோற்றம் கொண்டவை. ஆண் பூச்சிகள் அரக்கு நிற முன் இறக்கைகளின் நுனிப் பகுதியில் முக்கோண வடிவ வெள்ளைப் புள்ளிகளுடன் இருக்கும். பெண் பூச்சிகளுக்கு முக்கோண வடிவ வெள்ளைப் புள்ளி இருக்காது. பின் இறக்கையில் அரக்கு நிறம் ஓரமாகக் காணப்படும்.[2]

நடத்தை

இந்தப் புழுக்களின் வாழ்நாள் முப்பது நாட்கள்தாம். இது, தாய் அந்துப்பூச்சியாக மாறும் போது, 500 முதல் 2,000 முட்டைகள்வரை பயிரின் இலைகளில் இட்டு, அவற்றை வெள்ளை இழைகளால் மூடிவிடுகின்றன. ஓரிரு நாட்களில் முட்டைகளில் இருந்து பச்சை நிற இளம்புழுக்கள் வெளிவந்து, இலைகளில் உள்ள பச்சையத்தை உண்ணும். அதன்பின்னர் அப்புழுக்கள் 14-20 நாட்களில் முதிர்ச்சியடைந்து, மண்ணுக்குள் சென்று கூட்டுப்புழுக்களாக மாறிவிடும். அவை 8, 9 நாட்களில் தாய் அந்துப்புழுக்களாக மாறி 10, 15 நாட்கள் வரை முட்டையிடும். இந்த அந்துப்பூச்சி, ஆயிரக்கணக்கான கிலோமீட்டர் பறக்கும் ஆற்றல் வாய்ந்தது.

பாதிப்பு காலம்

தமிழகத்தில் பருவமழை பெய்யும் காலத்தில் ஏற்படும் குளிர்ச்சியான பருவநிலையில் இந்த ராணுவப் படைப்புழுக்களின் தாக்குதல் அதிகரிக்கும் சாத்தியமுள்ளது. தமிழகத்தில் குறிப்பாக கோவை, திருப்பூர், ஈரோடு, சேலம், கிருஷ்ணகிரி, திண்டுக்கல், கரூர், விழுப்புரம், திருநெல்வேலி, தஞ்சாவூர் உள்ளிட்ட பல்வேறு மாவட்டங்களில் பரவலாக பயிரப்படும் வீரிய ஒட்டு மக்காச்சோள இரக பயிர்களைத் தாக்கிச் சேதத்தை ஏற்படுத்தும் பூச்சிகளில் இந்த வீழ்ச்சி படைப்புழுவின் தாக்குதலானது மிகுதியாகும்.[3]

பாதிப்புகள்

பயிர் சாகுபடி செய்த 15ஆம் நாளில் இப்புழு தோன்றி குருத்துப் பகுதியை உண்ணத் தொடங்கும். இலைகளில் சிறிய, பெரிய வட்ட வடிவத் துளைகள் இந்தப் புழுத் தாக்குதலின் விளைவால் தோன்றும். இவை வடிவற்ற துளைகளாகவும் இருக்கும். சில செடிகளில் இலைகளின் மேல்பாகம் முற்றிலும் உண்ணப்பட்ட நிலையில் காணப்படும். இதனால் இலைகள் மடிந்த நிலையில் காணப்படும். இந்நப் இப்புழுக்கள் செடியின் தண்டுப் பகுதியைத் துளைப்பதில்லை. பயிர்களில் கதிர்களின் நுனியில் உள்ள காம்புப் பகுதியையே பெரும்பாலும் உண்கின்றன.

கட்டுப்படுத்தும் முறைகள்

ஒரு எக்டேருக்கு ஓர் விளக்குப்பொறி என்ற அளவில் வைத்து அந்துப்புழுக்களைக் கவர்ந்து அழிக்கவேண்டும், பயிர்களில் உள்ள முட்டைக் குவியல்களைச் சேகரித்து அழிக்க வேண்டும், வயலில் மக்காச்சோளம் போன்ற ஒரே பயிரை மீண்டும் மீண்டும் பயிரிடுவதைத் தவிர்க்க வேண்டும். இவற்றைக் கட்டுப்படுத்த தனிப்பட்ட பூச்சிக் கொல்லிகள் இல்லை. ஆனால், பருத்தி, மிளகாய்ப் பயிரைத் தாக்கும் ‘புரோடினியா’ புழுவைக் கட்டுப்படுத்தக்கூடிய பூச்சிக்கொல்லிகள் மூலம், இராணுவப் படைப்புழுக்களைக் கட்டுப்படுத்த முடியும் என்று தமிழ்நாடு வேளாண் பல்கலைக்கழகம் சோதனை செய்தது கண்டறியப்பட்டுள்ளது. இதற்காக பரிந்துரைக்கப்பட்ட பூச்சி மருந்துகளைச் சுழற்சி முறையில் தெளிக்க வேண்டும். ஒரே மருந்தைத் தொடர்ந்து தெளிக்கக் கூடாது. மருந்தை பயிரின் குருத்துப் பகுதியில் படுமாறு தெளிக்க வேண்டும்.[4]

இந்தப் புழுவைப் பூச்சிக்கொல்லிகளால் அழிக்க முடியாது என்ற கருத்தும் உள்ளது. காரணம் இது மக்காச்சோளத்தின் குருத்துப்பகுதிக்குள் சென்று, தண்டைத் தின்று தின்று கழிவுகளை வெளியே தள்ளும். அந்தக் கழிவுகள், புழு இருக்கும் ஓட்டைகளை அடைத்துக் கொள்வதால், பூச்சிக்கொல்லி தெளிப்பதால் எந்தப் பயனும் ஏற்படாது எனப்படுகிறது. மேலும் ஒருங்கிணைந்த பயிர் மேலாண்மை முறையில் மட்டுமே இதனைக் கட்டுப்படுத்த முடியும். மக்காச்சோளம், சிறுதானியங்கள் பயிரிடப்பட்டுள்ள நிலங்களின் வரப்புகளில், கோ.எப்.எஸ் 29 தீவன சோளத்தையும், கம்பு நேப்பியர் புல்லையும் பயிரிட வேண்டும். இதன்மூலம் வயலில் இருக்கும் முதன்மைப் பயிரில் தாய் அந்துப்பூச்சி முட்டையிடுவதைத் தவிர்க்கலாம். அத்துடன், மஞ்சள்நிறப் பூக்கள் கொண்ட செடிகள், தட்டைப் பயறு, ஆமணக்கு போன்ற பயிர்கள் வரப்புகளில் இருந்தால் இதனைக் கட்டுப்படுத்தலாம்.[5]

மேற்கோள்கள்

  1. "Species Spodoptera frugiperda – Fall Armyworm Moth – Hodges#9666". பார்த்த நாள் 25 May 2017.
  2. "fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith)".
  3. "மக்காச்சோளத்தில் படைப்புழு தாக்குதல் கண்டுபிடிப்பு". செய்தி. தினமலர் (2018 ஆகத்து 18). பார்த்த நாள் 14 அக்டோபர் 2018.
  4. த.சத்தியசீலன் (2018 அக்டோபர் 13). "படைப்புழுக்களைக் கட்டுப்படுத்தும் வழிமுறை". கட்டுரை. இந்து தமிழ். பார்த்த நாள் 14 அக்டோபர் 2018.
  5. ரமேஷ் கருப்பையா (2018 திசம்பர் 7). "பஞ்சத்தை விளைவிக்கக் கூடிய படைப்புழுக்கள்". கட்டுரை. இந்து தமிழ். பார்த்த நாள் 13 திசம்பர் 2018.
licensa
cc-by-sa-3.0
drit d'autor
விக்கிபீடியா ஆசிரியர்கள் மற்றும் ஆசிரியர்கள்

வீழ்ச்சி படைப்புழு: Brief Summary ( tamil )

fornì da wikipedia emerging languages
 src= வீழ்ச்சி படைப்புழு

வீழ்ச்சி படைப்புழு அல்லது வரத்துப் படைப்புழு, வெளிநாட்டு ராணுவப் படைப்புழு ( fall armyworm) (Spodoptera frugiperda) என்பது லெபிடோப்டர் வரிசையைச் சேர்ந்த ஒரு இனம் மற்றும் வீழ்ச்சி படைப்புழு அந்துப்பூச்சியின் லார்வா என்னும் குடம்பி வாழ்க்கை நிலை ஆகும். "படைப்புழு" என்ற சொல்லானது பல இனங்களைக் குறிப்பதாக இருக்கலாம். வீழ்ச்சிப் படைப்புழுவானது ஒரு தீங்குயிர் ஆகும். இது பலவகையான பயிர்களைத் தாக்கி, பெருமளவிலான பொருளாதார சேதத்தை வேளாண் மக்களுக்கு ஏற்படுத்த்கூடியது. இதன் அறிவியல் பெயரானது ஃப்ரூஜ்பெர்டாடா (frugiperda) என்ற இலத்தீன் சொல்லில் இருந்து தோன்றியது. இதன் பொருள் இலத்தீன் மொழியில் இழந்த பழம் என்பது ஆகும், ஏனென்றால் இது பயிர்களை அழிப்பதால் இப்பெயர் சூட்டப்பட்டது.

licensa
cc-by-sa-3.0
drit d'autor
விக்கிபீடியா ஆசிரியர்கள் மற்றும் ஆசிரியர்கள்

Fall armyworm ( Anglèis )

fornì da wikipedia EN

The fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) is a species in the order Lepidoptera and one of the species of the fall armyworm moths distinguished by their larval life stage. The term "armyworm" can refer to several species, often describing the large-scale invasive behavior of the species' larval stage. It is regarded as a pest and can damage and destroy a wide variety of crops, which causes large economic damage. Its scientific name derives from frugiperda, which is Latin for lost fruit, named because of the species' ability to destroy crops.[1] Because of its propensity for destruction, the fall armyworm's habits and possibilities for crop protection have been studied in depth. It is also a notable case for studying sympatric speciation, as it appears to be diverging into two species currently.[2] Another remarkable trait of the larva is that they consistently practice cannibalism, despite its fitness costs.[3][4]

The fall armyworm is active at a different time of year from the true armyworm, another species in the order Lepidoptera and family Noctuidae, but of the genus Mythimna. Outbreaks of the true armyworm usually occur during the early part of the summer; the fall armyworm does most damage in the late summer in the southern part of the United States, and early fall in the northern regions.[5]

Description

Illustration

The adult moths are 32 to 40 millimetres (1+14 to 1+12 in) wing tip to wing tip, with a brown or gray forewing, and a white hindwing. There is slight sexual dimorphism, with males having more patterns and a distinct white spot on each of their forewings. The first larval instar is light colored with a larger dark head. As they develop through instars, they become browner with white lengthwise lines. They also develop dark spots with spines.[6]

Geographic range

Native range

The fall armyworm is widely distributed in eastern and central North America and in South America. It cannot survive overwinter in below freezing temperatures,[7][8] so it only survives the winter in the most southern regions of the United States, namely Texas and Florida. Because of this, the fall armyworm is a more prominent pest in southeastern states. However, seasonally it will spread across the eastern United States and up to southern Canada, inhabiting areas with suitable food supplies.[6]

Introduced range

The potential global distribution of S. frugiperda[9] has been modelled using CLIMEX.[10][11] The modelled global potential distribution reflects the marked seasonal range dynamics experienced in North America, with much of the potential range in Europe, South Africa, China and Australia consisting of habitat that is only climatically suitable during the warmer months.. A more recent physiologically-based population dynamics model was developed for assessing the potential distribution of S. frugiperda in Europe. The model showed that the Mediterranean coastal areas of Southern Europe might be particularly suitable for the establishment of the species.[12]

S. frugiperda was first found on the African continent in 2013 in Sao Tome,[13] then spread through Nigeria, Benin, Togo, and was found in Ghana in February 2017.[13] (Also see below §Africa.) In December 2020 S. frugiperda was first found in Syria in Daraa on the Jordanian border and is believed to have arrived from there without human assistance, having just been found in that country also.[14][15]

It was first reported in Africa in 2016, where it is causing significant damage to maize crops and has great potential for further spread and economic damage.[16] It has since spread to 28 countries in Africa.[17] In December 2018,[18] it began to spread widely in India.[19] In January 2019, a heavy infestation of fall armyworm was recorded in corn plantations in Sri Lanka.[20]

The pest was first detected in China in the southwest province of Yunnan in January 2019[21] (or June 2019).[18] Through 2019, the pest infested a total of 26 provinces. The armyworm is expected in 2020 to hit China's Northeast wheat belt. A report issued by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs rates the situation as "very grave".[22] Also in June 2019 it was detected in Southeast Asia.[18]

In January 2020 S. frugiperda was detected on the Torres Strait Islands,[23] in February in North Queensland,[24][23] and then continued into the rest of Queensland,[23][18][25] and the Northern Territory,[23][18] Western Australia,[23][18] and then in September was found in New South Wales[18] between Moree[23][18] and Boggabilla[18] (and later in Narrabri,[23] Wee Waa,[23] Dubbo,[23] Breeza,[23] and Maitland).[23] S. frugiperda is expected to severely impact Queensland's wool industry because it feeds on all major grazing plants.[25] It was observed in traps baited with a male pheromone lure, firstly on Darnley Island and Saibai islands in the Torres Strait, and subsequently on the mainland near Croydon. Within a week it was officially declared ineradicable. In April 2020, it was detected in Papua New Guinea, spreading across the Torres Strait.[26]

Bangladesh

S. frugiperda was first detected in Bangladesh in late 2018.[27][28][29] As of 23 January 2020 it has reached 37 districts.[27] As a result of the introduction of S. frugiperda and Lumpy Skin Disease within a few months of each other, the FAO, the World Food Programme, Bangladesh Government officials, and others agreed to begin improving Bangladesh's agricultural emergency response capabilities.[27] The use of two biopesticidesSpodoptera frugiperda nuclear polyhedrosis virus/SfNPV (the SNPV/single nuclear polyhedrosis virus specific to S. frugiperda) and Habrobracon hebetor – is recommended.[30]

Food resources

Caterpillars

Witch hazel

The armyworm's diet consists mainly of grasses and grain crops such as corn, but the species has been noted to consume over 80 different plants (50 non-economic and 30 economic plants).[31] Armyworms earned their common name by eating all plant matter they encounter in their wide dispersals, like a large army. A few sweet corn varieties have partial, but not complete, resistance to armyworms.[6] The resistance comes from a unique 33-kD proteinase that the corn produces when it is being fed on by fall armyworms or other larvae. This protein was found to significantly decrease fall armyworm larva growth.[32]

Cannibalism

When possible, larvae will cannibalize the larvae of smaller instars. A 1999 study showed that cannibalism only benefits the caterpillar when other food is scarce. Despite this, the caterpillars will cannibalize others whenever they can, even though it was found to decrease their own fitness in many cases. One known reason why cannibalism is detrimental to the fall armyworm is because of disease transmission to the cannibal. In nature, the negative effects of cannibalism may be balanced by the fact that cannibalism removes competitors, thereby making more resources accessible and indirectly increasing fall armyworms' fitness.[4]

Adults

Adult moths sip nectar from flowers such as that of witch hazel (Hamamelis virginiana).[33]

Life history

The fall armyworm's life cycle is completed within 30 days during summer, and 60 days during the spring and autumn seasons; during the winter, these caterpillars' life cycle lasts about 80 to 90 days.[3] The number of generations a moth will have in a year varies based on climate, but in her life span a female will typically lay about 1,500 eggs.[6] Because larvae cannot enter into diapause they cannot survive cold temperatures.[33]

Adult

Egg

The armyworm's egg is dome-shaped, and measures around 0.4 millimetres (164 in) in diameter and 0.3 millimetres (3256 in) in height.[6] Females prefer to lay eggs on the underside of leaves, but in high populations they will lay them just about anywhere.[34] In warm weather, the eggs will hatch into larvae within a few days.

Pupa

Larva

The larvae go through six different instars, each varying slightly in physical appearance and pattern. The larva process lasts from 14 to 30 days, again depending on temperatures.[6] The mature caterpillar is about 1+12–2 inches (38–51 mm) in length.[1] This is the most destructive life stage as the larvae have biting mouth parts. The larvae have a distinctive inverted Y suture on the forehead.

Pupa

The larvae then pupate underground for 7 to 37 days in a cocoon they form of soil and silk. Duration and survival of the pupal stage depend on the temperature of the environment.[34]

Adults

Once emerged, the adults live for about 10 days, and sometimes up to 21 days, with the female laying most of her eggs early in life.[6] Adults are nocturnal and fare best during warm and humid nights.[6]

Caterpillar

Migration

Adults are capable of flying long distances, so even though they are unable to overwinter north of the southern region of the United States, the moths can migrate as far north as southern Canada in warm months.[34][6] Their migration rate is remarkably fast, estimated at 300 miles (483 km) per generation.[34] Some scientists speculate that this fast migration is aided by the movement of air in weather fronts.[34]

Neurochemistry

Allatotropin and allatotropin+allatostatin Cneuropeptides – extracted from Manduca sexta were both found to suppress feeding in all life stages, increase larval mortality, and reduce adult lifespan, by Oeh et al 2000.[35]

Enemies

Predators

Fall armyworm caterpillars are directly preyed upon by many invertebrates and vertebrates. Common predators include birds, rodents, beetles, earwigs, and other insects. It has been shown that direct predation can cause significant losses to caterpillar populations.[6] The larva's main defense against enemies is their ability to reach large numbers and migrate before seasonal conditions are suitable for predators.[34]

Parasitoids

Fly and wasp parasitoids target the fall armyworm, most commonly Archytas marmoratus, Cotesia marginiventris, and Chelonus texanus. The armyworm is also vulnerable to additional parasitoids, varying with location.[6] In 2018, egg parasitoid wasps of the genera Telenomus and Trichogramma were discovered to attack army worm eggs in East Africa.[36] Cotesia icipe is another African braconid wasp suitable for the biological control of this lepidoptera.[37]

Parasites and disease

Fifty-three different parasite species have been discovered in fall armyworm larvae, spanning ten different families.[31] Often larvae can survive through much of their crop consumption despite outbreaks of disease, because of the larva's fast life cycle.[6] Despite this, parasites of the fall armyworm are being studied extensively as a means of fighting armyworm attacks on crops. One suggested approach would be to introduce parasites from South America to North American fall armyworms, and vice versa.[31]

Fungi

In February 2021, it was reported that an Australian agronomist Georgia Rodger had found at a property near Beaudesert (southern Queensland) the tropical fungus Nomuraea rileyi which was known to be effective in killing and consuming fall armyworms.[38] Samples of this were sent to Maree Crawford, the insect pathologist at the Queensland Department of Agriculture for further analysis.[38] Australian entomologists have said the finding is reassuring and that laboratory tests have been promising.[39] This is substantiated by various studies including a 2018 journal article which looked into the effectiveness of N. rileyi had on infestations of armyworms in Indian maize crops.[40] The study concluded N. rileyi could potentially be a cost-effective tool in combating the pest, compatible with eco-friendly management practices, although further studies were required.[40] Farmers in Australia have struggled to control the pest which has been destroying crops, prompting concerns about potential food shortages which could cause an increase in food prices for consumers.[39] The N. rileyi research has given them hope that this can be avoided.[39]

Subspecies

The fall armyworm may be presently undergoing a divergence into two separate species. These two strains have major genetic differences that are connected to the plants they feed on, even though both still exist in the same area (sympatric speciation). These two strains can be loosely categorized into a rice strain and a corn strain. This separation is occurring because of differences in habitat (preferred host plant), and differences in reproductive behavior. The reproductive differences can be divided into two categories: difference in the timing of mating at night, and difference in female sex pheromones.[2]

Mating

Mate searching behavior and male–male conflict

A female attracts males by perching atop the host plant feeding area and releasing a sex pheromone as the signal that she wishes to mate. The pheromone has been studied and found to contain the components Z7-12 and Z9-14.[41] Each female only mates once per night; this creates a physical conflict between the multiple males that will fly towards a ready female. There is an order to which the females call and mate: virgin females do first, females who have mated once next, and females who have already mated multiple times call and mate last during the night.[34]

Interactions with humans

Research use

S. frugiperda cells (Sf9 and Sf21 cell lines) are commonly used in biomedical research for the purpose of recombinant protein expression using insect-specific viruses called baculoviruses.[42]

Pest of crop plants

Because of their food preferences, fall armyworm larvae can wreak havoc on a wide range of crops. The first historical account of the fall armyworm's destruction was in 1797 in Georgia. Destruction can happen almost over night, because the first stages of a caterpillar's life require very little food, and the later stages require about 50 times more. Because of this rapid change in food consumption, the presence of larvae will not be noticed until they have destroyed almost everything in as little as a night.[34] Some examples of targeted crops include cotton, tobacco, sweet corn, rice, peanuts, and even fruits such as apples, oranges, and many more. The list of possible food sources for the worms is extensive, so crop damage is wide-ranging.[6] It is estimated that almost 40 percent of those species that armyworms target are economically important.[31] Because the larvae eat so much of the plant, they are very detrimental to crop survival and yield. In corn, larvae will even burrow into the corn ear to eat the kernels.[6]

The UN Food and Agriculture Organization estimates that S. frugiperda will reduce maize/corn yields by 17.7 million metric tons (19.5×106 short tons)/annum if not successfully controlled.[43] The fall armyworm have proved to be a pest in many regions, and methods of control continue to be developed.

Africa

The fall armyworm was identified in Africa in 2016. In early 2017, armyworms infested large swathes of corn crops across southern Africa, devastating the livelihoods of many farmers. It is thought they arrived as an invasive species from the Americas as eggs in imported produce.[44] This is causing immense concern among agricultural experts, due to the potentially huge amount of damage this invasive species will do to African food crops if allowed to spread.[45][46] Many African countries have agreed to take urgent actions against armyworms.[47]

Sri Lanka

After being first reported in India in May 2018 in Tamil Nadu, then the Sri Lankan Ministry of Agriculture issued a warning notice to farmers in the northwestern and north central provinces about possible fall armyworm invasion. At the time of warning, crop destruction had already been reported from the Ampara, Anuradhapura, and Polonnaruwa areas.[48] The larvae are known among the local people as Sena dalambuwa (armyworm caterpillar).[49] Not only corn, but also sugarcane plantations were attacked by the caterpillars in Anuradhapura, Ampara, and Monaragala districts.[50]

In December 2018, heavy infestations in corn cultivation were identified.[51] The spread of the moth leads to attack corn all around the country within weeks.[51] On 6 January 2019, caterpillars spread to the Monaragala district and devastated corn crops.[52][53] At the end of January 2019, the armyworm was present in all districts of Sri Lanka except Nuwara Eliya and Jaffna.[54]

On 29 December 2018, armyworms were recorded from paddy cultivations in the Sinhapura area of Polonnaruwa. In January 2019, caterpillars were also recorded from paddy cultivations of the Nochchiyagama area in the Anuradhapura district.[55]

The Sri Lankan Department of Agriculture recommended 12 pesticides under three categories, to be used alternately every seven days.[56] Organic farming expert, Thilak Kandegama said that the threat can be overcome by sprinkling rice husk ashes as a repellent.[57] Agricultural Ministry also decided to use drone technology for the spraying of insecticides to control the spreading of caterpillars.[58][59]

Management and control

Because of the fall armyworms' great destructive power, farmers must go to great lengths to deter the larvae. Insecticide is a widely used form of protection; in southern regions, farmers may have to apply insecticide to corn every day.[6] Agricultural drones have been used to apply pesticides, used in China, Vietnam, Zambia and other regions.[60]

The CABI-led programme, Plantwise and partners have several recommendations for managing fall armyworm, these include: planting early, avoiding staggered planting, and inter-cropping with crops that are not susceptible to fall armyworm, such as cassava or yam. They also recommend conserving shelters and flowering plants on the edges for beneficial insects such as ground beetles and parasitoids.[61][62][63][64][65]

Inter-cropping with the "push-pull" technique with crops such as Desmodium and Napier grass can be used to control fall armyworm.[62]

For some crops, including wheat, sorghum, millet and rice, it is recommend by Plantwise partners to plant short maturing and varieties that are less preferred by S. frugiperda.[62][63][64][65]

Another strategy is to plant crops earlier to avoid the increase in armyworm numbers as the summer progresses.[6]

In South Africa, farmers are using pheromone lures with a combination of Dichlorvos blocks to trap and eliminate male armyworms, with the intention of disrupting mating cycles.[66]

CIMMYT and its partners are using forward genetics to breed for better S. frugiperda resistance in maize.[67] Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) are the most effective method for associating S. f. resistance to the responsible genomic region, especially used in maize/corn but also wheat, sorghum, millet, rice, and legumes.[68][69] The first uses of conventional breeding in the first decade of the 1900s were reported by Gernet 1917 and Hinds 1914, improving resistance in maize/corn, sorghum, millet, Cynodon dactylon, and Arachis hypogaea.[68]

In Australia, a caterpillar-specific virus packaged as Fawligen biopesticide was approved under emergency regulations in 2020 to help control the armyworm, and the parasitoid wasp Trichogramma pretiosum is also used.[70] Directorate of plant protection Quarantine and storage, Ministry of Agriculture, Govt of India regularly issues advisories from time to time to manage the menace of Fall Army Worm in India.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b McLeod, Robin (October 21, 2017). "Species Spodoptera frugiperda - Fall Armyworm Moth - Hodges#9666". BugGuide. Retrieved October 15, 2020.
  2. ^ a b Groot, Astrid T.; Marr, Melanie; Heckel, David G.; Schöfl, Gerhard (2010-01-01). "The roles and interactions of reproductive isolation mechanisms in fall armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) host strains". Ecological Entomology. 35: 105–118. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2311.2009.01138.x. ISSN 1365-2311. S2CID 83674920.
  3. ^ Van Allen, Benjamin G.; Dillemuth, Forrest P.; Flick, Andrew J.; Faldyn, Matthew J.; Clark, David R.; Rudolf, Volker H. W.; Elderd, Bret D. (2017). "Cannibalism and Infectious Disease: Friends or Foes?". The American Naturalist. University of Chicago Press. 190 (3): 299–312. doi:10.1086/692734. hdl:1911/97826. ISSN 0003-0147. PMID 28829639. S2CID 3905739.
  4. ^ a b Chapman, J. W. (1999-05-01). "Fitness consequences of cannibalism in the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda". Behavioral Ecology. Oxford University Press (OUP). 10 (3): 298–303. doi:10.1093/beheco/10.3.298. ISSN 1465-7279.
  5. ^ Luginbill, Philip (February 1928). "The Fall Army Worm". Technical Bulletin (U.S. Dept. Of Agriculture. Bureau of Entomology) (34).
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p "fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith)". entnemdept.ufl.edu. Retrieved 2017-10-01.
  7. ^ Murúa MG et al. (2009) Natural distribution of parasitoids of larvae of the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, in Argentina Journal of Insect Science 9(20)
  8. ^ Meagher, Robert L.; Nagoshi, Rod N. (2004). "Population dynamics and occurrence of Spodoptera frugiperda host strains in southern Florida". Ecological Entomology. 29 (5): 614–620. doi:10.1111/j.0307-6946.2004.00629.x. S2CID 37242722.
  9. ^ du Plessis, Hannalene; van den Berg, Johnnie; Ota, Noboru; Kriticos, Darren (May 2019). Spodoptera frugiperda (Fall Armyworm) (Report). CSIRO, Canberra.
  10. ^ Sutherst, Robert W.; Maywald, Gunter F. (1985). "A computerised system for matching climates in ecology". Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment. 13 (3–4): 281–299. doi:10.1016/0167-8809(85)90016-7.
  11. ^ Kriticos, Darren J.; Maywald, Gunter F.; Yonow, Tania; Zurcher, Eric J.; Herrmann, Neville & Ota, Noboru (2015). CLIMEX Version 4: Exploring the effects of climate on plants, animals and diseases. Canberra: CSIRO. pp. 156 pp. ISBN 978-1-4863-0586-5.
  12. ^ Gilioli, Gianni; Sperandio, Giorgio; Simonetto, Anna; Ciampitti, Mariangela; Gervasio, Paola (2022-06-03). "Assessing the risk of establishment and transient populations of Spodoptera frugiperda in Europe". Journal of Pest Science. doi:10.1007/s10340-022-01517-0. ISSN 1612-4766. S2CID 249350681.
  13. ^ a b "Latest Pest Reports". International Plant Protection Convention. Retrieved 2020-12-26.
  14. ^ "Latest Pest Reports". International Plant Protection Convention. Retrieved 2020-12-26.
  15. ^ "First report of Spodoptera frugiperda in Syria - EPPO Reporting Service no. 01 - 2021 Num. article: 2021/010". European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization Global Database. 2020-12-27. Retrieved 2021-01-30.
  16. ^ "Spodoptera frugiperda (fall armyworm)". Invasive Species Compendium (ISC). CAB International.
  17. ^ "PlantVillage".
  18. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Fall armyworm". NSW Department of Primary Industries. Retrieved 2021-01-30.
  19. ^ Hodal, Kate (2018-08-07). "Race to contain destructive march of armyworm as pest spreads to India". the Guardian. Retrieved 2018-08-07.
  20. ^ Parker, Stephanie (2019-02-06). "Fall Armyworm Continues its Invasion of Asia". Earth Island Journal. Retrieved 2019-02-13.
  21. ^ Bruce, Toby (18 July 2019). "This 'Very Hungry Caterpillar' is wreaking havoc in fields around the world".
  22. ^ "China's northeast cornbelt likely to be hit by fall armyworm in 2020: government report". U.S. 2019-12-26. Retrieved 2020-11-20.
  23. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Spodoptera frugiperda found in New South Wales, Australia - EPPO Reporting Service no. 01 - 2021 Num. article: 2021/011". European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization Global Database. 2020-11-06. Retrieved 2021-01-30.
  24. ^ "CSIRO researcher issues dire warning for Australian agriculture industry after fall armyworm found on mainland". ABC News. 18 February 2020.
  25. ^ a b "Fall armyworm marches south". Australian Wool Innovation. Woolmark. 2021-04-01. Retrieved 2021-04-11.
  26. ^ "NAQIA discover new worm-like killer". April 2020.
  27. ^ a b c "Co-ordinating a response to Fall Armyworm and Lumpy Skin Disease in Bangladesh". United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization in Bangladesh. Retrieved 2021-02-12.
  28. ^ "New project strengthens capacity to fight fall armyworm in Bangladesh". CIMMYT (International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center). 2020-01-22. Retrieved 2021-02-12.
  29. ^ "Fighting back against fall armyworm in Bangladesh". CIMMYT (International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center). 2020-10-12. Retrieved 2021-02-12.
  30. ^ Zakia Begum, DAE; Dr ASM Abdur Razzaque, DAE; Mohammed Jamilur Rahman (Md. Jamilur Rahman) DAE; Fatama Nusrat Ahsan, DAE; Sangeeta Bhattaherjee, DAE; Dr Kohinoor Begum, BARI; Marina Afroze, BARI. "Fall Army Worm (FAW) on Maize". Plantwise Knowledge Bank. CABI (Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International. Retrieved 2021-02-12.
  31. ^ a b c d Ashley, T. R. (1979). "Classification and Distribution of Fall Armyworm Parasites". The Florida Entomologist. 62 (2): 114–123. doi:10.2307/3494087. JSTOR 3494087.
  32. ^ Pechan, Tibor; Ye, Lijun; Chang, Yu-min; Mitra, Anurina; Lin, Lei; Davis, Frank M.; Williams, W. Paul; Luthe, Dawn S. (2000-07-01). "A Unique 33-kD Cysteine Proteinase Accumulates in Response to Larval Feeding in Maize Genotypes Resistant to Fall Armyworm and Other Lepidoptera". The Plant Cell Online. 12 (7): 1031–1040. doi:10.1105/tpc.12.7.1031. ISSN 1040-4651. PMC 149047. PMID 10899972.
  33. ^ a b "Fall Armyworm – Spodoptera frugiperda – Details – Encyclopedia of Life". Encyclopedia of Life. Retrieved 2017-11-29.
  34. ^ a b c d e f g h Sparks, Alton N. (1979). "A Review of the Biology of the Fall Armyworm". The Florida Entomologist. 62 (2): 82–87. doi:10.2307/3494083. JSTOR 3494083.
  35. ^ Schoofs, Liliane; De Loof, Arnold; Van Hiel, Matthias Boris (2017-01-31). "Neuropeptides as Regulators of Behavior in Insects". Annual Review of Entomology. Annual Reviews. 62 (1): 35–52. doi:10.1146/annurev-ento-031616-035500. ISSN 0066-4170. PMID 27813667.
  36. ^ Hendery, Sara (23 July 2020). "New Study Reveals Natural Enemies of Fall Armyworm in Both Asia and Africa". Entomology Today. Entomological Society of America. Retrieved 23 July 2020.
  37. ^ Deux nouveaux insectes identifiés au Kenya peuvent aider à lutter contre les ravageurs du maïs.
  38. ^ a b Phillips, Amy; Gunders, Jodie (4 February 2021). "Could this white fungus stop the march of the pest fall armyworm in its tracks?". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 17 June 2021.
  39. ^ a b c Sexton-McGrath, Kristy (27 February 2021). "Farmers say fall armyworm, the 'coronavirus of agriculture', could force up food prices". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 17 June 2021.
  40. ^ a b Mallapur, CP; Naik, Anjan Kumar; Hagari, Sireesh; Praveen, T; Patil, S; Lingappa, RK (2018). "Potentiality of Nomuraea rileyi (Farlow) Samson against the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J E Smith) infesting maize" (PDF). Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies. 6 (6): 1062–1067. Retrieved 17 June 2021.
  41. ^ Tumlinson, J. H.; Mitchell, E. R.; Teal, P. E. A.; Heath, R. R.; Mengelkoch, L. J. (1986-09-01). "Sex pheromone of fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith)". Journal of Chemical Ecology. 12 (9): 1909–1926. doi:10.1007/BF01041855. ISSN 0098-0331. PMID 24305968. S2CID 38119290.
  42. ^ Vaughn, J. L.; Goodwin, R. H.; Tompkins, G. J.; McCawley, P. (1977-04-01). "The establishment of two cell lines from the insect Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera; Noctuidae)". In Vitro. 13 (4): 213–217. doi:10.1007/BF02615077. ISSN 1475-2689. PMID 68913. S2CID 13529129.
  43. ^ "Preparing countries to keep Fall Armyworm away from their territories". IPPC (International Plant Protection Convention). UN FAO. 2021-09-13. Retrieved 2021-09-15.
  44. ^ Briggs, Helen (2017-02-06). "Fall armyworm 'threatens African farmers' livelihoods'". BBC News. Retrieved 2017-06-17.
  45. ^ "After drought, Zimbabwe contends with fall armyworm invasion". The New Humanitarian. 2017-03-29. Retrieved 2019-07-17.
  46. ^ Briggs, Helen (2017-02-06). "Alien armyworm threatens African crops". BBC News. Retrieved 2017-11-15.
  47. ^ FAO Regional Office for Africa. "Southern and Eastern African countries agree on urgent actions to tackle armyworm and other crop pests and animal diseases". fao.org. United Nations FAO. Retrieved 22 February 2017.
  48. ^ "Beware the Fall Army Worm". Sunday Observer. 17 November 2018. Retrieved 28 January 2019.
  49. ^ "Nuwara Eliya on alert for 'sena caterpillar'". Sri Lanka Sunday Times. Wijeya Newspapers. Retrieved 28 January 2019.
  50. ^ "Relief to the farmers for the crop damage caused by Sena caterpillar". Daily News. Retrieved 28 January 2019.
  51. ^ a b "3 types of pesticides to control 'Sena' caterpillars". lankanewsweb. Retrieved 28 January 2019.
  52. ^ "Maize cultivation in Moneragala ruined by 'Sena' caterpillar". Sri Lanka Sunday Times. Wijeya Newspapers. Retrieved 28 January 2019.
  53. ^ "Sri Lankan Prez instructs authorities to control 'Sena caterpillar'". All India Radio. Retrieved 28 January 2019.
  54. ^ "Sri Lanka: How to conquer Sena caterpillar?". Sri Lanka Guardian. Retrieved 28 January 2019.
  55. ^ "Sena Caterpillar begins assault on Paddy". News First. 28 January 2019. Retrieved 28 January 2019.
  56. ^ "Pests and Diseases". Sri Lanka Department of Agriculture. Archived from the original on 1 February 2019. Retrieved 15 February 2019.
  57. ^ "Sena, a bane for rice farmers as well". Sri Lanka Mirror. Retrieved 28 January 2019.
  58. ^ "Sri Lanka: Drone technology to be used to control spreading of 'Sena' Caterpillar". preventionweb. Retrieved 28 January 2019.
  59. ^ "Anti caterpillar mission for 'sena' caterpillars". Ceylon Today. Retrieved 28 January 2019.
  60. ^ Douglas, Alex (2019-09-02). "XAG combats pests with fully autonomous crop spraying drones". Commercial Drone Professional. Retrieved 2019-09-04.
  61. ^ "Plantwise Knowledge Bank | Fall armyworm on maize". www.plantwise.org. Retrieved 2020-06-26.
  62. ^ a b c "Plantwise Knowledge Bank | Fall armyworm on sorghum". www.plantwise.org. Retrieved 2020-06-26.
  63. ^ a b "Plantwise Knowledge Bank | Fall armyworm on wheat". www.plantwise.org. Retrieved 2020-06-26.
  64. ^ a b "Plantwise Knowledge Bank | Fall armyworm on millet". www.plantwise.org. Retrieved 2020-06-26.
  65. ^ a b "Plantwise Knowledge Bank | Fall armyworm on rice". www.plantwise.org. Retrieved 2020-06-26.
  66. ^ "F.A.W. PheroLure". Insect Science. Retrieved 2018-04-15.
  67. ^ Cairns, Jill (2020-11-19). "Faster results at a lower cost". CIMMYT. Retrieved 2020-11-21.
  68. ^ a b Matova, Prince M.; (ORCID 0000-0002-8449-9456); Kamutando, Casper N.; Magorokosho, Cosmos; Kutywayo, Dumisani; Gutsa, Freeman; Labuschagne, Maryke; (ORCID 0000-0003-0593-2678) (2020). "Fall‐armyworm invasion, control practices and resistance breeding in Sub‐Saharan Africa". Crop Science. Crop Science Society of America (Wiley). 60 (6): 2951–2970. doi:10.1002/csc2.20317. ISSN 0011-183X. PMC 7702106. PMID 33328691. {{cite journal}}: External link in |author2= and |author8= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  69. ^ Chakradhar, Thammineni; Hindu, Vemuri; Reddy, Palakolanu Sudhakar (2017-09-05). "Genomic-based-breeding tools for tropical maize improvement" (PDF). Genetica. Springer. 145 (6): 525–539. doi:10.1007/s10709-017-9981-y. ISSN 0016-6707. PMID 28875394. S2CID 24074330.
  70. ^ Nichols, Jennifer (25 July 2021). "Invasive insect fall armyworm on the march, but scientists fight back with an oozing virus and an egg-attacking wasp". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 1 August 2021.

licensa
cc-by-sa-3.0
drit d'autor
Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visité la sorgiss
sit compagn
wikipedia EN

Fall armyworm: Brief Summary ( Anglèis )

fornì da wikipedia EN

The fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) is a species in the order Lepidoptera and one of the species of the fall armyworm moths distinguished by their larval life stage. The term "armyworm" can refer to several species, often describing the large-scale invasive behavior of the species' larval stage. It is regarded as a pest and can damage and destroy a wide variety of crops, which causes large economic damage. Its scientific name derives from frugiperda, which is Latin for lost fruit, named because of the species' ability to destroy crops. Because of its propensity for destruction, the fall armyworm's habits and possibilities for crop protection have been studied in depth. It is also a notable case for studying sympatric speciation, as it appears to be diverging into two species currently. Another remarkable trait of the larva is that they consistently practice cannibalism, despite its fitness costs.

The fall armyworm is active at a different time of year from the true armyworm, another species in the order Lepidoptera and family Noctuidae, but of the genus Mythimna. Outbreaks of the true armyworm usually occur during the early part of the summer; the fall armyworm does most damage in the late summer in the southern part of the United States, and early fall in the northern regions.

licensa
cc-by-sa-3.0
drit d'autor
Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visité la sorgiss
sit compagn
wikipedia EN

Spodoptera frugiperda ( Spagneul; Castilian )

fornì da wikipedia ES

El cogollero del maíz (Spodoptera frugiperda) es una especie de lepidóptero ditrisio de la familia Noctuidae, muy conocida en el ámbito agrícola por ser una plaga bastante importante que ataca a diversos cultivos de importancia económica, tales como maíz (Zea mays) y algodón (Gossypium spp.)[1][2]

De su tejido ovárico derivan dos líneas celulares (Sf9 y Sf21) que son muy usadas actualmente para la investigación biomédica, como por ejemplo, para la infección con baculovirus o la expresión de proteínas recombinantes.

Descripción

 src=
Larva

El adulto mide de 32 a 40 mm de envergadura. Las alas delanteras son castaño grisáceas y las posteriores son blancas. Hay un ligero dimorfismo sexual; los machos tienen un diseño más pronunciado y una mancha blanca en las alas anteriores. El primer estadio larval es de color claro con una cabeza grande y oscura. Los estadios subsiguientes se vuelven más oscuros, marrones con líneas blancas longitudinales. También desarrollan manchas oscuras y espinas.[2]

Distribución geográfica

Está ampliamente distribuido por todas las Américas. No puede invernar en lugares donde la temperatura baja de 0℃.[3][4]​ Solo sobrevive en regiones más cálidas, por ejemplo Texas y Florida en los Estados Unidos, por eso es más abundante en tales regiones. Sin embargo es capaz de migraciones estacionales y puede llegar hasta Canadá cuando encuentra recursos alimentarios suficientes.[2]​ Fue encontrado en África por primera vez en 2016 donde está causando daños considerables a los cultivos de maíz y tiene el potencial de causar peores daños económicos.[5]​ Se ha difundido a 28 países africanos.[6]​ En 2018 fue localizado en el sur de la India[7]​ y en enero de 2019 en China.[8]

Migración

Los adultos son capaces de migrar largas distancias, así que aunque no puedan pasar el invierno en lugares fríos, pueden llegar a ellos durante los meses templados. Por ejemplo pueden llegar hasta Canadá.[9][2]​ Su migración es extraordinariamente rápida y se calcula que puede recorrer cerca de 500 km por generación.[9]​ Se cree que usan el viento para estos movimientos migratorios.[9]

Referencias

  1. Bastidas, R. y Zavala, Y. 1995. Principios de Entomología Agrícola. Ediciones Sol de Barro. ISBN 980-245-006-5
  2. a b c d «fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith)». entnemdept.ufl.edu. Consultado el 1 de octubre de 2017.
  3. Murúa MG et al. (2009) Natural distribution of parasitoids of larvae of the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, in Argentina Journal of Insect Science 9(20)
  4. Meagher RL and Nagoshi RN (2004) Population dynamics and occurrence of Spodoptera frugiperda host strains in southern Florida Ecological Entomology 29(5): s 614–620
  5. https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/29810
  6. https://plantvillage.org/diseases/1329
  7. Hodal, Kate (7 de agosto de 2018). «Race to contain destructive march of armyworm as pest spreads to India». the Guardian (en inglés). Consultado el 7 de agosto de 2018.
  8. Andrew Silver. Caterpillar’s devastating march across China spurs hunt for native predator. Nature 570, 286-287 (2019)
  9. a b c Sparks, Alton N. (1979). «A Review of the Biology of the Fall Armyworm». The Florida Entomologist 62 (2): 82-87. JSTOR 3494083. doi:10.2307/3494083.
 title=
licensa
cc-by-sa-3.0
drit d'autor
Autores y editores de Wikipedia
original
visité la sorgiss
sit compagn
wikipedia ES

Spodoptera frugiperda: Brief Summary ( Spagneul; Castilian )

fornì da wikipedia ES

El cogollero del maíz (Spodoptera frugiperda) es una especie de lepidóptero ditrisio de la familia Noctuidae, muy conocida en el ámbito agrícola por ser una plaga bastante importante que ataca a diversos cultivos de importancia económica, tales como maíz (Zea mays) y algodón (Gossypium spp.)​​

De su tejido ovárico derivan dos líneas celulares (Sf9 y Sf21) que son muy usadas actualmente para la investigación biomédica, como por ejemplo, para la infección con baculovirus o la expresión de proteínas recombinantes.

licensa
cc-by-sa-3.0
drit d'autor
Autores y editores de Wikipedia
original
visité la sorgiss
sit compagn
wikipedia ES

Spodoptera frugiperda ( Fransèis )

fornì da wikipedia FR

Spodoptera frugiperda (le Légionnaire d'automne ou la Noctuelle américaine du maïs) est une espèce de lépidoptères (papillons) de la famille des Noctuidae. Originaire du continent américain, l'espèce s'est implantée sur le continent africain depuis 2016. La chenille, polyphyllophage[1], est connue pour ses dégâts sur diverses cultures, notamment le maïs (Zea mays), le mil et le sorgho ainsi que sur les cotonniers (Gossypium sp.), posant de grandes difficultés en exploitation.
C'est un ravageur problématique en Amérique tropicale (le Brésil dépense par exemple 600 millions de dollars par an pour lutter contre les chenilles de cette espèce).

 src=
Chenille se développant dans la tige de maïs, ici au Brésil
 src=
Vue en coupe du tunnel et de la loge d'une chrysalide détectée par Diapetimorpha introita (Hymenoptèrere Ichneumonidae parasitoïde, qui s'apprête à pondre un œuf dans la larve du papillon; photo : Scott Bauer (USDA)

En 2016, elle est repérée comme une espèce exotique envahissante en Afrique où ses populations se sont rapidement étendues entre janvier 2016 et début 2017 (12 pays touchés dont 7 en 2 mois seulement). En 2018, tous les pays d'Afrique sub-saharienne sont touchés, à l'exception de Djibouti et de l'Érythrée.

En mai, 2018 elle est repérée en Inde, d'abord dans le Karnataka, puis l'Andhra Pradesh, le Tamil Nadu et le Telengana, puis en septembre au Bengale Occidental et au Gujarat [2]. En janvier 2019 sa présence est confirmée au Yémen[3], au Bangladesh, au Sri Lanka[4], en Birmanie[5], en Thaïlande[6],[7] et dans le Yunnan en Chine[8].

Distribution

L'aire de répartition de Spodoptera frugiperda comprend la quasi-totalité du continent américain, à l'exception de ses régions les plus froides.

L'espèce, adaptée aux régions de climat tropical, est établie au Mexique et dans la partie sud des États-Unis, en Amérique centrale et en Amérique du Sud, de la Colombie à l'Argentine et au Chili, jusqu'à une latitude de 36° Sud. Elle est également présente en fin d'été et en automne dans le nord des États-Unis et dans les provinces méridionales du Canada par suite d'une migration annuelle[9].

Espèce invasive en Afrique

L'espèce a été signalée pour la première fois sur le continent africain en 2016, au Nigeria, à Sao Tomé-et-Principe, au Bénin et au Togo. Depuis le début de l'année 2017, sa présence est confirmée au Ghana ainsi qu'en Afrique australe (Afrique du Sud, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibie, Zambie et Zimbabwe)[10]. En octobre 2017, sa présence était confirmée en République Démocratique du Congo, au Burundi, Rwanda, Ouganda, Tanzanie, Kenya, Ethiopie, Soudan du Sud, Soudan, République Centrafricaine, Tchad,Cameroun, Ghana, Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire, Guinée, Sierra Leone, Liberia et Gambie. Début 2018 sa présence est confirmée au Sénégal, au Cap-Vert, à Madagascar, au Gabon, au Niger et en Somalie [11]. Espèces repérées et confirmée à L'archipel des Comores en février 2022.[réf. nécessaire]

La chenille peut s'attaquer à plus de 100 plantes différentes (dont plantes cultivées). Plus de 290 000 hectares de terres cultivées dans 4 pays africains ont été détruites en quelques mois (surface probablement sous-estimée).

Statut international

Cette espèce, absente du bassin méditerranéen et d'Europe, est classée comme organisme de quarantaine par l'organisation européenne et méditerranéenne pour la protection des plantes (OEPP).

Cycle de vie

 src=
Oeufs de la Noctuelle américaine du maïs
 src=
Chenille

Œufs

Les œufs du genre spodoptera sont particuliers car groupés et recouverts d'écailles, ce qui rend difficile le traitement à ce stade. De même il existe peu d'auxiliaires de l'agriculture à ce stade du développement de l'insecte, car le parasitisme par ponte est lui aussi compliqué.

Stade larvaire

C'est le stade le plus redouté par les agriculteurs d'Amérique du Sud, étant le stade ravageur. La chenille est bien reconnaissable à sa morphologie caractéristique : d'environ 3 cm de long, de teinte allant de la couleur « café » au jaune, elle présente un ensemble de lignes parallèles brunes du bout de l'abdomen à la tête, dont deux se réunissant sur la tête forment un Y caractéristique.

Utilisation dans la recherche

Les cellules de Spodoptera frugiperda sont couramment utilisées dans l'expression de protéines recombinantes grâce à des virus spécifiques des insectes nommés baculovirus.

Moyens de lutte en Afrique

Une réunion d'urgence s'est tenue en 2017 sous l'égide du bureau régional de la FAO en Afrique à Harare (Zimbabwe) pour coordonner les réponses de 16 pays qui sont convenus de plans d'urgence visant à renforcer la capacité de ces régions à gérer les ravageurs des cultures, contre cette espèce, mais aussi contre d'autres nouveaux parasites envahissants.

Parallèlement, la recherche tente de mieux comprendre le comportement de cet organisme quand il devient nuisible dans de nouveaux environnements, ainsi que sa sensibilité aux insecticides.

Notes et références

  1. Contraction des termes « phyllophage » et « polyphage » signifiant « mangeant plusieurs types de feuilles » (sous-entendu de plusieurs espèces végétales différentes).
  2. Priyanka Pulla & Priyanka Pulla &, « Ravaged by a caterpillar », The Hindu,‎ 22 septembre 2018 (lire en ligne, consulté le 10 août 2020).
  3. http://www.fao.org/fall-armyworm/en/
  4. Ben Farmer, « Fall Armyworm marches on as pest that devastated African crops spreads in Asia », The Daily Telegraph,‎ 9 janvier 2019 (lire en ligne, consulté le 10 août 2020).
  5. « Fall armyworms invade maize farms », The Myanmar Times,‎ 16 janvier 2019 (lire en ligne, consulté le 10 août 2020).
  6. https://www.ippc.int/en/countries/thailand/pestreports/2018/12/first-detection-of-fall-army-worm-on-the-border-of-thailand/
  7. (en) Elaine Kurtenbach, Associated Press, « Thailand braces for "armyworm" destruction », sur khaosodenglish.com, Khaosod, 19 mars 2019
  8. https://www.ippc.int/fr/news/first-detection-of-fall-armyworm-in-china/
  9. (en) « Spodoptera frugiperda] », OEPP (consulté le 22 juillet 2013).
  10. (en) « Spodoptera frugiperda (fall armyworm) », sur Invasive Species Compendium (ISC), CABI (consulté le 15 février 2017).
  11. (so) « Beeralayda Shabeelaha dhexe oo helay qalab cayayaanka ay uga hortegayaan - News From Somalia », sur News From Somalia, 18 juin 2018 (consulté le 10 août 2020).

Voir aussi

licensa
cc-by-sa-3.0
drit d'autor
Auteurs et éditeurs de Wikipedia
original
visité la sorgiss
sit compagn
wikipedia FR

Spodoptera frugiperda: Brief Summary ( Fransèis )

fornì da wikipedia FR

Spodoptera frugiperda (le Légionnaire d'automne ou la Noctuelle américaine du maïs) est une espèce de lépidoptères (papillons) de la famille des Noctuidae. Originaire du continent américain, l'espèce s'est implantée sur le continent africain depuis 2016. La chenille, polyphyllophage, est connue pour ses dégâts sur diverses cultures, notamment le maïs (Zea mays), le mil et le sorgho ainsi que sur les cotonniers (Gossypium sp.), posant de grandes difficultés en exploitation.
C'est un ravageur problématique en Amérique tropicale (le Brésil dépense par exemple 600 millions de dollars par an pour lutter contre les chenilles de cette espèce).

 src= Chenille se développant dans la tige de maïs, ici au Brésil  src= Vue en coupe du tunnel et de la loge d'une chrysalide détectée par Diapetimorpha introita (Hymenoptèrere Ichneumonidae parasitoïde, qui s'apprête à pondre un œuf dans la larve du papillon; photo : Scott Bauer (USDA)

En 2016, elle est repérée comme une espèce exotique envahissante en Afrique où ses populations se sont rapidement étendues entre janvier 2016 et début 2017 (12 pays touchés dont 7 en 2 mois seulement). En 2018, tous les pays d'Afrique sub-saharienne sont touchés, à l'exception de Djibouti et de l'Érythrée.

En mai, 2018 elle est repérée en Inde, d'abord dans le Karnataka, puis l'Andhra Pradesh, le Tamil Nadu et le Telengana, puis en septembre au Bengale Occidental et au Gujarat . En janvier 2019 sa présence est confirmée au Yémen, au Bangladesh, au Sri Lanka, en Birmanie, en Thaïlande, et dans le Yunnan en Chine.

licensa
cc-by-sa-3.0
drit d'autor
Auteurs et éditeurs de Wikipedia
original
visité la sorgiss
sit compagn
wikipedia FR

Spodoptera frugiperda ( olandèis; flamand )

fornì da wikipedia NL

Insecten

Spodoptera frugiperda, ook wel legerrups[1] of legerworm[2], is een vlinder uit de familie van de uilen (Noctuidae).[3] De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1797 door Smith & Abbot.

De vlinders worden gezien als een plaag. Ze verplaatsten zich in zwermen, waarbij de rupsen al het graan in een gebied kunnen opeten. Een dergelijk geval deed zich in 1998 voor in de staat Illinois in de Verenigde Staten.[4] Er werd hoop gesteld in genetisch gemodificeerde planten, die dodelijk zouden zijn voor de rupsen, maar sommige rupsen zijn hiertegen resistent.[5] Biologische bestrijding van de vlinders is mogelijk met de schildwesp Chelonus insularis, die haar eitjes legt in Spodoptera frugiperda en waarin de larven zich ontwikkelen.[6]

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
  1. Voorstel voor een BESLUIT VAN DE RAAD betreffende het in de handel brengen voor de teelt, overeenkomstig Richtlijn 2001/18/EG van het Europees Parlement en de Raad, van een maisproduct (Zea mays L., lijn 1507), genetisch gemodificeerd met het oog op resistentie tegen bepaalde schadelijke schubvleugelige insecten, EUR-Lex
  2. 'Maisetende legerworm kan Middellandse Zee oversteken'. Geraadpleegd op 07-02-2017.
  3. Beccaloni, G.W., Scoble, M.J., Robinson, G.S. & Pitkin, B. (Editors). (2003) The Global Lepidoptera Names Index (LepIndex). (Geraadpleegd maart 2013).
  4. (en) "Fall Armyworms: Many Southern Illinois Cornfields Are Infested" the Bulletin. Pest management and crop development information for Illinois
  5. Armyworms develop resistance to Bt corn. Phys.org (18 november 2014). Geraadpleegd op 18 november 2014.
  6. Mohd. Yousuf en Puja Ray. "Record of Chelonus Panzer (Braconidae: Cheloninae) from central India." Journal of Biopesticides, vol. 2 (2009), blz. 145-149.
Wikinieuws Wikinieuws heeft een nieuwsartikel over dit onderwerp: Legerrups gesignaleerd in West-Afrika.
licensa
cc-by-sa-3.0
drit d'autor
Wikipedia-auteurs en -editors
original
visité la sorgiss
sit compagn
wikipedia NL

Spodoptera frugiperda ( svedèis )

fornì da wikipedia SV

Spodoptera frugiperda,[1] är en fjärilsart som beskrevs av James Edward Smith och John Abbot 1797. Spodoptera frugiperda ingår i släktet Spodoptera och familjen nattflyn.[1][2]

Svenskt namn: Bert Gustafsson , som är fjärilsexpert vid Naturhistoriska riksmuseet, föreslog att arten skall heta majsfly på svenska. Detta namn har förankrats inom ”Kommittén för svenska djurnamn” vid ArtDatabanken. Kommittén arbetar primärt endast med svenska arter, men kan ge råd även när det gäller utländska arter som är aktuella i Sverige.

På engelska kallas S. frugiperda för "fall armyworm", vilket troligen hänger ihop med att den är aktiv under en längre säsong än "common armyworm" (Vandrargräsfly), som vanligen i Nordamerika gör skada på skördar under den tidigare delen av sommaren, medan S. frugiperda gör störst skada under den sena sommaren i södra USA och under tidig höst norr därom.

Beskrivning

Den färdiga nattfjärilen har en vingbredd på 32–40 millimeter. Den har en brun eller grå förvinge och en vit bakre vinge. Hannen har mer mönster och en distinkt vit fläck på sina förvingar. Det första larvstadiet är ljust färgat med ett stort mörkt huvud. I utvecklingen mot andra stadier blir larverna brunare med vita längsgåenbde linjer.

Traditionell utbredning

S. frugiperda har en vidsträckt utbredning i östra och centrala Nordamerika och i Sydamerika. Den kan inte övervintra i frysgrader. Säsongmässigt kan den sprida sig över sitt nordamerikanska kärnområde Florida och Texas med flera stater i sydöstra USA upp till östra USA och ända till södra Kanada.

Invasion i Afrika

S. frugiperda upptäcktes första gången i Afrika i januari 2016 i Nigeria. Den har sedan dess spritt sig snabbt. I april 2017 fanns en i ett 20-tal länder och i december 2017 i så gott som samtliga afrikanska länder söder om Sahara. Den har i Afrika inga naturliga fiender och är en synnerligen invasiv art.

Denna amerikanska fjärilsart äter i Afrika ett 80-tal växtarter, men föredrar framför allt majs, som är stapelvara i flertalet länder söder om Sahara. I Amerika dämpas förekomsten av flera faktorer, bland annat av att odlarna i stor utsträckning använder sig av genmanipulerad majs. Sådan är dock förbjuden i alla afrikanska länder utom i Sydafrika.

Det finns farhågor inom FAO och Centre for Agriculture and Biosciences att armélarven kan slå ut 20 procent av Afrikas majsskörd och i enskilda länder som Nigeria och Tanzania mer än hälften av normal skörd.

Näring

Larver

Larverna äter huvudsakligen gräs av olika slag och grödor som majs, men kan även livnära sig på ett stort antal andra arter. Några arter av majs har delvis immunitet mot larven genom att den kan tillverka ett speciellt protein, om marken gödslas med larver av Spodoptera eller andra släkten.

Kannibalism

Larverna äter larver av samma art i deras tidigare stadier.

Vuxna individer

Färdiga fjärilar livnär sig på nektar av till exempel trollhassel

Livscykel

S. frugiperda har en livscykel på under 30 dagar under sommaren, ungefär 60 dagar under vår och höst och 80–90 dagar vintertid. Antalet generationer per år varierar med klimatet. En hona kan lägga omkring 1.500 ägg.

Ägg

Äggen är kupolformiga och har en diameter på ungefär 0,4 millimeter och en höjd på 0,3 millimeter.

Larver

Larverna går igenom sex stadier under en period på 14–30 dagar, beroende på omgivningstemperatur. Den fullvuxna larven är 38-51 millimeter lång.

Puppor

I puppstadiet ligger larven under markytan 7–37 dagar i en kokong som den formar av jord och silke.

Nattfjärilar

Vuxna individer kan flyga långa distanser, upp till 500 kilometer per generation.

Bildgalleri

Källor

Noter

  1. ^ [a b] Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (red.) (6 april 2011). ”Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist.”. Species 2000: Reading, UK. http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2011/search/all/key/spodoptera+frugiperda/match/1. Läst 24 september 2012.
  2. ^ LepIndex: The Global Lepidoptera Names Index. Beccaloni G.W., Scoble M.J., Robinson G.S. & Pitkin B., 2005-06-15

Externa länkar

licensa
cc-by-sa-3.0
drit d'autor
Wikipedia författare och redaktörer
original
visité la sorgiss
sit compagn
wikipedia SV

Spodoptera frugiperda: Brief Summary ( svedèis )

fornì da wikipedia SV

Spodoptera frugiperda, är en fjärilsart som beskrevs av James Edward Smith och John Abbot 1797. Spodoptera frugiperda ingår i släktet Spodoptera och familjen nattflyn.

Svenskt namn: Bert Gustafsson , som är fjärilsexpert vid Naturhistoriska riksmuseet, föreslog att arten skall heta majsfly på svenska. Detta namn har förankrats inom ”Kommittén för svenska djurnamn” vid ArtDatabanken. Kommittén arbetar primärt endast med svenska arter, men kan ge råd även när det gäller utländska arter som är aktuella i Sverige.

På engelska kallas S. frugiperda för "fall armyworm", vilket troligen hänger ihop med att den är aktiv under en längre säsong än "common armyworm" (Vandrargräsfly), som vanligen i Nordamerika gör skada på skördar under den tidigare delen av sommaren, medan S. frugiperda gör störst skada under den sena sommaren i södra USA och under tidig höst norr därom.

licensa
cc-by-sa-3.0
drit d'autor
Wikipedia författare och redaktörer
original
visité la sorgiss
sit compagn
wikipedia SV

Spodoptera frugiperda ( vietnamèis )

fornì da wikipedia VI

Spodoptera frugiperda là một loài bướm đêm trong họ Noctuidae.[1][2]

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

  1. ^ Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (red.) (2011). “Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist.”. Species 2000: Reading, UK. Truy cập ngày 28 tháng 6 năm 2014.
  2. ^ Beccaloni, G. W., Scoble, M. J., Robinson, G. S. & Pitkin, B. (Editors). (2003) The Global Lepidoptera Names Index (LepIndex). (Geraadpleegd maart 2013).

Liên kết ngoài


Bài viết liên quan đến tông bướm đêm Caradrinini này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
licensa
cc-by-sa-3.0
drit d'autor
Wikipedia tác giả và biên tập viên
original
visité la sorgiss
sit compagn
wikipedia VI

Spodoptera frugiperda: Brief Summary ( vietnamèis )

fornì da wikipedia VI

Spodoptera frugiperda là một loài bướm đêm trong họ Noctuidae.

licensa
cc-by-sa-3.0
drit d'autor
Wikipedia tác giả và biên tập viên
original
visité la sorgiss
sit compagn
wikipedia VI

Spodoptera frugiperda ( russ; russi )

fornì da wikipedia русскую Википедию
Без ранга: Первичноротые
Без ранга: Линяющие
Без ранга: Panarthropoda
Надкласс: Шестиногие
Класс: Насекомые
Надотряд: Amphiesmenoptera
Подотряд: Хоботковые
Клада: Двупорые
Клада: Obtectomera
Надсемейство: Совкообразные
Семейство: Совки
Подсемейство: Земляные совки
Род: Spodoptera
Вид: Spodoptera frugiperda
Международное научное название

Spodoptera frugiperda

Commons-logo.svg
Изображения
на Викискладе
ITIS 117472NCBI 7108EOL 533408

Spodoptera frugiperda (лат., Кукурузная лиственная совка[1][2][3] или Совка кукурузная листовая[4]) — вид чешуекрылых, гусеницы которого являются вредителем распространенных сельскохозяйственных растений, в частности, кукурузы[5].

Описанние

Бабочки с размахом крыльев 32—40 мм, передние крылья самцов — серые и коричневые, задние крылья имеют радужную серебристо-белую окраску у самцов и самок. Внешний вид бабочек схож с родственными видами Spodoptera exempta и Spodoptera littoralis. Окукливание происходит в почве[1]. Взрослые бабочки способны преодолевать за ночь расстояние, превышающее 100 километров[6].

Для борьбы с вредителем на территории северной и южной Америки применяются современные пестициды и генетически-модифицированные виды растений[7].

С 2015—2016 годов Spodoptera frugiperda распространяется в странах тропической Африки[8][9][7]. Вид представляет значительную угрозу, ситуация осложняется низким уровнем использования пестицидов в этих странах[6]. исходный ареал этого вида — Северная и Южная Америка.

Примечания

  1. 1 2 Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith). Кукурузная лиственная совка — Справочник ВНИИКР, Единый перечень карантинных объектов Евразийского экономического союза. I. Карантинные вредные организмы, отсутствующие на территории Евразийского экономического союза. Насекомые и клещи
  2. Кукурузная лиственная совка. Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith) — Перечни карантинных вредных организмов ВНИИКР
  3. «Суринам — кукурузная лиственная совка (Spodoptera frugiperda)»
  4. Совка кукурузная листовая / ФАОFall Armyworm (англ.)
  5. John L. Capinera. Fall Armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) (англ.). University of Florida. Проверено 28 января 2018.
  6. 1 2 Charles A.O.Midega. A climate-adapted push-pull system effectively controls fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J E Smith), in maize in East Africa (англ.) // Crop Protection. — March 2018. — Vol. 105. — P. 10—15. — DOI:10.1016/j.cropro.2017.11.003.
  7. 1 2 An army of worms is invading Africa. The spread of Spodoptera frugiperda is threatening the region’s food safety (англ.), The Economist (24 January 2018). Проверено 28 января 2018.Это кукурузная совка. Её случайно завезли в Африку, и теперь она — главная угроза урожаю: The Economist (рус.)
  8. Эксперты предупредили об угрозе исчезновения кукурузы / Lenta.ru, 2017-02-06
  9. «Spodoptera frugiperda продолжает распространяться на территории Африки» / Информационный бюллетень по международным вопросам в области карантина растений ВНИИКР, № 11 август 2017, стр 50
licensa
cc-by-sa-3.0
drit d'autor
Авторы и редакторы Википедии

Spodoptera frugiperda: Brief Summary ( russ; russi )

fornì da wikipedia русскую Википедию

Spodoptera frugiperda (лат., Кукурузная лиственная совка или Совка кукурузная листовая) — вид чешуекрылых, гусеницы которого являются вредителем распространенных сельскохозяйственных растений, в частности, кукурузы.

licensa
cc-by-sa-3.0
drit d'autor
Авторы и редакторы Википедии