Toxopidae

Toxopidae is a small family of araneomorph spiders, first described in 1940.^[2] For many years it was sunk into Desidae as a subfamily, although doubts were expressed as to whether this was correct.^[3] A large-scale molecular phylogenetic study in 2016 led to the family being revived.^[4]

Genera

As of April 2019, the World Spider Catalog accepts the following genera:^[1]

References

Les Toxopidae sont une famille d'araignées aranéomorphes^[1].

Distribution

Les espèces de cette famille se rencontrent en Nouvelle-Zélande, en Australie et dans les îles australes de l'océan Indien^[1].

Description

Paléontologie

Cette famille est connue depuis le Paléogène^[2].

Taxonomie

Cette famille rassemble 82 espèces dans 14 genres^[1].

Liste des genres

Selon World Spider Catalog (version 18.5, 01/01/2018)^[3] :

• Gasparia Marples, 1956
• Gohia Dalmas, 1917
• Hapona Forster, 1970
• Hulua Forster & Wilton, 1973
• Jamara Davies, 1995
• Laestrygones Urquhart, 1894
• Lamina Forster, 1970
• Midgee Davies, 1995
• Myro O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1876
• Neomyro Forster & Wilton, 1973
• Ommatauxesis Simon, 1903
• Otagoa Forster, 1970
• Toxopsoides Forster & Wilton, 1973
• Toxops Hickman, 1940

Publication originale

• Hickman, 1940 : The Toxopidae, a new family of Spiders. Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania, vol. 1939, p. 125-130 (texte intégral).

Notes et références

Toxopidae Hickman, 1940 è una famiglia di ragni appartenente all'ordine Araneae.

Distribuzione

Le 82 specie della famiglia sono distribuite in Nuova Zelanda, Australia e gruppi di isole limitrofe^[1].

Tassonomia

In base ad approfondite analisi filogenetiche effettuate nel corposo lavoro di Wheeler et al., del 2017, una decina di generi appartenenti alle Desidae (Gasparia, Gohia, Hapona, Hulua, Laestrygones, Lamina, Myro, Neomyro, Ommatauxesis, Otagoa e Toxops) e la sottofamiglia Midgeeinae appartenente alla famiglia Amaurobiidae e comprendente 2 generi (Midgee e Jamara) hanno costituito una famiglia a sé, con l'attuale denominazione^[1].

Nello stesso lavoro si è provveduto anche a distinguere i generi in due sottofamiglie^[1]:

• • Toxopinae, comprendente Hapona, Jamara, Laestrygones, Lamina, Midgee, Toxops e Toxopsoides.
  • Myroinae, comprendente Gasparia, Gohia, Hulua, Neomyro, Myro, Ommatauxesis e Otagoa.

Attualmente, a dicembre 2020, si compone di 14 generi e 82 specie^[1]:

1. Gasparia Marples, 1956 - Nuova Zelanda
2. Gohia Dalmas, 1917 - Nuova Zelanda
3. Hapona Forster, 1970 - Nuova Zelanda
4. Hulua Forster & Wilton, 1973 - Nuova Zelanda
5. Jamara Davies, 1995 - Australia (Queensland)
6. Laestrygones Urquhart, 1895 - Nuova Zelanda, Australia (Tasmania)
7. Lamina Forster, 1970 - Nuova Zelanda
8. Midgee Davies, 1995 - Australia (Queensland, Nuovo Galles del Sud)
9. Myro O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1876 - Australia (Tasmania), Nuova Zelanda, isola Crozet, isole Macquarie, isole Kerguelen, isola Marion
10. Neomyro Forster & Wilton, 1973 - Nuova Zelanda
11. Ommatauxensis Simon, 1903 - Australia (Tasmania)
12. Otagoa Forster, 1970 - Nuova Zelanda
13. Toxops Hickman, 1940 - Australia (Tasmania)
14. Toxopsoides Forster & Wilton, 1973 - Australia (Nuovo Galles del Sud, Queensland), Nuova Zelanda

Note

Bibliografia

• Urquhart, A. T., 1894 - Description of new species of Araneae. Transactions of the New Zealand Institute vol.26: pp.204-218. PDF
• Simon, E., 1903d - Descriptions d'arachnides nouveaux. Annales de la Société Entomologique de Belgique vol.47: pp.21-39. PDF
• Dalmas, R. de, 1917a - Araignées de Nouvelle-Zélande. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France vol.86, pp.317-430 PDF
• Hickman, V. V., 1940 - The Toxopidae, a new family of spiders. Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania, anno 1939: pp.125-130. PDF
• Forster, R. R., 1955c - Spiders from the subantarctic islands of New Zealand. Records of the Dominion Museum, Wellington vol.2: pp.167-203. PDF
• Marples, B.J., 1956 - Spiders from the Three Kings Islands. Records of the Auckland Institute and Museum vol.4, pp.329-342. PDF
• Forster, R. R., 1964a - The spider family Toxopidae (Araneae). Annals of the Natal Museum vol.16: pp.113-151. PDF
• Forster, R.R., 1964b - The Araneae and Opiliones of the subantarctic islands of New Zealand. Pacific Insects Monographs vol.7, pp.58-115. PDF
• Lehtinen, P.T., 1967 - Classification of the cribellate spiders and some allied families, with notes on the evolution of the suborder Araneomorpha. Annales Zoologici Fennici vol.4, pp.199-468. PDF
• Forster, R. R., 1970b - The spiders of New Zealand. Part III. Otago Museum Bulletin vol.3: pp.1-184. PDF
• Forster, R. R. & Wilton, C. L., 1973 - The spiders of New Zealand. Part IV. Otago Museum Bulletin vol.4: pp.1-309. PDF
• Ledoux, J.-C., 1991 - Araignées des îles subantarctiques françaises (Crozet et Kerguelen). Revue Arachnologique vol.9: pp.119-164. PDF
• Jocqué, R., 1994b - Halidae, a new spider family from Madagascar (Araneae). Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society vol.9: pp.281-289. PDF
• Davies, V. T., 1995a - A tiny litter spider (Araneae: Amaurobioidea) from Australian rainforests. Records of the Western Australian Museum, Supplement vol.52: pp.119-129. PDF
• Paquin, P., Vink, C.J. & Dupérré, N., 2010 - Spiders of New Zealand: Annotated Family Key & Species List. Manaaki Whenua Press, Lincoln, New Zealand, vii+ 118 pp. PDF
• Smith, H. M., 2013 - The spider genus Toxopsoides (Araneae: Desidae: Toxopinae): new records and species from Australia. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales n.135: pp.19-43. PDF
• Wheeler, W. C., Coddington, J. A., Crowley, L. M., Dimitrov, D., Goloboff, P. A., Griswold, C. E., Hormiga, G., Prendini, L., Ramírez, M. J., Sierwald, P., Almeida-Silva, L. M., Álvarez-Padilla, F., Arnedo, M. A., Benavides, L. R., Benjamin, S. P., Bond, J. E., Grismado, C. J., Hasan, E., Hedin, M., Izquierdo, M. A., Labarque, F. M., Ledford, J., Lopardo, L., Maddison, W. P., Miller, J. A., Piacentini, L. N., Platnick, N. I., Polotow, D., Silva-Dávila, D., Scharff, N., Szuts, T., Ubick, D., Vink, C., Wood, H. M. & Zhang, J. X., 2017 - The spider tree of life: phylogeny of Araneae based on target-gene analyses from an extensive taxon sampling. Cladistics vol.33(6): pp.576-616. PDF