Eumenidae

Inside the Visitors' Center, Bitter Lake National Wildlife Refuge, Roswell, New Mexico, USA

Otsego Co., Michigan

Washtenaw Co., Michigan

Washtenaw Co., Michigan

Asker, Akershus, Norge

Rarotonga, Cook Islands

Årvik, Hordaland, Norge

Figures 1–2.Female habitus in dorsal view. 1 Hypodynerus arechavaletae (Brèthes) 2 Hypodynerus duckei (Bertoni). Scale bar = 1 mm.

Figure 12.Drawings of morphological characters used in the key to European paper wasps (Polistes) of the gallicus-group: Mesopleuron with abrupt (a) or gradual (b) sculpture change; female antennae with dark (c) or bright (d) upper side of flagellomeres; male apical flagellum dark (e) or bright (f) on upper side; head in frontal view with black band across clypeus (g) or isolated black spot (h); apical mesosoma in dorsal view with drop-shaped spots on mesoscutum, posterior pronotal stripes ending far from pronotal carina (i) or without drop-shaped spots, pronotal stripes approaching pronotal carina (k); head in dorsal view with genae convex (l) or immediately narrowing (m). Drawings a, b, c, d, f are courtesy of H. Cigler, g, h, i, k of D. Lawniczak, and e, l, m of CSCF.

Washtenaw Co., Michigan

Randers Fjord

Rarotonga, Cook Islands

Årvik, Hordaland, Norge

Figures 3–4.Male genitalia, showing the right paramere and volsella in lateral inner view to the left, the aedeagus in ventral view at the middle, and the aedeagus in lateral view to the right 3 Hypodynerus arechavaletae (Brèthes)  4 Hypodynerus duckei (Bertoni). Scale bar for all the figures = 1 mm.

Figure 3.Shape PCA of all five OTUs of the Polistes gallicus-group. a, b Scatterplot of first against second shape PC a females b males c, d Scatterplot of isosize against first shape PC c females d males. Symbols: orange circles = Polistes biglumis, purple triangles = Polistes bischoffi, green diamonds = Polistes gallicus, blue rectangles = Polistes hellenicus, red dots = Polistes helveticus. In parentheses, the variance explained by each shape PC. Encircled upper case letters show the position of the type specimens of various nominal taxa: (A) Polistes bimaculatus pamirensis Zirngiebl, 1955, syntypes; (B) Polistes bimaculatus nigrinotum Zirngiebl, 1955, holotype; (C) Polistes bischoffi Weyrauch, 1937, neotype; (D) Polistes foederatus obscuricornis Mader, 1936, syntypes; (E) Polistes omissus ordubadensis Zirngiebl, 1955, holotype; (F) Polistes omissus kaszabi Giordani Soika, 1970, holotype; (G) Polistes foederatus albellus Giordani Soika, 1976, paratype; (H) Polistes helveticus Neumeyer sp. n., holotype; (I) Polistes dubius Kohl, 1898, lectotype; (J) Polistes foederatus Kohl, 1898, holotype; (K) Polistes gallicus mongolicus Buysson, 1911, syntype; (L) Polistes hellenicus Arens, 2011, holotype.

Randers Fjord

Rarotonga, Cook Islands

Årvik, Hordaland, Norge

Figures 1–2.Female habitus in dorsal view. 1 Hypodynerus arechavaletae (Brèthes) 2 Hypodynerus duckei (Bertoni). Scale bar = 1 mm.

Figure 10.Different aspects of a male (individual RN0153) of Polistes helveticus sp. n.: a frontal view of head b anterolateral view of lower face c lateral view of body d dorsal view of body. The arrows are pointing to the isolated black area (a) bordering the torulus, the very faint lateral ridges of clypeus (b) or the ventrolateral angle of the pronotum (c).

Randers Fjord

Rarotonga, Cook Islands

Figures 3–4.Male genitalia, showing the right paramere and volsella in lateral inner view to the left, the aedeagus in ventral view at the middle, and the aedeagus in lateral view to the right 3 Hypodynerus arechavaletae (Brèthes)  4 Hypodynerus duckei (Bertoni). Scale bar for all the figures = 1 mm.

Figure 11.Distribution of examined specimens of Polistes bischoffi Weyrauch, 1937 and Polistes helveticus sp. n. While Polistes bischoffi mainly occurs from Southern Europe to Western Asia, Polistes helveticus appears to have a more northern distribution in Central Europe. Thus far, the only incidences of syntopy (Polistes bischoffi, Polistes helveticus) are from Switzerland.