Perennial sowthistle may establish on burned sites from wind-dispersed seed.
Soil samples were taken from burned and unburned areas of a 270-year-old red
pine forest in Minnesota 3 years after wildfire. No perennial sowthistle
germinants emerged from soil taken from unburned areas, while the equivalent of
109,000 perennial sowthistle seedlings per hectare emerged from soil taken from
burned areas. No perennial sowthistle plants occurred in either burned or
unburned plots, and no perennial sowthistle seeds were found in unburned soil
samples. The author concluded that perennial sowthistle seedlings probably
developed from seeds blown into the burned areas after the fire [3].
Probability of postfire establishment from offsite seed sources may be related
to season of burning. Thompson and Shay [120] conducted 3 prescribed burn
treatments in 3 different seasons on the Delta Marsh in Manitoba. Perennial
sowthistle was absent from unburned plots, but seedlings established on
both summer and fall burned plots, with greatest establishment 1 month following summer
burns. These seedlings persisted into the following year, resulting in increased
nonseedling shoot density and biomass on summer burned plots:
Plot type/burn date/sample date
While perennial sowthistle is likely to persist after
fire, data are insufficient for detecting trends in its postfire abundance. Simulated "light" and "deep" burns using a propane
torch in both bluejoint reedgrass and willow savanna habitats in northern
Alberta found little difference in perennial sowthistle cover 2 growing seasons after
summer burning
[59]:
Mean percent cover (SE) of perennial sowthistle following
experimental burn treatments in 2 community types in Alberta [59]
Plant community
Abundance of perennial sowthistle plants was highly variable on burned and
unburned prairie sites in a study to evaluate the effects of prescribed burning
on grassland species desired for wildlife habitat on the Tewaukon National Wildlife Refuge in
southeastern North Dakota. Cover of perennial sowthistle was mostly the same
on burned and unburned sites, but in some years was either significantly higher
on or significantly lower on burned versus control plots. Data show both
great variation in percent canopy cover and no clear trend of increase or
decrease on burned versus control plots, 1 month or 26 months after fires in May
or June [86].
The following description of perennial sowthistle provides characteristics that may be relevant to fire ecology, and is not meant for identification. Keys for identification are available in these sources: [26,34,42,45].
Perennial sowthistle is a perennial herb [53,74] that reproduces by seeds, by vertical, thickened roots, and by cylindrical, horizontal, spreading roots [110]. Vertical roots can penetrate 5 to10 feet (1.5-3 m) deep. Horizontal roots, frequently 2.5 to 5 mm in diameter (rarely exceeding 10 mm), are found 2 to 4 inches (5-10 cm) below the soil surface [10]. These horizontal roots can reach 3 to 6 feet (0.9-1.8 m) in length in a single growing season [110]. Fruits are achenes [15,90] with a pappus that generally stays attached to the achene [92].
Stems are erect, 0.1 to 0.4 inches (3-10 mm) in diameter, and most commonly 24 to 59 inches (60-150 cm) tall; although they range from 12 to 71 inches (30-180 cm) tall. Stems are hollow and branched, varying from 2 to many per plant. Leaves are crowded on the lower stems and sparse on the upper stems. The entire plant is filled with milky latex [74].
Perennial sowthistle is of European [53,109] and western Asian [109] origin and was probably introduced into North America as a seed contaminant [75]. Sonchus arvensis spp. arvensis was first reported in 1814 in Pennsylvania [109]. The earliest collection of S. a. ssp. glabrescens in North America was from Maine in 1894. Additional collections were reported from Massachusetts and Ohio as early as 1902 [37].
Perennial sowthistle is reported throughout most of the United States, with the exception of Hawaii, Arizona, Oklahoma, Arkansas, Alabama, Georgia, South Carolina, and Florida. It occurs throughout Canada. Sonchus arvensis spp. arvensis has the same distribution as perennial sowthistle, but it is not recorded in Nebraska, Kansas, Virginia, West Virginia, North Carolina, or Alaska. Sonchus arvensis spp. uliginosus occurs across the northern portion of North America, from Alaska south to Oregon and Utah, and east to Virginia and North Carolina; but it is not reported in New Hampshire, Kentucky, British Columbia or the far northern territories of Canada [65].
No specific mention of perennial sowthistle in Mexico occurs in the literature. Since it occurs in Texas and New Mexico, it is reasonable to assume it may also occur in northern Mexico.
Plants database provides a state distribution map of perennial sowthistle and its infrataxa.
The following lists include North American ecosystems, habitat types, and forest and range cover types in which perennial sowthistle may occur. Perennial sowthistle grows well in wet and even saturated soils. Consequently, perennial sowthistle may occur in riparian areas or wetlands within these habitats. Additionally, perennial sowthistle often occurs in cultivated areas, especially small grain and row crops, so it may occur in cultivated areas within these communities, with the potential to spread into adjacent, undisturbed areas.
These lists are not necessarily inclusive or exhaustive. More information is needed to determine particular ecosystems and plant communities where perennial sowthistle is likely to occur in natural areas.
Fire adaptations: As of this writing (2004), no information is available specifically addressing fire adaptations in perennial sowthistle; however, inferences regarding its ability to establish, persist, and spread after fire are possible, based on its regeneration strategies and data from a small number of fire studies in which perennial sowthistle occurred.
Perennial sowthistle seeds are dispersed by wind (see Seed dispersal), and seedlings may establish on burned areas from offsite seed sources when mature plants occur in the vicinity of the burn. Seedlings established on burned sites in red pine forest in Minnesota [3] and on the Delta Marsh in Manitoba [120], while no perennial sowthistle plants occurred on unburned control plots in either study. Probability of postfire establishment from offsite seed may be related to season of burning (see Plant Response to Fire). Information on seed banking for perennial sowthistle suggests that it is possible for seedlings to establish from the soil seed bank after fire, although this has not been documented in the available literature.
Perennial sowthistle plants are likely to survive and persist on burned areas, even after high-severity fire, and the limited available data on postfire response of perennial sowthistle indicate little difference in abundance between burned and unburned sites [59,86] (see Plant response to fire). Perennial sowthistle shoots develop from numerous underground buds on both vertical and horizontal roots, and on basal portions of aerial stems [51,89] (see Asexual regeneration). Vertical roots can be 5 to 10 feet (1.5-3 m) deep [10] with the potential to produce shoots from buds as deep as 16 inches (40 cm) below the soil surface [110]. These buds would not be affected by fire. Horizontal roots of perennial sowthistle occur 2 to 4 inches (5-10 cm) below the surface [10] and would probably also be protected from all but the most severe fires.
FIRE REGIMES: As of this writing (2004), no information regarding FIRE REGIMES in which perennial sowthistle evolved was found in the available literature; nor was information available regarding impacts of perennial sowthistle invasion on fuel characteristics or FIRE REGIMES in native North American plant communities. The following table provides fire return intervals for plant communities and ecosystems where perennial sowthistle may occur in North America. Perennial sowthistle may also occur within riparian or wetland areas included in these ecosystems. Find further fire regime information for the plant communities in which this species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under "Find FIRE REGIMES".
Perennial sowthistle is adapted to moist, sunny locations in temperate regions but is absent from tropical areas [74]. Within temperate regions, perennial sowthistle has a broad tolerance to variable environments and adapts well to wet sites, even with little soil disturbance. In Canada, perennial sowthistle occurs in areas that receive average annual precipitation of 12 to 120 inches (300-3,000 mm) [133]. In a greenhouse study, growth of perennial sowthistle plants was positively correlated with increasing soil water, with greatest growth occurring at complete saturation [132]. However, perennial sowthistle also establishes on dry sites [98]. Neither the climatic conditions required for successful establishment nor conditions, if any, favoring S. a. ssp. arvensis over S. a. ssp. uliginosus have been established [74].
Perennial sowthistle is adapted to many soil types but appears to prefer fine-textured soils and does not thrive on dry, coarse-textured sand. Perennial sowthistle seems to prefer slightly alkaline or neutral soils and does not thrive in acid soils, salt marshes, or highly alkaline areas [110]. However, Zollinger and Kells [132] determined soil pH had little effect on leaf production, plant height, or number of capitula produced.
Perennial sowthistle is present in a variety of community types from those occurring on wet, very strongly saline surface soil and strongly saline subsoil to nonsaline and dry soils [98]. Dodd and Coupland [33] describe perennial sowthistle as occurring in halophytic or semihalophytic communities in Saskatchewan.
Impacts: Information concerning the impacts of perennial sowthistle on natural communities is absent from the literature. Research is needed to determine and document what effects perennial sowthistle may have on wildlands.
Control: Perennial sowthistle is relatively resistant to many common broadleaf herbicides compared to most annual broadleaf weeds. Consequently, the best systems for control often include a combination of cultural and chemical treatments designed to reduce competition from perennial sowthistle, prevent seed production, and reduce the reproductive capacity of its roots (Fryer and Makepeace, 1982, as reported in a literature review [74]).
As of this writing (2004) there is no information available on control of perennial sowthistle in natural areas.
Prevention: The most efficient and effective method of managing invasive species is to prevent their invasion and spread [107]. Since perennial sowthistle seed is so easily disseminated by wind, scouting and detection are keys to preventing plant establishment [133]. It is easier to prevent initial colonization by perennial sowthistle than to eliminate established populations. Seedlings are easily controlled through mechanical and chemical methods. Planting weed-free crop seed and controlling perennial sowthistle on field borders can prevent initial infestations in wildlands adjacent to agricultural settings [133] (See Seedling establishment/growth).
Integrated management: Components of any integrated weed management program are sustained effort, constant evaluation, and the adoption of improved strategies [106]. Factors to be addressed before a management decision is made include inventory and assessment to identify the target weed(s) and determine the size of the infestation(s); assessment of nontarget vegetation, soil types, climatic conditions, and important water resources. An evaluation of the benefits and limitations of each control method also needs to be accomplished [84].
Combinations of tillage plus cultural practices or herbicides applied regularly have controlled perennial sowthistle in agricultural settings [30]. No information is available on integrated control measures for perennial sowthistle in wildlands.
Timing of control measures may increase the effectiveness of integrated management techniques. Schimming and Messersmith [102] conducted artificial freezing experiments with perennial sowthistle. They determined a temperature of 1 oF (-17 oC) reduced survival of perennial sowthistle roots by 50% and a temperature of 4 oF (-15 oC) reduced total dry weight of emerging perennial sowthistle shoots by 50%. The authors speculate conditions that tend to minimize hardening, such as lack of photosynthetic material in fall after tillage or chemical treatment, stimulation of fall growth after tillage, or high nitrogen levels may increase injury caused by freezing temperatures in the field.
Physical/mechanical: Tillage generally reduces perennial sowthistle, but its effectiveness depends on plant growth characteristics at time of tillage [10,50,52], type of tillage being utilized [30,51], and frequency of tillage [92]. Intensive tillage is usually not appropriate in wildland settings, so it is not discussed further here.
Studies of mowing as a control method for perennial sowthistle show mixed results. Defoliation was less effective than burial for reducing infestations of perennial sowthistle in a study done in Sweden in 1967 [52], suggesting mowing is not as effective as tillage for control of perennial sowthistle [74]. However, Stevens [110] found defoliation an efficient method to control perennial sowthistle. Plants grown from root cuttings planted 3 May, had their leaves removed by hoe on 23 May when the largest leaves were about 6 inches (15 cm) long. The plants had the leaves removed again on 1 June, when leaves had again grown to about 6 inches (15 cm). After the 1 June defoliation, leaf growth was less vigorous. There was "very little" regrowth of leaves after a 1 July defoliation and none after a 19 July defoliation although weather conditions were favorable for growth. No plants appeared the next spring.
Fire: See the Fire Management Considerations section of this summary.
Biological: There appears to be limited biological agents available to help control perennial sowthistle. A tephritid fly from Europe that transforms the seedhead of perennial sowthistle into a gall has been released into Canada but has not become established [53]. Cystiphora sonchi, another fly native to Europe, was released into Canada and has become established in Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, and Nova Scotia [93]. Zollinger and Parker [133] report as many as 721 galls were formed on one plant of perennial sowthistle, but Lemna and Messersmith [74] state that no reduction in perennial sowthistle because of Cystiphora sonchi has been observed. A third fly, Liriomyza sonchi, has been authorized for release into Canada (Peschken and Derby 1988, reported in [74]).
Zollinger and Parker [133] provide a literature review of biological control efforts as of 1998.
Chemical: Auxin-type herbicides are the primary chemicals used to control perennial sowthistle. Perennial sowthistle is "moderately susceptible" to auxins such as 2,4-D, 2,4-DB, and MCPA in the seedling stage, and established stands are "moderately resistant" (Fryer and Makepeace, 1982, as reported in a literature review [74]). Growth of aerial portions can be retarded by auxin-type herbicides, and flowering can be completely suppressed if the plant is treated when growth is vigorous (Fryer and Makepeace 1982 as reported in a literature review [74]), and [77]. A more detailed discussion of chemical control of perennial sowthistle is provided by Lemna and Messersmith [74] and by Zollinger and Parker [133].
Cultural: Patches of perennial sowthistle were cut for hay or were pastured as an early control measure [111,129]. An alfalfa or alfalfa-grass mixture, regularly cut for hay, can eliminate 90% of perennial sowthistle in 3 years (Martin and others 1961 in [74]).
"Intensive" grazing by domestic sheep or cattle weakens perennial sowthistle when the animals eat new growth and sometimes roots [133]. Grazing also enhances other control practices. However, perennial sowthistle is classified as an "increaser" under heavy grazing because it increases as more palatable plants are preferentially grazed [70].
Perennial sowthistle is "good" as a livestock feed [111,129]. Sheep and cattle will eat new growth and sometimes roots [133], and pronghorns were observed utilizing perennial sowthistle in central Montana during the fall [24].
Perennial sowthistle is considered "excellent" forage for rabbits [118] and Martin and others (as reported in [133], a literature review) state perennial sowthistle is a minor element in the diet of some North American birds.
Perennial sowthistle is listed as a nonnative plant occurring in critical habitat of the threatened desert tortoise in the Mojave and Colorado deserts. It is of concern because it competes with native plants vital to the tortoises' survival [17].
Palatability/nutritional value: Although perennial sowthistle compares favorably with alfalfa (Medicago sativa) for nutritional value, it is not especially palatable to grazing animals. Dry perennial sowthistle is about 10% protein by weight [19,20]. Palatability of perennial sowthistle to lambs was lower compared to grasses and alfalfa, and infestations of perennial sowthistle in pastures and hayfields may decrease overall forage feeding value [76].
Perennial sowthistle has equal or higher in vitro digestible dry matter, micro- and macromineral content and crude protein and lower neutral detergent fiber compared to alfalfa [76]:
Nutritional values for perennial sowthistle [76] Sample date In vitro digestible dry matter concentration
Herbage macromineral and micromineral concentrations for perennial sowthistle are given in the following tables:
Herbage macromineral concentrations in g kg-1 [76] Sample year Ca P K Mg 1981 (mean of 2 sample dates) 16.8 3.0 26.6 6.8 1982 (single sample date) 17.3 4.8 47.9 3.6
Herbage micromineral concentrations in µg g-1 [76] Sample year Zn Cu B Mn Al Fe 1981 (mean of 2 sample dates) 22 10 26 63 393 334 1982 (single sample date) 40 10 26 53 83 108
Cover value: Cover value of perennial sowthistle for several classes of wildlife for 2 western states is provided by Dittberner and Olson [32] in the following table:
State Elk Mule deer White-tailed deer Pronghorn Upland game bird Waterfowl Small nongame bird Small mammal Utah poor poor poor fair poor poor fair North Dakota good good fair fair
Roasted roots of perennial sowthistle have been used like chicory (Cichorium intybus) root as an additive or a replacement for coffee. The young, tender leaves can be eaten raw in salads or cooked [118].
Most of the latex of perennial sowthistle is oil and may be a potential crop for oil or hydrocarbon production [19,20]. Perennial sowthistle is a good source of pentacyclic triterpenes, which may become important in the pharmaceutical industry [61].
Perennial sowthistle can establish on burned sites from wind-dispersed seed, as suggested by results of studies in red pine (Pinus resinosa) forest in Minnesota [3] and on the Delta Marsh in Manitoba [120]. Perennial sowthistle seedlings may be more likely to establish on burned sites after summer fires, when perennial sowthistle plants are likely to be dispersing seed, than following fall or spring fires [120].
Established perennial sowthistle plants are likely to persist after fire on burned sites, though it is unclear whether its overall abundance will increase or decrease in the postfire environment. Postfire data from studies in Alberta, Canada [59] and North Dakota [86] shows little difference between burned and unburned sites, and no detectable postfire trend in perennial sowthistle abundance 1 to 2 years after fire.
Flowering of perennial sowthistle may increase after fire. Postfire flowering response may be related to postfire moisture availability [91].
Perennial sowthistle can reproduce by seed and vegetatively [10,30,110].
Breeding system: Perennial sowthistle flowers are perfect [31] and generally self-incompatible [31,110].
Pollination: Perennial sowthistle is pollinated by insects including honeybees and other bees, hover flies, and blister beetles [31,110].
Seed production: Perennial sowthistle can produce large numbers of seeds [31,53,110,112]. Seeds produced by self pollination are generally nonviable and smaller than those produced by cross-pollination [31,110].
Heads contain many fertile flowers but the number of achenes produced varies widely among heads, plants, and locality. Variability likely results from several factors, including environmental conditions and availability of pollinators [110].
Perennial sowthistle can typically produce an average of 30 achenes per head and up to 50,000/yd2 [110]. In North Dakota, 1 main stalk, with "relatively little competition", produced 62 heads and 9,750 well-developed achenes. The author collected seeds from the plant for a 30-day period [112]. In South Dakota, artificially cross-pollinated heads from greenhouse- and field-grown plants produced about 50 achenes per head, but number of achenes per head in natural populations varied from about 20 to 40 or from 60 to 80, depending upon the year [31].
Seed dispersal: Seeds of perennial sowthistle are mostly wind dispersed [28,53,110], but other dispersal agents may play a minor role. The pappus, attached to the seed, aids in wind dispersal [92]. Hume and Archibold [63] placed seed traps at varying distances from a "weedy" field in Saskatchewan. Results show wind-blown seeds of perennial sowthistle can disperse at least 110 yards (100 m). They do not report wind speed.
Sheldon and Burrows [105] conducted experiments to determine maximum dispersal distance of perennial sowthistle seeds at differing wind speeds. They used perennial sowthistle plants with a mean height of 3 feet (90 cm). They observed a maximum dispersal distance of 11 yards (10 m).
Wind speed (km/hour) 5.47 10.94 16.41 Dispersal distance (m) 3.34 6.67 10.00
In addition to wind dispersal, seeds of perennial sowthistle may be dispersed by birds and other animals. Martin and others (as reported in [133], a literature review) state perennial sowthistle is a minor element in the diet of some North American birds, and some seeds may germinate after ingestion and excretion by birds and animals. Hooked cells at the tips of pappus hairs allow the pappus to cling to clothes and animal hairs and aid in seed dispersal [110,133].
Seed banking: While viable perennial sowthistle seeds have been found in the seed banks of marshes and wetlands [60,88], longevity of seeds in the soil seed bank under field conditions of these communities is unknown. A study of perennial sowthistle seed dormancy suggests that some seed may remain viable for 3 or more years in cultivated soils [23].
Seed banking studies in the Delta Marsh, Manitoba, suggest that viable perennial sowthistle seeds occur in marsh habitats. Sowthistles (Sonchus spp.) were dominant in the drier upland areas, so seed was likely dispersed throughout the marsh. Perennial sowthistle seedlings emerged from soil samples taken from the marsh and exposed to "drawdown" conditions (soil surface kept moist), but not from samples exposed to "submersed" conditions (continuously flooded to a depth of 2 to 3 cm above the soil surface) [88].
In an experiment designed to test seedling emergence from boreal wetland soils under changing climatic conditions, perennial sowthistle seedlings emerged from the soil seed bank in willow (Salix spp.) savanna and bluejoint reedgrass vegetation zones of a mid-boreal wetland in Alberta [60].
Although seeds of perennial sowthistle have low viability in cultivated fields, some can remain dormant but viable for more than 3 years in cultivated soil. Chepil [23] conducted 3 separate seed dormancy tests for "weed" species in cultivated soil in Saskatchewan. In the 1st experiment an indefinite number of perennial sowthistle seeds was planted in 3 soil types on 18 September, 1937. Introduction of seeds from other sources was prevented. No seeds were planted greater than 3 inches (7.6 cm) deep. Number of viable seeds remaining in the soil after 3 years was determined by repeated germination tests in the laboratory until no more germination occurred. Results are shown in the table below [23]:
Percentage of perennial sowthistle seeds germinated each year after planting in 3 soil types in 1937 [23] Soil texture 1938 1939 1940 Viable seeds remaining Clay 43.3 16.2 2.7 37.8 Loam 66.7 13.3 0 20.0 Sandy loam 86.7 0 3.3 10.0
In the 2nd experiment, 50 perennial sowthistle seeds were planted no deeper than 3 inches (7.6 cm) on 14 October, 1938, in 3 soil types. Again, number of viable seeds remaining in the soil after 6 years was determined by repeated germination tests in the laboratory until no more germination occurred. Values given are number of viable seeds [23].
Soil texture 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 Viable seeds remaining Clay 33 0 4 0 0 0 0 Loam 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sandy loam 2 3 0 0 0 0 1
The 3rd experiment utilized 1,000 perennial sowthistle seeds planted no deeper than 3 inches (7.6 cm). Seeds were planted between 1 and 5 November, 1940, in 3 soil types and only seeds germinated in the field were counted. Numbers are actual seeds germinating, not percentages [23].
Soil texture 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 Clay 18 0 2 5 0 Loam 16 0 0 0 0 Sandy loam 12 0 0 1 0
Clay appears to be most conducive to long-term viability of perennial sowthistle seeds [23] (See Site Characteristics).
Germination: Germination of perennial sowthistle seeds increases with both increasing soil temperature and time since flowering. Perennial sowthistle seed in the field begins to germinate when the soil has "warmed" [74].
Seeds may be capable of germination about 5 days after pollination [74]; however, germination rates increased from low to none 4 days after flowering to a maximum 7 to 9 days after flowering [31,66,110]. In field germination experiments in South Dakota, Derscheid and Schultz [31] noted that percentage of viable seeds produced by perennial sowthistle ranged from 10% 6 days after blooming to 89% 9 days after blooming. If perennial sowthistle plants are pulled or cut and placed in a pile it is possible for viable seeds to be produced if flowers are present when the plants are cut [110].
In laboratory germination tests, perennial sowthistle seed viability is "relatively" high. Kinch and Termunde [66] achieved 95% germination in the laboratory using "well-matured" seed.
Orientation of perennial sowthistle seeds in the soil profile is important to germination, and light may stimulate germination. Bosy and Aarssen [15] conducted seed germination tests on perennial sowthistle using agar as a germinating medium. Agar was used to eliminate any environmental differences at a given depth and enabled the authors to maintain seed orientation. They found surface-lying seeds of perennial sowthistle displayed higher germination than buried seeds [15]. Germination was 50% for seeds germinated in soil and 80% for seeds germinated on moist filter paper, and germination was higher in diffuse laboratory light than in complete darkness [90]. When seeds were buried, seeds oriented with the radicle horizontal had significantly greater (P<0.05) germination than seeds with the radicle oriented either upward or downward.
Studies indicate temperatures from 77 to 86 °F (25-30 °C) are optimal for germination. Seeds germinate poorly (<5%) below 68 °F (20 °C) and above 95 °F (35 °C), but alternating temperatures were more favorable for germination than constant temperatures if temperatures above 77 °F (25 °C) are included in the cycle [52]. Stevens [110] reports seeds exposed to 90 °F (32 °C) for a "few hours daily" germinate "freely" in 4 to 7 days.
Perennial sowthistle seed germination in wetlands could be limited by saturated soils. For example, Hogenbirk and Wein [60] germinated seeds of perennial sowthistle from combined soil and litter samples from a mid-boreal wetland in Alberta. No perennial sowthistle seeds germinated in samples taken from a sedge (Carex spp.) marsh. Perennial sowthistle seeds stored in fresh water were 100% decomposed after 3 months storage [18].
Seedling establishment/growth: Perennial sowthistle seedlings survive best in areas with protective plant cover or litter and high moisture compared with open cultivated soil [110]. Accordingly, seedlings are often only found along pond, ditch, or field margins, or in lawns, meadows, or uncultivated fields [92]. In a series of field germination experiments with perennial sowthistle seeds, Stevens [110] had little success growing seedlings in cultivated field plots. Laboratory germination tests with the same lot of seeds showed 56% germination.
Most perennial sowthistle seedlings do not emerge until mid- to late May in Saskatchewan and the Great Plains of the United States [74]. Seedlings grow slowly for about the first 2 weeks until leaves are about 1.2 inches (3 cm) long [110]. They develop rapidly after that, and reproductive ability of spreading roots is established quickly [52,110]. Stevens [110] noted 10 seedlings on 17 May, 1923. The 10 seedlings grew slowly until 1 June when the largest leaves were 1.2 inches (3 cm) long. After that, they developed "rapidly" and on 5 July, a horizontal root 28 inches long (71 cm) was removed from the largest plant [110].
Most seedlings do not flower the first year, but flowering in late summer is possible from some first-year seedlings in favorable environments [52,110].
Asexual regeneration: Perennial sowthistle reproduces vegetatively from buds on horizontal and vertical roots and on basal portions of aerial stems located just under the soil surface. Thickened roots develop as a result of secondary growth of original fibrous roots [51] and begin to show reproductive capacity when thickened to 1 to 1.5 mm [50]. This occurs on vertical primary roots when seedlings reach the 4-leaf stage and on horizontal roots when seedlings have 6 to 7 photosynthetic leaves. One-month-old seedlings can have 7 to 8 leaves with horizontal roots from 4 to 6 inches (10-15 cm) long and 1.5 mm thick. Horizontal roots from 24 to 39 inches (60-100 cm) and vertical roots penetrating 20 inches (50 cm) can develop from seedlings within 4 months after emergence. Vertical roots can produce vegetative buds as deep as 20 inches (50 cm) below the soil surface, and new aerial growth has been observed from buds as deep as 16 inches (40 cm) below the soil surface [110]. New shoots can develop from buds that overwinter on both vertical and horizontal "spreading" roots, and/or on basal portions of aerial stems [51,89]. In North Dakota, the rate of vegetative spread of perennial sowthistle clones varied from 1.6 to 9 feet (0.5-2.8 m) per year, depending on the clone (personal observation in [74]).
Harris and Shorthouse [53] describe the horizontal roots of perennial sowthistle as "easily broken", and new plants can grow from root fragments and flower within 1 year [50,110]. Of perennial sowthistle root fragments planted on 3 May in a field experiment in North Dakota, approximately 50% of 0.25-inch-long pieces, 75% of 0.5-inch-long pieces, and 85% of 1-inch-long pieces produced plants within 20 to 34 days. Where well developed buds were present on root fragments, plants emerged quickly and were strong; if buds were not present, new plants grew more slowly from the cut surface and were weak. Plants grown from these root fragments reached a height of 3 feet (1 m) and flowered abundantly between 27 July and 6 August. On 29 June the largest of these plants had 2 horizontal roots 42 to 45 inches long (107-114 cm). The 45-inch root had 42 buds and sprouts in various stages of development. By the end of the growing season, horizontal roots from these plants reached about 6 feet (1.8 m) in length [110].
Perennial sowthistle is an early-successional plant. Komarova [67] and Zollinger and Parker [133] describe perennial sowthistle as a pioneer species. In a study of succession after fire in "highland hardwoods" in Wisconsin, it appeared in 6 out of 10 plots in the herbaceous stage of succession [44]. Although infrequent, perennial sowthistle is part of the early successional community on wetlands in the blast zone after the Mount St. Helen's eruption [121].
Perennial sowthistle is most competitive under abundant precipitation and moderate climates [133].
The currently accepted scientific name for perennial sowthistle is Sonchus
arvensis L. (Asteraceae) [26,34,42,45,57,58,62,64,71,72,81,114,125,127]. There are
2 recognized subspecies:
S. arvensis ssp. arvensis
S. arvensis ssp. uliginosus (Bieb.) Nyman [45,72]
In this summary, perennial sowthistle will be used when discussing Sonchus
arvensis, and the subspecies will be referred to by their scientific names
when information pertaining to them individually is available.
Naturally occurring hybrids produced by the 2 subspecies have been detected in
areas where both subspecies occur [74].
Sonchus arvensis ye una especie de plantes de flores perteneciente a la familia Asteraceae.
Ye una planta perennifolia de fueyes nidies, irregulares y lobulaes qu'envolubren el tarmu, algama los 150 -200 cm de llargor. Con flores marielles y naturales de les zones templaes del mundu.
Sonchus arvensis introducir nes rexones templaes de tolos continentes. Les plantes prefieren rexones relativamente más fríes, climes húmedos y son más abondosos en partir norte d'América del Norte.
Sonchus arvensis describióse por Carlos Linneo y espublizóse en Species Plantarum 2: 793. 1753.[2]
Sonchus: latinización del griegu sonchos, que ye'l nome d'una planta que se paez a los cardos.[3]
arvensis: epítetu llatín que significa "de campos cultivaos".[4]
Esta páxina forma parte del wikiproyeutu Botánica, un esfuerciu collaborativu col fin d'ameyorar y organizar tolos conteníos rellacionaos con esti tema. Visita la páxina d'alderique del proyeutu pa collaborar y facer entrugues o suxerencies. Sonchus arvensis ye una especie de plantes de flores perteneciente a la familia Asteraceae.
Sonchus arvensis és una espècie de lletsó i una planta medicinal[1]), També és una espècie invasora a la regió del Grans Llacs d'Amèrica del Nord on va aparèixer el 1865.[2] Originàriament a Euràsia però ha esdevingut subcosmopolita.
És una planta perenne de fulles suaus, irregulars i lobulades que envolten la tija (fulles amplexicaules), arriba a fer 150 -200 cm de llargada. Té les flors grogues i totes elles són ligulades. Floreix de juny a setembre (de vegades fins octubre). Els fruits són aquenis amb papus.
Segons la medicina popular aquesta planta és antiinflamatòria, sedant i expectorant. És comestible i s'aprofiten les fulles (joves) i les arrels (com substitut del cafè). Les fulles contenen sals minerals i vitamina C (47 mg de vitamina C per 100 g de producte cru, mentre les proteïnes són el 2% del pes sec).
Flor
Flor
Inflorescència - Kerava, Finlàndia
Sonchus arvensis és una espècie de lletsó i una planta medicinal), També és una espècie invasora a la regió del Grans Llacs d'Amèrica del Nord on va aparèixer el 1865. Originàriament a Euràsia però ha esdevingut subcosmopolita.
És una planta perenne de fulles suaus, irregulars i lobulades que envolten la tija (fulles amplexicaules), arriba a fer 150 -200 cm de llargada. Té les flors grogues i totes elles són ligulades. Floreix de juny a setembre (de vegades fins octubre). Els fruits són aquenis amb papus.
Segons la medicina popular aquesta planta és antiinflamatòria, sedant i expectorant. És comestible i s'aprofiten les fulles (joves) i les arrels (com substitut del cafè). Les fulles contenen sals minerals i vitamina C (47 mg de vitamina C per 100 g de producte cru, mentre les proteïnes són el 2% del pes sec).
Planhigyn blodeuol o deulu llygad y dydd a blodyn haul ydy Llaethysgallen y tir âr sy'n enw benywaidd. Mae'n perthyn i'r teulu Asteraceae. Yr enw gwyddonol (Lladin) yw Sonchus arvensis a'r enw Saesneg yw Perennial sow-thistle.[1] Ceir enwau Cymraeg eraill ar y planhigyn hwn gan gynnwys Llaethysgallen yr ŷd, Llaeth Ysgallen yr Âr, Ysgallen yr ŷd, Moch Ysgallen yr Âr.
Daw'r gair "Asteraceae", sef yr enw ar y teulu hwn, o'r gair 'Aster', y genws mwyaf lluosog o'r teulu - ac sy'n tarddu o'r gair Groeg ἀστήρ, sef 'seren'.
Planhigyn blodeuol o deulu llygad y dydd a blodyn haul ydy Llaethysgallen y tir âr sy'n enw benywaidd. Mae'n perthyn i'r teulu Asteraceae. Yr enw gwyddonol (Lladin) yw Sonchus arvensis a'r enw Saesneg yw Perennial sow-thistle. Ceir enwau Cymraeg eraill ar y planhigyn hwn gan gynnwys Llaethysgallen yr ŷd, Llaeth Ysgallen yr Âr, Ysgallen yr ŷd, Moch Ysgallen yr Âr.
Daw'r gair "Asteraceae", sef yr enw ar y teulu hwn, o'r gair 'Aster', y genws mwyaf lluosog o'r teulu - ac sy'n tarddu o'r gair Groeg ἀστήρ, sef 'seren'.
Mléč rolní (Sonchus arvensis) je vysoká, plevelná, hluboko kořenící vytrvalá bylina rozrůstající se kořenovými výběžky. Roste v místech s vlhkou, propustnou, živinami dobře zásobenou půdou a postupně kvete od počátku léty až do zámrazu žlutými květy. Je nebezpečným polním plevelem ve všech pěstovaných plodinách, častý je také na neobdělávaných plochách a úhorech, roste také u cest, v příkopech, na březích řek, rybníků i na rumištích. Vyskytuje se v obou mírných podnebných pásech na celé zeměkouli. V České republice roste hojně.
Vytrvalá, 50 až 150 cm vysoká rostlina které při poranění vylučuje mléčnou šťávu (latex). Má patrovitě uspořádaný hustý systém svislých kořenů a jejich vodorovných výběžků které jsou křehké a šťavnaté, v mládí žlutavě bílé a později hnědé. Prvý rok se ze semen vytvoří pouze listové růžice 30 až 60 cm vysoké a 30 až 50 cm široké a teprve druhým rokem z kořenů vyrůstají většinou přímé, jemně rýhované, duté, květné lodyhy u báze přes 1 cm tlusté, někdy dřevnaté. Jsou šedozelené nebo světle zelené, v horní třetině jsou porostlé žláznatými chlupy a rozvětvují se do chocholíku.
Leskle zelené listy jsou lysé, v obrysu podlouhlého až kopinatého tvaru, většinou s 2 až 5 mírně dozadu směřujícími slabě pichlavými zuby na každé straně, některé jsou zkroucené. Lodyžní listy se širokou srdčitou bázi jsou objímavé a jejich okrouhlá ouška jsou přitiskla k lodyze, dosahují délky až 35 cm a šířky do 15 cm
V horní části se lodyha větví a v husté latě vyrůstá na žlutých chlupatých stopkách od 10 do 150 velkých květních úborů o velikosti asi 5 cm. Ve válcovitém úboru bývá až 200 vonných, oboupohlavných, výhradně jazykovitých kvítků se žlutými korunami. Korunní trubka je světle žlutá, její jazýček sytě žlutý. Ve kvítku je 5 žlutých tyčinek s podlouhlými prašníky, nad nimi ční dlouhá chlupatá čnělka s dvoudílnou nitkovitou bliznou. Kvítky se otevírají pouze zrána za slunečného dne a uzavírají se již k poledni nebo navečer; současně vykvétají průměrně tři úbory.
Víceřadý střechovitě uspořádaný zákrov 2 cm dlouhý je široce zvonkovitý, vyrůstá na stopce dlouhé až 15 cm, jeho zelené, úzce kopinaté zákrovní listeny jsou 15 až 20 mm dlouhé a 8 mm široké, ve vnější řadě jsou chlupaté. Rostliny kvetou od června do listopadu, opylovány jsou hmyzem.
Semena, tmavě hnědé nažky, dozrávají asi za 14 dnů po opylení. Jsou podlouhle elipsoidní, ploché, 2,5 až 3,5 mm × 1 až 1,5 mm velké, na každé straně mají po 5 či 6 ostnitých žebrech. Nahoře jsou useknuté s bělavým hrbolkem uprostřed, jejich bílý chmýr dlouhý 10 až 14 mm má jednoduché, snadno opadávající vlásky. Semena jsou velmi lehká, hmotnost tisíce semen je 0,1 až 0,4 gramy.[1][2][3][4][5][6] [7]
Mléč rolní, rostlina úporně setrvávající na svém stanovišti, se rozmnožuje generativním i vegetativním způsobem. Kvete zpravidla od konce června do pozdního podzimu a na jedné rostlině dozraje několik tisíc nažek. Lehké ochmýřené nažky jsou do daleka odnášeny větrem nebo vodou. Semena za příznivých podmínek obvykle klíčí až na jaře a mladé semenáčky vytvářejí prvý rok pouze listové růžice které přes zimu odumírají. Teprve druhým rokem z pupenů kořenů vyrůstají lodyhy s květy. Průměrná životnost nažek v půdě je udávána asi 5 let.
Vegetativně se rozmnožuje pomoci svého do široka se rozrůstajícího kořenového systému. Svislý silný kořen rostliny proniká nejčastěji do hloubky 20 až 30 cm a z něj 6 až 12 cm pod povrchem se rozrůstají převážně vodorovně četné postranní kořeny dosahující délky 100 až 150 cm. Na nich se vytváří množství pupenů z kterých vyrůstají lodyhy a vznikají tak nové rostliny. Velmi dobře zakořeňují i kousky odlomených kořenů (např. při orbě) které nemají období klidu a mohou z nich vyrůstat nové rostliny po celé vegetační období. Také po sesečení lodyh velmi rychle z kořenů obráží nové.[1][2][3]
Mléč rolní je nebezpečný plevelný druh s vysokou konkurenční schopností. Má velké nároky na vláhu a živiny které odčerpává svým rozsáhlým kořenovým systémem, potlačí tak všechny poblíž rostoucí kulturní rostliny které navíc zastiňuje. Na místech kde tvoří tzv. hnízda se prosadí i v obilninách, velmi nebezpečný je v okopaninách.
Jeho klasická likvidace je možná jen hlubokou orbou, do hloubky 25 až 30 cm, z této hloubky se nové rašící rostliny zpožďují ve vývoji a jsou utlačovány již vzešlými zasetými užitkovými rostlinami. Často se však nepodaří všechny kousky křehkých kořenů dostat dostatečně hluboko a ty jsou naopak rozneseny v malé hloubce po celém poli. Úlomek 1 cm dlouhý dá vyrůst přízemní růžici a 10 cm dlouhý květonosné lodyze. Nejúspěšnější likvidace lze dosáhnout chemickým postřikem.[1][3][4][5]
Nerozvité květenství
Listy
Květ
Ochmýřené nažky
Obrázky, zvuky či videa k tématu mléč rolní ve Wikimedia Commons
Mléč rolní (Sonchus arvensis) je vysoká, plevelná, hluboko kořenící vytrvalá bylina rozrůstající se kořenovými výběžky. Roste v místech s vlhkou, propustnou, živinami dobře zásobenou půdou a postupně kvete od počátku léty až do zámrazu žlutými květy. Je nebezpečným polním plevelem ve všech pěstovaných plodinách, častý je také na neobdělávaných plochách a úhorech, roste také u cest, v příkopech, na březích řek, rybníků i na rumištích. Vyskytuje se v obou mírných podnebných pásech na celé zeměkouli. V České republice roste hojně.
Ager-Svinemælk (Sonchus arvensis), også kaldet Skørtidsel, er en 50-120 cm høj urt, der vokser langs veje, på agerjord og i klitter. Alle dele af planten indeholder hvid saft.
Ager-Svinemælk er en flerårig urt med en ugrenet, opret vækst. Stænglen er lysegrøn, furet og glat, og den bærer spredtstillede, siddende blade. De er lancetformede med tandet til fliget, tornet rand. Over- og underside er næsten ensartet lysegrønne.
Blomsterne er samlet i en løs, endestillet stand af 4-5 cm brede blomsterkurve, der sidder på kirtelhårede stilke. Blomsterne er alle tungeformede (som hos Mælkebøtte) og gule. Frøet er en nød, der bærer fnok.
Rodnettet består af krybende jordstængler, der bærer knopper og trævlede rødder.
Højde x bredde og årlig tilvækst: 0,75 x 0,25 (75 x 25 cm/år), heri dog ikke medregnet rodskud.
Planten kendes som et almindeligt markukrudt overalt i landet, men den kan stadig findes på sine oprindelige biotoper: tangvolde og fugtige skrænter. Den findes desuden langs veje, på affaldspladser og i klitter.
Ager-Svinemælk (Sonchus arvensis), også kaldet Skørtidsel, er en 50-120 cm høj urt, der vokser langs veje, på agerjord og i klitter. Alle dele af planten indeholder hvid saft.
Die Acker-Gänsedistel (Sonchus arvensis) ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Familie der Korbblütler (Asteraceae).
Die mehrjährige krautige Pflanze, die einen Milchsaft enthält, erreicht Wuchshöhen zwischen 50 und 150 cm. Sie besitzt ein kriechendes Rhizom (Wurzelkriech-Pionierpflanze). Der Stängel ist erst im Bereich des Blütenstandes verzweigt. Die Stängelblätter sind glänzend grün, am Grund herzförmig abgerundet, tief in dreieckige Lappen geteilt bis schrotsägeförmig-fiederspaltig. Die oberen Blätter mit abgerundeten, angedrückten Öhrchen.
Die goldgelben Blütenköpfe stehen in lockeren Doldenrispen und werden 4 bis 5 cm groß. Die Hülle und Köpfchenstiele sind bei der Unterart Sonchus arvensis subsp. arvensis dicht gelb-drüsenborstig; bei der Unterart Sonchus arvensis subsp. uliginosus nahezu drüsenlos. Die Frucht ist dunkelbraun und beiderseits mit fünf Längsrippen versehen.
Blütezeit ist von Juli bis Oktober.
Die Chromosomenzahl beträgt 2n = 18, 36 oder 54.[1]
Diese Art ist ursprünglich in der gemäßigten Zone der Nordhalbkugel und fast in ganz Europa verbreitet.[2] In Asien kommt sie in der Türkei, in Sibirien, Zentralasien, im Kaukasusraum, in der Mongolei und im fernöstlichen Russland vor.[2] In Japan, Indonesien, auf den Philippinen, in Australien, Neuseeland, in Nordamerika, Argentinien, Chile, in Neukaledonien und auf den Fidschi-Inseln ist sie ein Neophyt.[2] Als Standort bevorzugt die Ruderalpflanze Wegränder, Gärten, Weinberge und Äcker, aber auch Sanddünen und Salzsümpfe.
In den Alpen ist die Art bis auf 1500 m NN anzutreffen. In den Allgäuer Alpen steigt sie im Tiroler Lechtal bei Elbigenalp bis zu 1300 m Meereshöhe auf.[3]
Generell ist die Acker-Gänsedistel etwas salzertragend und gilt als Lehmzeiger.[4]
Die Acker-Gänsedistel ist eine Schaftpflanze oder ein Wurzelknospen-Geophyt mit weit reichenden ausläuferartigen Wurzeln, die 1 bis 2 m tief reichen.[5]
Die Blätter werden bei starker Sonnenbestrahlung kompassartig gestellt: die Flächen nach Ost/West und die Ränder nach Nord/Süd.
Der Hüllkelch und die Körbchenstiele sind mit auffälligen gelben, gestielten Drüsen ausgestattet, die eventuell als Verdunstungsschutz, sicher aber als Aufstiegsschutz gegen unerwünschte Besucher dienen. Die Blüten sind nur vormittags geöffnet und werden von Bienen und Faltern bestäubt.[5]
Bei einer mechanischen Entfernung des Rhizoms entstehen aus jedem im Boden verbleibenden Teilstück neue Pflanzen; die Pflanze gilt daher als schwer zu bekämpfendes Beikraut.
Die Acker-Gänsedistel wurde 1753 von Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum erstveröffentlicht.[6] Die Art zerfällt in mehrere Unterarten, wobei bei einer sogar Halophilie vorzuliegen scheint.
In Deutschland und Österreich kommen folgende Unterarten vor:
Weiter kann man in Europa noch folgende Unterart unterscheiden[7]:
Blütenstand
Illustration der Acker-Gänsedistel
Die Acker-Gänsedistel (Sonchus arvensis) ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Familie der Korbblütler (Asteraceae).
Pólny mléczôk (Sonchus arvensis L.) – to je ôrt roscënë z rodzëznë astrowatëch (Asteraceae). Òn rosce m. jin. na Kaszëbach.
Pöudping (latin.: Sonchus arvensis) om Puzuänikoižed-sugukundan (Asteraceae) heinäsižiden kazmusiden erik.
Tempuyung iku sawijining jinis tetuwuhan alasan sing bisa urip ing papan kabuka, kudu kena surya. Tuwuhan kang nama latine Sonchus arvensis L duwèni warna ijo lan bentukè lonjong, pucukè lancip lan pinggirè ora rata. [1] Tempuyung duwèni khasiat akèh, ya iku radang payudara, bisul, blegudreg, kandung kencing, kandung empedu batu, lan kencing batu. Ing njeronè godhong iku duwé kalium akèh.[2]. Gunanè kalium iku kang nggawè watu ginjel sing bentukè kalsium karbonat rusak, amarga kalium iku isoh nyingkirkè kalsium kanggo nggabung karo senyawa karbonat, oksalat, utawa urat kang nggawè watu ginjel akhirè watu ginjel iku kegawa metu karo urinè[3].
Akèh wujudè tetuwuhan iki, sing ron cilik jenengè lempung lan yèn ron gedhé dhuwurè tekan rong mèter mau rayana.[4]
Tempuyung uga salah sawijinè tetuwuhan sing duwèni golongan senyawa flavonoid. Ana pelitian sing nuduhkè yèn senyawa flavonoid mlebu golongan flavon tersubstitusi ya iku 7,4'-hidroksin flavon. Yèn manawa dirasakakè tempuyung iku rasanè pait lan atis.[1]
Tempuyung duwè khasiat kanggo tamba[5]
Gempur batu, galibug, jombang, jombang lalakina, lempung, lampenas, rayana, niu she tou (Cina).[5]
Tempuyung iku sawijining jinis tetuwuhan alasan sing bisa urip ing papan kabuka, kudu kena surya. Tuwuhan kang nama latine Sonchus arvensis L duwèni warna ijo lan bentukè lonjong, pucukè lancip lan pinggirè ora rata. Tempuyung duwèni khasiat akèh, ya iku radang payudara, bisul, blegudreg, kandung kencing, kandung empedu batu, lan kencing batu. Ing njeronè godhong iku duwé kalium akèh.. Gunanè kalium iku kang nggawè watu ginjel sing bentukè kalsium karbonat rusak, amarga kalium iku isoh nyingkirkè kalsium kanggo nggabung karo senyawa karbonat, oksalat, utawa urat kang nggawè watu ginjel akhirè watu ginjel iku kegawa metu karo urinè.
Ыт тыла (нууч. осот полевой, лат. Sónchus arvénsis) — сииктээх сыһыыга, күлһктээх сиргэ үүнэр ойом-сойом кытыылардаах уһун синньигэс улахан сэбирдэхтээх от элбэх сыллаах үүнээйи.
Сылгы сөбүлээн сиир ото.
Sonchus arvensis, the field milk thistle,[2] field sowthistle,[3] perennial sow-thistle,[4] corn sow thistle, dindle, gutweed, swine thistle, or tree sow thistle, is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae. S. arvensis often occurs in annual crop fields and may cause substantial yield losses.[5]
The plant grows up to 1.5 metres (4 ft 11 in) in height,[6]: 744 with leaves 10–35 cm (4–13+3⁄4 in) long and 4–14 cm (1+1⁄2–5+1⁄2 in) wide.[7] It produces conspicuous yellow flowerheads about 3–5 cm (1+1⁄4–2 in) wide,[7] which are visited by various types of insects—especially hoverflies of the genus Eristalis.[8]
Sonchus arvensis is native to Eurasia, where it is widespread across most of the continent.[9] It has also become naturalized in many other regions, and is considered an invasive noxious weed in some places, such as North America (including Prince Edward Island),[10] Russia, New Zealand, and Australia.[11][12][13]
It grows in areas such as pastures, roadsides, bushlands and the shorelines of lakes, rivers[14] and sea coast.[15]
The young leaves, when less than a few inches long and not bitter in taste, can be mixed with other greens to make salad. They can also be boiled in a small quantity of water, changed once. The plant can contain toxic nitrates.[7]
Leaves
Flowerheads
Illustration
Sonchus arvensis, the field milk thistle, field sowthistle, perennial sow-thistle, corn sow thistle, dindle, gutweed, swine thistle, or tree sow thistle, is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae. S. arvensis often occurs in annual crop fields and may cause substantial yield losses.
Sonchus arvensis, comúnmente llamada cerraja o cardincha, es una especie de planta herbácea del género Sonchus en la familia Asteraceae.
Es una planta herbácea perenne, rizomatosa o estolonifera, que puede llegar a medir unos 2 m de altura con un tallo robusto, eventualmente algo leñoso. Las hoja basales son generalmente organizadas en una roseta basal y las caulinares son abrazadoras con aurículas agudas o rondeadas, oblongas a lanceoladas, irregularmente lobuladas o pinnatisectas con márgenes más o menos espeinosos, de hasta 40 cm de largo. Los capítulos, de unos 2,5-4,5 cm de diámetro en la antesis, tienen los pedúnculos y las brácteas del involucro habitualmente densamente peloso-glandulares (con las glándulas apicales de color amarillo). Las ligulas son de color amarillo brillante a amarillo anaranjado. Las cipselas son pardas, de contorno oblanceolado a elipsoide, de unos 2,5-3,5 mm de largo, finamente rugosas o tuberculadas, con 4-8 costillas en cada lado. Están coronadas por un vilano de finos pelos blancos de 8-15 mm de largo.[1][2]
Es una especie nativa de zonas templadas de Europa occidental y central, introducida en las Américas, Australia y Nueva Zelanda.[1]
Sonchus arvensis fue descrito por Carlos Linneo y publicado en Species Plantarum, vol. 2, p. 793[1], 1753.[3]
Número de cromosomas: 2n = 18, 36, 54.[1][2][6][7]
Sonchus arvensis, comúnmente llamada cerraja o cardincha, es una especie de planta herbácea del género Sonchus en la familia Asteraceae.
Põld-piimohakas (Sonchus arvensis) on korvõieliste sugukonda arvatud taimeliik.
Taim on Eestis tavaline.[1]
Põld-piimohakas (Sonchus arvensis) on korvõieliste sugukonda arvatud taimeliik.
Taim on Eestis tavaline.
Peltovalvatti (Sonchus arvensis) on monivuotinen, keltakukkainen asterikasvi. Pelloilla laji on vaikeasti torjuttava rikkakasvi.
Peltovalvatin korkeus vaihtelee tavallisesti 40–150 senttimetrin välillä. Ontot, lehdekkäät ja runsaasti maitiaisnestettä sisältävät varret nousevat laajan, vaakasuoran juuriston silmuista. Varret ovat tavallisesti haarattomia. Kasvin alemmat lehdet ovat ruodillisia, kierteisesti olevat varsilehdet ovat sepiviä. Lehtilapa on kapeahko ja väriltään sinivihreä. Etenkin varsilehdet ovat tavallisesti pariliuskaisia. Liuskojen laidat ovat epäsäännöllisen karkeanirhaisia ja hienopiikkisiä. Peltovalvatin mykeröstö on lähes lehdetön ja huiskilomainen. Mykeröt ovat pitkäperäisiä ja 4–5 cm leveitä, teriö on väriltään keltainen. Suomessa laji kukkii heinä-elokuussa. Hedelmä on lenninhaivenellinen litteä pähkylä, jonka pappus on varreton ja hapsihaiveninen.[1]
Pohjoismaissa peltovalvatista tavataan kolmea eri muunnosta: rikkapeltovalvattia (S. arvensis var. arvensis), kaljupeltovalvattia (S. arvensis var. glabrescens) ja merivalvattia (S. arvensis var. maritimus).[2] Muunnokset erottuvat toisistaan lähinnä koon, lehtien muodon, mykeröiden sekä pähkylöiden värin ja koon perusteella. Rikkapeltovalvatti on kookaskokoinen ja sen mykeröperissä ja kehdoissa on pitkiä, jäykkiä keltaisia nystykarvoja. Sen pähkylät ovat 2,5–3 mm pitkiä ja väriltään tummanruskeita. Meripeltovalvatti on puolestaan matalakasvuinen, sen lehtilavat ovat möyheitä, kapeita ja usein lähes liuskattomia. Mykeröt ovat vähälukuisia. Pähkylät ovat 3–4 mm pitkiä ja vaihtelevat väriltään valkoisehkosta kellertävään.[3] Kaljupeltovalvatti muistuttaa läheisesti rikkapeltovalvattia, mutta siltä puuttuu keltaiset nystyt mykeröperistä ja kehdoista.[2]
Peltovalvattia tavataan suurimmasta osasta Eurooppaa, mutta se puuttuu Etelä-Portugalista, -Espanjasta ja -Italiasta, suurimmasta osasta Kreikkaa ja Albaniaa, Islannista, Fennoskandian vuoristoalueilta sekä Venäjän pohjoisimmista osista. Levinneisyysalue jatkuu laikuttaisena Aasian puolella Etelä-Siperiaan. Muualla Aasiassa lajia tavataan vain satunnaisesti Lähi-idästä Keski-Aasiaan, Intiaan, Kiinaan ja Japaniin saakka. Lajia kasvaa myös Afrikassa Marokosta Tunisiaan sekä mantereen eteläosissa. Pohjois-Amerikassa peltovalvatti on ihmisen mukana levinnyt lähinnä Etelä- ja Keski-Kanadaan sekä Yhdysvaltojen pohjoisosiin. Lajia tavataan myös Keski- ja Etelä-Amerikassa sekä Australiassa ja Uudessa-Seelannissa.[4]
Suomessa peltovalvattia tavataan lähes koko maasta. Lajin muunnoksista tavataan rikkapeltovalvattia ja meripeltovalvattia. Näistä meripeltovalvatti on alkuperäislaji kun taas rikkapeltovalvatti on Etelä- ja Keski-Suomessa muinaistulokas, pohjoisempana vakiintunut uustulokas. Rikkapeltovalvattia tavataan koko maassa aivan pohjoisinta Lappia lukuun ottamatta. Etelä- ja Keski-Suomessa laji on paikoin erittäin yleinen, Kainuussa ja Lapissa harvinaisempi. Rikkapeltovalvatti on yleistynyt Suomessa viime vuosikymmeninä. Meripeltovalvattia tavataan puolestaan kaikilla merenrannoilla sekä Suomenlahdella että Pohjanlahdella.[3][5]
Peltovalvatti on ihmisen toiminnasta hyötyvä laji, jota tavataan esimerkiksi pelloilla, joutomailla, puutarhoissa, heinänurmilla, tienvarsilla ja rannoilla. Muunnoksista meripeltovalvatti kasvaa kuitenkin ainoastaan merenrannoilla etenkin kivikoissa sekä merenrantaniityillä, kallionraoissa ja hietikoilla.[2][3]
Etenkin kevätviljapelloilla peltovalvatti on sitkeä ja vaikeasti torjuttava juuririkkakasvi, joka leviää sekä siementen että maavartensa avulla.[3] Yhdestä yksilöstä voi kehittyä yli 6 000 siementä. Juuriensa avulla se muodostaa laajoja kasvustoja. Laji on vaikea hävitettävä, sillä pienistäkin juuren osista voi kasvaa uusia kasveja.[6][7]
Peltovalvatti sopii myös ravintokasviksi muiden valvattilajien tapaan.[8] Myös sen rehuarvo on hyvä.[6]
Katkaistusta peltovalvatin varresta tihkuvaa maitiaisnestettä.
Peltovalvatin sepivä varsilehti.
Peltovalvatin nuppuja.
Peltovalvattikasvusto pellon laidassa.
Peltovalvatti (Sonchus arvensis) on monivuotinen, keltakukkainen asterikasvi. Pelloilla laji on vaikeasti torjuttava rikkakasvi.
Sonchus arvensis, le Laiteron des champs, est une espèce de plantes dicotylédones de la famille des Asteraceae, originaire des régions tempérées d'Eurasie.
C'est une plante herbacée vivace se propageant essentiellement par voie végétative (rhizomes).
Sonchus arvensis est une plante à port dressé pouvant atteindre 50 cm à 1,5 m de haut. Dans la classification des types biologiques de Raunkier, c'est une plante vivace à rhizomes classée dans les géophytes[2].
Les feuilles inférieures sont disposées en rosette. Elles sont entières, échancrées lobées, avec les dents dirigées vers la base, épineuses mais non piquantes, glabres, pennatifides, à segments peu nombreux, espacés. les feuilles caulinaires sont embrassantes, à oreillettes courtes, arrondies[3].
Les fleurs jaunes sont réunies en capitules peu nombreux, longuement pédonculés, disposés en corymbe, à pédoncules hispides-glanduleux ainsi que l'involucre.
Le fruit est une « cypsela » (akène spécifique des Asteraceae) de couleur brun-foncé à maturité, au contour longitudinal et elliptique, ridé en travers.
La plante entière contient un latex laiteux qui s'écoule lorsqu'on casse la tige ou les feuilles[4]. Ce caractère évite toute confusion possible avec le chardon. Le contact des feuilles entraîne des irritations cutanées dues à la sève ; celles-ci ne sont pas atténuées par un simple rinçage à l'eau.
Le nombre chromosomique de Sonchus arvensis est 2n = 18, 2n = 36 et 2n = 54[5],[6].
Non toxique pour les humains, on peut en consommer les feuilles et les racines. Les feuilles doivent être récoltées jeunes et peuvent se préparer soit crues soit cuites, à la manière des épinards. Elles ont un goût légèrement amer et il est préférable d'enlever les épines marginales. Les feuilles contiennent des sels minéraux et sont riches en vitamine C (47 mg par 100 g de poids frais). Leur teneur en protéines s'élève à 2 % du poids sec. On peut également consommer les tiges cuites comme des asperges[7].
La racine torréfiée peut être utilisée comme succédané du café, à l'instar de la chicorée[7].
C'est également une plante mellifère.
Le nom générique, Sonchus, dérive du grec Sogchos (σόγχοϛ) connu chez Antiphane (IVe siècle av. J.-C.) pour désigner un plat destiné aux pauvres, latinisé en sonchus par Pline l'Ancien[8]. L'épithète spécifique, arvensis, est un terme latin signifiant « des champs », référence à son habitat habituel[9].
Le nom binomial de l'espèce a été proposé par Linné dans son Species Plantarum paru en 1753[10].
Selon Catalogue of Life (14 juin 2015)[11] :
Selon The Plant List (14 juin 2015)[1] :
Selon Tropicos (14 juin 2015)[12] (Attention liste brute contenant possiblement des synonymes) :
Sonchus arvensis est une espèce originaire d'Europe et d'Asie occidentale qui a désormais une répartition subcosmopolite; étant présente dans tous les continents, principalement dans les régions tempérées mais aussi dans certaines zones subtropicales. Elle est présente dans 59 pays et est souvent considérée comme une mauvaise herbe des cultures. L'espèce a été signalée pour la première fois aux États-Unis en 1814 en Pennsylvanie[15]. Sa diffusion est due à l'activité humaine, en particulier par la contamination des semences[15].
Cette plante est commune dans les champs cultivés et les pâturages, dans les bois et jardins, dans les friches, en bordure des champs, le long des routes et dans les fossés. Elle pousse dans différents types de sols, mais semble préférer les sols plutôt humides, de préférence argileux et limoneux riches en humus, et ne réussit pas bien dans les sols grossiers, secs. Elle semble favorisée par la présence de certains nutriments, notamment azote et potassium, à des teneurs modérées à élevées[16].
Aux États-Unis, le laiteron des champs est classé comme « Noxious weed » (mauvaise herbe nuisible) ou sous un statut légal similaire dans plusieurs États : Alaska (noxious weed), Arizona (prohibited noxious weed), Californie (noxious weeds - liste A), Colorado (noxious weeds - liste C), Dakota du Sud (noxious weed, regulated non-native plant species), Hawaï (noxious weed), Idaho (noxious weed), Illinois (noxious weed), Iowa (primary noxious weed), Michigan (noxious weed), Minnesota (prohibited noxious weed), Nevada (noxious weed), Wyoming (noxious weed)[17].
La lutte contre cette espèce est très difficile en raison de ses capacités de multiplication végétative par ses racines traçantes et rhizomes. Les traitements herbicides pratiqués à l'automne, au stade rosette, ou au printemps pour éliminer les jeunes plantules sont les plus efficaces. Sur les terres non cultivées, ou entre deux cultures successives, le fauchage permet de limiter la mise à graines, mais pas d'éliminer la mauvaise herbe à moins de le combiner avec un programme herbicide[18].
Aucun cas de résistance aux herbicides n'a été signalé pour le laiteron des champs. On connait cependant des cas de résistance pour des espèces proches, telles le laiteron maraîcher (Sonchus oleraceus) en Alberta, aux États-Unis et en France, le laiteron rude (Sonchus asper) et la laitue scariole (Lactuca serriola) en Australie et aux États-Unis)[18].
Sonchus arvensis, le Laiteron des champs, est une espèce de plantes dicotylédones de la famille des Asteraceae, originaire des régions tempérées d'Eurasie.
C'est une plante herbacée vivace se propageant essentiellement par voie végétative (rhizomes).
Tempuyung yang mempunyai nama Latin ''Sonchus Arvensis'' merupakan salah satu tanaman obat yang berkhasiat.[1] Selain nama Latin, tempuyung juga memilki nama daerah seperti lobak air, lempung jombang, galibug, lampenas, dan rayana.[1] Tanaman ini sering kita temukan di sekitar kita karena dapat tumbuh di antara puing-puing bangunan, tembok, ataupun pinggir jalan.[1]
Tempuyung termasuk dalam suku Asteraceae yang tumbuh di ketinggian 50-1.600m dpl dan sangat cocok berada di lingkungan yang memiliki curah hujan merata sepanjang tahun atau daerah dengan musim kemarau pendek.[1] Sebagai tanaman liar, tempuyung dapat juga dibudidayakan di dalam pekarangan.[1]
Tanaman ini tergolong dalam tumbuhan tak berkayu atau terna dan menyukai tempat yang langsung terkena sinar matahari serta mudah berkembang biak dengan biji yang terbawa oleh angin.[2] Adapun tumbuhan ini mengandung kalium, flafonoid, taraksasterol, inositol, dan yang lain.[3]
Tempuyung adalah tanaman yang mempunyai yang bisa digunakan sebagai obat untuk macam-macam penyakit, yakni batu ginjal, demam, juga bengkak.[3] Seluruh bagian yang dimilikinya dapat digunakan sebagai obat, baik dalam bentuk segar maupun kering.[4] Adapun bagian-bagiannya adalah:
Tinggi tanaman tempuyung berkisar 65-150 cm.[1] Batang tanaman ini berlubang dan bergetah hijau.[1] Selain itu, tempuyung adalah salah satu tanaman yang mana batangnya berbulu dan lunak.[2]
Daunnya tunggal berbentuk lonjong dan mempunyai ujung runcing serta berwarna hijau keunguan, permukaannya licin dan tepinya berombak juga bergigi tak beraturan.[1] Panjang daunnya kira-kira 6-48 cm dan mempunyai lebar sekitar 3-12 cm.[5] Di dekat pangkal batang, daun yang bergigi terpusat membentuk roset dan yang terletak di bagian atas berselang-seling memeluk batang.[1] Daun inilah yang berkhasiat sebagai penghancur batu ginjal.[1]
Bunga tempuyung berbentuk malai, kelopaknya seperti lonceng, dan mahkotanya berbentuk seperti dari kumpulan jarum berwarna putih atau kuning.[1] Adapun buahnya mempunyai bentuk kotak juga dan berusuk lima dan mempunyai rambut berwarna hitam yang kemudian berubah menjadi biji berukuran kecil dan ringan hampir mirip berupa serbuk tepung kasar.[1]
Tempuyung yang mempunyai nama Latin ''Sonchus Arvensis'' merupakan salah satu tanaman obat yang berkhasiat. Selain nama Latin, tempuyung juga memilki nama daerah seperti lobak air, lempung jombang, galibug, lampenas, dan rayana. Tanaman ini sering kita temukan di sekitar kita karena dapat tumbuh di antara puing-puing bangunan, tembok, ataupun pinggir jalan.
Tempuyung termasuk dalam suku Asteraceae yang tumbuh di ketinggian 50-1.600m dpl dan sangat cocok berada di lingkungan yang memiliki curah hujan merata sepanjang tahun atau daerah dengan musim kemarau pendek. Sebagai tanaman liar, tempuyung dapat juga dibudidayakan di dalam pekarangan.
Tanaman ini tergolong dalam tumbuhan tak berkayu atau terna dan menyukai tempat yang langsung terkena sinar matahari serta mudah berkembang biak dengan biji yang terbawa oleh angin. Adapun tumbuhan ini mengandung kalium, flafonoid, taraksasterol, inositol, dan yang lain.
Il grespino dei campi (nome scientifico Sonchus arvensis L., 1753) è una specie di pianta angiosperma dicotiledone della famiglia delle Asteraceae.[1][2]
Il nome generico (Sonchus) ha probabilmente origine nel periodo classico antico, infatti era usato già ai tempi di Teofrasto e di Plinio (in realtà il vocabolo usato era lievemente diverso: sogchos).[3] L'epiteto specifico (arvensis) significa "dei campi" con riferimento al suo habitat abituale.[4]
Il binomio scientifico della pianta di questa voce è stato proposto da Carl von Linné (1707 – 1778) biologo e scrittore svedese, considerato il padre della moderna classificazione scientifica degli organismi viventi, nella pubblicazione "Species Plantarum" del 1753.[5]
Habitus. La forma biologica è emicriptofita scaposa (H scap), ossia sono piante a ciclo biologico perenne, con gemme svernanti al livello del suolo e protette dalla lettiera o dalla neve, spesso sono dotate di un asse fiorale eretto e privo di foglie.[6][7][3][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]
Fusto.
Foglie. La disposizione delle foglie è alternata e si dividono in inferiori e cauline. Quelle inferiori hanno una lamina a contorno più o meno da oblungo a lanceolato da intere a pennatifide; il contorno è formato da 2 - 3 copie di grossolani lobi triangolari e un lobo terminale acuto; in alcuni casi (ma raramente) le foglie possono avere una doppia dentatura grossolana senza lobi; la consistenza della lamina è coriacea (quasi succulenta); la superficie può presentarsi glaucescente, mentre i bordi possono essere spinulosi. Dimensione delle foglie: larghezza 2 – 15 cm; lunghezza 6 – 40 cm. Larghezza della zona centrale indivisa: 1 – 2 cm. Le foglie cauline sono progressivamente minori (meno lobate e con lamina quasi lineare); possiedono inoltre delle orecchiette basali semiamplessicauli cordate.
Infiorescenza. Le infiorescenze sono composte da capolini in formazione subcorimbosa con peduncoli ghiandolosi (le ghiandole sono in genere gialle). I capolini sono formati da un involucro a forma cilindrica composto da 35 - 50 brattee (o squame) disposte in modo embricato su 2 - 4 serie all'interno delle quali un ricettacolo fa da base ai fiori tutti ligulati. I capolini spesso sono pauciflori. Le squame esterne hanno una forma lanceolata. Il ricettacolo è nudo, senza pagliette a protezione della base dei fiori. Diametro del capolino: 2 - 4,5 cm. Dimensione dell'involucro: larghezza 7 – 15 mm; lunghezza 12 – 25 mm.
Fiore. I fiori sono tutti del tipo ligulato[15] (il tipo tubuloso, i fiori del disco, presente nella maggioranza delle Asteraceae, qui è assente), sono tetra-ciclici (ossia sono presenti 4 verticilli: calice – corolla – androceo – gineceo) e pentameri (ogni verticillo ha 5 elementi). I fiori sono ermafroditi e zigomorfi.
, [C (5), A (5)], G 2 (infero), achenio[16]
Frutti. I frutti sono degli acheni con pappo. Gli acheni hanno una forma compressa con 5 coste longitudinali per lato, sono ristretti alla base ma non all'apice (sono troncati e senza becco), sono lunghi 2,5 - 3,5 mm e sono colorati di bruno-scuro. Il pappo è formato da setole semplici e fragili, e la colorazione è nivea. Lunghezza del pappo 8 – 14 mm.
La famiglia di appartenenza di questa voce (Asteraceae o Compositae, nomen conservandum) probabilmente originaria del Sud America, è la più numerosa del mondo vegetale, comprende oltre 23.000 specie distribuite su 1.535 generi[20], oppure 22.750 specie e 1.530 generi secondo altre fonti[21] (una delle checklist più aggiornata elenca fino a 1.679 generi)[22]. La famiglia attualmente (2021) è divisa in 16 sottofamiglie.[1][12][11]
Il genere di questa voce appartiene alla sottotribù Hyoseridinae della tribù Cichorieae (unica tribù della sottofamiglia Cichorioideae). In base ai dati filogenetici la sottofamiglia Cichorioideae è il terz'ultimo gruppo che si è separato dal nucleo delle Asteraceae (gli ultimi due sono Corymbioideae e Asteroideae).[1] La sottotribù Hyoseridinae fa parte del "quarto" clade della tribù; in questo clade è in posizione "basale" vicina alla sottotribù Lactucinae.[12]
Il genere Sonchus insieme ai generi Launaea, Hyoseris, Reichardia e Aposeris formano un gruppo fortemente monofiletico (e formano la sottotribù Hyoseridinae). In questo gruppo Sonchus, da un punto di vista filogenetico, si trova nel "core" della sottotribù e risulta “fratello” del genere Launaea.
La circoscrizione di questo genere è ancora in via di definizione. Il genere come è composto attualmente si presenta molto polifiletico (ma anche parafiletico) e sono necessari ulteriori studi per ri-circoscrivere il genere. Secondo uno studio[23] il gruppo Sonchus s.l. si suddivide in 6 cladi. La specie di questa voce attualmente è descritta all'interno del subg. Origosonchus. (in precedenza apparteneva al subg. Sonchus, sections Maritimi e Arvenses).[13]
I caratteri distintivi per la specie di questa voce sono:[14]
Il numero cromosomico di S. arvensis è: 2n = 18, 2n = 36 e 2n = 54.[7][24]
Per questa specie sono descritte le seguenti sottospecie (le prime due sono presenti sul territorio italiano).[14][2]
Sonchus arvensis subsp. humilis (N.I.Orlova) Tzvelev - Distribuzione: Nord Europa.
Questa entità ha avuto nel tempo diverse nomenclature. L'elenco seguente indica alcuni tra i sinonimi più frequenti:[2]
Sinonimi della sottospecie arvensis
Sinonimi della sottospecie uliginosus
Sinonimi della sottospecie humiis
Nell'ambito del genere Sonchus le seguenti specie (che vivono sull'arco alpino) possono essere confuse fra di loro:[14][29]
Secondo la medicina popolare questa pianta ha le seguenti proprietà medicamentose:[30]
Di questa pianta si utilizzano le foglie e le radici. Le foglie si raccolgono da giovani e possono essere mangiate sia cotte che crude (hanno comunque un gusto lievemente amaro e si devono asportare le spine marginali). Si possono utilizzare anche i gambi cotti come gli asparagi. Le radici trattate opportunamente possono essere usate come surrogato del caffè. Le foglie contengono sali minerali e vitamine C (47 mg di vitamina C per 100 g di prodotto lordo, mentre le proteine sono il 2% del peso secco).[30]
Il grespino dei campi in altre lingue è chiamato:
Il grespino dei campi (nome scientifico Sonchus arvensis L., 1753) è una specie di pianta angiosperma dicotiledone della famiglia delle Asteraceae.
Dirvinė pienė (Sonchus arvensis) – astrinių (Asteraceae) šeimos augalų rūšis. Paplitusi vidutinių platumų srityje visame pasaulyje.
Augalas daugiametis, stačiu, 60-150 cm aukščio stiebu. Šaknis liemeninė, iki 50 cm ilgio. Lapai minkšti, netaisyklingu lapakraščiu, be lapkočių. Žiedynas – geltonas, 4-5 cm skersmens graižas. Žiedai susitelkę stiebo viršūnėje. Nužydėję subrandina baltus skristukus.
Dirvinė pienė – įkyri piktžolė. Auga lankose, krūmynuose, pasėliuose, daržuose. Mėgsta sunkokus, drėgnus dirvožemius. Lengvai pasidaugina šaknimis ir jų liekanomis. Pieniškos augalo sultys nuodingos.
Graižas
Skristukai
Augavietė (Suomija)
De akkermelkdistel (Sonchus arvensis) is een plant uit de composietenfamilie (Asteraceae). Deze soort groeit voornamelijk op bouw- en grasland, maar komt ook voor in de duinen. De holle stengel bevat melksap en heeft bovenaan kleverige haartjes. De akkermelkdistel wordt 30-150 cm hoog. De bladeren zijn onbehaard en hebben een blauwgroene kleur.
De bladeren zijn langwerpig, diep-veerspletig met bij de stengel aanliggende oortjes, en hebben driehoekige lobben.
De bloei is van juni tot de herfst. De bloem is goudgeel van kleur. Er zijn enkel lintbloemen aanwezig. Het hoofdje heeft een doorsnede van 4-5 cm. Het omwindsel is voorzien van gelige klierharen.
De akkermelkdistel heeft als vrucht een nootje met een witte haarkroon. Ze zijn voorzien van vijf ribben aan weerszijden en zijn dwarsgerimpeld.
De vruchtjes van de gewone melkdistel (Sonchus oleraceus) hebben slechts drie ribben aan elke kant. Hierdoor zijn de soorten te onderscheiden. Bovendien is de akkermelkdistel een overblijvend kruid, terwijl de gewone melkdistel een- of tweejarig is.
De akkermelkdistel (Sonchus arvensis) is een plant uit de composietenfamilie (Asteraceae). Deze soort groeit voornamelijk op bouw- en grasland, maar komt ook voor in de duinen. De holle stengel bevat melksap en heeft bovenaan kleverige haartjes. De akkermelkdistel wordt 30-150 cm hoog. De bladeren zijn onbehaard en hebben een blauwgroene kleur.
Åkerdylle er ei fleirårig urt i korgplantefamilien. Arten har kosmopolitisk utbreiing. Planta har lange krypande jordstenglar. Buktfinna snaue blad med runde øyre. Korgskaft og korgdekke har gule kjertelhår. 4-5 cm brei korg med mørkgule kroner. Frukta er til slutt brun, 3-3,5 mm lang. Åkerdylle blomstrar kring juli månad på havstrender og avfallsplassar, og i åkrar, der planta er eit ugras.
Åkerdylle er ei fleirårig urt i korgplantefamilien. Arten har kosmopolitisk utbreiing. Planta har lange krypande jordstenglar. Buktfinna snaue blad med runde øyre. Korgskaft og korgdekke har gule kjertelhår. 4-5 cm brei korg med mørkgule kroner. Frukta er til slutt brun, 3-3,5 mm lang. Åkerdylle blomstrar kring juli månad på havstrender og avfallsplassar, og i åkrar, der planta er eit ugras.
Mlecz polny (Sonchus arvensis L.) – gatunek rośliny z rodziny astrowatych. Występuje w całej Europie, w środkowej i zachodniej Azji, na Syberii, Kaukazie i w Afryce Północnej (Algieria, Maroko, Tunezja)[2]. Rozprzestrzenił się też gdzieniegdzie poza tym rodzimym obszarem swojego występowania[2]. W Polsce jest pospolity na niżu i w niższych położeniach górskich.
Bylina, hemikryptofit. Kwitnie od czerwca do października, owoce rozsiewane są przez wiatr. Występuje na łąkach i w zaroślach, a także jako chwast w zbożach oraz w ogrodach i roślinach okopowych. Gatunek wyróżniający dla rzędu (O.) Polygono-Chenopodietalia[3]. Roślina trująca dla bydła i zwłaszcza dla owiec z powodu zawartości alkaloidów[4].
Mlecz polny (Sonchus arvensis L.) – gatunek rośliny z rodziny astrowatych. Występuje w całej Europie, w środkowej i zachodniej Azji, na Syberii, Kaukazie i w Afryce Północnej (Algieria, Maroko, Tunezja). Rozprzestrzenił się też gdzieniegdzie poza tym rodzimym obszarem swojego występowania. W Polsce jest pospolity na niżu i w niższych położeniach górskich.
Sonchus arvensis, comumente chamada cerragem ou cardincha, é uma espécie de planta herbácea do género Sonchus na família Asteraceae.
É uma planta herbácea perenne, rizomatosa ou estolonifera, que pode chegar a medir uns 2 m de altura com um talho robusto, eventualmente algo lenhoso. As folha basais são geralmente organizadas numa roseta basal e as caulinares são abraçadoras com aurículas agudas ou rondeadas, oblongas a lanceoladas, irregularmente lobuladas ou pinnatisectas com margens mais ou menos espeinosos, de até 40 cm de longo. Os capítulos, de uns 2,5-4,5 cm de diâmetro na anteses, têm os pedúnculos e as brácteas do envolvo habitualmente densamente peloso-glandulares (com as glándulas apicais de cor amarela). As ligulas são de cor amarela brilhante a amarelo alaranjado. As cipselas são pardas, de contorno oblanceolado a elipsoide, de uns 2,5-3,5 mm de longo, finamente rugosas ou tuberculadas, com 4-8 costelas em cada lado. Estão coroadas por um papus de finos cabelos brancos de 8-15 mm de longo.[1][2]
É uma espécie nativa de zonas temperadas de Europa ocidental e central, introduzida nas Américas, Austrália e Nova Zelândia.
Sonchus arvensis foi descrito por Carlos Linneo e publicado em Species Plantarum, vol. 2, p. 793, 1753.[1][3]
Número de cromosomas: 2n = 18, 36, 54.[6][7]
Sonchus arvensis, comumente chamada cerragem ou cardincha, é uma espécie de planta herbácea do género Sonchus na família Asteraceae.
Susai (Sonchus arvensis) este o buruiană perenă policarpică cu drajoni, din familia Asteraceae (Compositae), des întâlnită în semănături, culturile timpurii de verdețuri și tufișuri, cu înmulțire prin semințe și muguri radiculari, din care cauză se stârpește cu greu.
Are o înălțime de 80–130 cm. Tulpina, ramificată în partea superioară, este goală, cu vase laticifere, care conțin un suc lăptos caracteristic. Frunze sesile, penat sectate, cu marginea dințată și spinoasă. Calatidiile (un tip de inflorescență) sunt mici, grupate aproape corimbiform. Are flori galbene. Fructe achene costate cu un papus lung.
Se înmulțește rapid prin semințe și prin muguri radiculari, care, în condiții prielnice, pot depăși 2000 muguri/m2; fiecare plantă produce până la 19.000 de semințe. Rădăcina pătrunde în sol până la 50 cm adâncime și emite o mulțime de ramificații (rădăcini) orizontale lungi până la 1 m, care se mențin la o adâncime mică, 6–15 cm de la suprafața solului, și care formează o rețea, din mugurii căreia ies la suprafață un număr mare de plante. Susaiul nu este rezistent la secetă, deoarece rădăcinile sunt superficiale.
Înflorește și fructifică din iunie-iulie până în septembrie. Germinația din semințe se face primăvara târziu, când solul este destul de încălzit, de aceea buruiana scapă de plivit și frecvent de prășit.
Este răspândit în locuri semiaride, subumede și umede, pe solurile fertile, unde formează asociații compacte, mai ales pe cernoziomurile din Câmpia Transilvaniei și stepa nordică a României, mai rar în regiunile uscate și calde din sudul țării.
Invadează mai ales culturile timpurii de verdețuri: salată, spanac, ceapă și usturoi verde și culturile de primăvară: orzul, ovăzul, mazărea, lintea, cânepa, floarea soarelui, etc. Susaiul crește în asociație compactă mai ales în anii ploioși prin terenuri cu orz de primăvară, linte, etc, compromițând total recolta acestor plante.
Combaterea susaiului se face prin mai multe metode: plivit, prășit, metoda epuizării, asolament cu ogor negru, dezmiriștire, care este urmată de arături de vară sau prin combatere chimică.
Susai (Sonchus arvensis) este o buruiană perenă policarpică cu drajoni, din familia Asteraceae (Compositae), des întâlnită în semănături, culturile timpurii de verdețuri și tufișuri, cu înmulțire prin semințe și muguri radiculari, din care cauză se stârpește cu greu.
Åkermolke (Sonchus arvensis) är en växtart i familjen korgblommiga växter, en stickfibbla.
Åkermolke är ett svårutrotat ogräs, som sprider sig genom såväl frön som uppstickande rotskott från ett vittutgrenat rotsystem. Den är särskilt besvärlig i åkrar odlade enligt ekologiska principer, men kan bekämpas med upprepad sönderdelning och plöjning.[1]
Denna växt blir 50−130 cm hög. Stjälken är skör och saftig. Blomningstiden är juli — september, men inte förrän på andra årets skott. Blommorna är gula.
Frukten är en hårpenselförsedd nöt som väger 0,5 mg. Varje blomkorg ger 150−200 frön. Fröna kan spridas långa sträckor med vinden. Växten är självsteril, varför insekter krävs för pollinering till fertila frön.
Underarten kalmolke, Sonchus glabrecens (Wimm. & Grab.) ska ej förväxlas med den namnliknande kålmolke, Sonchus oleraceus.
Åkermolke är i Sverige vanlig i Götaland och Svealand, mindre vanlig i Norrland. Vanlig i stora delar av Europa och vidare ett stycke österut i Asien. Den förekommer i ett smalt bälte i norra USA, men är inte ursprunglig där.
Vanliga växtplatser är odlad jordbruksmark och vägkanter. Trivs bäst på näringsrika mineraljordar.[1] Troligen ursprunglig på havsstränder.
Ändelsen ‑tistel hör bygdemålet till, men är oegentlig, eftersom åkermolke inte tillhör tistelsläktet. 1897 bestämdes att ändelsen i stället skall vara ‑molke.[4]
Åkermolke är oönskad som foderväxt: Får och nötkreatur, som betat åkermolke har visat förlamningssymptom.[3]
Sonchus är en latinisering av släktets namn på grekiska, sonchos, vilket tros ha ursprung i grekiska orden soos = säker, trygg och echein = att ha. Sonchos skulle alltså kunna tolkas ungefärligen som "bra att ha" med anledning av den hälsosamma saften.[5]
Arvensis härleds från latin arvum = åker, med anledning av den vanliga växtplatsen.
Wikimedia Commons har media som rör Åkermolke.
Åkermolke (Sonchus arvensis) är en växtart i familjen korgblommiga växter, en stickfibbla.
Багаторічник 0–150(-200) см, зазвичай кореневищний. Стебла прямостоячі, нерозгалужені за винятком квіткових і містять молочний сік. Листові пластини (3)6–40×2–15 см. Листя мають м'які, колючі зубчасті краї. Листки швидко зменшуються в розмірах, разом з підніманням на стебло. Золотисті квіткові голови до 5 см в ширину. Плоди темно-коричневі з чисто білими волосками, щоб носити їх на вітрі.
Поширений на більшій частині Європи і північної та ближньої Азії. Натуралізований в багатьох інших регіонах.
Зростає на полях, покладах, по чагарниках, іноді на луках на всій території України[1].
Молоде листя й стебла осоту, доки вони ще крихкі й ніжні, їстівні для людини як листовий овоч: для салатів, овочевого пюре та як присмаку для юшок, рису, плову, м'ясних солянок. Старі листи й стебла можуть бути гіркими, але молоді листки мають смак, схожий на салат. Листя має 30-35 хв помокнути в солоній воді, щоб пом'якшився гіркуватий присмак. Очищені від шкірки та розтерті молоді стебла осоту — відомі ласощі для дітей і дорослих. Відварені в солоній воді молоді стебла та пагони готують як цвітну капусту або спаржу — з сухарями в олії.[4]
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Це незавершена стаття про Айстрові.Sonchus arvensis là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Cúc. Loài này được L. miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1753.[1]
Sonchus arvensis là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Cúc. Loài này được L. miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1753.
Sonchus arvensis L., 1753
Синонимы
Осо́т полево́й, или Осот жёлтый, или Осот молоча́йный (лат. Sónchus arvénsis) — вид травянистых растений рода Осот семейства Астровые, или Сложноцветные (Asteraceae). Корнеотпрысковый многолетник.
Корневищный многолетник до двух метров в высоту. Слабоколючий стебель простой, с безлистной верхней частью.
Листья колючие, с треугольными зубчатыми боковыми долями, стеблеобъемлющие.
Мелкие золотисто-жёлтые цветки собраны в крупные корзинки, окружённые у основания обёрткой из ланцетовидных листочков. В Средней полосе России цветёт в июне.
Плод — серовато-бурая веретенообразная семянка с хохолком, состоящим из белых неветвистых волосков. Семянки прикреплены к цветоложу непрочно и легко разносятся ветром.
Способно произрастать в условиях обильного увлажнения, от лугово-степного до болотного, предпочитает богатые почвы, хотя способно выдерживать и слабое засоление.
Обременительное сорное растение, один из самых тягостных полевых сорняков. Вид засоряет все типы посевов, встречается также на парах, в садах и огородах. Содержит белый млечный сок и неохотно поедается скотом. Как злостный сорняк осот широко распространён в лесной зоне европейской части России и сопредельных стран, в степной зоне его значение падает, а в пустынной он и вовсе не встречается на полях, даже орошаемых.
Даёт медоносным пчёлам много нектара и пыльцу-обножку[2].
Осо́т полево́й, или Осот жёлтый, или Осот молоча́йный (лат. Sónchus arvénsis) — вид травянистых растений рода Осот семейства Астровые, или Сложноцветные (Asteraceae). Корнеотпрысковый многолетник.
苣荬菜（学名：Sonchus arvensis）是菊科苦苣菜属的植物。分布在全球以及中国大陆的贵州、湖北、广西、福建、宁夏、新疆、云南、陕西、湖南、四川等地，生长于海拔300米至2,300米的地区，多生长在林间草地、山坡草地、潮湿地和近水旁，目前尚未由人工引种栽培。
这是一篇與植物相關的小作品。你可以通过编辑或修订扩充其内容。 苣荬菜（学名：Sonchus arvensis）是菊科苦苣菜属的植物。分布在全球以及中国大陆的贵州、湖北、广西、福建、宁夏、新疆、云南、陕西、湖南、四川等地，生长于海拔300米至2,300米的地区，多生长在林间草地、山坡草地、潮湿地和近水旁，目前尚未由人工引种栽培。
分類 界 : 植物界 Plantae 門 : 被子植物門 Magnoliophyta 綱 : 双子葉植物綱 Magnoliopsida 目 : キク目 Asterales 科 : キク科 Asteraceae 亜科 : タンポポ亜科 Cichorioideae 属 : ノゲシ属 Sonchus 種 : タイワンハチジョウナSonchus arvensis
英名 Field Sowthistleタイワンハチジョウナ（Sonchus wightianus）とは、キク科ノゲシ属の一種。
ヨーロッパ原産。道端や荒地で見られる。背丈は高く、80～150cmほどにもなる。ノゲシ同様に茎は直立し、頭頂部で分枝し数個の頭花をつける。葉は比較的下部につき、茎を抱く。
この項目は、植物に関連した書きかけの項目です。この項目を加筆・訂正などしてくださる協力者を求めています（プロジェクト:植物／Portal:植物）。 
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