dcsimg

Comments ( Anglèis )

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The ‘soap-nut’ tree is cultivated for its fruit, the pericarp of which is saponaceous and used for washing clothes and hair. It also makes a good roadside tree.
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Flora of Pakistan Vol. 0 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Flora of Pakistan @ eFloras.org
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Description ( Anglèis )

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A deciduous tree up to 20 m tall. Leaves pinnate, 15-35 cm long, glab¬rous; leaflets sub-sessile, 4-8 pairs, opposite to sub-opposite, lanceolate to oblong, 6-15 cm long, 3-5 cm broad, entire, acute to acuminate, oblique. Flowers sub-sessile, greenish-yellow in terminal, pubescent panicles; pedicel up to 4 mm in fruit; bract 1 mm long, subulate, margin glandular. Sepals unequal, c. 2 mm long, elliptic-oblong to ovate, margin ciliate, glandular at the tip. Petals 5, 3 mm long, lanceolate-ovate, clawed, ciliate, with 2 woolly scales on the claw. Disc 5-ridged, glabrous. Stamens 8, free; filament c. 3 mm long, lower half pubescent; anthers 0.5 mm long, oblong, non-functional in the female. Ovary sessile, 2-4 mm long, obovate, 3-locular, glabrous, rudimentary in the male flower; stigma 3-lobed. Berry globose, 1.5-2.5 cm long, hard or coriaceous when dry, yellowish-brown, 1-seeded, 2 undeveloped cocci at the base. Seed 1.4 cm in diameter, black to dark brown.
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Flora of Pakistan Vol. 0 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Flora of Pakistan @ eFloras.org
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S. I. Ali & M. Qaiser
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Distribution ( Anglèis )

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Distribution: Indigenous to China; cultivated in Japan, S.W. India, Bengal and W. Pakistan.
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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
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Flora of Pakistan Vol. 0 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Flora of Pakistan @ eFloras.org
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S. I. Ali & M. Qaiser
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Distribution ( Anglèis )

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Himalaya, Assam, Burma, Indo-China, China, Taiwan, Korea, Japan.
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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
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Annotated Checklist of the Flowering Plants of Nepal Vol. 0 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Annotated Checklist of the Flowering Plants of Nepal @ eFloras.org
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Elevation Range ( Anglèis )

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1000-1200 m
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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
sitassion bibliogràfica
Annotated Checklist of the Flowering Plants of Nepal Vol. 0 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
sorgiss
Annotated Checklist of the Flowering Plants of Nepal @ eFloras.org
autor
K.K. Shrestha, J.R. Press and D.A. Sutton
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eFloras.org
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eFloras

Flower/Fruit ( Anglèis )

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Fl. Per.: May -June.
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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
sitassion bibliogràfica
Flora of Pakistan Vol. 0 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
sorgiss
Flora of Pakistan @ eFloras.org
editor
S. I. Ali & M. Qaiser
proget
eFloras.org
original
visité la sorgiss
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eFloras

মণিছাল ( Assamèis )

fornì da wikipedia emerging languages

মণিছাল ( বৈজ্ঞানিক নাম: Sapindus mukorossi; বঙালী: ৰিঠা ; মিচিং: হাইটা-গুটি; কাৰবি: ডাক্ ডাক্ আৰং; কাছাৰ:হাইঠাল, ফুআঠাই, খাচিয়া: দিয়েং স্পিয়েং ৰাহ; তাই-আহোম: টুন্-মাক-চাক; বড়ো:মণিছাল[1]) চেপিন্দেচি (Sapindaceae) পৰিয়ালৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত এবিধ মজলীয়া আকাৰৰ পৰ্ণপাতী বনৰীয়া গছ৷ ইয়াৰ ফলক ইংৰাজীত Indian soapberry[2] বা washnut[3] বুলি কোৱা হয়৷

বিস্তৃতি

মণিছাল ভাৰতবৰ্ষৰ থলুৱা উদ্ভিদ৷ এই গছ ভাৰত আৰু নেপালৰ হিমালয়ৰ পাদদেশত সাগৰ-পৃষ্ঠৰ পৰা ৪০০০ ফুট উচ্চতালৈকে প্ৰাকৃতিকভাৱে বিস্তৃত হৈ আছে৷ [4][5][6][7] এই গছ কম সাৰুৱা মাটিতো উৎপন্ন হ’ব পাৰে৷[8][9]

বিৱৰণ

মণিছাল গছৰ বাকলিৰ বৰণ মদৰুৱা হয় আৰু এই বাকলিৰ উপৰিভাগত সেউজীয়া বৰণৰ আভাস থাকে৷ বাকলিৰ ওপৰত দীঘল দীঘল ৰেখাৰ উদ্ভৱ হয়৷[1]

পাতৰ আকৃতি দীঘল চানেকীয়া৷ মূল পাতৰপৰা কেইবাখিলাও শাখা পাত ওলায়৷ ফুলবোৰ থোপাথোপে ফুলে৷ ফুলৰ আকাৰ সৰু হয়৷ ফুল পুৰঠ হ’লে ঘুৰণীয়া আকৃতিৰ ফল ধৰে৷ ফলৰ উপৰিভাগে মেৰুটা-মেৰুটি হৈ শোটোৰা পৰাৰ আকৃতি ধাৰণ কৰে৷ বাকলিখনৰ ভিতৰত একোটাকৈ ঘুৰণীয়া আকাৰৰ গুটি ধৰে৷ [1]

ব্যৱহাৰ

 src=
মণিছালৰ গুটি

মণিছাল গছৰ গুটিৰ ব্যৱহাৰ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ৷[3] ইয়াৰ গুটিত চেপ’নিন (saponin) নামৰ এটা যৌগ থাকে যি প্ৰাকৃতিকভাৱে পৰিস্কাৰকৰণ (cleansing) ত সহয় কৰে৷ সেয়ে মণিছালৰ গুটিৰে চুলি, চাল আৰু কাপোৰকানি পৰিস্কাৰ কৰা হয়৷[6]

মণিছাল পতংগৰোধক (insecticides) হিচাপেও ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা হয়৷ ই চলুৰ পৰা উকণি নিৰ্মুলতো সহায় কৰে৷[3]

এটা গৱেষণাই প্ৰকাশ কৰিছে যে মাইগ্ৰেইন বা ছালৰ বিভিন্ন ৰোগ নিৰাময়তো মণিছালৰ গুটিৰ উপযোগীতা আছে৷[3]

তাৰোপৰি তেলৰ খনিৰ পৰা তেল উলিওৱাতো মণিছালৰ গুটিৰ সম্ভাৱনীয় ব্যৱহাৰৰ বিষয়ে তথ্য পোৱা গৈছে৷[10][11]

তথ্যসুত্ৰ

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 ফটিক চন্দ্ৰ গগৈ (ডিছেম্বৰ ২০০৭). অসমৰ উদ্ভিদ কোষ. অসম প্ৰকাশন পৰিষদ
  2. "মণিছাল". প্ৰাকৃতিক সম্পদ সংৰক্ষণ সেৱা উদ্ভিদ তথ্যকোষ, ইউ.এছ.ডি.এ.ৰ পৰা 5 November 2015 তাৰিখে আহৰণ কৰা হৈছে।. https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=SAMU6.
  3. 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Upadhyay, A., & Singh, D. K. (2012). "Pharmacological effects of Sapindus mukorossi". Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo খণ্ড 54 (5): 273–280. doi:10.1590/s0036-46652012000500007. http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S0036-46652012000500007&script=sci_arttext.
  4. Orwa C. A., Mutua, K. R., & Jamnadasss R. S. A. (2009) Agroforestree Database: a tree reference and selection guide (version 4.0). Retrieved from http://www.worldagroforestry.org/treedb/AFTPDFS/Sapindus_mukorossi.pdf
  5. 6.0 6.1 Sharma, A.; Sati, S. C.; Sati, O.; Sati, D. M.; Kothiyal, S. K. (2011). "Chemical constituents and bio activities of genus Sapindus". International Journal of Research in Ayurveda & Pharmacy খণ্ড 2 (2): 403–409. http://www.ijrap.net/vol2/issue2/15.pdf.
  6. Sarin, J. L.; Beri, M. L. (1939). "Extraction of saponin from soapnut". Industrial and Engineering Chemistry খণ্ড 31 (6): 712–713. doi:10.1021/ie50354a012.
  7. Forestry Nepal (2014). Sapindus mukorossi. Retrieved from http://www.forestrynepal.org/resources/trees/sapindus-mukorossi
  8. Poudel, K. L. (2011). Trade potentiality and ecological analysis of NTFPs in Himalayan Kingdom of Nepal. Himalayan Research Papers Archives, 61 . Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1928/3300
  9. Chhetri, A. B.; Watts, K. C.; Rahman, M. S.; Islam, M. R. (2009). "Soapnut extract as a natural surfactant for enhanced oil recovery". Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects খণ্ড 31 (20): 1893–1903. doi:10.1080/15567030802462622.
  10. Mukhopadhyay, S.; Hashim, M. A.; Sahu, J. N.; Yusoff, I; Gupta, B. S. (2013). "Comparison of a plant based natural surfactant with SDS for washing of As(V) from Fe rich soil". Journal of Environmental Sciences খণ্ড 25 (11): 2247–2256. doi:10.1016/s1001-0742(12)60295-2. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1001074212602952.

 src= ৱিকিমিডিয়া কমন্সত মণিছাল সম্পৰ্কীয় মিডিয়া ফাইল।

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মণিছাল: Brief Summary ( Assamèis )

fornì da wikipedia emerging languages

মণিছাল ( বৈজ্ঞানিক নাম: Sapindus mukorossi; বঙালী: ৰিঠা ; মিচিং: হাইটা-গুটি; কাৰবি: ডাক্ ডাক্ আৰং; কাছাৰ:হাইঠাল, ফুআঠাই, খাচিয়া: দিয়েং স্পিয়েং ৰাহ; তাই-আহোম: টুন্-মাক-চাক; বড়ো:মণিছাল) চেপিন্দেচি (Sapindaceae) পৰিয়ালৰ অন্তৰ্ভুক্ত এবিধ মজলীয়া আকাৰৰ পৰ্ণপাতী বনৰীয়া গছ৷ ইয়াৰ ফলক ইংৰাজীত Indian soapberry বা washnut বুলি কোৱা হয়৷

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Sapindus mukorossi ( Anglèis )

fornì da wikipedia EN

Sapindus mukorossi, commonly known as Indian soapberry, washnut, or ritha,[1][2][3][4] is a species of tree in the family Sapindaceae. It is a deciduous tree that grows in the lower foothills and midhills of the Himalayas at altitudes of up to 1,200 metres (4,000 ft).[5][6] It is also native to western coastal Karnataka, Maharashtra, and Goa in India; as well as southern China,[7] and Taiwan as known by its many indigenous peoples.[8] It is tolerant to reasonably poor soil, can be planted around farmers’ homes,[9] and one tree can produce 30 to 35 kilograms (66 to 77 lb) of fruit per year.[10]

Uses

Fruits of Sapindus mukorossi
Fruits of the washnut tree

The value of the tree mostly comes from its fruit, which can be used for many pharmacological and cleansing purposes.[2]

Cleanser/insecticide

The soapnut contains the compound of saponin, which has natural cleansing properties, and therefore the soapnut can be used as a cleanser for hair, skin, and clothing.[5] These saponins are also useful as insecticides, for purposes such as removing head lice off the scalp.[2]

Surfactant

Methods of extracting the maximum amount of oil from existing oil reserves has become a scientific focus in a world that has become dependent on fossil fuels. Researchers have found that the Ritha fruit can be used in an enhanced oil recovery technique.[11] More specifically, Chhetri, Watts, Rahman, and Islam (2009) found that extracts from the soapnut can be used as an organic surfactant to increase the mobility of oil from the fields. In addition, researchers have demonstrated the potential for the soapnut to be used as a natural surfactant for washing arsenic from soils that are rich in iron.[12]

References

  1. ^ USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Sapindus mukorossi". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 5 November 2015.
  2. ^ a b c Upadhyay, A. & Singh, D. K. (2012). "Pharmacological effects of Sapindus mukorossi". Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo. 54 (5): 273–280. doi:10.1590/s0036-46652012000500007. PMID 22983291.
  3. ^ Orwa C. A., Mutua, K. R., & Jamnadasss R. S. A. (2009) Agroforestree Database: a tree reference and selection guide (version 4.0). Retrieved from http://www.worldagroforestry.org/treedb/AFTPDFS/Sapindus_mukorossi.pdf
  4. ^ "Sapindus mukorossi". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 14 December 2014.
  5. ^ a b Sharma, A.; Sati, S. C.; Sati, O.; Sati, D. M.; Kothiyal, S. K. (2011). "Chemical constituents and bio activities of genus Sapindus" (PDF). International Journal of Research in Ayurveda & Pharmacy. 2 (2): 403–409.
  6. ^ Sarin, J. L.; Beri, M. L. (1939). "Extraction of saponin from soapnut". Industrial and Engineering Chemistry. 31 (6): 712–713. doi:10.1021/ie50354a012.
  7. ^ Sun, C.; Wang, J.; Duan, J.; Zhao, G.; Weng, X.; Jia, L. Association of Fruit and Seed Traits of Sapindus mukorossi Germplasm with Environmental Factors in Southern China. Forests 2017, 8, 491. https://doi.org/10.3390/f8120491
  8. ^ Blust, Robert; Trussel, Stephen (2010). "*daqu₂: soapberry - Sapindus mukrossi, S. saponaria". Austronesian Comparative Dictionary. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. Retrieved 8 November 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  9. ^ Forestry Nepal (2014). Sapindus mukorossi. Retrieved from http://www.forestrynepal.org/resources/trees/sapindus-mukorossi
  10. ^ Poudel, K. L. (2011). Trade potentiality and ecological analysis of NTFPs in Himalayan Kingdom of Nepal. Himalayan Research Papers Archives, 61 . Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1928/3300
  11. ^ Chhetri, A. B.; Watts, K. C.; Rahman, M. S.; Islam, M. R. (2009). "Soapnut extract as a natural surfactant for enhanced oil recovery". Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects. 31 (20): 1893–1903. doi:10.1080/15567030802462622. S2CID 95498375.
  12. ^ Mukhopadhyay, S.; Hashim, M. A.; Sahu, J. N.; Yusoff, I; Gupta, B. S. (2013). "Comparison of a plant based natural surfactant with SDS for washing of As(V) from Fe rich soil" (PDF). Journal of Environmental Sciences. 25 (11): 2247–2256. doi:10.1016/s1001-0742(12)60295-2. PMID 24552053.

Media related to Sapindus mukorossi at Wikimedia Commons

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Sapindus mukorossi: Brief Summary ( Anglèis )

fornì da wikipedia EN

Sapindus mukorossi, commonly known as Indian soapberry, washnut, or ritha, is a species of tree in the family Sapindaceae. It is a deciduous tree that grows in the lower foothills and midhills of the Himalayas at altitudes of up to 1,200 metres (4,000 ft). It is also native to western coastal Karnataka, Maharashtra, and Goa in India; as well as southern China, and Taiwan as known by its many indigenous peoples. It is tolerant to reasonably poor soil, can be planted around farmers’ homes, and one tree can produce 30 to 35 kilograms (66 to 77 lb) of fruit per year.

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Kiinansaippuamarja ( Finlandèis )

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Kiinansaippuamarja eli mukurossi (Sapindus mukorossi) on saippuamarjakasvien heimoon kuuluva lehtipuulaji. Puu tunnetaan alkuperäisellä levinneisyysalueellaan Nepalissa nimellä ritha tai reetha.[1] Puun hedelmä tunnetaan yleisesti "Kiinansaippuamarjana" tai "pesupähkinänä". Puu kasvaa Himalajan vuorten juurilla aina 1200 metrin (4000 jalan) korkeuteen asti.[2] [3] Puu kasvaa ravinneköyhässä maassa ja Nepalissa sitä istutetaan usein maanviljelijöiden kotien ympärille. Yksi puu voi tuottaa 30-35 kiloa hedelmiä vuodessa.[4][5]

Käyttö

 src=
Kiinansaippuamarjapuun hedelmiä eli pesupähkinöitä

Puun hedelmiä käytetään mm. puhdistusaineena sekä lääkeaineena.

Puhdistusaine

Pesupähkinä sisältää saponiinia, joka toimii saippuan tavoin puhdistavana aineena. Pesupähkinöitä käytetään hiusten, ihon ja vaatteiden luonnonmukaiseen puhdistamiseen. Saponiini toimii myös hyönteiskarkotteena, ja sillä voidaan esimerkiksi karkottaa täitä hiuspohjasta.

Lääkekäyttö

Upadhyay:n ja Singh:in mukaan mukaan pesupähkinät toimivat luontaislääkkeenä moniin eri vaivoihin. Niillä hoidetaan migreeniä ja päänsärkyä sekä iho-ongelmia, kuten finnejä ja ihottumia.

Tensidi

Kiinansaippuamarjan hedelmästä uutettu öljy toimii luontaisena tensidinä, eli pinta-aktiivisena aineena, ja sitä on käytetty mm. arsenikin puhdistamiseen rautapitoisesta maaperästä.[6]

Katso myös

Lähteet

  1. Orwa C. A., Mutua, K. R., & Jamnadasss R. S. A. (2009) Agroforestree Database: a tree reference and selection guide (version 4.0). Retrieved from http://www.worldagroforestry.org/treedb/AFTPDFS/Sapindus_mukorossi.pdf
  2. "Chemical constituents and bio activities of genus Sapindus" (PDF) (2011). International Journal of Research in Ayurveda & Pharmacy 2 (2): 403–409.
  3. "Extraction of saponin from soapnut" (1939). Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 31 (6): 712–713. doi:10.1021/ie50354a012.
  4. Forestry Nepal (2014). Sapindus mukorossi. Retrieved from http://www.forestrynepal.org/resources/trees/sapindus-mukorossi
  5. Poudel, K. L. (2011). Trade potentiality and ecological analysis of NTFPs in Himalayan Kingdom of Nepal. Himalayan Research Papers Archives, 61 . Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1928/3300
  6. "Comparison of a plant based natural surfactant with SDS for washing of As(V) from Fe rich soil" (2013). Journal of Environmental Sciences 25 (11): 2247–2256. doi:10.1016/s1001-0742(12)60295-2.

Aiheesta muualla

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Kiinansaippuamarja: Brief Summary ( Finlandèis )

fornì da wikipedia FI

Kiinansaippuamarja eli mukurossi (Sapindus mukorossi) on saippuamarjakasvien heimoon kuuluva lehtipuulaji. Puu tunnetaan alkuperäisellä levinneisyysalueellaan Nepalissa nimellä ritha tai reetha. Puun hedelmä tunnetaan yleisesti "Kiinansaippuamarjana" tai "pesupähkinänä". Puu kasvaa Himalajan vuorten juurilla aina 1200 metrin (4000 jalan) korkeuteen asti. Puu kasvaa ravinneköyhässä maassa ja Nepalissa sitä istutetaan usein maanviljelijöiden kotien ympärille. Yksi puu voi tuottaa 30-35 kiloa hedelmiä vuodessa.

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Sapindus mukorossi ( Fransèis )

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Sapindus mukorossi est une espèce d'arbres de la famille des Sapindaceae. Le fruit est communément connu comme Noix de lavage (washnut) ou bien comme celui du Savonnier indien (Indian Soapberry)[3], et, comme les autres espèces dans le genre Sapindus, on l'appelle Savonnier ou l’arbre à savonnette, pour ses noix de savon . Il est également originaire de l'Ouest de la côte Maharashtra–Konkan, et de Goa en Inde. Sapindus mukorrossi, connu sous le nom de ritha ou arbre reetha au Népal[4],[5], C'est un arbre à feuilles caduques, qui pousse dans les contreforts inférieurs et les zones médianes de l'Himalaya[6], jusqu'à une altitude de 1200 mètres[7]. Il est raisonnablement tolérant à la mauvaise qualité du sol, ils peuvent être plantés autour des habitations des agriculteurs[8], et l'un de ces arbres "ritha" peut produire de 30 à 35 kg de fruits par an[9].

Description

L’arbre, d’une dizaine de mètres de haut, a une écorce grisâtre qui se fissure avec l’âge. Son port et élancé, compact et dense, à cime arrondie. Son feuillage, persistant à l’origine est caduc en Europe , vert foncé, mat virant au jaune d'or à l'automne. Les feuilles sont pennées de 20 à 50cm, à 8 ou 13 folioles alternes oblongues-lancéolées. La floraison a lieu de la fin du printemps à l'été (mai à juillet ), les fleurs , jaune, sont minuscules (+ ou - 3mm) à 5 pétales et nombreuses étamines qui sont réunies en panicules axillaires terminaux.

Les fruits petits globuleux, non comestibles jaunes verdâtres, à maturité virent à l'orange translucide et sont collants. ces fruits saponifères sont appelés 'noix de lavage'. À l’intérieur de la coque , une graine toxique noire et brillante. La première fructification n'a lieu que sur des arbres adultes vers les 7 à 10 ans[10].

Utilisations

 src=
Fruits de l'arbre "savonnette"

La valeur de l'arbre provient principalement de ses fruits, qui peuvent être utilisés à de nombreuses fins pharmacologiques et de nettoyage, y compris, mais sans s'y limiter, à celles décrites ci-dessous[4].

Nettoyant/insecticide

La noix contient des composés de saponine, qui lui confère des propriétés nettoyantes naturelles, et, par conséquent, la noix peut être utilisé comme shampoing pour le lavage des cheveux, et aussi de la peau et des vêtements. Ces saponines sont également utiles comme les insecticides, à des fins telles que la suppression des poux de tête hors du cuir chevelu.

Médicinal

Upadhyay et Singh [4] ont suggéré que la noix de savon peut également être utilisée comme remède naturel pour de nombreux problèmes de santé, tels que le traitement des migraines, ou à des fins dermatologiques telles que l’utilisation des graines pour éliminer les impuretés comme les boutons

Tensioactif

Les méthodes d'extraction de la quantité maximale de pétrole provenant des réserves pétrolières existantes sont devenues un objectif scientifique dans un monde devenu trop dépendant aux combustibles fossiles. Les chercheurs ont constaté que le fruit du Ritha peut être utilisé dans une technique de récupération assistée du pétrole [[11]]. Plus précisément, Chhetri, Watts, Rahman et Islam (2009) ont constaté que des extraits de noix de savon pouvaient être utilisés comme tensioactif organique naturel (surfactant) pour accroître la mobilité du pétrole dans les gisements. De plus, les chercheurs ont démontré que la noix de savon pouvait être utilisé comme surfactant naturel pour le lavage de l'arsenic à partir de sols riches en fer [[12]].

Références

  1. The Plant List (2013). Version 1.1. Published on the Internet; http://www.theplantlist.org/, consulté le 21 septembre 2018
  2. USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Plant Germplasm System. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN-Taxonomy). National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland., consulté le 21 septembre 2018
  3. Upadhyay, A., & Singh, D. K., « Pharmacological effects of Sapindus mukorossi », Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, vol. 54, no 5,‎ 2012, p. 273–280 (DOI , lire en ligne)
  4. a b et c Orwa C. A., Mutua, K. R., & Jamnadasss R. S. A. (2009) Agroforestree Database: a tree reference and selection guide (version 4.0). Retrieved from http://www.worldagroforestry.org/treedb/AFTPDFS/Sapindus_mukorossi.pdf
  5. USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Plant Germplasm System. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN-Taxonomy). National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland., consulté le 14 décembre 2014
  6. A. Sharma, S. C. Sati, O. Sati et D. M. Sati, « Chemical constituents and bio activities of genus Sapindus », International Journal of Research in Ayurveda & Pharmacy, vol. 2, no 2,‎ 2011, p. 403–409 (lire en ligne [PDF])
  7. J. L. Sarin et M. L. Beri, « Extraction of saponin from soapnut », Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, vol. 31, no 6,‎ 1939, p. 712–713 (DOI )
  8. Forestry Nepal (2014). Sapindus mukorossi. Retrieved from http://www.forestrynepal.org/resources/trees/sapindus-mukorossi
  9. Poudel, K. L. (2011). Trade potentiality and ecological analysis of NTFPs in Himalayan Kingdom of Nepal. Himalayan Research Papers Archives, 61 . Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/1928/3300
  10. Références sur Nature & Jardin - L’encyclopédie
  11. A. B. Chhetri, K. C. Watts, M. S. Rahman et M. R. Islam, « Soapnut extract as a natural surfactant for enhanced oil recovery », Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, vol. 31, no 20,‎ 2009, p. 1893–1903 (DOI , lire en ligne)
  12. S. Mukhopadhyay, M. A. Hashim, J. N. Sahu et I Yusoff, « Comparison of a plant based natural surfactant with SDS for washing of As(V) from Fe rich soil », Journal of Environmental Sciences, vol. 25, no 11,‎ 2013, p. 2247–2256 (DOI , lire en ligne)

Références taxinomiques

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Sapindus mukorossi: Brief Summary ( Fransèis )

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Sapindus mukorossi est une espèce d'arbres de la famille des Sapindaceae. Le fruit est communément connu comme Noix de lavage (washnut) ou bien comme celui du Savonnier indien (Indian Soapberry), et, comme les autres espèces dans le genre Sapindus, on l'appelle Savonnier ou l’arbre à savonnette, pour ses noix de savon . Il est également originaire de l'Ouest de la côte Maharashtra–Konkan, et de Goa en Inde. Sapindus mukorrossi, connu sous le nom de ritha ou arbre reetha au Népal,, C'est un arbre à feuilles caduques, qui pousse dans les contreforts inférieurs et les zones médianes de l'Himalaya, jusqu'à une altitude de 1200 mètres. Il est raisonnablement tolérant à la mauvaise qualité du sol, ils peuvent être plantés autour des habitations des agriculteurs, et l'un de ces arbres "ritha" peut produire de 30 à 35 kg de fruits par an.

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Sapindus mukorossi ( romen; moldav )

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 src=
Arborele de săpun

Sapindus mukorossi sau arborele de săpun este o specie de copaci din familia Sapindaceae. Este unul dintre cei mai importanți arbori din zona tropicală și sub-tropicală a Asiei și crește în zone cu altitudine între 200 si 1500m. Copacii ajung la o înălțime de 20m și înfloresc în timpul verii, fructele apar în iulie-august și sunt coapte în noiembrie-decembrie. Fructele sunt rotunde și au diametrul de 1.5-2.5cm. Ele sunt lăsate să se usuce si sâmburele din interior este scos.

Fructele sunt importante pentru saponina pe care o conțin (10.1%) prezentă în pericarp. Fructele sunt expectorante, emetice, contraceptive, tratează salivația excesivă, epilepsia, îndepărtează păduchii, tratează migrenele, eczemele, psoriazisul și pistruii (Kirtikar și Basu, 1991). Pulberea din semințe este utilizată în tratamentul cariilor dentare, artritei, răcelilor, constipației. Coaja nucilor de săpun este folosită ca detergent sau șampon pentru păr.

Denumiri ale fructelor acestui copac: nuci de săpun, nuci de spălat, reetha, ritha.

Nucile de săpun

 src=
Nuci de săpun

Utilizarea ca detergent

Datorită conținutului lor ridicat în saponina, nucile de săpun sau nucile de spălat se folosesc ca detergent și sunt o alternativă ecologică și 100% naturală la detergenții chimici. Pentru spalărea rufelor cu mașina de spălat: săculețul de pânză în care au fost puse 4-5 nuci se pune în mașina de spălat împreună cu rufele. Nucile se pot utiliza de încă 2 ori dacă se spală la temperaturi de până la 60 grade Celsius, deoarece nu este eliminată toată saponina din coajă la o singură spălare. De asemenea, nucile de săpun pot fi fierte în apă și cu lichidul obținut pot fi spălate vasele, podelele, fructele și legumele, animalele de companie.

Eficiența ca detergent pentru rufe

Nucile de săpun sunt foarte bune pentru rufele colorate care nu se vor mai decolora de la detergenții chimici. Pentru rufele albe este indicată folosirea bicarbonatului de sodiu ca înălbitor. Nucile de săpun nu sunt la fel de eficiente în scoaterea petelor precum un detergent obișnuit. Pentru a se apropia de performanțele chimicalelor prezente în detergenții clasici, se pot folosi înălbitori ecologici bazați pe peroxid de hidrogen care la spălare este separat din nou la 50 grade Celsius și se descompune în apă și oxigen activ.

Beneficiile nucilor de săpun

Nucile de săpun sunt economice, ușor de utilizat, hipoalergenice și biodegradabile. De asemenea, nucile de săpun nu poluează, au proprietăți antibacteriene, prelungesc perioada de viață a mașinilor de spălat, sunt potrivite pentru orice tip de țesături și elimină necesitatea folosirii unui balsam de rufe.

Alte forme de utilizare

Nucile de săpun se pot folosi fie în starea lor naturală, fie transformate într-un lichid concentrat sau în pudră. In comert au aparut si produse de curatenie pe baza de nuci de sapun cum ar fi: detergenti lichizi de rufe, detergenti de vase si chiar sampon.

Legături externe

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Sapindus mukorossi: Brief Summary ( romen; moldav )

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 src= Arborele de săpun

Sapindus mukorossi sau arborele de săpun este o specie de copaci din familia Sapindaceae. Este unul dintre cei mai importanți arbori din zona tropicală și sub-tropicală a Asiei și crește în zone cu altitudine între 200 si 1500m. Copacii ajung la o înălțime de 20m și înfloresc în timpul verii, fructele apar în iulie-august și sunt coapte în noiembrie-decembrie. Fructele sunt rotunde și au diametrul de 1.5-2.5cm. Ele sunt lăsate să se usuce si sâmburele din interior este scos.

Fructele sunt importante pentru saponina pe care o conțin (10.1%) prezentă în pericarp. Fructele sunt expectorante, emetice, contraceptive, tratează salivația excesivă, epilepsia, îndepărtează păduchii, tratează migrenele, eczemele, psoriazisul și pistruii (Kirtikar și Basu, 1991). Pulberea din semințe este utilizată în tratamentul cariilor dentare, artritei, răcelilor, constipației. Coaja nucilor de săpun este folosită ca detergent sau șampon pentru păr.

Denumiri ale fructelor acestui copac: nuci de săpun, nuci de spălat, reetha, ritha.

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ムクロジ ( Giaponèis )

fornì da wikipedia 日本語
ムクロジ ムクロジの木
ムクロジの木
分類 : 植物界 Plantae : 被子植物 angiosperms 階級なし : 真正双子葉類 eudicots 階級なし : コア真正双子葉類 core eudicots 階級なし : バラ類 rosids 階級なし : アオイ類 malvids : ムクロジ目 Sapindales : ムクロジ科 Sapindaceae : ムクロジ属 Sapindus : ムクロジ S. mukorossi 学名 Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn. 和名 ムクロジ 英名 Indian soapberry

ムクロジ(無患子、Sapindus mukorossi)はムクロジ科の落葉高木。

性質[編集]

樹高は、15mになる。は、70cmの偶数羽状複葉。雌雄異株。

花は、30cm程度の穂と成って咲く雄花には8〜10個の長い雄蕊、雌花には短い雄蕊と雌蕊がある。花穂はほとんどが雄花である。

果実は液果様で大きな球状の種子を1個含む。

分布[編集]

南アジア東南アジア東アジアの熱帯から亜熱帯域に分布し[1]日本では新潟・茨城以西で見られる[2]

利用[編集]

果皮サポニンを含み、石鹸代わりに用いられる。種子は数珠羽根突きの羽根の材料にされる[2]。特に寺院に植えられることが多い。

実は女性用避妊具として利用された。

脚注[編集]

  1. ^ Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn. in GRIN”. ^ a b ムクロジ”. 筑波実験植物園. 執筆の途中です この項目は、植物に関連した書きかけの項目です。この項目を加筆・訂正などしてくださる協力者を求めていますプロジェクト:植物Portal:植物)。
 title=
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ムクロジ: Brief Summary ( Giaponèis )

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ムクロジ(無患子、Sapindus mukorossi)はムクロジ科の落葉高木。

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무환자나무 ( Corean )

fornì da wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

무환자나무(無患者-, Sapindus mukorossi)는 낙엽이 지는 활엽교목으로서, 높이가 30m 이상인 큰 나무이다.[1]

잎은 길이 30cm 이상의 큰 깃꼴 겹잎으로, 어긋나며, 긴 잎자루와 4-6쌍의 작은잎을 가지고 있다. 꽃은 적자색으로 초여름에 큰 원추꽃차례를 이루면서 달리는데, 각각의 꽃은 4-5개의 꽃잎을 가지고 있다. 열매는 곧 모양의 핵과로 10월경에 익는다. 주로 산에서 자라며, 특히 전라북도 지역에 분포하고 있다. 열매는 비누 대용품으로 쓰인다.[1]

불교 전설에서 나타나는 무환자(無患子 또는 無患者, 목란자(木欒子)라고도 부른다)에서 그 이름을 따왔다.

 src=
무환자나무 열매

각주

  1. 글로벌 세계 대백과사전(n.d.). “무환자나무”. 《글로벌 세계 대백과사전》. 2017년 10월 25일 확인함.
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무환자나무: Brief Summary ( Corean )

fornì da wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

무환자나무(無患者-, Sapindus mukorossi)는 낙엽이 지는 활엽교목으로서, 높이가 30m 이상인 큰 나무이다.

잎은 길이 30cm 이상의 큰 깃꼴 겹잎으로, 어긋나며, 긴 잎자루와 4-6쌍의 작은잎을 가지고 있다. 꽃은 적자색으로 초여름에 큰 원추꽃차례를 이루면서 달리는데, 각각의 꽃은 4-5개의 꽃잎을 가지고 있다. 열매는 곧 모양의 핵과로 10월경에 익는다. 주로 산에서 자라며, 특히 전라북도 지역에 분포하고 있다. 열매는 비누 대용품으로 쓰인다.

불교 전설에서 나타나는 무환자(無患子 또는 無患者, 목란자(木欒子)라고도 부른다)에서 그 이름을 따왔다.

 src= 무환자나무 열매
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